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  • Articles  (409)
  • Chemistry  (409)
  • Surface physics, nanoscale physics, low-dimensional systems
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (409)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Optoelectronics ; Non-linear optics ; Molecular crystals ; Polarizability ; Hyperpolarizability ; Local field ; Dipole interactions ; MBANP ; NMBA ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Components of the crystal quadratic susceptibility tensor x(2) for second-harmonic generation are calculated for the title compounds 2-(α-methyl benzylamino)-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) and 4-nitro-4'-methyl(benzylidene aniline) (NMBA). Input data are the crystal structure and refractive indices and CNDO hyperpolarizabilities. The calculations also yield effective polarisabilities and local electric fields. Susceptibility components reach 66 pm V-1 in MBANP and 27 pm V-1 in NMBA in the crystal axes; agreement with experiment is poor for MBANP but satisfactory for NMBA. These features seem to reflect the better defined charge transfer axis in NMBA. Screened dipole-dipole interactions calculated from CNDO dipole moments stabilise MBANP by 70 kJ mol-1 and NMBA by 20 kJ mol-1 and imply permanent electric fields of a few GV m-1.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High Tc superconductors ; Precursors ; Copper ; Calcium ; Barium ; Yttrium ; Strontium ; Fluorinated β-dikeonates ; Ethanol ; Tetradecafluorononanedione ; Decafluoroheptanedione ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The new β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tetradecafluorononane-4,6-dione (HTDFND) has been prepared and employed in the formation of complexes of Cu, Ca, Sr, Ba and Y. Complexes of the same metals derived from the β-diketone 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,7,7,7-decafluoroheptane-2,4-dione (HDFHD) have also been prepared. In general the compounds have the formula [M(TDFND)2H2O] or [M(DHFD)2H2O], although the yttrium complexes are [Y(β-diket)3] · xH2O (β-diket ≡ TDFND (x = 3) or DFHD (x = 2)). The complexes have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic means and by a crystal structure of [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH] obtained by recrystallisation of [Cu(TDFND)2H2O] from aqueous ethanol. Crystal data for [Cu(TDFND)2EtOH]: triclinic, P̄1, a = 11.249(4) Å, b = 12.331 (2) Å, c = 12.890(2) Å, α = 96.89(2)°, β = 108.93(3)°, γ = 109.63(3)°, V = 1541.54 Å3, Z = 2. The complex is square pyramidal with the four oxygen atoms of the β-diketonates occupying the basal sites and the oxygen atom of the co-ordinated ethanol molecule in the apical position. The C3F7 ligands take up an extended staggered configuration in order to minimise steric repulsions. The complex is monomeric with intermolecular distances all greater than 4 Å. Simultaneous thermal analysis at 1 atm reveals that all the compounds lose water but then sublime, usually completely without decomposition. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O] is the first barium complex for which this is the case and it can be dehydrated to give [Ba(TDFND)2], which is also volatile but becomes less volatile with time. [Ba(TDFND)2H2O], [Sr(TDFND)2H2O] and [Ca(DFHD)2H2O] are suitable precursors for the growth of MF2 on silicon substrates. Complete orientation in the (111) direction is observed. Changes in the film growth rate with time for all the precursors are attributed to sample decomposition ([M(DFHD)2H2O], M ≡ Ca or Sr) or to slow reorganisation of the crystal structure ([Ba(TDFND)2H2O]). Layers with Y:Ba:Cu ratios close to the required 1:2:3 have been grown using [Y(DPM)3], [Cu(DPM)2] and [Ba(DFHD)2H2O] (DPM ≡ 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionato).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thin film ; Metal sulphide ; Photography ; Lead sulphide ; MSTF ; Photo-accelerated ; chemical deposition ; Solar irradiation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Metal sulphide thin film (MSTF) photography based on photo-accelerated chemical deposition (PACD) of PbS thin films is described. Here an intensity distribution over the surface of a growing PbS thin film produces a thickness variation (0.06-0.15 μm) of the film which, when viewed under daylight, yields a specularly reflective image. Under 800 W m-2 of solar radiation a bluish MSTF photographic image (0.15 μm film thickness) on a coppery-bronze background (0.08 μm) is obtained in the PACD of PbS at the end of 25 min deposition when a high-contrast photographic negative is used as the object. The best contrast of 0.46 in the PbS MSTF photography in the reflection mode is obtained under the above condition of exposure when the optical transmission in a photographic negative in the image area is ∽30% and that in the background is ∽1%. The contrast available in the transmission mode in the MSTF photographic image is considerably less: ∽0.28 (maximum) for optical transmission of 1% and 100% in the background and image areas of the photographic negative respectively.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Ellipsometry ; GaAs ; Silicon ; Surface roughness ; MBE ; SEM ; Rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: MBE-grown gallium arsenide epitaxial layers on silicon, with thicknesses between 0.1 and 8.1 μm, have been studied using a simple rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer. From these data, information on the roughness of the surfaces of the layers and the anisotropy of the refractive index of the layers has been obtained. The results are compared with data obtained on the same samples using scanning electron microscopy and conventional spectroscopic ellipsometry.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Growth ; Silicon carbide ; Monocrystals ; Vapour phase ; Diffusion ; Supersaturation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the present work the gas dynamics in the growth zone of SiC crystals is investigated. It is shown that the propagation of SiC vapour from the growth cavity walls towards the lids is effected by diffusion. On this basis the calculation of the concentration distribution of SiC vapour (n), the equilibrium vapour concentration (ns) and the supersaturation (α = [(n - ns)/ns] × 100%) in the crystal growth zone at different radial and axial gradients is carried out by solving the Laplace equation in cylindrical co-ordinates for a stationary case corresponding to the conditions of crystal growth. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data, which gives the possibility of explaining some of the observed peculiarities during SiC crystal growth from the vapour phase by the sublimation method.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Indium sulphide ; Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dimeric indium thiolate [(tBu)2In(μ-StBu)]2 has been used as a single-source precursor for the metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of InS thin films. The dimeric In2S2 core is proposed to account for the formation of the non-equilibrium high-pressure tetragonal phase in the deposited films. Analysis of the deposited films has been obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with associated energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monolayers ; Langmuir-Blodgett technique ; Bacteriorhodopsin ; Halobacteria ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Organised films containing oriented patches of purple membranes and consisting of 15-75 layers and approximately 1000 layers were fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett and electrophoretic sedimentation techniques respectively. ‘Surface pressure vs. molecular area’ isotherms for monolayers of purple membranes suspended in hexane and deposited on the air/water interface were studied. Circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy were used to investigate the effect of an organic solvent on the chromophore binding site in the purple membranes. Kinetic methods based on flash excitation were employed to determine the influence of the film deposition conditions on the photoelectric response of bacteriorhodopsin and on the M412 intermediate relaxation. Structural characteristics for multilayers prepared from water and hexane purple membrane suspensions were determined by low-angle X-ray scattering. The influence of the layer deposition conditions on the electrical, physical and photoelectrical properties of ordered structures containing bacteriorhodopsin is discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: α-sexithienyl ; field effect transistor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A field effect transistor (FET) has been fabricated with the hexamer of thiophene (α-sexithienyl) in order to assess the performance of such electronic devices based on an organic material. Particular emphasis has been given to the determination of the origin of the instability in the electrical performance. From this study it is confirmed that charged species, possibly chemical impurities present in the processed material, can migrate through the film under an applied electric field, even at room temperature.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular three-centre electron transfer (ET) systems contain an intermediate electronic bridge group state in addition to the donor and acceptor states. This feature is encountered in long-range ET patterns of metalloproteins, in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres, in electrochemical processes at modified metal electrodes and in hypothetical or real molecular shift register and photodiode device-like systems. Overall ET is by superexchange when the intermediate group energy is high. When the energy is low enough that the state is temporarily populated, a range of vibrational features arise depending on the vibrational coupling and relaxation time of the intermediate state. In external fields these properties induce characteristic ‘switch’ effects reflected in rapid changes in the current derivatives and other features in the current-voltage relations. We provide a quantum mechanical frame for three-centre ET in such molecular systems. The theory rests on second-order perturbation theory. In contrast to most applications of superexchange concepts, the theory includes explicitly nuclear coupling in the intermediate state and is valid both for high energy superexchange and for low-energy populated intermediate states. Moreover, mild, finite resonances arise in the transition regions between the various energy ranges represented by analytical rate constants. The theory is appropriate to the molecular electronic behaviour of several biological and synthetic three-level ‘switch’ ET systems.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Alkaline earth ; Calcium ; Ligand flexibility ; Magnesium ; Melting point ; Metallocene ; Phase transformation ; Volatility ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of two equivalents of KCp3i (Cp3i ≡ 1,2,4-(i-Pr)3C5H2) with MgBr2 in Et2O produces the base-free metallocene (Cp3i)2Mg in high yield; the similarly prepared organocalcium complex (Cp3i)2Ca, although initally isolated as an oil, forms a crystalline solid on standing for several months. Crystals of (Cp3i)2 CA are tetragonal, space group P42/n, with a = 18.147(4), c = 15.996(4) Å, Å and Dcalc = 1.066 g cm-3 for Z = 8. Lease-squares refinement based on 2044 reflections led to a final R-value of 0.072. The complex possesses a metallocene geometry that is slightly bent; the average Ca-C distance is 2.62(2) Å and the right centroid-Ca-ring centroid angle is 169.7°. Comparison of these complexes with previously reported alkaline earth metallocenes suggests that the volatility of the metallocenses depends primarily on the degree of aggregation in the solid state, whereas the melting point of the nonomeric compounds varies with the asymmetry and ligan flexibility in the complex.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers ; Monolayer spectral characteristics ; Simulation of molecular structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular structure and optical properties of a monolayer at the air/water interface of novel amphiphilic derivatives of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, namely C1lIPB and C17IPB, have been studied using optical absorption techniques and computer simulation approaches.The compression π-A isotherm of the C17IPB monolayer and computer simulation of its molecular structure show that there may exist two energetically stable molecular configurations, one with antiparallel orientation of the dipole moments of the C17IP ‘heads’ in the low-pressure region at π = 5-32 mN m-1 and the second (after a distinct phase transition at π = 33 mN m-1) with parallel orientation of the dipoles, with different tilt angles and areas per molecule. For C11IPB only the first structural phase is observable.The compression-induced changes in spectral characteristics of the two structural phases go in diametrically opposite directions. In the low-pressure phase compression induces a red shift and an increase in intensity of the S1 absorption band, while in the high pressure phase a blue shift and a decrease in the intensity of this band are observed. These spectral changes correlate reproducibly with the compression π-A isotherms. Measurements of absorption dichroism confirm the change in the tilt angle at the phase transition pressure. The compression-induced spectral changes have been substantiated by the results of quantum chemical calculations.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: X-ray resists ; Electron beam ; Acrylate and methacrylate polymers ; Polysulphones ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optimisation of the lithographic performance of negative-working electron beam resists is developed through consideration of the radiation chemistry of crosslinking of representative materials, typically epoxy-functionalised polymers and polystyrene and its derivatives. Similarly, the lithographic behaviour of positive-working systems based on radiation-induced chain scission reactions is discussed with reference to acrylate and methacrylate polymers and polysulphones. The difficulties encountered in devising desirable working systems based on novolacs are considered and contrasted with the promise offered by recent developments arising from the extension of chemical amplification techniques to the electron beam lithographic domain.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 105-105 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Molecular computing ; Molecular neurocomputer ; Molecular image-processing devices ; Computational complexity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Potentialities for implementing simple neural information-processing devices based on chemical and biochemical dynamical media are discussed. Pilot ‘hardware’ models of neural molecualr devices that able to perform image-processing operations were constructed.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 233-233 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 156-156 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 207-209 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyaniline ; Device processing ; Photolithography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Solvent-cast polyaniline films have been deposited by spin coating and photolithographic techniques used to pattern the films to a resolution of 15-20 μm. This approach is then used successfully to deposit the polymer on the gate areas of an array of silicon field effect transistors.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyalkylthiophenes ; Transmission spectroscopy ; Polymer films ; Thermochromism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyalkylthiophene thin films have been prepared to enable the characterisation of the films with transmission spectroscopy and profilometry for the first time. The optical properties of the films as a function of annealing temperature are discussed. The changes in absorption with time are related to thermochromism.
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  • 22
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 245-268 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Electron diffraction ; Non-linear optics ; Organic thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The experiments described in this paper were undertaken in order to obtain information about the relationship between the structure and non-linear optical properties (second-harmonic generation) of organic thin films. For this purpose, two closely related dyes, diones and tetrones, were compared, both of which are shown to have large hyperpolarisabilities. Their microscopic properties are investigated by conformational analysis and electron diffraction. It could be shown that detailed knowledge about the structure and the adjacent neighbour packing can be obtained from conformational analysis and electron diffraction in order to understand the non-linear optical properties of the two dyes.
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  • 23
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Remote PECVD ; Capacitive coupling ; Silane ; Nitrogen ; Silicon nitride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we describe the growth of silicon nitride from nitrogen and silane for the first time by capacitively coupled remote PECVD. We report on the effect of process parameters on the composition and properties of the deposited films and we show that by adjustment of these parameters it is possible to produce high-quality material which could be of interest for electronic applications. Of particular note is that the growth rate is about one order of magnitude higher than any previously reported for nitride growth with remote PECVD using molecular nitrogen as the nitrogen source. We also discuss the mechanism of growth and propose that electron excitation of nitrogen and silane occurs in the gas phase, producing SiHx species which are adsorbed on the growing surface. The nitrogen is then incorporated into the layer by heterogeneous reaction.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Simulation of electronic structure ; Optical properties ; Second-harmonic generation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a new polar amphiphilic derivative of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, containing 11 (C11IPB) and 17 (C17IPB) carbon atoms respectively, is described. The electronic structure (charge distribution, energy spectra, dipole moments in ground and excited states) of the IPB molecule has been calculated in the framework of the MO CNDO methods. Studies of compression π-A isotherms of these compounds show that C17IPB forms two stable phases of monolayer on the water surface, one in the 10-30 mN m-1 and the other in the 35-50 nM m-1 surface pressure region. The corresponding areas A0 per molecule are 37 and 33 Å2 respectively. Techniques for the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers of C17IPB in the high-pressure region (π = 40 mN m-1) on glass, quartz or sapphire substrates are described. C17IPB forms LB multilayer films of Z-type configuration with oriented dipole moments. Ellipsometric data, luminescence spectra and results of preliminary studies of second-harmonic generation in these LB films are presented.
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  • 25
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Plasma processing ; Plasma deposition ; Plasma oxidation ; Dielectrics Semiconductor/insulator interfaces ; Metal-oxide-semiconductor devices ; Multilayer dielectrics In situ processing ; Oxides ; Nitrides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the conventional high-temperature thermal oxidation and rapid thermal oxidation processes used to fabricate commercial SiO2/Si structures at ∼850-1050°C, the SiO2/Si interface and the bulk oxide are formed at the same time. We have developed a low-temperature process for the formation of SiO2/Si structures at 200-300°C that separately controls and optimizes the properties of the SiO2/Si interface and the bulk SiO2. This has been accomplished by separating interface formation by plasma-associated oxidation from bulk oxide plasma-assisted deposition. The oxidation step (i) removes residual C contamination from the Si surface, (ii) prevents N incorporation at the interface from the O atom source gas N2O and (iii) forms an oxide layer ∼0.6 nm thick and an SiO2/Si interface with a trap density, Dit ≈(1-4) × 1010 cm-2 eV-1. This type of process has also been extended to the deposition of multilayer oxide-nitride-oxide dielectrics.
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  • 26
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lithography ; SAW device ; Methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine ; Gold/titanium bilayer ; Shadow masking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A wide range of applications which involve organic crystalline materials require the metallisation of low-molecular-weight compounds. Conventional lithographic techniques used in silicon fabrication technology use high-temperature processing methods which are unsuitable for organic materials. Gold/titanium bilayer and shadow-masking techniques were found to provide suitable solutions to the problem of metallisation of these materials and allowed fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with (-)-2-α-methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) as substrate.
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  • 27
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Photocurrent ; Morphology ; Cds ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the chemical bath composition on the photocurrent response, film morphology and optical transmittance of chemically deposited CdS thin films is reported. The bath parameters such as concentrations of triethanolamine, thiourea, ammonia and cadmium acetate and the bath temperature controlled the photosensitivity, photocurrent decay, morphology and optical transmittance of the films. The optimum concentration of the bath for getting good-quality photosensitive films with good optical transmittance was identified in this investigation.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluoride ; preparation ; purification ; glass ; fibre ; crystal ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The development of low-loss fluoride glass fibres for transoceanic telecommunications led to an increased demand for inorganic fluorides with ultrahigh purity in respect of transition metals, rare earths and oxygen. This review paper describes the Merck Ltd strategy for achieving a wide range of metallic fluorides using methods of preparation and purification selected for a combination of technical efficacy and economic practicability. General prepative methods involving aqueous and non-aqueous routes are described, togehther with purification methods such as ion exchange, zone refining and vacuum sublimation. The special role of ammonium fluoride complexes is discussed. The application of these general methods to the manufacture of fluoride glass components is described, with special reference to the ZBLAN formulation. Additional glass compositions and their individual requirements are also discussed. The parallel application of high-purity metal fluorides in the growth of optical crystals is emphasised, the history of fluoride ultrapurification having begun with the early demand for high-quality UV and IR crystals such as CaF2 and LiF.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 30
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: TiN ; adhesion ; PVD ; electron shower ; arc ion plating ; sputtering ; wear ; surface ; morphology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: It has been found that TiN films with high wear resistance and high adhesion can be prepared by electron shower deposition and arc ion plating on glass and austenitic stainless steel (SUS 316) substrates. The high wear resistance is principally explained by the grain size and surface morphology. Fine {100}-faceted crystals (10-150 nm) grew on the surface. The typical morphology of the crystals was triangular pyramidal. The crystallite size was changed by the bias voltage. Faceted crystals produced by arc ion plating were rounded and smoothed by a change in bias, but were unaltered in samples prepared by the electron shower process. The fine faceted surfaces had higher wear resistance than the granularly rounded ones. When TiO2 was formed at the interface of the glass substrate, the adhesion was lowered. The high-adhesion film prepared by electron shower deposition contained a small amount of TiO2 at the interface.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Excitons ; ZnSe ; twins ; strain ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Splittings and shifts of excitonic states in ZnSe crystals under uniaxial stress along [100], [111] and [110] directions were studied by spatially resolved spectroscopy of both the reflectivity and the photoluminescence (PL) at 5 K. These methods enabled us to check the local strains in different surface microareas of deformed crystals and as a result to reveal the irregular free and bound exciton state shifts related to the influence of the strain nonuniformity and to the presence of structural imperfections (twins) in the crystals. It is shown that elastic deformation of twinned crystals along directions not exactly [111] gives rise to a doublet structure for all the bound exciton lines in the PL spectra. New values of deformation potentials for ZnSe crystals were deduced. The anisotropic influence of the uniaxial stress on the free and bound exciton state splittings was determined.
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  • 32
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Front optical switching ; Optical non-linearities impurities ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We present a dynamic theory related to experiments on the induced transmission of doped CdS crystals under pulsed laser excitation at 2 K at frequencies just below the band gap. Numerical simulations of the optical switching front which describes the non-linear spatio-temporal dynamics of the switching process from low to high transmittivity and back are performed for two different two-level models. These are associated with two different bleaching mechanisms of the acceptor-conduction band transition.
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  • 34
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; Dissolution ; Microrelief ; II-VI semiconductor compounds ; Light figures ; Etching ; Electron beam lasers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The shape, crystallographic orientation and size of microrelief elements of various surfaces of CdS, ZnSe and ZnO monocrystals after chemical etching have been studied. When illuminated with a focused laser beam, the microrelief creates a symmetric light pattern, or light figures, on the opposite surface whose shape corresponds to the crystal symmetry.The effects of the dissoltion rate and etching time on the form, size and angles of the microrelief elements in the temperature interval from 263 to 333 K were investigated. During etching, laser light was also used to convert the process of selective etching into a polishing process. To elucidate the relationship between the crystallographic orientation of the microrelief elements and the dissolution anisotropy, mean etching rates were determined and polar diagrams of resistance to dissolution were constructed for {1120} and {0001} by the Gross method. The relation between the kinetics of dissolution and the structure of the chemical bonds is discussed.The light figures formed by the surface microrelief enabled us to carry out the approximate orientation of semiconductor planes and solid samples. In the early stages of dissolution one may determine the density and distribution of the microscopic etch pits. The microrelief created on the side surfaces and the ‘fully reflected’ mirrors of II-VI semiconductor lasers pumped by electron beam or optical radiation promote the multiple enhancement of laser power and efficiency.
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  • 35
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Stokes shift ; Quantum wells ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitonic energy levels have been calculated in CdTe quantum wells with Cd1-xMnxTe barriers. It has been shown that the introduction of small-scale (relative to the exciton Bohr radius) interface disorder, which either preserves or breaks the inversion symmetry, can produce appreciable Stokes shifts between optical absorption and emission and that the associated line-widths can remain narrow. A criterion for the existence of high-quality interfaces, based on optical spectra, is described.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: II-VI compound ; SrS : Ce ; Photoluminescence ; Concentration quenching ; Phosphorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The luminescence efficiency of SrS: Ce powders in the doping range from 0.01 to 1.0 at.% was investigated by photoluminescence decay studies. The radiative decay time of Ce3+ in SrS was determined to be 27 ns. The onset of concentration quenching at concentrations higher than about 0.7 at.% has been obtained. The photoluminescence spectrum of Ce3+ exhibits two emission bands as a consequence of the ground state splitting. The Huang-Rhys factor of the 5d-4f transition was estimated to be about 6. The inhomogeneous broadening of the emission band of samples with higher doping level has been investigated by site-selective and time-resolved spectroscopy.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: TEOS ; silicon dioxide ; PECVD ; microwave plasma ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Silicon dioxide films deposited from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) are reviewed. The effect of the presence of oxygen on the film deposition rate and mechanism and the physical properties of the films, particularly the step coverage properties (conformality), are discussed in detail. Structural characterisation of the films has been carried out via etch rate measurements, infrared transmission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis. Electrical properties, i.e. resistivity, breakdown strength, fixed oxide charge density, interface state density and trapping behaviour, have been evaluated using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures fabricated using the deposited oxides. Films deposited by microwave plasma-enhanced decomposition of TEOS in the presence of oxygen have been found to be comparable with standard silane-based low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) and PECVD oxides. It has been shown that films deposited on thin native oxides grown by either in situ plasma oxidation or low-temperature thermal oxidation exhibit excellent electrical properties.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 53-54 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorinated silicon dioxide ; silicon dioxide ; dielectric constant ; plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Deposition processes and film properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) films derived from fluoroalkylsilanes are described. The fluorinated silicon dioxide (FSG) films have lower dielectric constants (3.3-3.7) than non-fluorinated silicon dioxide films (〉4). With similar dielectric strengths, the reduced capacitance obtained with FSG films makes them useful as intermetal dielectrics (IMDs). The films are characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements. Characterisation of the changes in FSG upon exposure to ambient conditions and a method for stabilising the films are presented
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: hot filament chemical vapour deposition ; CVD ; high-rate deposition ; ammonia ; silicon nitride ; aluminium nitride ; titanium nitride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have applied the novel method of hot filament-activated chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) for low-temperature deposition of a variety of nitride thin films. In this paper the results from our recent work on aluminium, silicon and titanium nitride have been reviewed. In the HFCVD method a hot tungsten filament (1500-1850°C) was utilised to decompose ammonia in order to deposit nitride films at low substrate temperatures and high rates. The substrate temperatures ranged from 245 to 600°C. The film properties were characterised by a number of analytical and optical methods. The effect of various deposition conditions on film properties was studied. All the films obtained were of high chemical purity and had very low or no detectable tungsten contamination from the filament metal.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 159-159 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: cerium β-diketonato complexes ; SrS:Ce thin film ; atomic layer epitaxy ; EL devices ; thermal analysis ; mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Two volatile β-diketonato complexes of trivalent cerium, Ce(thd)3phen and Ce(tpm)3, were prepared and characterised with TG, DTA, FTIR and MS and used in ALE processing of electroluminescent SrS:Ce thin films. The results were compared with those obtained with the typically used precursor Ce(thd)4. TG measurements were employed to simulate the precursor vaporisation in ALE. The most interesting results were the enhanced electroluminescence obtained with Ce(thd)3phen and the colour shift towards blue with the fluorinated precursor Ce(tpm)3. With the latter precursor the luminance was poor and the growth rate of SrS was decreased as well.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 211-211 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: phthalocyanine ; gas sensor ; chlorine ; optical absorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optical absorption characteristics of vacuum-deposited thin films of erbium and dysprosium diphthalocyanine were investigated using transmission spectroscopy before and after exposure to chlorine gas and compared with previous work performed upon lead monophthalocyanine (PbPc). Considerable red shifts in the visible absorption spectra were observed after Cl2 exposure for the diphthalocyanines but not for the monophthalocyanine. These were interpreted on the basis of differences in molecular structure in relation to the adsorption of chlorine.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoconductivity ; organic materials ; phthalocyanine ; X-rays ; space charge ; recombination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on photocurrents induced by X-rays in vacuum-evaporated copper phthalocyanine layers are presented and a short analysis is included. The photocurrents were measured as a function of applied voltage, X-ray intensity and ambient air pressure. The experimental data are in agreement with the theoretical description of photocurrents with respect to the important role of the space charge and charge carrier recombination.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 233-234 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 239-239 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 49
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; electrical activity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical activity of iodine in CdTe is discussed when iodine is introduced into the CdTe by diffusion from the vapour phase. It is compared both with the total concentration of iodine in the diffused CdTe slices and with the electrical activity in CdTe slices which have been annealed under Cd- and Te-saturated vapour pressures.Iodine-diffused slices of CdTe were profiled by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the total iodine concentration and by capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques to obtain the net concentration of electrically active iodine. After annealing with iodine in the form of Cdl2, the slices were p-type, similar to those obtained when CdTe was annealed in either excess Te or Cd vapour, and they showed no significant increase in electrical activity. If Cd was added to the Cdl2 diffusion source or the CdTe was given a subsequent anneal in cadmium vapour, the slices became n-type. The results indicated that in all cases a neutral layer composed of Cd nIm (m and n are integers) formed on the surface layers, whereas if Cd was involved in the diffusion, some of the iodine existed in an electrically active form deeper into the slice with a maximum concentration of active carriers given by ND - NA ≈ 1017 cm-3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X=S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4CI)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterized by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 241-242 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ULSI ; high dielectric constant ; metal oxides ; deposition ; annealing ; characterisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2 and TiO2 have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; photoluminescence ; InGaAs/GaAs quantum well ; type I and II excitonic transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: InGaAs/GaAs MOCVD-grown quantum wells have been investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown heavy-hole-related excitonic transitions within the temperature range from 10 to 100 K for all samples. In room-temperature photoreflectance (PR), sharp heavy- and light-hole excitonic transitions in the quantum wells have been observed. The transition energies obtained have been compared with values derived from theoretical considerations using the envelope function model including lattice-mismatch-related stress. The heavy- and light-hole transitions have been identified as excitonic transitions of types I and II respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CMT ; composition ; AES ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The width of the band gap in the ternary system CdxHgI-xTe (CMT) is a function of the value of x and the assessment of device structures requires reliable techniques for the measurement of x both laterally and with depth. This work describes the development of an Auger electron spectrometry (AES) method for the measurement of CMT composition depth profiles, based on measurement of the Cd/Te ratio along shallow-angle bevelled sections through epitaxial layers. Results are accurate to within 3% relative and the depth resolution (Δz = 2σ) is about 0.04 μm even through layer structures with a total thickness of about 20 μm. Techniques for making the bevel sections are described together with the AES measurement and calibration techniques. A composition depth profile is given for a heterostructure grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), showing the interface width (Δz = 2σ) at the composition change to be 0.3 μm. The CdTe/CMT interface widths in material grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), MOVPE and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are shown to be highly dependent on growth temperature, with widths of 1.5, 0.2 and ≤ 0.04 μm respectively.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 135-135 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 265-268 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorozirconate glass ; linear and non-linear properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The linear and non-linear optical properties of fluorozirconate glasses with and without nitrogen, namely ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3 and ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3—AIN, have been studied. The glass containing nitrogen exhibits a 5 nm shift of the transmittance edge in the UV region towards longer wavelength, whereas there is no change in the IR transmittance. Measurements show a small increase in the linear index of refraction in the visible region and a small decrease in the non-linear (intensity-dependent) refractive index coefficient n2. Longitudinal and transverse sound velocities estimated from Brillouin-scattering experiments for both glasses amount to 6311 and 4514 ms-1, respectively.
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  • 60
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 101-105 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: biosensor ; protein immobilisation ; protein modification ; electrochemistry ; nitrotyrosine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Use of electrosynthetic methodology allows the production of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) either mononitrated at tyrosine 23 or bisnitrated at tyrosines 20 and 23, but never nitrated at tyrosine 53. This is a different sequence from that obtained by the chemical nitrating agent tetranitromethane, and when reduced by dithionite, the selectively modified enzyme can be anchored at pH 5 via the unique aromatic amino group to magnetic beads or other suitable matrices. HEWL so immobilised loses less than 10% of cell-wall lytic activity compared with the approximately 50% loss of activity when immobilised by conventional methodology at pH 9 via essentially random reaction at lysine residues and other functionalities which are nucleophilic at this pH. This result offers promise as a general method for selective protein immobilisation in biosensors and similar applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 157-160 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 62
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: antifouling ; biofouling ; hydrogel ; benzalkonium chloride ; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ; underwater optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A hydrogel based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) can be used as an environmentally acceptable, fouling-resistant material in the marine environment. The loaded hydrogel system is transparent and has the potential to be used in the protection of optical ports in underwater instruments. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties of the material after a marine exposure period. The optical transmittance of PHEMA/ BAK was higher for 10 weeks than that detected for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a material currently used in commercial instruments, which confirmed the superior fouling resistance of the PHEMA/ BAK combination. The UV-vis spectroscopic method was quick, relatively cheap and accurate enough to allow the effects of the development of marine fouling on transparent surfaces for use in marine underwater optical applications to be monitored. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 63
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: natural enargite ; semiconductor material ; electrical and optical properties ; photoelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The semiconducting properties of natural samples of enargite, a copper and arsenic suphide (Cu3AsS4), have been studied. They have been found to be p-type semiconductors with a resistivity of about 7 Ω cm, a doping level of about 1017 cm-3 and a mobility of 9 cm2V-1 s-1. The variation of the resistivity as a function of temperature allows to determine an activation energy of 0.11 eV. Two optical transitions have been determined, an indirect one at 1.19 eV and a direct one at 1.44 eV. The samples, mounted as working electrodes in a photoelectrochemical set-up, are photosensitive and behave as p-type photocathodes. The two transitions are found again from the analysis of photocurrent spectra. The direct band gap value is close to the ideal value required for photovoltaic applications. However the quantum efficiencies obtained here are still low.
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  • 64
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 247-262 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a number of side chain liquid crystalline polymers for quadratic non-linear optical (NLO) applications is reported. The active chromophore is a charge transfer (CT) biphenyl derivative which possesses mesogenic properties itself. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polymers was established by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The active chromophores were oriented by the standard corona poling technique and the degree of axial ordering was determined as a function of poling conditions by linear optical absorption. Growth of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal was used to probe the induction of polar order. These experiments clearly indicated that liquid crystallinity results in an enhancement of the polar order over that of isotropic materials. The second-order NLO susceptibility tensor components d31 and d33 were measured by the SHG technique. The ratio d33/ d31 was found to be much larger than 3, in agreement with molecular statistical models. Values of d33 up to 30-35 pm V-1 were obtained at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength. These values are essentially not resonance-enhanced, since the chromophore absorption occurs below 350 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 317-324 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gas sensing ; nitrogen dioxide ; stilbene ; biphenyl ; UV-visible spectroscopy ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of a selection of stilbene and biphenyl side-chain substituted liquid crystal polymers based on polysiloxanes were deposited using an automated dip-coating technique and exposed to either 100 ppm NO2 gas and/or concentrated nitric acid vapour, the consequent effect being monitored by changes in the UV-visible spectra of the material. No effective response to NO2 was observed from the biphenylene analogue, but the stilbene derivatives showed spectral changes to suggest that an interaction occurs between the vapour and the bridge position of the stilbene side-chain. The stilbenes also show a marked pre-conditioning phenomenon upon exposure to nitric acid vapour prior to exposure to nitrogen dioxide. This procedure gives a material that has a more reversible response on exposure to NO2 gas than an anagolous film that has not been pre-treated. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: conductive polymers ; polyaniline ; palladium dopants ; platinum dopants ; catalytic hydrogenation ; active centres ; catalyst aging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical and structural surface-aging effects brought about by the presence of water in emeraldine base (EB) polyaniline (PANI) doped with Pd or Pt protonic acids were studied. IR spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation (alkyne→alkene→alkane) were applied to characterise the PANI-Pd and PANI-Pt. Interpretation of the results gave the surface characteristics, structure, chemical catalytic activity and stability mainly of PANI-Pd specimens. The unique form of catalytically active centres therein was the surface complex [PdCl4]2- with Pd 3d5/2 BE=337·7 eV. The most promising among the PANI-Pd catalysts studied were those dried in a slow, long procedure (3 months, zeolite 5A). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Energy spectrum ; 2D systems ; Gapless semiconductor ; Magnetic field ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An exact solution for the zero boundary condition of the problem of carriers in spatially confined gapless semiconductors in a magnetic field is presented. Three cases are analysed: (i) the semiconductor occupies a half-space and the magnetic field orientatin is H ⊥ n (n is the surface normal); (ii) and (iii) a film of a gapless semiconductor at two orientations of the magnetic field, i.e. H ⊥ n and H | n respectively. It is shown that since the energy spectrum of gapless semiconductors is formed by strong relativistic spin-orbit interaction, significant peculiarities of the quantisation of the electron energy spectrum occur in all cases considered. Experiments to check the results obtained are discussed.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 245-247 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: persistent spectral hole burning ; imaging spectroscopy ; doppler shift ; solar lines ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Persistent spectral hole burning in chlorin-doped PVB provides a new method to record highly resolved images of extended objects of sufficient luminance such as the sun. The spectral resolution per pixel is much higher than with other methods, with the additional advantage of recording all the information in a single exposure. The signal-to-noise ratio has been greatly improved, making it possible to visualise the rotation of the sun on the basis of the Doppler shift of only one solar line. Since no selection about areas of interest has to be made beforehand (except for the limitations of the material itself), the method provides a useful tool for astronomical applications. However, to make it suitable for a broader range of experiments, new materials with higher quantum yields and a possibly broader inhomogeneous bandwidth would be needed.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 387-390 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular crystals ; N,N-dimenthylaminobenzylidene 1,3-indandione ; spectroscopy ; luminescence ; self-trapped excitons ; charge transfer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper considers the origin of the excited states and spectroscopic features of polar molecular compounds of N,N-dimethylaminobenzylidene 1,3-indandione (DMABI). Evidence of a strong exciton-phonon interaction and its effects on the exciton absorption and luminescence spectra was discovered. The spectral features were related to the crystal structure and were ascribed to self-trapped charge transfer excitons. A weak, narrow luminescence line was also observed in resonance with the lowest absorption band and was attributed to free exciton radiative recombination.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 358-362 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: second-harmonic generation ; organic metals ; low-temperature phase transitions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of photoinduced optical second-harmonic generation (PISHG) for the bis(ethylenedioxy)tetrathiofulvalene (BEDO-TTF)/Iodine complex in a polycarbonate matrix were performed. Two kinds of samples were studied: as-obtained, grey-violet material, showing a metal-like temperature dependence of conductivity down to liquid helium temperature (system 1), and electrochemically decoloured, transparent (slightly grey) material, showing metallic conductivity down to about 30 K and semiconductive properties below this temperature (system 2). An increase in the PISHG signal with decreasing temperature was observed below 10 K for both specimens. In the temperature range 40-88 K, an increase then a decrease in PISHG with increasing temperature was observed for specimen 2, while practically no PISHG signal was recorded for sample 1. The dependences obtained indicate unambiguously the essential influence of the BEDO-TTF(l) dopant on the PISHG of polycarbonate composites. Simultaneously, competition was demonstrated between the optical second- and third-harmonic signals at photoinducing fluxes near 1015 photons cm-2. A strong increase in the PISHG signal at low temperatures was observed for both systems (below 11 K for sample 2 and below 7 K for sample 1). In the temperature range 40-88 K a maximum of the PISHG was observed only for specimen 2. At higher temperatures the intensity of the PISHG was very low in both kinds of samples.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic superconductor ; a-(EDT-TTF)[Ni(dmit)2] ; Ni(dmit)2 salt ; electrical resistance ; anisotropy ; upper critical magnetic field ; Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The ambient-pressure superconductor a-(EDT-TTF)[Ni(dmit)2], which is a charge transfer salt formed between EDT-TTF and Ni(dmit)2, exhibits a superconducting transition at 1.3 K and a phase transition around 20 K featuring a characteristic resistance hump.We estimated that the room-temperature electrical conductivity was 140-370 and 14-36 S cm-1 for the current parallel and perpendicular to the conducting plane respectively. We measured the upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) in the superconducting phase. The temperature dependence of Hc2 was estimated |d Hc2/dT| T = Te = -0.27 T K-1 (B||c-axis); |dHc2/d T| T = Tc = -3.5 T K-1 (B||ab-plane). The anisotropy of Hc2 within the ab-plane was found to be quite small, indicating a two-dimensionally isotrope character within the ab-plane in the superconducting state of the salt.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 272-278 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: nematic liquid crystal ; spatial light modulator ; self-diffraction ; a-Se photoconductor ; real-time holography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We report the results of self-diffraction measurements in nematic liquid crystal films under the combined action of an applied DC electric field and an impinging optical field. The presence of self-diffraction in a two-wave-mixing experiment with low-power laser light is proof that the material is capable of forming index-of-refraction gratings and can be used for dynamic holography purposes. The liquid crystal cells used in our experiments were filled with 4-cyano-4′-pentyl-biphenyl (5CB). The transparent ITO electrodes were covered with amorphous selenium (α-Se) as a photocarrier generation layer. Photoinjection of charge carriers accompanied by space charge field formation together with the DC applied field leads to a refractive index change in the nematic liquid crystal through a field-induced director axis reorientation. Measurements of self-diffraction efficiencies under various experimental conditions allowed us to establish optimised sample configurations for hologram recording.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 371-374 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorescence ; delayed fluorescence ; energy transfer ; charge transfer crystals ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitonic energy transfer in mixed-stack charge transfer (CT) crystals doped with anthracene was studied within the temperature range 5-300 K using optical, spectroscopic and kinetic techniques. Excitons were found to be self-trapped at low temperature and mobile at higher temperatures, with the activation energy of mobility being dependent on their CT character. A 1D hopping model describes the motion of triplet excitons, whereas a 3D model fits the migration of singlet excitons.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; C60 complex ; IR spectra ; temperature dependences ; intermolecular interactions ; specific interactions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We report on the wealth of IR spectra of single crystals of the C60 complex with chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold grown from toluene solution. The spectra are strongly temperature-dependent at about 200 K. The dependence of the spectral parameters is attributed to variations in the molecular dynamics of the C60 molecules and changes in the interactions between the fullerene and donor/solvent molecules. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR spectral variation vs. temperature are also presented.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral molecule ; β-amino sulphides ; x-ray structure ; absorption spectra ; singlet states ; GRINDOL ; non-linear properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Room-temperature absorption spectra in non-polar and polar solvents as well as the results of structural analysis of carbamic acid N-(1-phenylthio-methyl)-2-methyl-propyl t-butyl ester (C16H25O2NS, 1a) and phthalimide-N-(1-phenylthio-methyl)-propane (C18H17O2NS, 1b) are presented. The β-amino sulphide 1a crystallises in the tetragonal system, space group P41, with a = 10.380(1) Å, b = 10.380(1) Å, c = 16.390(1) Å, a = B = y = 90°, while the β-amino sulphide 1b crystallises in the monoclinic system, space group P21, with a = 7.958(1) Å, b = 13.333(1) Å, c = 7.340(1) Å, β = 93.08(3)°. The spectroscopic properties of these compounds were also evaluated using the approximate all-valence-electron method (GRINDOL) including configuration interaction (Cl) together with the Langevin dipole/Monte Carlo technique to represent the solvent effect. Molecular polarisabilities and hyperpolarisabilities (βvec) were calculated using the sum-over-states (SOS) method.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular semiconductors ; organic semiconductors ; phthalocyanines ; conductivity ; thermopower ; seebeck effect ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By changing the chemical composition of phthalocyanine molecules, the electrical properties of the ensemble in the solid state can be influenced directly. This is shown for phthalocyaninatomanganese (PcMn) as compared with purely divalent central metals and for complexes in which the ligand system has been modified by either electron-withdrawing heteroatoms such as N instead of CH leading to tetrapyridotetraazaporphyrinatozinc (TPyTAPZn) or substituents such as F instead of H leading to hexadecafluorophthalocyaninatozinc (F16PcZn). The accessibility of additional oxidation states of Mn or the stabilisation of frontier orbital states by the ligand leads to a lower ionisation potential and interactions with impurities or dopant molecules are changed. A change in the observed majority carrier (n-type behaviour) is seen even under UHV conditions. Measurements of the thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity are presented of the pure films and after exposure to oxidising ambient. During film growth either island growth or a growth following the Stranski-Krastanov mechanism was observed. The comparison of the temperature dependence of thermopower and electrical conductivity leads to a discussion of the type of majority carriers, their generation as well as their transportation. For the materials investigated in this study the band model fails to explain the observed properties and a localised transport mechanism has to be considered. A transport in localised states close to the Fermi edge is discussed for TPyTAPZn and F16PcZn.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 375-378 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyacenes ; electroabsorption ; Frenkel excitons ; charge transfer states ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional analogue of the Merrifield model of the coupling between the Frenkel and charge transfer (CT) excitations of a molecular crystal is applied for the calculation of the electroabsorption (EA) spectra of polyacene crystals. The approach is essentially non-empirical, with most of the necessary input data estimated either from theoretical calculations or from independent experiments. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental EA spectra lends credence to the model and allows us to draw conclusions concerning the accuracy of band gap estimates based on polarisation energy calculations. The conclusions may be potentially useful for other molecular crystals.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembly ; charge transfer ; electron-conducting monolayers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Suitably modified mono- and bimolecular films, including bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), offer exceptionally good opportunities for probing electric field effects on charge transfer and redox reactions in biosensor and molecular electronics research and development.This work presents the redox reactions of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) molecules incorporated in a self-assembled octadecanethiol monolayer (SAM) on polycrystalline gold electrodes, depending upon the type of supporting electrolyte cations and their concentration. Our results show that TCNQ-modified Au-SAM electrodes exhibit selectivity versus alkali metal cations in aqueous supporting electrolyte (∽10 kJ mol-1 difference between K+ and Li+ and between Cs+ and K+). The slope of the ‘calibration curves’ for Li+ and K+ is about 59 mV per decade of concentration of the analyte. The explanation of this behaviour is based on the Donnan potential model; however, an ion-pairing effect can also be involved. Our preliminary results show also that the TCNQ molecules within the octadecanethiol monolayer may act as a molecular redox device. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: synthesization ; chalcopyrite ; CuGaSE2 single phase ; X-ray diffraction ; stoichiometric deviations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the structural parameters on compositional deviations of CuGaSe2 has been studied. These deviations have been induced along an ingot by a single fusion of the components at 1150 °C and subsequent slow cooling in a stationary ampoule in a vertical furnace. All along the sample a single chalcopyrite phase is present and a compositional gradient along the ingot was found by energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) measurements, the upper part being rich in Ga (series B) and the lower part in Cu (series A), with Cu/Ga ratios of 0·95 and 1·1 respectively. A hypothesis of the existence of two phases in the melt is proposed to explain these facts. The unit cell parameters, anion displacement and Cu and Ga occupation numbers in their sublattices were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement methods. In series A the occupation numbers are near stoichiometry, while in series B a Cu defect appears. In both series, changes in unit cell parameter are related to changes in Cu content, suggesting the presence of a fraction of Cu ions either as interstitials or at Ga sites when Cu is in excess, or of Cu vacancies in its sublattice when there is a Cu deficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 195-199 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral waveguides ; preparation of modified ATR method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Chiral properties of planar waveguide structures with a core layer formed by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host matrix doped with chiral santonin were investigated by means of a modified attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. Distinct modification of the observed ATR spectra was revealed for right and left circularly polarised incident beams. From comparison of the experimental spectra with theoretical curves, the following specific rotation was obtained: [α]20633=11,200 deg cm2 g-1 (santonin/ PMMA mass ratio 2:1). The origin of the observed optical activity and its influence on the waveguide dispersion characteristics are briefly discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 213-213 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductors ; low-dimensional systems ; crystal structure ; optical properties ; photoluminescence ; Raman spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structural, optical and related properties (i.e. photoluminescence and resonance Raman spectra) of some synthetic (i.e. unconventional) low-dimensional semiconductor systems such as K2Cd3S4, [CH3SC(NH2)=NH2]3PbI5 and [H3N(CH2)6NH3]BiI5 are reported. They are compared with the properties of the corresponding higher-dimensionality systems. A blue shift of the excitonic bands and an enhancement of their binding energy and intensity were observed by decreasing the dimensionality or the size of the materials active part. The results are similar to those obtained from conventional semiconductors by decreasing the dimensionality or the size and are attributed to quantum confinement of excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 83
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: optical gas sensing ; polysiloxane ; azobenzene ; NO2 ; molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Siloxane copolymers having as side-chains azobenzene derivatives bearing different electron-withdrawing and donating substituents were deposited as thin films by dip coating, and their behaviour upon exposure to 100 pm NO2 was studied by UV/visible spectroscopy. Electron-donating substituents at the ortho positions on the aromatic rings in the azo unit have significant influence on the absorbance changes produced by exposure to NO2, and this is explained by modelling, which suggests that interaction between the electrophilic nitrogen atom in NO2 and the electron clouds of the azobenzene skeleton is responsible for the sensing process, rather than the formation of a Wheland intermediate or other product of chemical reaction. Especially effective substituents are methoxy groups in either aromatic ring ortho or the azo linkage, which also produce a significant increase in intensity of the long-wavelength n-π* transition. This moves the optical interrogation signal to a wavelength range of particular benefit for potential applications. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 84
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 303-308 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; emeraldine base ; carbon fluoride ; lithium cells ; aprotic solvent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) has been used for modification of the electrochemical behaviour of a carbon fluoride ((CFx)n) cathode in a lithium cell. PANI and (CFx)n powders were carefully mixed and the electrochemical properties and kinetic parameters of the composite (CFx)n-PANI cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. An increase in exchange current has been found for electrodes with addition of polyaniline in the form of emeraldine base (EB). During the reduction process of carbon fluoride using 1 M lithium perchlorate solution in organic solvent, the ternary intercalation compound CLixF is formed and then irreversibly decomposed into carbon and lithium fluoride. The insertion of lithium cations into the (CFx)n layered structure is diffusionally controlled, hence improvement in electronic properties of this fluoride material by the presence of conducting PANI chains and enhancement of discharge performance were found for 25% addition of PANI. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 85
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Field effect transistors with an organic material as active layer are at present essentially used to determine the mobilities in these materials. Until now, in analysing the measured current characteristics, only the simplest (Shockley) model has been used which accounts neither for this type of thin film transistor (TFT), which operates in depletion and accumulation, nor for the nature of the carriers. Starting from two-dimensional simulations for the analogous silicon TFT, we have developed an analytical model for the TFT that accounts for several peculiarities of the current characteristics of this type of transistor. In addition, a first modification has been developed which describes the situation when the charged states are polarons and bipolarons, as is the case in organic materials. Applications to published experimental current characteristics show that a general reanalysis is needed. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 86
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The processing of half-tone images by excitable media functioning based on non-linear dynamic mechanisms was studied. The image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white images. Analogies between the architecture of neural networks and the structural features of excitable media are discussed. The basic information capabilities of excitable media proved to be close to the capabilities of shunting on-centre off-surround feedback networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 87
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PPV ; conjugated polymers ; quasi-particles ; ab initio calculation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the quasi-particle conformational defects (excitons, polarons and bipolarons) in phenylene vinylene oligomers (PVOs) consisting of up to 12 repeat units. The conformations are determined by minimisation of the total Hartree-Fock energy calculated at 3-21G level. The Hartree-Fock calculations of the excited states are followed by the CI-Singles calculation. The bond length alternation along the oligomer chain is discussed. On the basis of these results the vibrational transitions are calculated. To correct the basis set truncation error, the vibrational frequencies are multiplied by a uniform scaling factor. The types of vibrations are assigned. The theoretical spectra are in good agreement with the experimental infrared vibrational spectrum of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 89
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) ; polymer interfaces ; conjugated polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we determine the LUMO level position of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV), a heterocyclic poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) analogue, using tunnelling current measurements. We compare the energy level positions with those measured for PPV and determine their shifts. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is observed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 90
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 215-228 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; fullerides ; charge transfer complexes ; spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Some possible uses of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies in characterising the basic interactions in C60 and C70 complexes are pointed out. We report on the wealth of infrared spectra of (usually) single crystals of C60 and C70 clathrates and complexes with organic donors. The changes in the spectral parameters of the complexes in comparison with those of the neutral fullerene molecules are attributed to redistribution of the charge on the spherical C60 or elongated C70 molecules in their compounds. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR, NIR, VIS and UV spectral variations are also given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 91
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic charge transfer salts ; conducting polymers ; electronic properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We are exploring the electronic properties of novel materials such as conducting polymer-coated polyester fibres and charge transfer complexes configured in resistive, gated (FET) and diode configurations. In this paper we will consider several areas where we are attempting to make sensors and/ or primitive devices from molecular materials. Our most successful result so far is the temperature-dependent resistivity of polypyrrole-coated polyester fibres. Here we find that the conductivity is thermally activated and produces a reliable, highly sensitive indicator of temperature in a cryogenic environment. Using parallel configurations of fibres, sensors with different limiting resistances can be fabricated. We have also placed insulated electrical gates on single crystals of various metallic and insulating charge transfer salts and have attempted to alter the charge transfer character by the application of high electric fields. With polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) insulating layers, gate voltages up to 150 V have been acquired with no leakage or heating. Similar measurements on diode devices fabricated from charge transfer complexes with different electronic structures are also in progress, and our preliminary results will be presented. Prospects and plans for developing these materials into viable sensors and devices are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 92
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: calix[4]resorcinarenes ; charge transfer (CT) complexes ; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) ; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) ; non-linear optical (NLO) materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Lipophilic calix[4]resorcinarenes - condensation products of resorcinol and lauryl aldehyde comprising four resorcinol units - form electron donor-acceptor complexes with electron acceptors tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in organic solvents. Their formation was confirmed by EPR and UV-vis spectroscopy, except for compounds c1 and c3 which did not form charge transfer (CT) complexes with TCNE. Titration experiments involving calixarenes and electron acceptors indicated the presence of species of different stoichiometries. Complexes with ligands c1-c4 were characterised spectroscopically. CT bands appeared in most cases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 93
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Nonlinear ; Oscillation ; Surfactant ; Higher harmonics ; Dynamic response ; Chemical sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A new chemical sensing system using an electrical oscillator has been developed. This sensing system measures the electrical ‘non-linearity’ at the surface of an electrode immersed in a test solution: a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the electrode and the higher harmonics of the output current are obtained by Fourier transformation. This sensing system has been used to detect and quantify surfactant molecules in solutions. The relative intensity P2/P1 of the peaks of the second (P2) and first (P1) harmonics in the output current was found to be linearly correlated with the logarithms of the concentrations of cationic surfactants such as cetylpyridium bromide (CPB) and cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), but not with those of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or the neutral surfactant Triton X-100. The reproducibility of this sensing system was shown to be excellent.
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  • 94
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Spiropyran ; Holographic grating ; Optical data storage ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The application of liquid crystalline siloxanes consisting of pentamethylhydrocyclosiloxane cores with attached cholesteryl-, biphenyl- and photochromic spiropyran-based mesogens as reversible optical data storage materials is demonstrated by grating formation with an argon ion laser beam operating in the UV and visible regions. Erasure of the gratings with heat or visible radiation was possible.
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  • 95
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Alumina ; Silica ; Aluminosilicate ; Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition ; Thin film ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous (Al2O3)x(SiO2)y thin films have been grown by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition using the single-source precursor [Al(OSiEt3)3]2. Characterisation by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the films consisted of a mixture of Al2O3, SiO2 and an aluminosilicate. The relative amount of each species was dependent on the deposition temperature and the carrier gas composition. Use of NH3 as the carrier gas resulted in the increased volatility of the precursor by the in situ formation of the low-melting Lewis acid-base adduct Al(OSiEt3)3(NH3); however, no nitrogen incorporation was observed in these deposited films.
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  • 96
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett ; M | LB | M ; electrical breakdown ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Metal 1 | C16H33-Q3CNQ LB film | metal 2 structures exhibiting asymmetric, non-linear I/V characteristics have been fabricated using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique with LB film thicknesses as small as a single monolayer. When such junctions are subjected to low biases, the I/V traces exhibit little or no asymmetry, but as the applied biases increase, so the I/V asymmetry becomes more evident. The largest applied voltages before breakdown are of the order of 1 V, which represents an E-field of order 108 V m-1. This breakdown under high biases increases the junction conductance and the I/V traces become very noisy. More interestingly, it has been observed that after such breakdown it is possible for the junction to recover on reduction of the bias. It is observed that recovery is not always immediate and may require several voltage sweeps. A subsequent increase in bias will cause breakdown at the same bias as the first breakdown, indicating that no permanent damage has been caused.
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  • 97
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 43-46 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Zinc sulphide ; MOCVD growth ; t-Butyl mercaptan ; Dimethylzinc ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: ZnS has been grown on GaAs(100) substrates by atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using dimethylzinc (DMZn) and t-butyl mercaptan (t-BuSH). The effects of the reactant gas phase molar ratio and the growth temperature on the characteristics of the material grown have been investigated. The structural quality of the layer is demonstrated by X-ray rocking curve half-widths of less than 300 arcsec for the epilayers. There is little significant pre-reaction and the layers are of excellent surface morphology and layer uniformity.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemical vapour deposition ; Copper ; Copper oxide ; Scanning electron microscopy ; MOCVD ; Surface morphology ; Carrier gas ; Cu(acac)2 ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The unsubstituted bis-β-diketonato complex of copper, Cu(acac)2 (acac = pentane-3, 5-dionato), has been used to deposit both elemental copper and copper oxide thin films by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). For all Cu(II) bis-β-diketonates, growth of oxygen-free layers requires the breakage of four copper-oxygen bonds present in the precursor. The influence of carrier gas composition on deposit morphology has been examined for six parameter sets: both hydrous and anhydrous streams, each for reducing (H2), inert (Ar) and oxidising (O2) environments.
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 100
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Copper compound ; Copper indium diselenide ; Indium compound ; Low-temperature synthesis ; Photovoltaic materials ; Selenides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Reaction of triscyclopentadienylindium with cuprous selenide in 4-methylpyridine at 25°C produces polycrystalline copper indium diselenide.
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