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  • Articles  (409)
  • Chemistry  (409)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (409)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The characterisation of GaAs on silicon using polarised laser light (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Ellipsometry ; GaAs ; Silicon ; Surface roughness ; MBE ; SEM ; Rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: MBE-grown gallium arsenide epitaxial layers on silicon, with thicknesses between 0.1 and 8.1 μm, have been studied using a simple rotating polariser multiple-angle-of-incidence ellipsometer. From these data, information on the roughness of the surfaces of the layers and the anisotropy of the refractive index of the layers has been obtained. The results are compared with data obtained on the same samples using scanning electron microscopy and conventional spectroscopic ellipsometry.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010405
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of lithographic techniques for metallisation of organic substrates (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lithography ; SAW device ; Methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine ; Gold/titanium bilayer ; Shadow masking ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A wide range of applications which involve organic crystalline materials require the metallisation of low-molecular-weight compounds. Conventional lithographic techniques used in silicon fabrication technology use high-temperature processing methods which are unsuitable for organic materials. Gold/titanium bilayer and shadow-masking techniques were found to provide suitable solutions to the problem of metallisation of these materials and allowed fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device with (-)-2-α-methylbenzylamino-5-nitropyridine (MBANP) as substrate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010406
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theoretical study of the hyperpolarisabilities of nickel dithiolene molecules (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Hyperpolarisabilities ; Nickel Dithiolene ; Non-linear optical properties ; CNDO method ; Finite field method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The hyperpolarisabilities γ of nickel dithiolene complexes have been calculated by the finite field method in combination with the CNDO/S molecular orbital method. This computational technique, which has been developed for calculating the polarisation of large organic molecules by a perturbing electric field, is discussed. The changes in γ that occur as a result of different selections of substituent groups in the dithiolene ligand are described. The results are compared with recent experiments investigating these types of molecules. Large values for γ are found to arise from the interaction of the nickel 3d electrons with the conjugated π-electrons of the metal-ligand complex.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010503
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-Pressure chemical vapour deposition of tantalum pentoxide films for ulsi devices using tantalum pentaethoxide as precursor (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010607
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L. L. Hench and J. K. West. Chemical processing of advanced materials, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1992, 1048 pp. (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 149-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020308
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary of conferences and symposia (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020312
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    D. R. Uhlmann and D. R. Ulrich (Eds.). Ultrastructure processing of advanced materials, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 1992, ISBN 0 471 529869 £71.00 hb (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 151-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020311
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural network fitting and prediction of polarisability tensors for aromatic hydrocarbons (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Neural network ; Polarisability ; Aromatic hydrocarbon ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A standard back-propagation neural network is used to correct input semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations of polarisability tensors to fit experimental data for aromatic hydrocarbons. The method readily yields the correct component normal to the molecular plane but is restricted by a small training set. The network is also used to predict polarisability components for structures input as the pattern of rings fused to a central benzene ring. Semi-quantitative predictions are obtained depending on the size and method of presentation of the training set.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020404
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyalkylthiophene thin films and their characterisation with transmission spectroscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyalkylthiophenes ; Transmission spectroscopy ; Polymer films ; Thermochromism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyalkylthiophene thin films have been prepared to enable the characterisation of the films with transmission spectroscopy and profilometry for the first time. The optical properties of the films as a function of annealing temperature are discussed. The changes in absorption with time are related to thermochromism.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020505
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative investigation of the oxidation of silicon using H2/O2, TCA/O2 and HCl/O2 mixtures (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thermal oxidation ; Kinetics ; Electrical properties ; Trichloroethane (TCA) ; Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ; Hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2) ; VLSI ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of single-crystal silicon wafers has been investigated using an industrial thermal oxidation system. The growth characteristics and electrical properties of the oxides resulting from pure hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2), trichloroethane/oxygen (TCA/O2) and hydrogen chlorid/oxygen (HCl/O2) mixtures have been investigated and compared. The addition of both HCl and TCA to oxygen produces higher growth rates and improved electrical characteristics. It is shown that the oxidation rate for TCA/O2 is approximately 30%-40% higher than for HCl/O2 and that comparable electrical properties can be readily obtained. A TCA/O2 ratio of 1 mol% gives the optimum process for VLSI applications, though 3 mol% HCl/O2 gives comparable results. It is suggested that the overall mechanisms governing the processes are similar. However, the TCA process is a safer and cleaner alternative because it generates HCl in situ in the oxidation chamber.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020403
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid crystalline siloxanes containing spiropyran chromophores as reversible optical data storage materials (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Spiropyran ; Holographic grating ; Optical data storage ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The application of liquid crystalline siloxanes consisting of pentamethylhydrocyclosiloxane cores with attached cholesteryl-, biphenyl- and photochromic spiropyran-based mesogens as reversible optical data storage materials is demonstrated by grating formation with an argon ion laser beam operating in the UV and visible regions. Erasure of the gratings with heat or visible radiation was possible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010606
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020601
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary of conferences and symposia (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 269-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020507
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of chlorine on the optical properties of monoclinic lead phthalocyanine thin films (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lead phthalocyanine ; Optical properties ; Gas sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optical transmittance and absorption of thin films of monoclinic lead phthalocyanine have been studied as a function of exposure to chlorine and air. The effect of chlorine on the refractive index and dielectric constant of freshly prepared films was estimated from reflectivity data in the photon energy range 2.1-2.6 eV. Responsivity and recovery from gaseous exposure were studied with regard to the applicability of lead phthalocyanine to the fabrication of an optical chlorine sensor.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020603
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020101
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guest editorial (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020102
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Langmuir-Blodgett films of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine. I: Preparation, electronic structure, optical properties (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 319-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Simulation of electronic structure ; Optical properties ; Second-harmonic generation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a new polar amphiphilic derivative of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, containing 11 (C11IPB) and 17 (C17IPB) carbon atoms respectively, is described. The electronic structure (charge distribution, energy spectra, dipole moments in ground and excited states) of the IPB molecule has been calculated in the framework of the MO CNDO methods. Studies of compression π-A isotherms of these compounds show that C17IPB forms two stable phases of monolayer on the water surface, one in the 10-30 mN m-1 and the other in the 35-50 nM m-1 surface pressure region. The corresponding areas A0 per molecule are 37 and 33 Å2 respectively. Techniques for the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers of C17IPB in the high-pressure region (π = 40 mN m-1) on glass, quartz or sapphire substrates are described. C17IPB forms LB multilayer films of Z-type configuration with oriented dipole moments. Ellipsometric data, luminescence spectra and results of preliminary studies of second-harmonic generation in these LB films are presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020607
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damage of STM tips during nanofabrication (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) ; Tip ; HOPG ; Nanofabrication ; In situ processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The STM tip shape was found to change when nanofabrication using a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was attempted by applying voltage pulses between the tip and the sample. This change, which is considered to be caused by the voltage pulses, was studied systematically to investigate the thermal contribution to nanofabrication using STM tips. The tips become easily damaged as the pulse amplitude and pulse width increase or the tunnelling gap decreases. Thermal reaction, including thermochemical reaction, is considered to play an important role in such nanofabrication.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020109
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the electro-optic properties of single crystals of sodium, potassium and rubidium acid phthalates (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Electro-optic modulator ; Pockels effect ; Dispersion of electro-optic coefficients ; Molecular ionic crystal ; Non-linear optical material ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect in a series of alkali metal acid phthalate crystals has been studied. Single electro-optic coefficients r113T and r333T for sodium (NaAP), potassium (KAP) and rubidium (RbAP) acid phthalates have been measured by employing the modified Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique. The best electro-optic crystal in this series is RbAP with r113T = 9.10 × 10-12 m V-1, r333T = 3.05 × 10-12 m V-1 and a sizable figure of merit for electro-optic phase retardation, comparable with that of KDP. The dispersion properties of the electro-optic coefficients for KAP are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020402
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    D. Malacara (Ed.). Optical shop testing, 2nd edn, Wiley, New York, 1992, ISBN 0 471 52232 5, Price: £77.00. No. of pages: 792 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 205-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860020408
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlling the interface between II-VI and III-V semiconductors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Heteroepitaxy ; Raman spectroscopy ; In situ characterisation ; II-VI/III-V ; CdTe ; CdS ; III2VI3 ; Interface ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes ways in which the interface between II-VI and III-V semiconductors can be controlled so as to suppress or alter commonly observed interfacial reactions. This will be done using CdTe/InSb and CdS/InP heterostructures as examples. In the case of CdTe/InSb a modification of the interfacial properties is achieved by a variation in the II/VI ratio offered to the surface during growth, while the influence of Sb interlayers is studied for CdS on InP. Information on the interface properties is obtained from Raman spectroscopy. While structural and electronic properties of the II-VI layer can be deduced from the scattering intensities of its characteristic vibrational modes, the formation of interfacial compounds is observed by the appearance of scattering intensity in a different spectral range, which is consistent with the formation of III2VI3 compounds. The potential of Raman spectroscopy for on-line in situ monitoring of growth processes will be displayed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030103
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-density and optical non-linearity effects in epitaxially grown ZnTe layers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: High-density luminescence ; Non-linear transmission ; ZnTe ; Metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy ; Inelastic exciton scattering ; Electron-hole plasma ; Pump-and-probe method ; Exciton screening ; Band gap renormalization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We investigated the high-density luminescence and non-linear transmission of ZnTe layers grown by metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE). For the high-density luminescence we compared ZnTe layers on (001) GaAs substrate with free-standing ZnTe layers of equal thickness. At high excitation intensities a strong luminescence P band appears a few meV below the free exciton energy which is assigned to resonant exciton-scattering processes. A second strong luminescence N band occurs only in free-standing layers. It shows a remarkable red shift with increasing intensity and becomes the dominant emission for an excitation intensity Iexc 〉 1.5 MW cm-2. This lower-energy band was interpreted as electron-hole plasma recombination.The optical non-linearity of thin ZnTe layers in the excitonic region was investigated by pump-and-probe experiments at 2 K and room temperature (RT). For these experiments we used two different pump energies, one above (at 2 K and RT) and one below (at 2 K) the band gap energy. In all cases a red shift and a large non-linear decrease in the excitonic absorption with increasing pump intensity was observed. The experimental results can be explained by many-body effects of exciton screening.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030106
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peculiarities of the quantisation of the energy spectrum of gapless semiconductors in a magnetic field under space confinement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 57-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Energy spectrum ; 2D systems ; Gapless semiconductor ; Magnetic field ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An exact solution for the zero boundary condition of the problem of carriers in spatially confined gapless semiconductors in a magnetic field is presented. Three cases are analysed: (i) the semiconductor occupies a half-space and the magnetic field orientatin is H ⊥ n (n is the surface normal); (ii) and (iii) a film of a gapless semiconductor at two orientations of the magnetic field, i.e. H ⊥ n and H | n respectively. It is shown that since the energy spectrum of gapless semiconductors is formed by strong relativistic spin-orbit interaction, significant peculiarities of the quantisation of the electron energy spectrum occur in all cases considered. Experiments to check the results obtained are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030109
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gain and dynamics of excitons in MOVPE-grown ZnSe/ZnSxSe1 - x heterostructures (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 51-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOVPE ; Quantum wells ; ZnSe/ZnSxSe1 - x heterostructures ; Gain ; Excitons ; Luminescence dynamics ; Transfer processes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Optically pumped stimulated emission in ZnSe/ZnSxSe1 - x heterostructures grown by MOVPE has been observed up to 170 K. Gain measurements have been performed using the variable stripe length method. The underlying gain mechanism at 25 K is atributed to an excitonexciton scattering process. Photoluminescence excitation spectra and the temporal evolution of the luminescence indicate a transfer process from the ZnSxSe1 - x barrier into the ZnSe active layer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030108
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropy of dissolution and microrelief of II-VI semiconductor compound surfaces (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; Dissolution ; Microrelief ; II-VI semiconductor compounds ; Light figures ; Etching ; Electron beam lasers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The shape, crystallographic orientation and size of microrelief elements of various surfaces of CdS, ZnSe and ZnO monocrystals after chemical etching have been studied. When illuminated with a focused laser beam, the microrelief creates a symmetric light pattern, or light figures, on the opposite surface whose shape corresponds to the crystal symmetry.The effects of the dissoltion rate and etching time on the form, size and angles of the microrelief elements in the temperature interval from 263 to 333 K were investigated. During etching, laser light was also used to convert the process of selective etching into a polishing process. To elucidate the relationship between the crystallographic orientation of the microrelief elements and the dissolution anisotropy, mean etching rates were determined and polar diagrams of resistance to dissolution were constructed for {1120} and {0001} by the Gross method. The relation between the kinetics of dissolution and the structure of the chemical bonds is discussed.The light figures formed by the surface microrelief enabled us to carry out the approximate orientation of semiconductor planes and solid samples. In the early stages of dissolution one may determine the density and distribution of the microscopic etch pits. The microrelief created on the side surfaces and the ‘fully reflected’ mirrors of II-VI semiconductor lasers pumped by electron beam or optical radiation promote the multiple enhancement of laser power and efficiency.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030110
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    Stimulated emission in ZnSxSe1 - x/ZnSe heterostructures grown by MOVPE (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOVPE ; ZnSxSe1 - x ; MQW ; Optical properties ; Lasing Exciton ; Electron-hole plasma ; Dynamics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Non-linear and stimulated emission of ZnSxSe1 - x/ZnSe multilayer structures grown by MOVPE on GaAs is investigated by means of high-density excitation spectroscopy using a high-resolution pulsed excimer-dye laser system as well as a picosecond titanium-sapphire laser for time-resolved measurements. Heterostructures with ZnSe layers or single and multiple quantum wells were grown in which the ZnSe layer widths were varied between 1 nm (strong quantum confinement) and 500 nm (quasi-bulk situation). The sulphur concentration in the ZnSxSe1 - x buffer, barrier and cap layers was chosen between x = 0.045 and x = 0.74 in order to find the most promising compromise with regard to maximum band offset to ZnSe for most efficient carrier confinement and suitable waveguiding properties depending on variation in the refractive index, and to highest structural quality of the actively emitting ZnSe layers. Stimulated emission is found to occur in all samples, being brightest in the sample with the lowest sulphur concentration in the cap and barrier layers. Its dynamical properties point to a probable interpretation in terms of electron-hole plasma creation, which, however, may not be the basic process in narrow-quantum wells or strongly structurally disturbed samples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030111
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    Experimental and theoretical aspects of electrical characteristics of Au/ZnSe/GaAs heterostructures (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Semiconductor heterojunctions ; Admittance ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We present results of a theoretical and experimental study of Au—ZnSe—GaAs heterostructures. In the theoretical part we report the band diagrams, charge densities and static I-V curves obtained from a detailed numerical analysis. In the experimental part we give the results for the static I-V curves and frequency-dependent admittance and impedance at different bias voltages for an Au—ZnSe—GaAs heterostructure with a ZnSe layer of 2.75 μm thickness. An explicit analysis of the data shows that the system can be represented by an equivalent circuit of two RC elements in series corresponding to the ZnSe—GaAs and Au—Se heterojunctions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030112
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    Luminescence dynamics of CdSe quantum dots (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdSe ; Quantum dots ; Time-resolved luminescence ; Recombination processes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We present results of time-resolved luminescence measurements of CdSe quantum dots embedded in glass with radii around 20 Å using intense picosecond excitation resonant into the first excited hole state of a photodarkened sample. Distinct luminescence bands with different spectral widths and positions are found. Their decay on nano- and subnanosecond time scales reflects three different relaxation processes. The fastest luminescence component is discussed in terms of the direct recombination of the excited electron-hole pair, the slower components as being due to the recombination from surface-related states.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030113
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    Origin of the stokes shift in semiconductor quantum wells (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Stokes shift ; Quantum wells ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitonic energy levels have been calculated in CdTe quantum wells with Cd1-xMnxTe barriers. It has been shown that the introduction of small-scale (relative to the exciton Bohr radius) interface disorder, which either preserves or breaks the inversion symmetry, can produce appreciable Stokes shifts between optical absorption and emission and that the associated line-widths can remain narrow. A criterion for the existence of high-quality interfaces, based on optical spectra, is described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030114
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    Laser processes in wide gap II-VI semiconductors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Laser emission ; II-VI semiconductors ; Many particle effects ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: After a brief historical remark about the evolution of scientific interest in wide gap II-VI compounds, we review the various laser processes which have been identified in bulk materials and thin layers during the last 25 years. We then proceed to quantum wells and superlattices and stress the differences from III-V compounds. We finish by considering the exploitation of specific properties of widegap II-VI compounds for light-emitting and laser diodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030115
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    Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence of ZnSe epilayers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Cathodoluminescence ; Strain ; ZnSe ; Depth profiling ; Defects ; Impurities ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In This paper we illustrate the use of an electron beam of variable energy to get depth information on the strain, impurity and defect distribution in ZnSe epilayers. From the increase in splitting of the free light and heavy hole exciton bands with increasing electron beam energy we deduce that the strain increases with depth. From the increase in the luminescence intensity of the impurity and defect bands compared with the luminescene intensity of the free heavy hole exciton band with increasing electron beam energy we deduce that the impurity and defect densities also increase as a function of depth.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030142
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    Preparation and electroluminescence of CaS: (Ce, Eu and Cu) phosphors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Calcium sulphide ; Photoluminescence ; Electroluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Doped CaS powder samples were prepared using two methods: (i) a metathesis reaction of carbonate with H2S at 1200°C; (ii) reaction with Na2Co3/S flux at 1000°C in nitrogen, followed by washing in an alkaline solution, drying and sieving to give 20-30 μm particles.Powders produced from both reactions were strongly photoluminescent and singificant AC electroluminescence (ACEL) was observed when samples produced by the metathesis reactions were copper coated. Samples prepared using the flux technique on pre-copperdoped carbonate also showed ACEL.The EL excitation process in the flux grown material differs from that in samples prepared using H2S; this stems from Cu2S microdeposits on the particle surfaces of the former. The formation of the needle-like deposit results from precipitation of copper from solid solution with decreasing temperature. The EL emission arises from observable point sources rather than the more uniform emission from copper-coated samples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030143
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    Langmuir-blodgett films of stilbazole complexes of iridium(I) and rhodium(I) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett film ; Stilbazole ; Metal complex Iridium ; Rhodium Pyroelectricity ; Alternate layer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Complexes of 4-alkoxystilbazoles with iridium and rhodium form stable Langmuir layers at the air-water interface even when the alkoxy chain is relatively short (C5-C12). The surface pressure-area isotherms indicate that condensed molecular monolayers are obtained. The area per molecule of each compound in its monolayer form is typically 0.60 nm2, which agrees well with the cross-sectional area of the [Ir(CO)2CI] or [Rh(CO)2CI] head group predicated using molecular models. This suggests that the molecules are oriented with the metal moiety close to the water surface and their alkoxystilbazole ‘rod’ protruding from the plane of the water surface. Such floating monolayers have been transferred on to solid substrates such as glass, aluminium (AI2O3/AI/Glass) and silicon (SiO2/Si) at relatively high speed (10 mm min -1) to form Y-type LB assemblies. The UV-Visible absorption properties of these materials in solution and LB film form have been studied. LB films of these complexes yield bathochromically shifted spectra relative to the LB film spectrum of the uncomplexed stilbazole. Additionally, these spectra are often broader and hypsochromically shifted relative to their corresponding solution spectra as a result of the close molecular packing within the LB film and the associated dipole-dipole interactions.The electrically polar nature of the molecules described in this paper suggest that they may be suitable candidates for new pyroelectric materials. Thus the pyroelectric coefficient (the rate of change of electric polarisation with respect to temperature) has been measured for a polar multilayer LB film containing an iridium complex. A pyroelectric coefficient of 3.5 μCm-2K-1 (at 30 °C) has been measured, which is one of the highest reported valued for an LB film. Additionally, a low dielectric loss of around 0.01 has been found over the frequency range 50 Hz-1 kHz, indicating that such LB films may be usfeul materials for pyroelectric sensors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040403
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    Electrical characteristics of polypyrrole composites at microwave frequencies (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polypyrrole ; Conducting polymer composites ; Electrical modelling ; Microwaves ; Radar-absorbing material ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The microwave absorption and reflection characteristics of composites of polypyrrole with paper, cotton cloth and polyester fabrics have been evaluated. Refiectivity measurements in the range 2-18 GHz and plane wave modelling have revealed impedance charateristics with a common transition rgion. Relationships between substrate material, polymer loading and electrical performacne have been explored. Polarisation characteristics have alos been measured. The electrical model has been successful in predicting the performance of both Salisbury screen and Jaumann multilayer designs of radar-absorbing material.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040404
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    Liquid crystalline hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between alkoxystibazoles and phenols (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 273-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Hydrogen bonding ; Phenols Stilbazoles ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Mesomorphic materials formed by hydrogen bonding between 4-alkoxystillbazoles and some phenols are described.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040406
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    Langmuir-Blodgett films of indandione-l,3 pyridinium betaine. II: Molecular structure and properties of monolayers; simulation and optical absorption data (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers ; Monolayer spectral characteristics ; Simulation of molecular structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular structure and optical properties of a monolayer at the air/water interface of novel amphiphilic derivatives of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, namely C1lIPB and C17IPB, have been studied using optical absorption techniques and computer simulation approaches.The compression π-A isotherm of the C17IPB monolayer and computer simulation of its molecular structure show that there may exist two energetically stable molecular configurations, one with antiparallel orientation of the dipole moments of the C17IP ‘heads’ in the low-pressure region at π = 5-32 mN m-1 and the second (after a distinct phase transition at π = 33 mN m-1) with parallel orientation of the dipoles, with different tilt angles and areas per molecule. For C11IPB only the first structural phase is observable.The compression-induced changes in spectral characteristics of the two structural phases go in diametrically opposite directions. In the low-pressure phase compression induces a red shift and an increase in intensity of the S1 absorption band, while in the high pressure phase a blue shift and a decrease in the intensity of this band are observed. These spectral changes correlate reproducibly with the compression π-A isotherms. Measurements of absorption dichroism confirm the change in the tilt angle at the phase transition pressure. The compression-induced spectral changes have been substantiated by the results of quantum chemical calculations.
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    Semiconductor lasers, G. P. Agrawal and N. K. Dutta. 2nd edn. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993. ISBN 0 442 01102 4, £66.00. No. of pages 616 (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 51-51 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040107
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    Molecular Electronics and Molecular Electronic Devices. Kristof Sienicki (ed.). Volume 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, ISBN 0-8493-8061-9, 249 pp., £70.00 hardback. Volume 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, ISBN 0-8493-8062-6, 274 pp., £113.50 hardback. Volume 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, ISBN 0-8493-8063-4, 260 pp., £82.00 hardback (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 431-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040608
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    A comparative study of pulsed laser deposition and flash evaporation of Culn0.75Ga0.25Se2 thin films (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 423-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Pulsed laser deposition ; CIGS ; Flash evaporation ; Thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper initial results are presented for the growth and characterisation of polycrystalline Culn0.75Ga0.25Se2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition and flash evaporation. Analogies are drawn between these two important deposition technologies. The deposited films were characterised using a veriety of analytical techniques, including energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays and Rutherford-backscattering spectroscopy for compositional evaluation, X-ray diffreaction and Raman spectroscopy for structural evaluation, scanning electron microscopy for surface examination and the four-point and hot-point probe techniques for electrical characterisation. The comparison of films produced by these two deposition methods revealed that, in terms of their stochiometry, electrical and physical characteristics, good-quality GIGS thin films could be produced by both techniques.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050101
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    Editorial (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050102
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    Growth modes of solution-grown CdS thin films (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdS ; chemical deposition ; complexing agent ; sulfurising agent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The growth modes of CdS thin films on glass in a chemical bath were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results of these studies show that the film growth occurs by ion-by-ion condensation and by colloidal particles of CdS adhering to the substrate. Both mechanisms are operative from the initial stages of film growth. The predominance of one or other of these two growth modes depends on the abundance of Cd and S ions present in the solution, which is determined by the amount of complexing and sulphurising agents and ammonia used for the controlled release of Cd and S ions into the solution. The growth mode influences the optical properties of the films.
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    IR and UV laser-assisted deposition from titanium tetrachloride: A comparative study (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: laser photochemistry ; LCVD ; laser photolysis ; laser pyrolysis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Laser-induced TiCl4 decomposition at vapour pressure was performed and comparative study of the composition and structure of thermally (at 10.6 μm) and photolytically (at 248 nm) deposited Ti-based films is presented. Emphasis was given to the less explored titanium deposition process by CO2 laser pyrolysis of TiCl4. The detailed structure of films deposited on quartz substrates was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of the incident laser energy on the chemical content of the films as well as on the film growth rate was demonstrated. The results indicate that in the thermal IR decomposition of TiCl4 a multilayer structure is formed with unsaturated TiSix at the interface and oxidized phases at the surface. The photolytic process leads to films with increased purity and a specific growth morphology.
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    Polymeric silicon-containing resist materials (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 95-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Resists ; Silicon-containing ; Single layer ; Multilayer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Silicon-containing bilayer and trilayer photoresist technology is reviewed. Multilayer resist processes of this type rely on pattern generation in a thin imaging layer followed by pattern transfer to the thick planarising underlayer by oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE). The review concentrates on materials in which the silicon is an integral part of the polymer and does not specifically address photoresists where silicon is incorporated in a post-imaging process step (Such as top-surface-imaging resists). The review is not exhaustive but emphasizes instead specific examples of representative resist chemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040206
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    Electron beam and X-ray resists (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 139-153 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: X-ray resists ; Electron beam ; Acrylate and methacrylate polymers ; Polysulphones ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optimisation of the lithographic performance of negative-working electron beam resists is developed through consideration of the radiation chemistry of crosslinking of representative materials, typically epoxy-functionalised polymers and polystyrene and its derivatives. Similarly, the lithographic behaviour of positive-working systems based on radiation-induced chain scission reactions is discussed with reference to acrylate and methacrylate polymers and polysulphones. The difficulties encountered in devising desirable working systems based on novolacs are considered and contrasted with the promise offered by recent developments arising from the extension of chemical amplification techniques to the electron beam lithographic domain.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Diary of conferences and symposia (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 177-178 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040211
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    Wet development of polymer resists: A guide to solvent selection (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Wet development ; θ-Solvents ; Cosolvents ; Rate of dissolution ; Polymer resists ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The criteria for selecting effective solvent systems for wet development of polymer resist materials are explored. Methods of estimating the polymer-solvent interactions are described, including the use of solubility parameters and the Flory-huggins interaction parameter. Methods of achieving θ-conditions, which represent minimal solvent-precipitant mixtures, or the more novel approach of establishing cosolvent systems are described. The rate dissolution has also bee identified as a controlling parameter. Some optical and gravimetric methods for measuring dissolution rates for polymer films are outlined. Examples of the influence of these factors on the sensitivity and contrast of resists such as poly(methylmethacrylate) and poly(p-methyl styrene-stat-chloromethyl styrene) are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040209
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    Optically synaptic films using spiropyran J-aggregates (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Spiropyran ; J-aggregates ; H-aggregates ; LB film ; non-linear photochromism logic ‘AND’ function ; optical neural network system ; Hopfield model ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Spiropyran SP1822 J-aggregate LB films show a non-linear photochromic response with a threshold against the incident light intensity of a CW dye laser. Using two laser beams operating below the threshold level intensity, the logic ‘AND’ function was found to be optically stored as an overlapping region of two incident patterns. We proposed the adoption of an LB film of spiropyran J-aggregates to store the memory matrix Tijkl as an overlapping region of learning input pattern Vij and multi-image input pattern Vkl in order to construct an optical neural network system based on Hopfield model.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050201
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    Preparation and purification of metal fluorides for crystals and glasses (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluoride ; preparation ; purification ; glass ; fibre ; crystal ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The development of low-loss fluoride glass fibres for transoceanic telecommunications led to an increased demand for inorganic fluorides with ultrahigh purity in respect of transition metals, rare earths and oxygen. This review paper describes the Merck Ltd strategy for achieving a wide range of metallic fluorides using methods of preparation and purification selected for a combination of technical efficacy and economic practicability. General preparative methods involving aqueous and non-aqueous routes are described, together with purification methods such as ion exchange, zone refining and vacuum sublimation. The special role of ammonium fluoride complexes is discussed. The application of these general methods to the manufacture of fluoride glass components is described, with special reference to the ZBLAN formulation. Additional glass compositions and their individual requirements are also discussed. The parallel application of high-purity metal fluorides in the growth of optical crystals is emphasised, the history of fluoride ultrapurification having begun with the early demand for high-quality UV and IR crystals such as CaF2 and LiF.
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    Surface analytical techniques (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 53-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: AES ; XPS ; SIMS ; SNMS ; laser Raman microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This review briefly describes some of the techniques available for analysing surfaces and illustrates their usefulness with a few examples. In particular, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), sputter neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) and laser Raman spectroscopy are all described. In analysing a surface, AES and XPS would normally be considered first, with AES being applied where high spatial resolution is required and XPS where chemical state information is needed. SIMS and SNMS can be performed together and can detect smaller surface concentrations. Laser Raman spectroscopy is useful for determining molecular bonding. Techniques which give topographic information, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have not been considered.
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    Controllable transmission of information in excitable media: The 2+ medium (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: excitable media ; information transmission ; cellular automata ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we address the problem of how to implement directed dispatching of information in homogeneous excitable media. To do this, we surveyed cellular automaton models which reveal spatial oscillating patterns of excitation. Thus we discovered a medium where any element at rest was excited if just two of its nearest neighbours were excited. A medium of this kind, the 2+ medium, does not support the spreading of ordinary autowaves, but in its evolution one can find compact movable groups of excited states. Here we demonstrate that such solitary waves with particle-like behaviour will change their velocity vectors as a result of external singular stimulation. Thus they can be used as objects with controllable movement which transmit information in disordered surroundings. The results of this work can be utilised in the design of molecular computers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050303
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    Diffusion of iodine into CdTe at room temperature (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; diffusion ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Studies on the diffusion of iodine into CdTe at a temperature of 20°C using four widely differing types of diffusion sources are compared and discussed. The concentration profiles were measured using either a radiotracer sectioning (RTS) technique or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).The profiles were composed of four parts to which a computer package consisting of the sum of four complementary error functions (erfc) gave accurate fits, providing four empirical values of the diffusivity. The diffusivities for the fastest component in all four cases were in agreement (∼2 × 10-14 cm2 s-1) and were consistent with previously published data. These results indicate that when iodine is diffused from the vapour it is not a suitable long-termstable dopant in devices where sharp junctions are required.
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    Deposition, annealing and characterisation of high-dielectric-constant metal oxide films (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 163-175 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ULSI ; high dielectric constant ; metal oxides ; deposition ; annealing ; characterisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2 and TiO2 have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.
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    Diary of Conferences and Symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 186-190 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050307
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    Inorganic materials. D. W. Bruce and D. O'Hare. Wiley, Chichester, 1992, ISBN 0 471 928895 £58.00 (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 4 (1994), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860040308
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    On the dynamic self-diffraction in methylene blue-sensitised gelatine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: degenerate two wave mixing (DTWM) ; self-diffraction ; methylene blue ; dynamic holography ; self-modulation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic self-diffraction processes have been observed and analysed for methylene blue-sensitised water-swollen gelatine (MBSG). A degenerate two-wave mixing experiment performed on thick samples of MBSG with 10 mW, 632.8 nm wavelength He Ne laser light allowed for the formation of phase- and amplitude-transient holographic gratings. Single-beam propagation characteristics through MBSG were measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The observed energy transfer between the writing beams in the two-beam coupling experiment and the considerable temporal oscillations of diffraction efficiency are explained by simple formulae. Two processes are considered: the time-dependent phase shift between the writing beams and the transverse self-phase modulation effects (self-focusing and interference ring formation).
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    Identification of the volatile decomposition products produced in the deposition of (Hg,Cd)Te by MOVPE (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 151-161 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOVPE ; (Hg, Cd)Te ; Decomposition products ; GC-MS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The pyrolysis reactions of di-isopropyl telluride and dimethyl cadmium, both alone and in combination and with and without mercury, have been studied using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For example, when mercury and dimethyl cadmium are mixed in hydrogen at the growth temperature (370°C), the volatile products observed are methane, ethane and dimethyl mercury. In contrast, when di-isopropyl tellurideis substituted for the cadmium precursor in this reaction, the products observed are propane, propene and 2,3-dimethylbutane with no volatile mercury-containing compounds. Heating the two organometallic precursors together at the growth temperature in the absence of mercury gives products expected from the pyrolysis of each one alone plus a number of interaction products such as 2-methylpropane. The results of these studies will be presented, a mechanism for the reactions proposed and the implications for MOVPE growth discussed.
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    Homogeneious linewidth and relaxation of excited hole states in II-VI quantum dots (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Semiconductor-doped glasses ; Non-linear optical materials ; Differential absorption spectroscopy ; Scattering processes ; II-VI compounds ; Quantum dots ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By use of differential absorption spectroscopy at different temperatures we investigate the homogeneous line broadening of small CdSxSe1 - x quantum dots embedded in glass. Our experiments show the strong correlation between the precipitation stages and characteristics optical parameters such as the saturation intensity and the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times. In samples grown in the diffusion-controlled regime to avoid coalescence, we find after strong laser excitation for the first time spectrally narrow holes in the non-linear differential absorption spectra. These sharp non-linear resonances with a halfwidth Γ of only 10 meV at T = 20 K allow us to investigate the energetic distance of the lowest hole levels and the temperature dependence of the line broadening. The different contributions of LO phonon coupling and temperature-independent scattering to the homogeneous linewidth will be analysed. The relaxation from the excited hole states has been investigated by exciting in the higher-energy hole states and measuring the resulting change in the ground state absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860030121
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    Irregular shifts of excitonic states in reflectivity and PL spectra of ZnSe crystals under uniaxial stress (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Excitons ; ZnSe ; twins ; strain ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Splittings and shifts of excitonic states in ZnSe crystals under uniaxial stress along [100], [111] and [110] directions were studied by spatially resolved spectroscopy of both the reflectivity and the photoluminescence (PL) at 5 K. These methods enabled us to check the local strains in different surface microareas of deformed crystals and as a result to reveal the irregular free and bound exciton state shifts related to the influence of the strain nonuniformity and to the presence of structural imperfections (twins) in the crystals. It is shown that elastic deformation of twinned crystals along directions not exactly [111] gives rise to a doublet structure for all the bound exciton lines in the PL spectra. New values of deformation potentials for ZnSe crystals were deduced. The anisotropic influence of the uniaxial stress on the free and bound exciton state splittings was determined.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systrems. 3: Some operational characteristics of excitable light-sensitive media used for image processing (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Operational features of excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type light-sensitive media that can be used to implement image-processing operations are discussed. They embrace (i) the main primitive responses of such media to light excitation as a function of medium acidity, temperature and light exposure, (ii) the characteristics of temporal evolution of stored media and (iii) the resolution and information content inherent in images stored by excitable media. It is shown that controlling the acidity of the medium, its temperature and the duration of light exposure enables one to get reproducible results.
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    Diary of Conferences and Symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 243-244 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050501
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 4: Image-processing operations performed by active media functioning in the oscillating mode (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular neurocomputer ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Basic primitive image-processing operations performed by chemical dynamic media functioning in the oscillating mode are discussed. These operations have rather high computational complexity and can be considered as simulation of human vision capabilities.
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    MOCVD of group III chalcogenides (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 245-258 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium ; indium ; metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) ; precursors ; selenium ; sulphur ; tellurium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A review is presented of recent advances in the metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of thin films of group III chalcogenides, including their application for the passivation of GaAs surfaces. The majority of studies involve the deposition of thermodynamic phases of composition ME and M2E3 (M=Ga, In; E=S, Se, Te), however, MOCVD allows for the growth of either high-pressure (tetragonal InS) or non-thermodynamic phases (metastable cubic phases of GaS and InSe). Based on the results to date, a series of goals for molecular control over the structure of deposited films is discussed.
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    Direct observation of the stacked structure in substituted copper phthalocyanine LB films with STM (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: scanning tunnelling microscopy ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; substituted phthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The in-plane molecular structures of octa-alkyl substituted copper phthalocyanine LB films deposited on graphite have been resolved with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). The face-to-face stacking of Pc macrocycles has been observed in the topographies of R8PcCu monolayers. The stacking period was found to be 3.8-4 Å and the molecular rows were separated by 19 Å and 16 A for (C6H13)PcCu and (C5H11)PcCu respectively.
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    Effect of nitrogen addition on optical properties of fluorozirconate glasses (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 265-268 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorozirconate glass ; linear and non-linear properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The linear and non-linear optical properties of fluorozirconate glasses with and without nitrogen, namely ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3 and ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3—AIN, have been studied. The glass containing nitrogen exhibits a 5 nm shift of the transmittance edge in the UV region towards longer wavelength, whereas there is no change in the IR transmittance. Measurements show a small increase in the linear index of refraction in the visible region and a small decrease in the non-linear (intensity-dependent) refractive index coefficient n2. Longitudinal and transverse sound velocities estimated from Brillouin-scattering experiments for both glasses amount to 6311 and 4514 ms-1, respectively.
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    ZnCdS films for solar cell and photodetector applications deposited by In Situ chemical doping of CdS with Zn (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 269-275 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ZnCdS ; CdS ; ZnS ; photodetector ; chemical doping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: ZnCdS films were formed by in situ chemical doping of CdS with Zn in a chemical bath. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of CdS films after Zn doping showed a more disordered nature, consisting of reflections from Zn0.049Cd0.951S (JCPDS 40-834) as well as CdS greenockite (hexagonal, JCPDS 41-1049) and hawleyite (cubic, JCPDS 10-0454) phases. A comparison of the optical transmittance spectra for undoped and Zn-doped films showed that the cut-off wavelength was modified after Zn doping, indicating the presence of impurity states in the band gap. Zn-doped films showed an increase in dark conductivity after annealing at about 200°C. These films exhibit promising characteristics for application in solar cell and photodetector structures.
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    William M. Alvino. Plastics for electronics: Materials, properties, and design applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-07-001435-3 ca 350 pp (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 283-283 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050507
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    Recombination dynamics of dense elctron-hole plasma in CdS-doped glasses (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 217-221 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdS-doped glass ; Microcrystallite ; Electron-hole plasma ; Luminescence ; Picosecond ; Thermalization ; Surface recombination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Time-resolved luminescence spectra of highly excited CdS-microcrystallites are studied at room temperature in relation to the hot electron-hole plasma (EHP) effect. When the EHP thermalization is complete the luminescence kinetics shows a steady increase in the recombination rate with decreasing microcrystallite average radius (from 1000 Å to 54 Å). The obtained size dpendence is attributed to surface recombination.
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    Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of fluorinated silicon dioxide films using novel alkylsilanes (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorinated silicon dioxide ; silicon dioxide ; dielectric constant ; plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Deposition processes and film properties of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) films derived from fluoroalkylsilanes are described. The fluorinated silicon dioxide (FSG) films have lower dielectric constants (3.3-3.7) than non-fluorinated silicon dioxide films (〉4). With similar dielectric strengths, the reduced capacitance obtained with FSG films makes them useful as intermetal dielectrics (IMDs). The films are characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, ellipsometry and capacitance-voltage measurements. Characterisation of the changes in FSG upon exposure to ambient conditions and a method for stabilising the films are presented
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    Plasma-enhanced MOVPE and nitrogen doping of ZnSe (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 203-208 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ZnSe ; Diallylselende ; Plasma ; MOVPE ; Nitrogen doping ; Raman spectroscopy ; Photoluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In order to obtain high quality Znse epilayers on GaAs which can be intentionally P- and n-type doped growth at a reduced temperature is highly desirable. Therefore in this work the suitability of diallylselenide and the influrnce of plasma precracking have ben investigated. Photoluminesscence, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray, SIMS and Hall measurements were used to anaylse the samples. The selenium precursor was fully decomposed at temperatures above 360°C if it was precracked by a plasma. Bound excitions could be resolved with negligible donor-acceptor pair (DAP) and copper green emission in the PL spectra form films which were grown with a plasma at temperatures beyond 530°C. Clearly the hpe for reduction in the deposition temperature was not achieved. Raman spectra also revealed strong crystalline quality variations. For the doping experiments nitrogen was used as the carrier gasa instead of hydrogen. Plasma cracking of the selenium precursor was still necessary. Thye substitution of the H2 carrier gas by nitrogen reduced the growth rate by a factor of 2.6 but enhanced the crystalline properties of the samples as shown by the Raman measurements. Strong DAP emission at 2.7eV in the (PL) spectra was observed. SIMS measurements showed a nitrogend concertration of about 3 × 1017 cm-3. An additional nirtogen plasama (0-7W) had a begligible effect on the nitrogen concentration in the sample. The samples were semi-insulating, whichmight be a conswquence of the crystalline quality of ZnSe grown with DASe as selenium precursor.
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    A comparison of the diffusion of copper, gallium and cadmium in cadmium telluride (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 209-215 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Cadmium telluride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of diffusion of both Ga and Cu in CdTe have been measured over the temperature ranges 350-820 and 200-400°C respectively and the results are compared with the self-diffusion of Cd (350-920°C).In the case of the Cd self-diffusion the Arrhenius graph showed two active diffusion mechanisms, one dominating above 500°C and the other below. It suggested that in the temperature range 500-800°C the main defect responsible for diffusion was Cdi-, with a significant contribution at lower temperatures from the associated defect of the form (CdiVcd)x Below 500°C another mechanism predominated which was possibly due to residual impurities.The results for the diffusions were in close agreement with those obtained by other workers. The Ga diffusions showed a complex behaviour which suggested that two mechanisms were active simultaneously, one independent of Cd partial pressure and the other decreasing with increasing Cd partial pressure.It was concluded that CdTe would be suitable as a diffusion barrier to protect HgxCd1 - xTe devices from Ga contamination from GaAs substrates but would not be efficient at reducing Cu contamination from the substrate in the device.
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    GaAs substrates for the MOVPE growth of (Hg,Cd)Te layers (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 239-245 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Substrates ; MOVPE ; MCT ; Surface morphology ; Structural properties ; Photoconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: After a review of the structural properties of (Hg,Cd)Te layers grown by MOVPE on GaAs substrates, topical questions such as out-diffusion of Ga and As from the substrate into the layers, monolithic integration of signal procesing into the substrate and the presence of pyramidal defects in (100) layers will be discussed. In order to solve the last problem, a systematic study of the influence of the (h11) GaAs substrate orientation and polarity on the structrual properties and surface morphology of CdTe layers grown by MOVPE has ben carried out. Twin-free layers are obtained on (211)A, (311)B and (511)B GaAs surface orientations as ezplained by a model taking into accountthe type of dangling bonds at the interface. The performance of photoconductors fabricated on(Hg,Cd)Te layers of various orientations confirms these results. Particularly good results have been obtained for the (311)B orientation.
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    Defect-induced fundamental edge distoritons in two-photon spectroscopy of semiconductors (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Two-photon absorption ; Semiconductor crystal ; Structural defect ; Impurity ; Energy band ; Thermal treatment ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of grown-in and impurity defects on the form of the fundamental absorption edge in ZnO, ZnSe and CdS crystal was studied by the method of two-photon absorption (TPA). A considerable long-wavelength shift of the TPA spectra was measured in Zinc-rich compounds after thermal treatment. This can be explained by a very good saturation of interstitial Zni atoms up to a concentration of 1018 cm-3 causing deformation of the band edge.
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    Comparison of two approaches to forced convection in crystal growth of II-VI compounds by THM (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 3 (1994), S. 233-238 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Solution growth ; THM ; HgCdTe ; CdZnTe ; Forced convection ; ACRT ; Solvent inclusions ; IR microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Hg1 - xCdxTe and Cd1 - xZnxTe single crystals were grown by the tracwelling heater method (THM), applying two different techniques of artificially stirring the solution zone. Accelerated crucible rotation (ACRT) was used in a vertical growth arrangement and compared a technique with constant rotation around the horizontal axis of the ampoule. The dominant hydrodynamic mechanisms of noth methods are discribed by the rotating disc model and are suggested to be almost identical with respect to the growth conditions at the interface. Convective flow is effectively enhanced adhacent to the growing crystal, where the matter transport is regarded as the rate-limiting step of solution growth. Inclusion density analysis by IR microscopy was used to characterise the crystals of Cd1 - xZnxTe grown at different rates. It was shown that forced convection allows an increase in the crystal growth rate from a few mm day-1 with ACRT or horizontally rotating THM.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Diary of conferences and symposia (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 51-54 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Structural investigation of four-centre photopolymerisation of bis-phthalamic bis-chalcone derivative in the crystalline state (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photopolymerisation ; electron microscopy ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By combining the results obtained from an electron diffraction tilting series with solid state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction, it was possible to determine the unit cell parameters and space group of BPABC crystals grown from DMAA solution both before and after irradiation. Subsequently semi-empirical quantum mechanical and packing energy calculations led to a model structure which agreed well with all the electron diffraction data and thus provided insight into the cross-linking mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    On the application of thermoluminescence for probing the energetic disorder in amorphous molecular solids (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular solids ; poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) ; thermoluminescence ; charge trapping ; charge transport ; energetic disorder ; dipole moments ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been applied for probing the energetic disorder in doped poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole)(PEPC) polymer films. Strong polar dopants were used for varying the degree of dipolar disorder. It was found that (1) the TL of the studied systems can be well interpreted in terms of the disorder model and (2) TL spectroscopy can provide the shape of the deepest part of the localised state distribution and the degree of energetic disorder as well. The charge trap distribution on the high-temperature side of the TL peak appears to be a Gaussian function and its halfwidth correlates well with the disorder parameter obtained from charge transport measurements. An unusual electric field effect on the TL of PEPC doped with strong polar dopants was found and is explained in terms of the contribution of the charge-dipole interaction to the energy of localised states. This effect indicates that the TL phenomenon for the studied systems cannot be explained purely by molecular γ-relaxation in the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A few-monolayer organic photodiode (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular electronics ; photodiode ; rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A few-monolayer zwitterionic, non-centrosymmetric Langmuir-Blodgett film has been sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is transparent. Curves of dark current density as a function of applied bias were observed to exhibit rectifier-like behaviour and to follow closely the dependences measured from junctions using two metallic electrodes. The transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode discussed here permitted illumination of the organic film during electrical characterisation and it was observed that the electrical behaviour was altered from the dark state. Illumination has the effect of generating a photocurrent even when no bias is applied to the electrodes; in addition, the junction conductance was increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Vapour Pressure Studies of Some Nitrogen Donor Adducts of Dimethylzinc Used in the Deposition of Materials by MOCVD (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: precursor ; MOCVD ; vapour pressure ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The vapour pressures of mixtures of dimethylzinc with triethylamine (1), 1,3,5-trimethyl- (2) and 1,3,5-triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) have been studied using static measurement at various mole ratios of ligand to alkyl at 0°C. The results obtained are useful in assessing the suitability of these compounds as precursors for the deposition of group-12-containing materials by MOCVD. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photochromic Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites as Holographic Storage Media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: nanocomposites ; sol-gel ; heteropolymetallates ; photochromics ; holographic data storage ; amplitude grating ; two-wave-mixing recording ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the properties of some new organic-inorganic photochromic layers. They are based on a hybrid organic-inorganic matrix in which tungsten heteropolyoxometallates (SiW12O4-40, PW12O3-40) are entrapped in a network obtained from the reaction of 3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane. The high homogeneity of these materials on the nanoscale leads to transparent monoliths and layers of controlled thicknesses up to 40 μm. The optical properties of the blend are emphasised and the construction of amplitude gratings in the materials by two-wave-mixing experiments is described. The results of the optical experiments and the comparison with the theoretical background are used as a model for photochromic holographic storage processes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chemical Processor for Computation of Skeleton of Planar Shape (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 135-139 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: reaction-diffusion media ; chemical processors ; parallel computing ; cellular automata ; image processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we give a regular proof of the viability of the theory of reaction-diffusion computing. The test problem is to approximate the skeleton of a planar contour, i.e. select sites of centres of bitangent circles which lie wholly within the contour. We have designed both a cellular automaton model and a real prototype of a chemical processor that implement skeleton transformations. In the cellular automaton, segments of the discrete skeleton are computed via interactions of excitation waves, while in the chemical processor the underlying mechanism is the formation of Prussian blue in an agar gel film. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Controlled Ablation of Langmuir-Blodgett Films Made by Scanning Force Microscopy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: atomic force microscopy ; thin molecular films ; lithography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results concerning the development of a lithographic technique suitable for application to Langmuir-Blodgett films. Controlled ablations of well-defined portions of the film have been made by using a scanning force microscope (SFM). We report the values of the microscope operational parameters that have allowed us either to perform non-destructive imaging or to obtain reproducible ablations of controlled depth. In particular, our analysis has pointed out the importance of the scanning speed in giving rise to such surface modifications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Polyaniline Microrods (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; synthesis ; surface tension effect ; morphology ; SEM ; ESR ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) prepared in water or a water-methanol (1:1) mixed solvent by anodic oxidation of aniline hydrochloride at a potential of 0.8 V (and higher) vs. Ag/AgCl appears to form microrods of almost uniform shape and dimensions: a diameter of 0.7 μm and a length of 2-3 μm or more. A surface point contact Pt or Ir electrode has been used as the working electrode to get a better ordering in the product due to the surface tension effect. The structure observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is complex: the sample is highly porous and looks like a coral reef; the average channel diameter is 1.5 and 2.5 μm for narrow and wide channels respectively. The rods appearing in great number in the sample are surprisingly uniform, particularly with respect to the diameter. The electrical conductivity is of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 for most samples examined. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra consist of a strong singlet line (g = 2.0030-2.0039, ΔH =;0.12-0.50 mT); similarly, the infrared (IR) spectra show a strong and broad absorption due to electron excitations and electron-lattice interactions, which we have observed previously for many PANI samples examined in our laboratory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    New BETS salts based on magnetic (CuCl3, FeCl4) and non-magnetic (GaCl4) anions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 5: Processing images with several levels of brightness and some application potentialities (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitable media of Belousov-Zhabotinsky type were used for processing images with several levels of brightness. In this case the image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white pictures. Excitable media seem to be useful tools for handling some practical applications such as aerial picture processing. Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type media are also simple and convenient experimental models for investigation of the information-processing capabilities of biomolecular systems with complicated non-linear dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Red shift in optical absorption of erbium and dysprosium diphthalocyanine thin films on exposure to chlorine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: phthalocyanine ; gas sensor ; chlorine ; optical absorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optical absorption characteristics of vacuum-deposited thin films of erbium and dysprosium diphthalocyanine were investigated using transmission spectroscopy before and after exposure to chlorine gas and compared with previous work performed upon lead monophthalocyanine (PbPc). Considerable red shifts in the visible absorption spectra were observed after Cl2 exposure for the diphthalocyanines but not for the monophthalocyanine. These were interpreted on the basis of differences in molecular structure in relation to the adsorption of chlorine.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-Electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair type (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ω cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ω cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ω cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ω cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Infrared spectra of β-Phase BEDT-TTF salts with hexacyanometalate anions (M(CN)3-6; M ≡ CoIII, FeIII, CrIII) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical properties of 1,4-cis-polybutadiene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: 1,4-cis-polybutadiene ; direct conduction ; hopping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper contains results on electrical conduction in 1,4-cis-polybutadiene. Measurements were performed for thin films of thickness from 1 to 10 um with gold and aluminium electrodes. Study was made in the temperature range from 15 to 325 K for two types of polybutadienes: (1) containing 100% of cis form, from Aldrich; (2) containing 96% of cis form, from Philips Petroleum Co. It was found that direct conduction is determined by the Poole-Frenkel effect with some hopping and the Schottky effect. Evaluation of activation energies gave results from 0.3 to 0.36 eV. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Guest editorial (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 55-55 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This issue contains papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Electrical and Related Properties of Organic Solids (ERPOS-7). It is a companion issue to Vol. 6. No. 5/6 which contained the bulk of the papers. Unfortunately, not all of the papers could be published in one special issue. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the Fréedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation method ; nematic liquid crystal ; electric-field-induced Fréedericksz transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of a 2D nematic liquid crystal model in the presence of an externally applied electric field. The molecular interactions were described by the Lebwohl-Lasher Hamiltonian. The boundary conditions employed in the simulations corresponded to the experimental configuration frequently used for establishing the Frank elastic constants. The results are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological Ericksen theory. Preliminary results of simulations of an experimentally important case corresponding to the nematic interacting with a spatially modulated electric fluid are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity generated by X-rays in copper phthalocyanine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 363-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoconductivity ; organic materials ; phthalocyanine ; X-rays ; space charge ; recombination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on photocurrents induced by X-rays in vacuum-evaporated copper phthalocyanine layers are presented and a short analysis is included. The photocurrents were measured as a function of applied voltage, X-ray intensity and ambient air pressure. The experimental data are in agreement with the theoretical description of photocurrents with respect to the important role of the space charge and charge carrier recombination.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge carrier photogeneration in titanyl phthalocyanine (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 412-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photogeneration ; charge carrier ; charge pair ; exciton ; exciton-exciton annihilation ; phthalocyanine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Charge carrier photogeneration in titanyl phthalocyanine was investigated by means of fluorescence and photocurrent measurements, under sample excitation by two time-separated ultrashort light pulses. Exciton-exciton annihilation was employed to obtain information on the time course of the fluorescence and generation processes. Charge carriers were found to be generated during only a short time interval after the exciton was created. This interval is much shorter than the fluorescence state lifetime.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of spatial charge carrier distribution near interface between organic crystal and water on electrokinetic potential (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 6 (1996), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: electrokinetic potential ; organic materials ; anthracene ; space charge distribution ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The flow of water through a system filled with anthracene crystals was examined. For other materials it is known that the flow causes a difference in the potential and the short-circuit current. We found that this potential, which is the electrokinetic potential, can be described using a strictly determined space charge distribution of charge carriers near the anthracene crystals and a given model of the water flow between the crystals. The aim of this paper is to present the influence of the spatial charge carrier distribution near the crystal surface on the potential and the current. Considering the laminar flow of water, we can estimate the electrokinetic potential and the current which occur because of the movement of carriers. This movement is forced by the water flow. Achieved values of the potential and the current were about 1 V and 1 μA respectively. Theoretical calculations agree with our experimental results
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge transfer complexes involving calix[4]resorcinarenes: potential candidates for non-linear optics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: calix[4]resorcinarenes ; charge transfer (CT) complexes ; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) ; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) ; non-linear optical (NLO) materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Lipophilic calix[4]resorcinarenes - condensation products of resorcinol and lauryl aldehyde comprising four resorcinol units - form electron donor-acceptor complexes with electron acceptors tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in organic solvents. Their formation was confirmed by EPR and UV-vis spectroscopy, except for compounds c1 and c3 which did not form charge transfer (CT) complexes with TCNE. Titration experiments involving calixarenes and electron acceptors indicated the presence of species of different stoichiometries. Complexes with ligands c1-c4 were characterised spectroscopically. CT bands appeared in most cases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin films of novel polysiloxane copolymers substituted with stilbene and biphenylene side-chains: response to nitrogen dioxide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gas sensing ; nitrogen dioxide ; stilbene ; biphenyl ; UV-visible spectroscopy ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of a selection of stilbene and biphenyl side-chain substituted liquid crystal polymers based on polysiloxanes were deposited using an automated dip-coating technique and exposed to either 100 ppm NO2 gas and/or concentrated nitric acid vapour, the consequent effect being monitored by changes in the UV-visible spectra of the material. No effective response to NO2 was observed from the biphenylene analogue, but the stilbene derivatives showed spectral changes to suggest that an interaction occurs between the vapour and the bridge position of the stilbene side-chain. The stilbenes also show a marked pre-conditioning phenomenon upon exposure to nitric acid vapour prior to exposure to nitrogen dioxide. This procedure gives a material that has a more reversible response on exposure to NO2 gas than an anagolous film that has not been pre-treated. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: electrical conductivity (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; electrical conductivity ; pressure ; conformation ; glass transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We describe the observation of a pressure-induced variation in the electrical conductivity of BF-4-doped polypyrrole at pressures below atmospheric pressure. We also show that there are anomalies in the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in cyclic measurements at temperatures of 240 and 310 K. The pressure effect is interpreted as a pressure-induced order-disorder conformational transition. The anomalies in the temperature dependence are attributed to the glass transition and melting of the polymer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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