ALBERT

Notes: The paper examines the psychological impact of teleworking compared to office-based work. Results suggest a negative emotional impact of teleworking, particularly in terms of such emotions as loneliness, irritability, worry and guilt, and that teleworkers experience significantly more mental health symptoms of stress than office-workers and slightly more physical health symptoms.

Notes: This paper explores the organisation of the maintenance function of five manufacturing and utility companies and the involvement of maintenance workers in plant improvement. It highlights the important role of the tacit skills of maintenance workers and the broader role of the maintenance function in technological change and organisational performance.

Notes: Current transformations in technologies and industrial structure of UK telecommunications have important implications for skills and work organisation. This is examined in different divisions of a large UK telecommunications firm: call centres, customer service centres, engineering sectors and the R&D department. The effect of these transformations on the development of firm competences is discussed.

Notes: Most studies of technological change in telecommunications have researched incremental shifts within the analogue switching paradigm. This paper takes the case of the shift to digital switching in Hong Kong's public telephone network. It focuses upon how this change was managed and the consequential changes in labour relations.

Notes: This article charts the development of the idea of cellular manufacturing (CM) from its beginnings to its present status as a general organizational principle. Using survey data and a case study, an assessment is made of the application of CM and its trends for the future, especially from the human resources perspective.

Notes: Volvo recently announced the closure of their factories at Kalmar and Uddevalla which were internationally renowned for the innovative methods of work organization as an alternative to the assembly line. In this and the following article the authors question the rationale of management's reasons for the closure, and assess the effect of the closures for those social scientists who saw Volvo as a shining example of work redesign

Notes: Here the author explores the dynamics of workplace control in the provincial newspaper industry, and argues that direct input technology has led to structural changes that shift the locus of control from the printers (typesetters/compositors) to the journalists (sub-editors) by increasing the latter group's influence over strategic contingencies in the production process.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Technology and Organization: power, meaning and design Harry Scarbrough and J. Martin CorbettRoads to Participation in the European Community—Increasing prospects of employee representatives in technological change Dieter Fröhlich, Colin Gill and Hubert KriegerAdvanced Technology in Commerce, Offices and Health Services Fe Josefina Dy (Ed.)Industrial Dislocation: The case of global shipbuilding Daniel ToddCompany and Campus Partnership: Supporting Technology Transfer D. Jane BowerHigh-Tech Fantasies: Science Parks in Society, Science and Space Doreen Massey, Paul Quintas and David WieldTechnological Change: The Role of Scientists and Engineers Derek Bosworth, Rob Wilson and Paul TaylorFarewell to Flexibility Anna Pollert (ed.)Industrial Training in a Cold Climate Peter J. SenkerManaging New Technological Change: Case Studies in the Reorganization of Work P. WilkinsOther Publications Received Dodgson, M.

Notes: The traditional system of managing corporate manpower resources in Japan has fostered incremental innovation, diversification and organic growth. The establishment of R & D labs for frontier research has brought debate about the need to reform, or even abandon, traditional methods. The evidence to date suggests marginal rather than wholesale change.

Notes: Since the 1984–85 strike, British Coal has pursued its corporate objectives by restructuring operations, introducing new technology and intensifying work. The reconstruction of industrial relations which has accompanied these changes is analysed with particular emphasis on developments at colliery level.

Notes: Drawing on primary and secondary sources the authors argue that the JIT/TQM manufacturing system intensifies work as a result of increased surveillance and monitoring of workers' activities, heightened responsibility and accountability, the harnessing of peer pressure within ‘teams' and via ‘customers', and the fostering of ‘involvement’ in waste elimination and the continuous improvement of the production process.

Notes: Work practice barriers to flexible manufacturing are studied in the British and American unionized engineering industries and a comparison made of the influence of the industrial relations systems on the potential for overcoming these barriers.

Notes: The article by Claire Shearman and Gibson Burrell which was published in this journal, Autumn 1988 (Vol. 3 No. 2) provoked an immediate response. Here Ray Oakey and Roy Rothwell exercise their right of reply. This is followed by a response from the authors who defend their original article.

Notes: This article reviews recent studies of new technology and industrial relations and indicates four main areas for future research. The author concludes that more attention should be devoted to the technology itself, and that industrial relations research could usefully incorporate many recent insights and developments in industrial sociology.

Notes: Book reviewed in this articleInnovation in Technology and OrganizationUnpacking the Clothing Industry: Gender, Racism and Class in ProductionComputer Systems Development: history, organisation and implementationEnvisioning A Sustainable Society: Learning Our Way OutComputers, Jobs and Skills: The Industrial Relations of Technological ChangeDeveloping Skills with Information TechnologyMaintaining Information Systems in OrganisationsHostile Brothers: Competition and Closure in the European Electronics Industry

Notes: Here the authors explore how the labour process approach and the socio-technical approach can be used in the process of design and redesign of production organizations. The implications of both approaches are looked at in several cases of work reorganization in Rotterdam harbour.

Notes: Belgium has a very developed system of national collective bargaining and as a result, it is one of the few countries with a national technology agreement. An analysis revealed that this agreement was not used very much. This article looks at the use and importance of technology agreements for unions.

Notes: Police forces, in common with much of the UK system of public administration, continue to come under pressure to engage in managerial and administrative modernisation. This article looks at the role office automation systems play in these processes and at the case for organizational change to accompany the adoption of these systems.

Notes: Despite increasing customer orientation and a more proactive IT policy in the services offered by Dutch banks, organizational innovation has been partial and segmented. Changes in organizational structure are complicated by the current wave of mergers between banks and insurance companies.[1]

Notes: Numerous studies conclude that technological and organizational innovations are mutually supportive. Yet Canadian evidence shows a relative lack of emphasis on the crucial organizational dimensions of the innovation process. This article examines the results of a survey of technological and organizational change in 1,000 establishments and discusses reasons for the relative neglect of organizational factors.

Notes: Book review in this ArticleSunrise EuropeNEDC Long-term perspectives group, IT Futures: What current forecasting literature says about the social impact of information technologyHuman Factors: Man, Machine and New TechnologyWorking the System: The Shop Floor and New Technology

Notes: This article examines two issues: first how Japanese companies recruit, train and utilise engineers in their UK transplants; secondly, how technology transfer between British and Japanese engineers is affected by career structures. It draws on questionnaire responses from 88 companies and interviews at a small number of sites.

Notes: This article argues that studies of the introduction of new technology have tended to ignore the contributions of pre-Braverman approaches. However, in some cases, they have implicitly rediscovered the findings of an older industrial sociology.

Notes: Utilising a typology based on the previous occupational background of owner-managers within technology-based organizations, this article analyses the previous management and technical experiences of a sample of technical entrepreneurs in the UK. Overall, the study concludes that management and technical experience will differ according to occupational background, which may have implications for support provided to small technology-based firms.

Notes: This article examines job knowledge and skill in clerical work drawing on five case studies from the area of credit management. The cognitive, social and ‘tacit’ skills necessary for clerical effectiveness in this sector are identified and examined. Feminist approaches to skills analysis are used to examine how and why this type of work is under-valued.

Notes: This article examines the emergence of BPR from the literature on the strategic use of IT. Two case studies of BPR are then presented. Analysis of this material suggests that there is a tension between strategic re-orientation and cost-saving in many BPR projects which is difficult to resolve. This tension is explored further using a historical analysis of ‘frameworks' of computing.

Notes: There are conflicting tendencies among recent developments in bargaining and participation at the workplace level in Europe. While there is an emphasis on decentralisation of bargaining structures in many countries, there is considerable variance. Similarly, there is a diversity of approaches to both direct and indirect forms of participation. Despite attempts by the European Community to integrate policies on these matters among member countries, external influences such as the globalisation of economies and technologies are leading to diverse outcomes.

Notes: There has been much speculation about the future of work in moods ranging from euphoria to prophecies of doom. This article attempts to outline the undercurrents of change which will determine the reality behind this debate. It is based on analyses conducted for Work and Society, The Other Economic Summit and the Society for International Development.

Notes: This article summarises features of the current debate over whether new technology upgrades or downgrades skill and knowledge requirements and reports on how 1,700 tradespeople (craftspeople) interviewed in 1983–85 in NSW, substantially reported an upgrading effect.

Notes: This article is based on a survey of manufacturing sites, and the relation between production innovation and skills provision strategies encountered therein. It discusses the ways in which trends towards process integration and product flexibility are encouraging moves away from the traditional dependence on ‘off-the-shelf’skills recruitment and towards a greater emphasis on training, often of a flexible and cross-disciplinary type.

Notes: Industrialised nations have responded to the recent impact of new technology either by planning within a corporatist framework, or by reacting to changes determined by ‘market forces’. Australia is moving from the second to the first strategy because of a combination of political and legal changes, building upon traditional institutions

Notes: Draughtsmen could until recently legitimately be seen as a ‘white-collar craft’ group. This article examines the degree to which Computer-Aided Design is fragmenting the cohesiveness of the drawing office, and thus threatening to undermine the craft control which has been the basis of the strength of the union, AUEW/TASS.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:The Information Technology Revolution Tom Forester, (ed.)Work, Unemployment and the New Technology Colin Gill, Polity PressThe Robotics Revolution Peter B. Scott.Manufacturing Systems: Context, Applications and Techniques Victor Bignell, Mike Dooner, John Hughes, Chris Pym and Sheila StoneJob Redesign: Critical Perspectives on the Labour Process David Knights, Hugh Wilmott and David Collinson

Notes: Since quite some time, economists have been aware of the fact that also the behavior of economists generates questions that need to be answered. Why, for example, do economists use an alphabetic ordering of names when they co-author an article? And what determines the success of an academic economist? Or, how does studying economics affect behavior? At the same time, economists have also noticed that the economics profession generates data that can be used to test theoretical ideas proposed by economists. In this paper, the author gives an overview of such research that takes economists and their behavior as a subject of study. He will focus on three topics: the education of economists, the publication habits of economists and the labor market of economists.

Notes: The level of productivity is correlated across countries with measures of (lack of) corruption, but this appears to be due to a common association of these variables with measures of civil infrastructure, here measured by a combination of governance indexes labelled ‘rule of law’ and ‘government effectiveness’. New instruments based on the size- and spatial-distributions of cities within the countries of the world were constructed in order to explore the causal relationships between civil infrastructure and productivity. Civil infrastructure accounts for a substantial fraction of the global variation in output per worker across countries. Within this empirical pattern there is a systematic deviation associated with the current and former socialist states, which have both lower productivity and inferior civil infrastructure than would be predicted for otherwise similar non-socialist states. However, for a given level of the index of civil infrastructure these states are also shown to have a higher level of productivity than otherwise similar non-socialist states. The unconditionally low productivity of socialist states is attributed entirely to the indirectly deleterious effects that socialism had on civil infrastructure, which more than offset its directly positive effect on output.

Notes: Transnational Corporations are often accused by non-governmental organisations of ignoring fundamental democratic rights, such as civil liberties and political rights, in the countries of their investments. This paper attempts to explore empirically the complex relationship between foreign investment and democracy in a systematic way, using different econometric techniques. In contrast to the public discussion over recent years and the view held by non-governmental organisations, the results show that enhanced democratic rights are associated with higher foreign investment in the 1990s. Interestingly, this positive link does not hold for the 1970s and 1980s, when a substantial portion of foreign investment went to countries with repressive governments.

Notes: Books reviewed in this article:S. N. Afriat, The Market. Equilibrium, Stability, MythologyHazel Bateman, Geoffrey Kingston and John Piggott, Forced Saving: Mandating Private Retirement IncomesJagdish Bhagwati (ed.), Going Alone — The Case for Relaxed Reciprocity in Freeing TradeBoeri Tito, Axel Börsch-Supan, Agar Brugiavini, Richard Disney, Arie Kapteyn and Franco Peracchi (eds.), Pensions: More Information, Less IdeologyAlvaro Cencini, Monetary MacroeconomicsBernard Dafflon (ed.), Local Public Finance in Europe: Balancing the Budget and Controlling DebtGeoffrey M. Hodgson, How Economics Forgot History. The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social ScienceDouglas A. Irwin, Free Trade Under FireDaniel B. Litvin, Empires of ProfitMark J. Roe, Political Determinants of Corporate Governance. Political Context, Corporate ImpactHorst Siebert (ed.), Economic Policy Issues of the New EconomyPaul J. J. Welfens, Interneteconomics.net. MacroeconomicsJoachim Zweynert, Eine Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens in Russland. 1805–1905

Notes: Between 1974 and 1996, there was a substantial increase in the emphasis on academic research in universities located in the United States and elsewhere throughout the world. This increased emphasis was, and continues to be, reflected in a variety of increased incentives for faculty to produce research, including higher salaries, reduced teaching loads, increased money for travel, on so on. Yet, as we report in this paper, during this time period the rate of uncitedness of economics papers remained constant (at 26 percent). Clearly, universities and taxpayers/supporters of universities are obtaining no enhancement of research output (in terms of citations) from the increased subsidy to faculty research. We discuss the implications of this result for the publication and organization of economic research. In particular, we discuss the fact that resources devoted to up-front screening of papers by authors and journals have risen substantially over this period, but to no avail with respect to reducing the incidence of dry holes.

Notes: We analyse the interrelationship between economics journals' relevance and reputation. While reputation and relevance positively affect each other, relevance has a much stronger impact on reputation than reputation on relevance. Citation frequency is a key determinant for both journal reputation and relevance, but effects on journal reputation are nearly twice as strong. Specialised journals are, ceteris paribus, considered less relevant and, therefore, also less reputed, even though specialisation has a positive direct effect on reputation. German-speaking economists find German journals more relevant, but at the same time also less reputed than foreign journals. Age and volume effects are also analysed.

Notes: The new information and communication technology, ICT, induces households to take over tasks from firms and government agencies, using tools and systems provided by these very same organizations. The result is often joint production activities. We argue that the importance of ICT for the exchange process between households and organizations is underestimated by only considering the consequences for the last stage of the process, i.e., the final purchase of goods and services. Our analysis of household behavior utilizes a modified version of Gary Becker’s model of the household as a combined producer-consumer.

Notes: AllanM. Cartter. The Redistribution of Income in Postwar BritainKarlW. Deutsch. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of NationalityPierre Samuel Du Pont DE NemoursOn Economic CurvesThe Economic Development of MalayaJ. Goudriaan. Economie in 16 bladzijdenDouglas C. Hague and Alfred W. Stonier. The Essentials of EconomicsBert G. Hickman. The Korean War and United States Economic Activity, 1950–1952C. Hildreth and F. G. Jarrett. A Statistical Study of Livestock Production and MarketingDon D. Humphrey. American ImportsEmile James. Histoire sommaire de la pensée économiqueEmile James. Histoire de la pensée économique au XXe StècleNicholas Kaldor. An Expenditure TaxPaul Keller. Dogmengeschichte des wohlstandspolitischen InterventionismusHarvey Leibenstein. A Theory of Economic-Demographic DevelopmentFriedrich A. Lutz. Das Problem der WirtschafsprognosenWilliam Petersen. Planned Migration—The Social Determinants of the Dutch-Canadian MovementVilles et campagnes—Civilisation urbaine et civilisation rurale en FranceWilliam L. Westermann. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity

Notes: The vigorous movement towards raising the levels of economic performance and consumption in the underdeveloped areas has become one of the central economic issues of our time. But so far no satisfactory theory has been constructed to explain this movement, its implications and effects.The starting-point for any attempt to construct a theory of development in underdeveloped countries must be an analysis of the major factors and conditions responsible for economic growth in Western countries. These are: (1) capital formation of an impressive magnitude, as a continuous process increasing in breadth and intensity and including the formation of intellectual capital. The introduction of mechanical means of production was of paramount importance in this process, because it radically changed the rate of progress; (2) operation of effective incentives either in the form of material rewards (profits) or spiritual inducements or both; (3) availability of an expanding market to absorb the rising flow of goods; (4) tendency for a balanced ratio to be maintained between population growth and economic growth; (5) a succession of scientific discoveries and a readiness on the part of entrepreneurs and technicians to utilise them for the continual improvement of techniques of production; (6) apolitical regime and a social order conducive to economic development. Since several of these factors either do not obtain at all in underdeveloped countries, or obtain only partially, a theory of economic development built on the cornerstones of economic growth in the West would not fit conditions in underdeveloped countries.The gradual change to an independent existence with higher standards of living and higher levels of economic performance is being brought about by a transfer of means and techniques of economic development from outside through a process of implantation. In place of the incentives which served in the Western world and which are not reproduced to the extent required to stimulate a comprehensive process of development in the immediate future, substitutes are in operation. Modern nationalism is one of the motive forces of economic development in underdeveloped countries. On the same plane is the acceptance of entrepreneurial functions by governmental agencies.The progress in transferability of modern techniques of production has immensely facilitated the promotion of up-to-date processes of production and distribution in underdeveloped countries also. Finally, a difference is to be noted in the economic mechanism by which the various elements of the socio-economic process are geared together and kept in motion.

Notes: The term digital money refers to various proposed electronic payment mechanisms designed to use by consumers to make retail payments. These mechanism are based either on wart cards or on network money. Smart cards could potentially replace currency as the predominant means to pay for retail purchases. Software-based digital money products (network money) bring cheap electronic funds transfers to individuals and small firms. This paper examines how digital money affects the demand for money and how this process, in turn, affects the demand for reserves, monetary control, and the monetary transmission mechanism.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSGNGDer Begriff ‘Digitales Geld’ bezieht sich auf verschiedene Vorschläge fur elektronische Zahlung-ssysteme, die von den Konsuinenten zur Bezahlung von Einkäufen im Einzelhandel verwendet werden können. Diese Zahlungssysteme basieren entweder auf ‘smart cards’ oder auf ‘Netzwerk-geld’. Smart cards können möglicherweise Bargeld als vorherrschendes Zahlungsmittel im Einzelhandel ersetzen. Software-basierte digitale Geldprodukte (Netzwerkgeld) ermöglichen demgegenüber einen billigen Transfer von Geld an Einzelpersonen und kleine Unternehmen. Dieses Papier untersucht, wie digitales Geld die Geldnachfrage beeinflusst und welche Auswirkungen dies wiederum auf die Nachfrage nach Reserven. die Kontrolle der Geldmenge und die montären Transmissionsinechanisinen hat.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe terme monnaie digitale se refère à différents méchanismes de payment, ayant été proposées pour étre utilisés par les consomateurs pour effectuer leurs payments quotidiens. Ces méchanismens sont basés sur le principe de la ‘smart card’ ou du ‘network money’. Les ‘smart cards’ pourraient remplacer la inonnaie comme méchanism de payment prédominant pour I'achat quotidien. Par contre, le ‘network money’, monnaie digitale basée sur des logiciels, apporte une méthode peu coǔteuse pour les personnes particulières et les petites entreprises pour effectuer leurs transfers monétaires. Cet article examine comment la monnaie digitale influence la demande de la monnaie, et comment ce processus influence la demande pour les reserves monétaires, le contrǒle monétaire. ainsi que les méchanisines de transfers monétaires.

Notes: New Aspects of Price and Production Theory. Despite recent progress, price and production theory is still inadequate, because it is not applicable to the management of business enterprises and it cannot be used in macro-economic models. What is needed is not the refinement of a few special points in the theory, which suffers from the defect of narrowness, but rather an effort to extend its scope, particularly in the following respects:(a) Investigation of such relations as may exist between markets or between industries;(b) Specification of the production functions;(c) The working-out of a theory of organisations, which would make it possible to grasp and express, in simple terms, the differences that are to be expected in the behaviour of a co-operative society and a share company, a trust and a cartel a free and a dependent enterprise, etc.;(d) Investigation of cases falling somewhere between a duopoly and a polypoly— the only forms which really exist—detailed treatment being given to the possible reactions of enterprisers (price changes, advertisements, participations etc.), and the result being systematised on the basis of a new logical principle, which, to all appearance, can only be the one underlying the theory of games.It looks as if we are now upon the brink of such an extension of the theory. This would constitute the second “revolution” of the price and production theory. The book Business Concentration and Price Policy reviews the stage now reached by research with regard to a large number of important points, such as:- the concept of industry,- investigation of yields,- the extent of concentration and degree of integration of business firms,- the incidence of taxes,- the tactics of imperfect competition,- the relations between markets.Although it suffers from want of systematic arrangement, the book nevertheless supplies a great many data necessary for the elaboration of a general theory.

Notes: This paper presents the first attempts by economists to estimate an equation of the demand curve for sexual relationship partner attributes. The focus is on the age of partner sought as the item demanded. A sample of newspaper ‘personal ads' is used to construct the demand curve. The estimates show clear evidence of age trade offs in partner search which vary by gender. There is evidence that financially constrained men will trade down in terms of market desirability, i.e., up in partner age, but also that women will offer to buy younger partners with financial signalling.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Artikel präsentiert die ersten Versuche von Ökonomen, eine Gleichung für die Nachfragekurve nach Eigenschaften von Partnern bei der Partnersuche zu schätzen. Das Hauptinteresse liegt dabei auf dem Alter des Partners. Eine Stichprobe aus Kontaktanzeigen in Tageszeitungen dient dazu, die Nachfragekurve zu konstruieren. Die Schätzungen zeigen deutlich, dass Altersunterschiede bei der Partnersuche kompensiert werden müssen. So wurden Beweise dafür gefunden, dass Männer mit beschränkter finanzieller Ausstattung vom Markt weniger nachgefragt werden, also nur altere Partner finden, und Frauen versuchen, jüngere Partner durch finanzielle Anreize zu kaufen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article nous présente les premières tentatives faites par les économistes afin d'évaluer la courbe de dernande portant sur les caractéristiques du partenaire sexuel. L'accent est mis sur l'ǎge du partenaire recherché comme étant le critère essentiel. C'est grǎce à un échantillon de ‘petites annonces' parues dans les journaux que la courbe a été tracée. Ainsi les hommes ayant des contraintes financières se montreront plus conciliants quant à l'ǎge. En d'autres termes, ils accepteront des partenaires plus ǎgées tandis que les femmes jouissant des moyens financiers se proposeront d'acheter des partenaires plus jeunes.

Notes: Recent theories of capitalism concentrate upon the defects of markets. The theories of Karl Polanyi and Bruno Seidel are examined in this article. In a broad survey of economic history since the middle ages, Polanyi concludes that the whole economic market system destroys the substance of society and creates disadvantages for all groups. Yet disintegration was halted through the principle of social protection which comprises all forms of collective economic actions, whether by groups or states. Yet, the author has failed to give a specific market analysis which would indicate how specific disadvantages arise in the process of pricing. The all comprehensive “social protection” contains so many diverse elements that one cannot infer from the principle how interventions have reformed the market system of capitalism.In his analysis of industrialism and capitalism, Seidel sees a conflict between the industrial and capitalist elements of our economy. Capitalist elements have been “tamed”, while we have been unable to control the industrial elements. Modern technology has become independent of capitalist property and markets. Industrialism has been economically beneficial and socially disintegrating. Deconcentration of large concerns and decentralization of large cities are proposed as necessary reforms. Interventions in markets spring from cartels of producers, organizations of farmers, unions of laborers, and the interference of states. The multitude of interventions is developing into a planned capitalism. The result of these interventions has been a greater degree of equality in the economic and social relationships among men. Control of capitalism was achieved through introducing social-ethical principles into the economy.The newer version of the defect theory limits control of the market system to the most recent period, and states some of the reasons why organized groups control their markets. The theory of social protection is limited in its scope; its economic, political and social impact upon capitalism is traced in detail. Yet missing is still a theory of deficient markets as well as of controlled markets. The future task of economic research is to provide an analysis of the different market sectors controlled by groups, of the monopoly of concentrated property, of the specific nature of social protection, and the economic role of big government in controlled capitalism.

Notes: AS long as economics is conceived as a purely formal science of human action (praxeology) the basic concepts and findings of such behavioral sciences as psychology, sociology and cultural anthropology will be considered as irrelevant for economic analysis. However, if economics is considered as an empirical (substantive) science which starts from actual human needs and places man's dependence upon and interaction with his natural and social environment in the center of its investigation, the basic concepts and conclusions of the behavioral sciences cannot be dispensed with.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNationalökonomie und die Wissenschaften vom menschlichen Verhalten. So lange die Nationalökonomie als eine rein formale Wissenschaft vom menschlichen Handeln (Praxeologie) begriffen wird, erscheinen die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Erkenntnisse der Verhaltenswissenschaften wie der Psychologie, der Soziologie und der Kulturanthropologie für die ökonomische Analyse als irrelevant. Wenn indessen die Nationalökonomie als wirklich empirische Wissenschaft betrachtet wird, die von den tatsächlichen menschlichen Bedürfnissen ausgeht und die Abhängigkeit des Individuums von seiner natürlichen und sozialen Umgebung sowie deren Wechselwirkung in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Forschungen stellt, so können die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Folgerungen der Verhaltenswissenschaften nicht übergangen werden.RÉSUMÉĽ economie politique et les sciences du comportement humain. Tant que ľéconomie politique sera concue comme une science purement formelle de ľ action humaine (praxéologie), les concepts fondamentaux et les découvertes des sciences du comportement humain telles que la psychologie, la sociologie et ľ anthropologie culturelle seront considéréd comme de peu ď importance pour ľ analyse économique. Cependant, si ľéconomie politique est considérée comme une science effectivement empirique qui part des besoins humains réels et place la dépendance de ľ homme de son ambiance naturelle et sociale ainsi que ľ action réciproque de cette dernière au centre de ses recherches, les conceptions et conclusions fondamentales des sciences du comportement humain ne peuvent etre négligées.The question then arises as to the proper method by which the results of one field of inquiry can be utilized in another. Such integration is possible only if we find or formulate common denominator concepts sufficiently broad to contain and cut across the subject-matter of several social disciplines. Which particular concepts are likely to prove useful for a “substantive” science of economics depends upon the nature of the central research problems of contemporary economic analysis. Since these germinal questions of modern economics are all related to the behavior of social groups and of individuals acting as members of structured social entities the basic concepts and findings of social psychology and cultural anthropology are likely to prove most useful for the substantive-empirical economist.Having outlined the major concepts which have proved helpful in the analysis of group decisions and the individual-group relationship the article concludes by setting forth the thesis that a substantive science of economics must be conceived from the very outset as an integral part of a science of man and culture. Such a “humanization” of economics would have the task of placing the living human being once more in the center of economic analysis and, at the same time, would provide a starting point for the solution of the urgent task of integrating our contemporary knowledge about man and culture.Es stellt sich dann die Frage, durch welche Methode die Ergebnisse des einen Forschungsgebiets im andern verwendet werden können. Eine solche Integration ist nur dann möglich, wenn für die verschiedenen Konzeptionen gemeinsame Nenner gefunden oder formuliert werden können, die weit genug sind, um den Gegenstand verschiedener Sozialwissenschaften zu umfassen. Welche Konzeptionen sich für eine wirklich empirische Wissenschaft als nützlich erweisen dürften, hängt von der Natur der zentralen Forschungsprobleme der heutigen ökonomischen Analyse ab. Da alle diese grundlegenden Fragen der modernen National ökonomie sich auf das Verhalten sozialer Gruppen und des Einzelnen beziehen, die als Glieder sozialer Gebilde von bestimmter Struktur handeln, dürften die grundlegenden Konzeptionen und Erkenntnisse der Sozialpsychologie und der Kulturanthropologie für den empirischen Ökonomen von grossem Nutzen sein.Nach einer Skizzierung der hauptsächlichsten Konzeptionen, die sich für die Analyse von Gruppenentschlüssen und der Beziehung zwischen Individuum und Gruppe als nützlich erwiesen haben, wird die These aufgestellt, dass eine wirklich empirische Nationalökonomie von allem Anfang an als ein wesentlicher Teil einer Wissenschaft vom Menschen und der Kultur begriffen werden muss. Eine solche “Humanisierung” der Nationalökonomie hätte zur Aufgabe, den Menschen - so wie er in Wirklichkeit ist - in den Mittelpunkt der ökonomischen Analyse zu stellen, und würde gleichzeitig den Ausgangspunkt darstellen für die Lösung der dringenden Aufgabe, unser gegenwärtiges Wissen über den Menschen und die Kultur zu integrieren.La question se pose alors de savoir par quelle méthode les résultats ď un domaine de recherche peuvent etre utilisés dans ľ autre. Une telle intégration n'est possible que si nous trouvons ou formulons pour les différentes conceptions des dénomina-teurs communs suffisamment larges pour contenir ľ objet des diverses sciences sociales. Quelles sont les conceptions pouvant se révéler utiles pour une science réellement empirique, voilà qui dépend de la nature des problèmes majeurs de recherches de ľ analyse économique actuelle. Comme toutes ces questions fondamentales de ľéconomie politique moderne se rapportent au comportement de groupes sociaux et de particuliers agissant en tant que membres ď entités sociales ď une structure déterminée, les conceptions fondamentales et les découvertes de la psychologie sociale et de ľ anthropologie culturelle devraient etre ď une grande utilityé pour ľéconomiste empirique.Après avoir esquissé les principales conceptions qui se sont révelées utiles àľ analyse des décisions de groupes et des rapports entre ľ individu et le groupe, ľ article se termine par ľnonce de la these qu'une Economic politique reellement empirique doit etre concue des Tabord commcar; part intégrante ď une science de ľ homme et de la culture. Une telle “humanisation” de ľéconomie politique aurait pour tǎche de placer ľ homme - tel qu'il est en réalité - au centre de ľ analyse économique et représenterait simultanément le point de départ de la solution de la tǎche urgente consistant à intégrer notre connaissance actuelle de ľ homme et de la culture.

Notes: In recent years there has been a great development of interest in the principles and the problems of rational decision-making and rational action. Economists, mathematicians, statisticians, logicians, engineers, and philosophers have all addressed their efforts to various phases of the general problem of rationality. This paper attempts a provisional synthesis of their basic results so far, in the form of a suggested preliminary definition of rationality that is sufficiently general to be applicable in all circumstances.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBeitrag zu einer allgemeinen Definition des rationalen Handelns In den letzten Jahren ist ein zunehmendes Interesse an den Grundlagen und den Problemen der rationalen Entschlussfassung und rationalen Handelns festzustellen. Ökonomen, Mathematiker, Statistiker, Logiker, Ingenieure und Philosophen haben ihre Anstrengungen auf verschiedene Phasen des allgemeinen Problems des Rationalen gerichtet. Die vorliegende Studie macht den Versuch einer vorläufigen Synthese der bisherigen grundlegenden Ergebnisse in Form einer vorläufigen Definition des Rationalen, die genügend allgemein ist, um unter jeglichen Bedingungen anwendbar zu sein.RÉSUMÉRecherche ď une définition générate de ľ ction rationnelle. Durant ces dernières années, ľ intéret s'est fortement accru pour les principes et les problèmes relatifs à la décision rationnelle et àľ action rationnelle. Des économistes, des mathématiciens, des statisticiens, des logiciens, des ingénieurs et des philosophes ont concentrés leurs efforts sur les différentes phases du probléme général de la rationalité. La présente étude constitue un essai de synthèse provisoire des résultats fondamentaux obtenus jusqu'ici, sous la forme ď une définition préliminaire de la rationalité, par ailleurs suffisamment générale pour etre applicable dans toutes les circonstances.The general definition of rationality, to be usable for “practical” decisionmaking, must take full cognizance of each of the following characteristics of the “real” world, at least: the time-dimension of action and of the consequences of the action; the multitudinous side-effects of an action; the inevitable uncertainty of the “actor” in connection with the alternatives of action open to him and the consequences of each of these; the costs of information-gathering; the costs of performing logical operations; the variety of the value-criteria of different actors; the changes in the value-criteria of any given actor over time; and the “tastes” of the actor in relation to time-preference, risk-taking, logical processes, and the facing of uncertainty. The definition of rationality should specify the course of action which, in the light of all these factors, is the “best” one.The present suggested definition outlines a “rational” procedure for choosing one from among the set of all known possible actions, where the word “action” refers to a particular time-sequence of (a) acting (in the usual sense), (b) information-gathering, and (c) logical analysis. The procedure consists, roughly, of these four steps: (1) the specification of the set of known possible actions; (2) the determination, for each of the actions, and using all available relevant information, of the set of all possible consequences of that action and their respective probabilities; (3) the evaluation, in the light of the relevant value-criteria, of each of the possible consequences of each of the possible actions; and (4) the derivation from (3) of the “correct” action to be adopted. In carrying out these steps we employ a logical construction patterned after those of Carnap, Hempel and Oppenheim.For the sake of greater understandability, the definition is presented in two stages. The appendix to this paper contains a (grossly oversimplified) illustration of the application of the definition.Die allgemeine Definition des Rationalen - soil sie für praktische Entschlüsse verwendbar sein - muss zumindest folgende Charakteristika der “realen” Welt voll berücksichtigen: die Zeitdimension einer Handlung und der Konsequenzen der Handlung; die zahlreichen Nebenwirkungen einer Handlung; die unvermeidliche Ungewissheit des Handelnden mit Bezug auf die ihm offenstehenden alternativen Handlungen und auf die Folgen jeder dieser Handlungen; die Kosten zusätzlicher Information; die Kosten des logischen Vorgehens; die Mannigfaltigkeit der Wertkriterien der verschiedenen Handelnden; die Rnderungen in den Wertkriterien eines Handelnden im Zeitverlauf; die Einstellung des Handelnden hinsichtlich Zeitpräferenz, Risikobereitschaft, logische Verfahren und Ungewissheit. Die Definition des Rationalen sollte jenen Ablauf des Handelns aufzeigen, der im Lichte aller dieser Faktoren der “beste” ist.Die hier vorgeschlagene Definition skizziert ein “rationales Verfahren für die Wahl einer Handlung unter all den bekannten möglichen Handlungen, wobei das Wort “Handlung” sich auf eine besondere Zeitfolge von Handeln (im üblichen Sinn), Information und logischer Analyse bezieht. Das Verfahren besteht, grob gesprochen, in folgenden vier Schritten: I. Spezifikation der bekannten möglichen Handlungen; 2. Bestimmung aller möglichen Folgen und der Wahrscheinlichkeit dieser Folgen für jede der Handlungen, unter Verwendung aller verfügbaren relevanten Informationen; 3. Wertbestimmung jeder möglichen Folge von jeder der möglichen Handlungen auf Grund der relevanten Wertkriterien; und 4. Ableitung der “richtigen” vorzunehmenden Handlung aus 3. Bei der Ausführung dieser Schritte wird eine logische Konstruktion verwendet nach dem Muster von Carnap, Hempel und Oppenheim.Im Interesse einer grössern Verständlichkeit wird die Definition in zwei Stufen entwickelt. Der Anhang enthält eine (stark vereinfachte) Illustration über die Anwendung der Definition.Une définition générale de la rationalité - pour qu'elle soit utilisable pour des decisions pratiques - doit pour le moins tenir pleinement compte de chacune des caractéristiques suivantes du monde “réel”: la durée de ľ action et des conséquences de ľ action; la multitude des effets connexes ď une action; ľ inévitable incertitude de celui qui agit en ce qui concerne les alternatives qui s'offrent à lui et les conséquences de chacune de ces actions; le coǔt des informations complémentaires; le coǔt de ľ exécution logique des opérations; la diversite des criteres-valeur, suivant l'opinion de ceux qui agissent; les modifications dans le temps des critères-valeur ď un exécutant donné; la préférence que marque celui qui agit quant au temps, au risque, à la procédure logique et àľ incertitude. La définition de la rationalité devrait spécifier le déroulement de ľ action, qui, à la lumière de tous ces facteurs, apparaǐt comme “la meilleure”.La définition proposée ici esquisse une procédure rationnelle pour le choix ď une action parmi toutes les actions reconnues possibles; en ľ occurrence, le mot action se rapporte à une suite chronologique a) ď actions (au sens usuel), b) ď informations et c) ď analyses logiques. Grosso modo, le processus comprend les quatre étapes suivantes: I° la spécification des actions connues possibles; 2° la détermination pour chacune des actions, et en utilisant toutes les informations disponibles entrant en ligne de compte, de toutes les conséquences possibles et de leurs probabilityés respectives; 3oévaluation, à la lumière des critères-valeur entrant en ligne de compte, de chacune des conséquences possibles de chacune des actions possibles; et 4o la déduction de 3o de ľ action “correcte”à exécuter. En exposant ces étapes, ľ auteur utilise une construction logique calquée sur celles de Carnap, Hempel et Oppenheim.Afin ď etre mieux compréhensible, la définition est présentée en deux paliers. Ľ annexe à cet article contient un exemple (considérablement simplifyé) de ľ application de la définition.

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Notes: Confiscation of currency has sometimes occurred through the fine print of currency reforms. While only a small fraction of currency reforms world-wide have masked a confiscation, when they don't they are likely to follow a hyperinflationary bout. Thus, one way or another, currency reforms are emblematic of government reneging on its most idiosyncratic liability or extracting monopoly rents from its provision of an exchange medium. This paper reviews the international experience with currency reforms over the last fifty years. It focuses on the purported justifications, mechanism for implementation, common pitfalls and revenues associated with actual discriminatory currency conversion exercises.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Einziehung von Währungen ist irn Rahmen von Wähngsreformen manchmal vorgekommen. Weltweit hat nur ein kleiner Teil der Wähngsreformen die Einziehung getamt. Täten sie dies nicht, so würden sie wahrscheinlich einen hyperinflationären Kampf führen. Auf die eine oder andere Art sind Wähngsreformen daher typisch füreine Regierung, die auf ihre charakteristischen Verpflichtungen zurückkommt oder die Monopolrenten durch die Bereitstellung eines Tauschmittels herausholt. Dieser Artikel gewährt einen Übexblick über die internationalen Erfahrungen mit Wähngsreformen während den letzten fünfzig Jahren. Dabei konzenhiert man sich auf die vorgegebenen Rechtfertigungen, die Techniken der Durchführung, übliche Fallgruben und auf die Erträge in Zusammenhang mit gegenwärtigen diskriminiemden Wähngsumtauschübungen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉUMÉLa confiscation de la monnaie a été parfois mise en valeur à travers ľanalyse fine des réformes mon. monétäires. Tandis que seulernent une faible fraction des réformes monétaires a mondialement caché une confiscation, wlles sont, dans le cas contraire, de nature à suivre un rythme hyper-inflationniste. Ainsi, ďune manièreg ou ďune autre, les réformes financières sont emblématiques du renoncement du gouvernement vis à vis de ses plus distinctives responsabilités ou ses rentes du situation de monopole provenant de ses réserves de moyen ďéchange. Cet article passe en revue, sur les cinquante derniéres années, les expériences internationales en matière de réforme monétaire. II se concentre sur les justifications avancées, les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre, les pièges usuels et les revenus associés aux réel exercises discrimminatoires de conversion monétaire.