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  • Articles  (9,817)
  • Springer  (9,817)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Information Science and Librarianship  (9,817)
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Keywords
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Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Uncertain Future for Digital Visual Collections in the University (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital images ; digital image copyright ; digital visual collections ; authoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Digital documents in the networked information environment fundamentally change the ways that visual materials can be used in education and scholarly discourse. These new uses raise questions about research library strategies with regard to digitized visual materials as a part of their collections, challenge assumptions underlying intellectual property rights for images and their scope, and offer ways in which visual literacy can become a more integral part of the common educational experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009031004180
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Step Beyond Reading in Archaeological Publication (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009095406906
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The MoU – Mouse or Momentous? An Update and Evaluation of the EC Memorandum of Understanding (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: standards ; copyright ; intellectual property rights ; European Commission ; Memorandum of Understanding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Over 200 institutions have recently signed the European Commission's Multi-Media Access to Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Memorandum of Understanding and European Charter, an initiative launched by Directorate Generales (DG's), DG XIII (Telematics, Information Market and Exploitation of Research) and DG X (Information, Communication, Culture and Audio-Visual Media). This report summarises the goals of the Memorandum and offers thoughts on its implications and potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009091222836
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009047507815
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Generation of Museum Web Pages: The Intelligent Labelling Explorer (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: anaphora〉 ; artificial intelligence ; coherence ; hypertext ; labels ; simulated museum tour ; text generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first phase of the Intelligent Labelling Explorer project has built the ILEX-1.1 system, which uses artificial intelligence technology to generate descriptions of objects displayed in a museum gallery. Each description appears on a World Wide Web page, and the user can move from page to page, viewing the objects in any order, mimicking the experience of someone walking through the museum. Crucially, these descriptions aren't simply retrieved from a storage space, but are generated on demand by combining canned text with fully generated text in a coherent way. This use of dynamic hypertext allows ILEX-1.1 to generate descriptions appropriate to the expertise level of the user and to refer back to objects the user has already seen or to suggest objects the user might be interested in based on what objects they've chosen to look at so far. This paper discusses the advantages of dynamic hypertext and issues related to generating a text that hangs together well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009099015843
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pricing and Licensing for Museum Digital Content (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 165-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: licensing ; rights ; reproduction ; policy ; use fees and prices ; museums ; image ; art ; on-line publications ; World Wide Web ; digital content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Museums' rights and reproduction departments are overwhelmed by and underprepared for requests for image use in electronic media. This article will evaluate related models for pricing and fees used by non-art industries, and provide some interim guidelines for museums while they make the transition to supplying requests for electronic media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059415148
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Wired Museum: Emerging Technology and Changing Paradigms. A Review (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009034031986
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Building Integrated Museum Information Retrieval Systems: Practical Approaches to Data Organization and Access (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 117-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009096811050
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017180609059
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004606082
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Communication, Criticism and Community (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023803272
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolving Institutional Approaches to Subsidizing End User Access to Research Databases: A Case Study (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: scholary publication ; online database services ; end users ; subsidizes ; cost models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews work of the Getty Art History Information Program (AHIP, recently renamed the Getty Information Institute) over the past decade to subsidize end user on-line access to scholarly research databases. A brief history of AHIP's work in the area is followed by a summary of a study of subsidized access to Dialog databases by Getty Center resident scholars which was reported in a series of papers by Marcia Bates, professor of Library Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. This study provided a touchstone for an assessment of the relative merits and opportunities associated with the various contractual arrangements and incentive strategies employed by AHIP with vendors such as Dialog, consortia such as the Research Libraries Group, and a CD-ROM publication program. The effectiveness of each of these methods in reaching the user is compared to print publications and the experimental offer of access to some of the AHIP databases over the World Wide Web.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009087121927
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of David Bearman on Modern Archival Thinking: An Essay of Personal Reflection and Critique (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 15-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival electronic records ; archival appraisal ; archival theory ; David Bearman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay is a preliminary assessment of David Bearman as the leading archival thinker of the late twentieth century. Bearman has revolutionized thinking in archival circles around the world by offering a defence of traditional archival notions of provenance, evidence, recordness, and contextuality that equals the noblest statements of a Hilary Jenkinson, and by positing a relevant, dynamic, engaged future for archivists to transform the Information Age into a Record-Keeping Age. The essay is both a personal reflection and critical analysis. There are three main themes: an assessment of Bearman's ideas and their overall importance to general archival theory; a more specific exposition of the nature and importance of the University of Pittsburgh Project and of where Bearman sees that its results are leading archivists and their profession and institutions in future; and a critique of some of the implications, if not the conscious intentions, of his ideas and methods that seem to exclude the cultural, historical, and heritage dimensions and uses of archives, public or private. The overall aim of the essay is to push the archival discourse to the next stage by challenging and constructively critiquing as well as extolling the work of this archival pioneer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009035121019
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Where Are We Going, and How Do We Get There? Geographic Information and Museums (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009022830864
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Future of the Past: Archaeology and Anthropology on the World Wide Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archaeology ; anthropology ; databases ; catalogues ; networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the final scene of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, a crate containing the object of Indiana Jones' quest is wheeled into an immense warehouse for indefinite storage and questionable research access. Unfortunately, this fate is not all that far from reality. Collections of archaeological and ethnographic materials ranging from stone axes, broken potsherds, and carved monuments to baskets, ceremonial masks, and skin canoes have been held by museums collections since the Renaissance. However, their inestimable value and unique conservation and curatorial requirements often conspire to remove them from the reach of all but the most diligent scholars. The potential of the Web to enhance the quality of research on archaeological and ethnographic collections is enormous. This paper will examine ways that one can use the Web to enhance research and improve access to a variety of materials; while there are many other resources for archaeology available on the Web, this paper focusses on museum-related sites. It will also explore the potential of the Web for innovative research strategies. Digitization of catalogs, associated documents, and images to help one locate and study collections and specific artifacts are just one approach. Others include the connection of devices to the Web, such as cameras and microscopes, the creation of virtual reference collections, and the establishment of research networks that will enhance the identification and analysis of material culture. This paper will also consider the role the Web could play in issues of cultural property, contributing to and in many ways intensifying ongoing debates of ownership, curation, conservation, and repatriation of sensitive materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009055232682
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Situated Knowledge and the Virtual Science and Industry Museum: Problems in the Social-Technical Interface (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; user/visitor ; technology ; WWW (World Wide Web) CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) ; HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Internet ; ICT (Information and Communication Technology) culture ; sociology ; ethnomethodology ; situated knowledge ; local practices ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Museum is a perspicuous site for analysing the complex interplay between social, organisational, cultural and political factors which have relevance to the design and use of ‘virtual’ technologies. Specifically, the introduction of virtual technologies in museums runs up against the issue of the situated character of information use. Across a number of disciplines (anthropology, sociology, psychology, cognitive science) there is growing recognition of the ‘situatedness’ of knowledge and its importance for the design and use of technology. This awareness is fostered by the fact that technological developments are often associated with disappointing gains for users. The effective use of technology relies on the degree to which it can be embedded in or congruent with the ‘local’ practices of museum users. Drawing upon field research in two museums of science and technology, both of which are in the process of introducing virtual technologies and exploring the possibilities of on-line access, findings are presented which suggest that the success of such developments will depend on the extent to which they are informed by detailed understanding of practice-practices that are essentially socially constituted in the activities of museum visitors and the daily work of museum professionals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009007316752
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Museums and the Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009003421470
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Web and the Unassailable Voice (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: museums ; technology ; education ; communication ; social change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009086030363
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Records Research Issues (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records research ; research agenda ; research issues ; problem statements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an overview of the issues and concerns in the last decade of electronic records research. It highlights some achievement and identifies areas in which there remains a need for work, but mostly it examines the changing perception of what constituted the important questions in a field which was evolving quickly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009052522011
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Warrant and the Definition of Electronic Records: Questions Arising from the Pittsburgh Project (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: warrant-based recordkeeping ; electronic records research ; personal recordkeeping ; organizational recordkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Recordkeeping Research Project established a model for developing functional requirements and metadata specifications based on warrant, defined as the laws, regulations, best practices, and customs that regulate recordkeeping. Research has shown that warrant can also increase the acceptance by records creators and others of functional requirements for recordkeeping. This article identifies areas related to warrant that require future study. The authors conclude by suggesting that requirements for recordkeeping may vary from country to country and industry to industry because of differing warrant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008706990
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research: Towards Testable Specificity (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 309-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056622920
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research Issues in Migration and Long-Term Preservation (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital preservation ; migration strategies ; research issues ; software dependencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009068925646
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards Automated Record Keeping, Interfaces for the Capture of Records of Business Processes (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records ; business processes ; record keeping ; prototype ; user interfaces ; icons ; wirjfkiw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In June 1996, the National Archives of Canada issued its Guideline on the Management of Electronic Records in the Electronic Work Environment to all Canadian federal government institutions. Part of the Guideline contained a vision of automated record keeping in which records would be captured automatically based on the incorporation of record keeping rules in the design of automated work processes. As an illustration of this concept, the National Archives developed a demonstration prototype based on a project management work process situated within one of the operational activities of the department. This paper provides an overview of the prototype and an outline of both the lessons learned and the outstanding questions that have emerged concerning the feasibility of building an electronic work environment reflecting automated record keeping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009016908807
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digital Longevity: Policies on Electronic Records in the Netherlands (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic recordkeeping policies ; recordkeeping systems ; digital longevity ; digitale duurzaamheid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to solve the current and future problems in electronic recordkeeping the Dutch government, namely the Minister of the Interior, and the Minister of Culture, established a nation wide program: Digital Longevity (Digitale Duurzaamheid). The program is run by a bureau, staffed by consultants from the ministry of the Interior, the National Archives, and a province. By various means the bureau creates awareness at the political and senior management levels, develops policies for electronic recordkeeping, and supports implementation. The program contributes to the developing of theories in the area, supports research, and cooperates in education and training. Via pilot projects the consultants keep in touch with record creating organizations. As an opus magnum the program works on a generic design of a recordkeeping system, including a structured definition of recordkeeping functional requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009073026554
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing Policy Frameworks (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 259-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009085429280
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Records Management Research Sponsored by the US Army and the Department of Defense (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival theory ; electronic records ; functional requirements ; recordkeeping ; records management theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a synopsis of results achieved in addressing research questions and issues in the management of electronic records. The formulation of records management theory within the context of set theory is briefly described. Steps toward establishing functional requirements for electronic recordkeeping are summarized. The use of software prototyping to develop software techniques for classifying, profiling, and records disposition is described. New research issues and approaches to their resolution are proposed. The methods used in this research suggest the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing issues in the management of electronic records.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009081328372
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian Approaches to Policy Development and Resulting Research Issues (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records policy ; New South Wales ; Australia ; recordkeeping policy ; national standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is in two parts. The first outlines the context in which the Archives Authority of New South Wales (State Archives) is implementing electronic recordkeeping as part of a recordkeeping regime across the New South Wales public sector. The second part is an attempt to identify what I feel are unresolved issues, which may be resolved by practical or pure research, and as they relate to electronic recordkeeping, that we are facing in implementing the regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009033412442
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian University Museums On-Line (AUMOL) (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009066721136
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration Strategies within an Electronic Archive: Practical Experience and Future Research (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 301-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: Pfizer ; archive ; preservation ; migration ; retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, England has developed an Electronic Archive to support the maintenance and preservation of electronic records used in the discovery and development of new medicines. The Archive has been developed to meet regulatory, scientific and business requirements. The long-term preservation of electronic records requires that migration strategies be developed both for the Archive and the records held within the Archive. The modular design of the Archive will facilitate the migration of hardware components. Selecting an appropriate migration strategy for electronic records requires careful project management skills allied to appraisal and retention management. Having identified when the migration of records is necessary, it is crucial that alternative technical solutions remain open.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Description of Collections and Encyclopaedias on the Web using XML (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 39-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: classification ; thesauri ; encyclopedia ; Web ; XML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cataloguing artworks relies on availability of classification schemes, often represented by hierarchical thesauri. After commenting on the limitation of current practices and tools, we propose a new approach for the cooperative production of multilingual and multicultural classification schemes, exploiting some features of the oncoming XML-based Web.
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    Editorial: Standard Issues (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009041314740
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    Review of Workshop on Electronic Archiving, An Evaluation of the SESAM Report (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 147-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037825447
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    Review of Museums and the Web 1998: Proceedings (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 151-156 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009036718441
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    Review of Encyclopédie de l’art moderne et contemporain (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004632601
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    List of Contributors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 167-169 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    IV'98 Visualising Information: Commentary (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To see is to know to visualise information is to decide with knowledge. Visualising and understanding enables us to closer to knowledge discovery. The technology based on visual and analytical processes developed in various disciplines ranging from science to art and humanities. Limited examples such as scientific visualisation, data mining, statistics and machine learning that handle very large, multidimensional, multi-variant data set are available in practical domains. Information Visualisation is based on the methodology that characterises structure to de displayed, human perceptual power to detect patterns exceptions, trends, relationships and imperfections. Information Visualisation, IV-Series, aims to promote the theme that links Data-Information-Knowledge.
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    Editorial (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009003203053
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    A Case Study of EAD Implementation at Durham University Library Archives and Special Collections (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Issues arising from using EAD forsmall-scale retrospective conversion ofnon-standardized item level finding aids for a broadrange of materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009011404871
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    The Robert Honeyman Jr. Collection Digital Archive: EAD and the Use of Library and Museum Descriptive Standards (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) has ledto increased access to primary source materials such as personal and corporate papers, and government archives.Though initially developed to electronically encode such paper-based archives, EAD is now being exploredas a tool for cataloging large collections of primarysource visual materials, such as photographs and worksof art, and making them accessible on the internet.The Honeyman Collection Digital Archive project,carried out by The Bancroft Library at the Universityof California at Berkeley, was one of the first largecollections of primary source visual materials to be fullycataloged and encoded using EAD. In cataloging the collection,the project sought to incorporate cross-community descriptivestandards and practices, as well as providing highly detailedrecords for each item in the collection. This paper will describe that project and the standards that wereemployed. The resulting digital archive has demonstratedthat EAD is a viable option for handling large collectionsof primary source visual materials, and that implementationof shared standards and practices is possible and can move uscloser to the goal of improved access.
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    Museum Informatics and Information Infrastructures: Supporting Collaboration across Intra-Museum Boundaries (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: boundary objects ; collaboration ; cscw ; information infrastructures ; museum informatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of an information infrastructure involving collaborative technologies at the Spurlock Museum, a museum of world history and culture at the University of Illinois. It details a socio-technological system that was designed to pack and re-locate 45,000 artifacts across campus to a new museum facility. It addresses the question of how the information infrastructure of the Spurlock promotes collaboration among the various departments at the museum working on this move and encourages the sharing of common data resources across internal museum boundaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623607149
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    Artwork as Interface (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 191-198 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
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    The Effect of Digital Indexing Systems on the Accessibilityof Photographic Collections (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This Digital Image Archive (DIA) project involves the production of adigital archive of a collection of Nineteenth Century photographicimages and equipment. The DIA was designed to operate as a public accesscatalogue, to aid curators with information retrieval and to reduce theneed to handle some original material. Much of the William Henry FoxTalbot collection at the Royal Photographic Society can no longer beexhibited due to damage caused by handling and light. Access to thecollection is restricted because of preservation concerns over a growingpercentage of the collection and insufficient resources forreproductions and supervision. These problems led to investigations intothe possible advantages that digital technology might offer.Cross-referencing, administrative cataloguing and recording ofpreservation techniques are ideally suited to digital technology. Theshort life span of digital storage media and concerns over systemcompatibility requires the development of a complex long-term digitalstrategy that must be standardized if the archival material is tosurvive. Construction of the DIA involved investigations into softwareand hardware configurations concentrating on the ability to customizefactors such as indexing from recognized standards and practices. Thispaper concentrates on the results of a survey into standards withindigital indexing systems, which indicates that although there is growingawareness of standardization within digital cataloguing and multimedia,many organizations continue to devise independent systems.
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    Letter from the Publisher (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 209-209 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Science-Based Dating Methods in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 227-247 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of science-based dating methods in historic preservation contexts represents a specialized use of dating method technologies more broadly employed in prehistoric archaeological studies. This discussion focuses attention on the applications of the radiocarbon, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, and archaeomagnetic dating in historic preservation. The employment of various analytical and technical approaches — of which chronometric resolution is only one aspect — in elucidating and extending descriptive observations is advancing more broadly-based and insightful understandings of the elements of the cultural patrimony of our nation.
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    Technologies for Wood Preservation in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 273-290 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
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    Using & Re-using Archive Information for Multimedia Applications: The Virtual Museum of Italian Computer Science History (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; hypermedia ; reuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The quality of content is a key attribute for assessing the globalquality of a museum application. Unfortunately, producing good content,especially in multimedia digital form, is expensive and time-consuming.One way to reduce the costs without sacrificing quality is to exploitthe concept of information reuse. The idea is to use (portions of) thesame multimedia material in different applications, possibly adapting itfor different contexts, for different categories of users, and fordifferent delivery channels (e.g., on-line and off-line). Informationreuse does not come free. To be effective, it requires a well-organizedenvironment in which information can be easily stored, inspected,retrieved, and adapted for different purposes. This paper describes theapproach adopted in the project ``The Virtual Museum of Italian ComputerScience History'', funded by the Italian National Council of Research(CNR). In this project, all the digital material (documents, images,video interviews, etc.) is stored in a digital archive based on amultimedia database with a WWW front-end. The archive is designed forspecialists only: members of the editorial board of the project;researchers in the history of science; application developers (whoare looking for interesting content to include in their CD-ROMs or Websites). Each research group involved in the project extracted andadapted from the digital archive the multimedia material needed to builda different hypermedia application in two ``versions'' – WWW andCD-ROM. These applications, both on-line and off-line, strongly reuse(portions of) the digital archive content, but organize and present itwith a totally different style, to address the needs of non-specialists(e.g., people who have some interest, or curiosity, in the history ofItalian computer science).
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    A Nomadic Information System for Adaptive Exhibition Guidance (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 127-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: adaptive information selection ; location awareness ; nomadic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the electronic guide HIPS that can be used duringthe process of a visit in a museum, i.e., for preparation, execution andevaluation. Users can access the system via the Web to prepare a visitby receiving information about the content and organization of anexhibition and practical issues like location and opening hours. Thevisitor can also prepare a tour for the actual visit or define hotspotswith important exhibits. The system should remind the user when on site.Once the user is in the museum he or she has two specific options to usethe system: the visitor can walk around in the museum and remainstanding where he or she finds an item of interest. The current locationin the room identified by infrared emitters at all exhibits triggers anindicator for the information presentation. Or, the visitor can select atour prepared by a curator, prepared by the user in advance (at home) orgenerated by the user ad hoc. In the museum, the information access isprovided via wireless technologies. This allows the user to accessinformation by moving in the physical space and navigating in theinformation space concurrently. The Web-based server approach allows foradaptive information selection and presentation based on a user modelevaluating the history of the usage of the system. The user canaccelerate the adaptation by specifying interests and preferences in theuser model. Before the visit the user can define tours and hotspots andenter annotations that will be presented or activated by the system inthe appropriate physical environment. After a visit in the museum theuser can evaluate the experience at home for further own inquiries orfor communication with other interested people. Thebefore-during-after-the-visit-support of visitors via nomadicinformation system has been designed based on evidence from ourquestionnaire pre-study, which showed that visitors actually useinformation available in or about museums before and also after avisit.
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    Cultural Heritage and Technologies in the Third Millenium: ICHIM 2001 (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 203-208 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016679724896
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    About the Authors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 199-202 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016631808967
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    Volume Contents (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    The Opportunities and Challenges of Preservation Technologies (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 211-225 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy.
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    Nondestructive Testing of Historic Structures (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 249-271 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespread application in architectural conservation depends upon overcoming institutional barriers including the lack of standardization, fragmented decision-making, and restrictive contracting procedures that do not take into account the benefits of NDT.
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    Conservation of Cultural Materials from Underwater Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 291-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Underwater archaeology is the only branch of field archaeology that is dependent upon the conservation laboratory for its ultimate success. In fact, in underwater archaeology the activities of the conservation laboratory are considered to be a continuation of the field excavations with the recording of basic data along with the stabilization, preservation, and study of the recovered material being major objectives. Commonly used procedures for conserving ceramics, glass, bone, ivory, wood, leather, and the various metals are discussed. Observation and insights are presented on the applicability of the different processes for conserving various materials.
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    The Use of Computers in Cultural Resource Management (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 341-357 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter discusses computer software applications in the Cultural Resource Management field. It outlines some of the major areas of the field where computer applications may be productive, and discusses the nature of software development in the historic preservation field. Specific applications are identified and discussed in four areas: building support, archaeology, collections management, and multiple resource management. Each application is reviewed for its purpose, developer, technical basis and status.
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    Technologies for In-Place Protection and Long-Term Conservation of Archaeological Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 383-405 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In situ preservation of archaeological sites has long been a concern for archaeologists. In recent years, considerable effort has been expended to identify appropriate technologies from other disciplines that are suitable for field implementation to protect sites that are experiencing various physical and human-caused impacts. This chapter provides an overview of many of these technologies, along with examples of application, and covers aspects related to management guidelines for addressing in situ preservation issues.
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    Measuring concentration: Sampling design issues, as illustrated by the case of perfectly stratified samples (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 3-14 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Using the artificial example of perfectly stratified samples, we have shown the effect different sampling designs have on the determination of concentration values. More concretely, we have studied the following four cases: sampling of items in the case the number of sources is known (we have further considered the cases when there are ‘many’ items in every source and when this is not so); sampling of items in the case the number of sources is unknown, and finally, sampling of sources.
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    The measurement of international scientific collaboration (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 15-36 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A growing science policy interest in international scientific collaboration has brought about a multitude of studies which attempt to measure the extent of international scientific collaboration between countries and to explore intercountry collaborative networks. This paper attempts to clarify the methodology that is being used or can be used for this purpose and discusses the adequacy of the methods. The paper concludes that, in an analysis of collaborative links, it is essential to use both absolute and relative measures. The latter normalize differences in country size. Each yields a different type of information. Absolute measures yield an answer to questions such as which countries are central in the international network of science, whether collaborative links reveal a centre — periphery relationship, and which countries are the most important collaborative partners of another country. Relative measures provide answers to questions of the intensity of collaborative links.
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    Measuring national output in physics: Delimitation problems (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 89-110 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In a study of the Dutch publication output in physics we tested methods of delimitating fields by journal categories in theScience Citation Index (SCI) compared to the classification of individual publications into subfields in the subject specific databasePhysics Briefs (PHYS). Different methods of measuring national scientific output were compared as well. In this paper we report the main findings on these issues, based on a study of six selected subfields in physics. The main conclusion with respect to the use of different classification methods is that in most of the selected fields in physics the method which delimitates fields by journal categories yields an incomplete picture of the output of a country. Particularly because this method neglects a considerable number of articles published in general journals. With respect to different methods of counting publications it was corroborated by the Dutch data inPhysics Briefs that: 1. so-called ‘integer counted’ world shares are very much influenced by the degree of ‘internationalisation’ and 2. ‘first author counting’ gives a satisfactory approximation of ‘fractional counting’. Citation indicators based on ‘first author counting’, however, may be distorted in fields with a large fraction of international co-authored publications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016287
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    A scientometric cognitive study of neural network research: Expert mental maps versus bibliometric maps (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 111-136 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a quantitative analytical methodology which deals with perceptions of scientific experts regarding the intellectual shape and contents (‘cognitive structure’) of their scientific domain. This study examines the method's utility for studying expert views in general, and, more specifically, its strengths and weaknesses as a tool for improving validation studies of bibliometric maps involving subject experts. The main premise is that expert views are based on their internal knowledge structures (‘mental schemes’) of which relevant features can be captured in quantitative data. This approach allows a rigorous and systematic way of studying mental schemes across subject experts. Spatial representations of their data (‘mental maps’) provide insight in properties underlying those knowledge structures. Data from different experts are reconciled to construct a ‘common’ mental map which displays a group view. This study includes a test to establish the validity of individual mental maps and common mental maps. The methodology is applied to the views of 14 researchers in the field of neural network research and related areas. Key-findings are: (i) mental maps can provide valid representations of expert mental schemes, (ii) experts sharing the same subject field are more likely to share views, (iii) expert judgements of bibliometric maps are affected by the structure of their own mental schemes, as well as (iv) by their views regarding the utility of those maps, and (v) common mental maps and a bibliometric co-word map based on the same set of items differ significantly, showing a resemblance on main features only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016288
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    Theoretical foundation of the 80/20 rule (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 183-204 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A rigorous analysis of the 80/20 rule is made using an index for the observed values of the variables. Three important findings are identified. First, a sufficient condition is provided for Burrell's inverse relationship between minimum holdings and average circulation rate. Second, an indexed version of Lotka's law is used to derive a sufficient condition for Egghe's finding on the 80/20 rule. Third, through the computer simulations of the Simon-Yule model of Lotka's law, we identify the entry rate of new holdings as well as the number of circulations when the entry rate is a decreasing function to be crucial factors for the pattern of the 80/20-type curve.
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    The contribution of European community less favoured region research outputs to economic and social cohesion (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 217-229 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on the scientific output from 1985–92 of the Less Favoured Regions (LFRs) of the European Community as recorded in theScience Citation Index. The use of postcodes makes it easier to identify papers from LFRs and they are now nearly universal (over 95%). LFR output has grown since 1985 from 5% to nearly 8% of the EC total, and there is much more trans-national co-authorship between ones in different countries though it is still at a low level. There is also increasing co-publication between scientists from LFRs and the rest of the EC (More Favoured Regions, MFRs), both within the same countries and trans-nationally. Selective retrieval of papers by their address keywords shows that the LFRs are relatively strong in the physical, rather than the life, sciences and that the major areas of growth in recent years have been engineering, earth/space sciences and physics.
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    Factors in American State Government spending on research and development (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 313-327 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates factors that lead state governments in the United States to spend on research and development and research and development plant. Data come from a national survey of such spending. Regression analysis is used. Findings include the following: the relative wealth of a state, as measured by its tax capacity, predicts some of such spending; the level of a state's taxation, as measured by its tax effort, predicts some of such spending; and the political party composition of a state predicts some of such spending. By contrast, a state's economic difficulty, as measured by its unemployment rate, has almost no relationship to such spending.
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    The publication productivity of international agricultural research centers (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 329-348 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The literature output over one year, 1990, of 22 International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs), including 16 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, was examined. Total output of the IARCs was 1,694 items, of which on average 42% were primary (refereed) literature; 24% were reports and monographs; 18% proceedings papers; 8% book chapters; and 8% semitechnical/popular literature. Total literature production from the IARCs is similar in magnitude to that of FAO. There were 1,230 internationally recruited scientists in the IARCs, with an average annual productivity of 1.38 items per scientist, including 0.58 primary literature articles. There was no correlation between scientific productivity and numbers of scientists in a center. However, there was a significant positive correlation between scientific productivity and center budget, indicating higher efficiency in the larger centers. In view of the nature of IARCs' literature output, we argue that IARCs should reject the trend for scientists to be assessed only by citations in “core” primary literature; and that IARCs should set up an international standard, perhaps based on the present proportionality of types of their literature output in order to assess IARC individual scientists and the “health” of their institutional output.
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    Measuring “publications output” and “publications impact” of faculty members of a university chemistry department (1993)
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 349-373 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The publication and citation records of a group of 34 senior members of the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology over the period 1980–90 have been analyzed under the contention that dealing with a small group makes it possible for one to pay adequate attention to the methodology of the measurement and analysis processes. Choosing the most suitable index for measuring “Publications Output” has been considered in detail; it is suggested that it is essential to make allowances for both the number of co-authors and for the lengths of publications in order to obtain a more valid measure than is provided by a simple count of equally-weighted publications. Analogously it is argued that simple citation counts provide an inadequate measure of the impact that publications make on the group outside the authors' immediate circle and thus that it is necessary to subtract self citations and divide the credit for a citation among the co-authors of the publication. Results of the analysis show that in agreement with all previous findings a few members (perhaps less than 20%) produce more than half the publications and receive more than half the citations of the Group as a whole.
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    Collagen research in the 1970s (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 95-117 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The specialty of collagen research is tracked over a ten year period, 1970–1979, using the methodology of co-citation cluster strings. Independently obtained annual clusters are linked together over time by the percentage of highly cited documents countinuing from year to year. All inter-year links are clustered by single-linkage to form the strings, one of which corresponds to the collagen specialty. Maps of the individual year clusters within the string reveal an alternating pattern of expansion/innovation followed by contraction/consolidation. At the same time the subject focus of research gradually shifts. The institutional affiliation and funding sources for highly cited documents show a trend from early dominance by a few institutions and sources to a multiplicity and collaboration of centers and sources later on, due in part to the migration of researchers from an initially dominant institution.
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    Evaluation of some methods for the relative assessment of scientific publications (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 157-177 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Some bibliometric methods for the assessment of the publication activity of research units are discussed on the basis of impact factors and citations of papers. “Average subfield impact factor” of periodicals representing subfields in chemistry is suggested. This indicator characterizes the average citedness of a paper in a given subfield. Comparing the total sum of impact factors of corresponding periodicals divided by the number of papers published by a research team to the average subfield impact factor a “publication strategy” indicator can be derived. A new bibliometric indicator, “relative subfield impact”, is introduced which compares the number of citations received by papers of a research unit to the average subfield impact factor.
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    Science in Latin America how much and along what lines? (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 199-206 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Scientific output in the Caribbean and Latin American countries was studied examining the publications indexed by the Institute for Scientific Information which conform the mainstream literature. The growth patterns of first-authors-publishing-scientific-papers coming from the five most productive countries of the region were determined. In addition, the scientific publications from each country of the region, as indexed in 1981, were classified per field. It was found that most of the research was done in the life sciences area. However, the small scientific output observed in all fields appears insufficient to assure a positive role of science for the best overall development of each individual society. This situation may reflect a lack of support for the progress of science in these countries and therefore political commitment towards this purpose is considered to be of particular importance.
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    Three new parameters in bibliometric research and their application to rerank periodicals in the field of biochemistry (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 235-242 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Ranking of scientific periodicals by the method of citation counting provides valueable information about the degree of importance of the ranked periodicals. But such lists suffer from some inherent limitations. This paper discusses various pitfalls of traditional ranking lists and suggests, as a remedial measure, three new bibliometric parameters, namely, (1) scientific interest of a journal in relation to total number of articles published; (2) compactness of information content in a scientific periodical; and (3) scientific value of the papers in relation to compactness of presentation. It is believed that these new parameters, whenever applied to any traditional ranking list, will help to identify the accurate positions of different scientific journals of the parent list in order of their usefulness and importance. As a case study these parameters have been applied to the first ten core journals of biochemistry identified earlier and a revised reranked order of the titles presented and discussed.
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    Factors influencing sources cited by scientists: A case study for Cuba (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 243-257 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A collection of 1316 articles authored by Cuban scientists and published in the period 1950 to 1983 was assembled. The 18 991 bibliographic references in these papers were examined to identify factors that might influence the sources cited by Cuban scientists over the entire period. Degree of collaboration, place of publication and subject matter were among the factors considered. The major objective was to study the effect that the change in political alignment of Cuba (from Western bloc to Eastern bloc influence) has had on the sources cited. It was found that citation to Eastern bloc countries has greatly increased in the period since Castro assumed power. However, no corresponding decline in citation to Western bloc countries can be discerned.
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    A causal model of productivity in a research facility (1986)
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    Scientometrics 10 (1986), S. 307-328 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The problem addressed concerns the conditions that foster productivity among natural scientists in a large research laboratory. We take several variables identified as important in two major perspectives in the literature on productivity, and use these variables to construct a causal model. Using path analysis, we test the model by employing data from a sample of 295 scientists working at an atomic research facility in West Germany. In general, educational level of the scientists has an important, positive impact on productivity; years of service has a varying and more modest positive effect. Rank of the scientist has an intermediate positive impact on productivity; psychological factors have a negligible effect. Finally, the influence the scientist has on his research endeavors has a modest positive impact on productivity.
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    Choosing input indicators for research managers (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 17-25 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper focusses on the use of input indicators as a planning tool for research planners and administrators in one research sector. It reviews the experience of a number of developing countries in attempting to develop such indicators for national agricultural research systems. It appears that the more commonality there is in the research subject and environment, the more disaggregated the input data, research managers would find useful. While the paper reviews only one research sector, it concludes with comments on the feasibility of using similar measures in other sectors.
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    In the Beholder's eye: A possible reinterpretation of Velho's results on Brazilian agricultural research (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 53-57 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Using the data recently presented byLea Velho on the citation rates in and on Brazilian agricultural journal articles, it is suggested that a given such paper is cited by the non-Brazilian scientific literature at the same rate as a paper written anywhere else in the world would be, and that is cited by other Brazilian papers very much more than a paper elsewhere would be. These conclusions are surprizing in view of the prevailing conventional wisdom, and are also exactly opposite to the conclusionsVelho herself derived from the same data.
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    Short-run trends in united states patent activity (1987)
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    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 111-133 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We examine a newly created data series consisting of the monthly number of American patents granted since 1853. An initial examination divides the series into four time periods. An analysis of short-run cycles demonstrates that the same Box-Jenkins model is not applicable to all four periods. Differences in nineteenth and twentieth century model parameters may be a result of frequent bureaucratic reinterpretations of America's patent law during the last century, or-as many have claimed-may represent changes in the process of innovation itself over time. Our findings suggest that future researchers discriminate between two periods in their analyses. The first lasts until the late 1870's, during which time there was a very high variability in the number of patents issued. Since the late 1870's there has been a substantial decline in variability, and the amount of variance that can be explained by a simple Box-Jenkins model has increased. Still, not much variation can be explained using short-run cycles, and longer cycles appear to be both time period specific and highly unstable. The dynamics of American inventive activity are complex, and inventive activity appears to be largely driven by exogenous factors such as wars, economic conditions and changes in governmental policy, rather than by its own internal dynamics.
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    A revised measure of standing of journals in stratified networks (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 71-80 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A modified index of journal standing in a stratified journal to journal citation network is proposed. The original index, generated through an application of input-output analysis, is used as the first step of an iterative procedure that converges on the new index. This index, an eiginvector of the inverted matrix used in the input-output analysis, has improved validity and better distributional properties than the original index.
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    Quantitative estimation of “big” and “little” science interrelation (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 99-104 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Qantitative analysis of the interrelation of “big” and “little” science on the example of Research and Development of higher education in the USA has been made. The difference in the growth rates of “big” and “little” science is explained with the help of scientometric index of capital expenditures per researcher. An attempt has been made to compare the dynamics of efficiency of “big” and “little” science on the base of mean duration of a research project. Possibilities of an alternative index of a relative amount of preliminary researches (preprojects) are pointed out.
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    Comments on Michael J. Moravcsik, recipient of the third Derek de Solla Price award (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 125-126 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Indicators of research planning: A comparative study of research groups in six countries (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 141-161 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the characteristics of research planning at the micrososmic level of the research group in six countries-Argentina, Egypt, India, Republic of Korea, Poland and UkSSR. The paper focusses on the following aspects: (1) intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the choice of research themes and orientation of the research programme; (2) quality of research planning measured by dimensions, such as planning consistency, task-interdependence and prior contacts with potential users; and (3) pattern of funding of research groups. Variations in the characteristics of research planning and funding mechanisms in different institutional and socio-cultural settings (countries) have been examined.
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    The interface between geoscience and industry: A case study of the interaction between research and the discovery and mining of ores for nuclear fuels (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 199-216 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear industry was used as a case history to examine the influences between science and industry. The nuclear resources aspect of the industry was chosen for study. A correlation is found among indicators of geoscience research, exploration for uranium ores, production of uranium, and the general state of the industry. Some of the science-industry interfaces were identified as fruitful areas for further study, and a historical analysis of exploration technology shows that a scientific development engendered by the requirements of an early phase of the industry was key to later expansion in exploration and resources discovery.
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    Scientometric analysis of the development of nuclear physics during the last 50 years (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 231-250 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A new method for author groups formation and decay processes is proposed. With the help of a special mathematical model time distribution of authors and their publications was established and group productivity, composition and stability, annual change of the total number of short-term and long-term authors, their renovation etc. as well as the time dependence of these quantities was determined. Particularities of activity of authors working in nuclear physics are investigated. It is shown that the most rapid development in this field took place in the pre-war years, it was at high level up to 1960 and then began to decrease. The method used permits to forecast the development of science and to analyse the activity of author units in particular scientific centers.
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    Comments on tibor braun, recipient of the third Derek de Solla Price Award (1987)
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    Scientometrics 11 (1987), S. 263-264 
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    Applied versus basic science in the literature of plant biology: A bibliometric perspective (1987)
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    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 381-393 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Applied and basic approaches to scientific inquiry were compared through a bibliometric analysis of two Canadian journals in plant biology. No differences were found between the journals in the distribution of citations across different sections of research articles (that is, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). Moreover, no contrasts were found in the frequency of multiple authorships or in the age distribution of cited works. However, the journals differed significantly on three other bibliometric measures: author affiliation, number of references per article, and publication format of cited works.
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    Book reviews (1987)
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    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 413-417 
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    Creativity, intelligence and synergetic processes in the development of science (1988)
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    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 11-24 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that characterizing the creative activity by the “aha!” concept the creative processes can be described as singular points of a smooth surface. The cusp catastrophe from the theory of RenéThom is used to describe and to estimate quantitatively the creative process. The behaviour parameter is the flux of empirical laws and the control parameters are the experimental and the theoretical effort. The theoretical effort is the bifurcation parameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02095759
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    Lotka's law and productivity patterns of entomological research in Nigeria for the period, 1900–1973 (1987)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 33-46 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A bibliography of entomological research in Nigeria, 1900–1973 totally 1720 publications was analysed to study the author productivity patterns and to test the applicability of Lotka's law for the obtained distributions. Four different files were generated, one for the publications of all the authors, second for the publications by first authors, third for single authors and fourth for coauthors. Lotka's law in its original form as inverse square law does not apply to any of the four data sets. However, it does apply in its generalised form with the calculated values of characteristic exponent α. The values of α were found to be 1.9, 1.8, 2.2 and 2.4 for the four different data sets. K-S statistical test was aplied to test the applicability of generalised form of Lotka's law. The maximum difference in the observed and estimated values of the proportions of authors was found to be highly insignificant at 0.01 level of significance in each of the four cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016688
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  • 85
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    Article-by-article citation analysis of medical journals (1987)
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    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An article by article analysis produced by ISI has been investigated to see whether this form of feedback might be useful to the editors. The data highlight the different roles of two medical journals, which are often regarded as similar. They also allow a parallel examination of the citation pattern of other items besides the standard scientific research articles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016692
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  • 86
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    The growth of chinese scientific research, 1973–84 (1987)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), scientific work came to a halt in China. Universities closed, primary and secondary school education shut down, and intellectuals (including scientists and engineers) were sent to the countryside or to factories to work. The effects of the Cultural Revolution are reflected in China's output of scientific literature. In 1973, for example, only one Chinese paper appeared in any of the world's 2300 most central journals covered by theScience Citation Index. After restrictive policies were loosened, however, scientific papers grew exponentially. By 1982, only six years after the Cultural Revolution ended, Chinese scientists produced 932 papers. This exponential growth of papers leveled off at this point and the number of papers appearing in the core 2300 journal stood at approximately 1000 in 1983 and 1984.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016694
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  • 87
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    The stochastic model of evolution of scientific disciplines (1987)
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    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 197-205 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the paper science is regarded as a self-adapting system consisting of two subsystems. The stochastic model of one of the subsystems is proposed. The model reflects changes of the structure of a scientific discipline. As an example a model for the physics of elementary particles is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016292
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  • 88
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    Differences in scientific productivity of research units: Measurement and analysis of output inequality (1987)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 12 (1987), S. 221-239 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Three aspects of inequalities in scientific productivity of research units-scientists within RUs, RUs in the full sample and its cross-section, and an aggregate approach, in which components referring to the first two types of inequality were distinguished—was used to analyse the causes underlying unequall productivity. Using inequality measure based on the theory of information (Theil measure) an inverse relationship between volume of productivity and its inequality was empirically found both within research units and among RUs of a given organizational system. Therefore identifying the soruces of variability of output inequalities may be helpful in drawing conclusions regarding to the absolute volumes of scientific productivity of RUs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016294
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  • 89
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    Bibliometric analysis of scientific productivity: A case study of an Indian physics laboratory (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 261-269 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper analyses the output of the publication data of an Indian laboratory in the field of physics inSCI and nonSCI covered Indian and foreign journals, processes developed and Indian patents filed during the period 1965–82 to find out the pattern of productivity. Looks at the journals wherein the laboratory scientists publish. Also points out the sub-areas of physics in which the laboratory scientists have published maximum papers and also mentions about the pattern of scientific co-authorship in the research work. Correlation coefficients between input variable (manpower and budget) with output variables (number of papers published, processes developed and Indian patents accepted) have been calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019962
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  • 90
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    Lotka and Zipf: Paper dragons with fuzzy tails (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 289-297 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A linear correlation exists between the Lotka frequency and Zipf rank distribution functions. Relatively good correlation coefficients were found, but slope constants are not consistent with theory. They show that information distributions are not homogeneous and cannot be completely described by two parameter functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019964
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  • 91
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    The growth of scholarship: An online bibliometric comparison of dissertations in the sciences and humanities (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract TheDissertation Abstracts database was searched online to study patterns in the growth of scholarship from 1880–1984. The total number of degrees granted per year as well as the number of degrees granted per year in the “hard” sciences, social sciences, and library science seems to be leveling off; the number in fine arts and literature has begun to decline; and the number in information science, computer science, and the health sciences continues to grow. SearchingDissertation Abstracts online offers an efficient and relatively inexpensive way to obtain quantitative data for trend analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02095763
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  • 92
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    The information wastage ratio: Towards a theory of rates of information generation and utilization (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a theoretical framework of the relationships between certain phenomena attendant to an information society, i.e. information explosion, societal information overload, etc. It also attempts to explain and predict the possible effects of these phenomena on information generation, utilization and wastage. A theory of rates of information generation and utilization as well as a wastage ratio is proposed. The initial propositions, axioms and postulates which form the bases of this theory are described in their logical sequence. Hypotheses and conceptual models are also included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02095764
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  • 93
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    A comparison between the journals nature and science (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 125-133 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper,Nature andScience, the two distinguished multi-disciplinary scientific journals were compared placing emphasis on their internationality. The items investigated were as follows. A general comparison: 1. number of authors per article, 2. distribution of countries to which first authors' institutions belong, 3. distribution of main discplines studied by first authors, 4. time-lag between the date of receipt of an article by the editor and the date of its publication. B. the position with regard to Japanese author: 1. number of Japanese authors, 2. relationship between the ranking of a Japanese author in the list of authors' names and the country where his institution is located, 3. relationship between the time-lag stated in A-4 and the items stated in B-2. As a result, it can be said thatNature is a more highly international journal thanScience.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017179
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  • 94
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    How old were the authors of significant research in twentieth century astronomy at the time of their greatest achievements? (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 135-137 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the contributions given in theSource Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics 1900–1975 with respect to the question: how old were the authors at the time of their greatest achievements? As average value of the age of the authors at the time of the publication we find A=39.8±10.9 years and a little difference for more empirical and the theoretical papers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02017180
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  • 95
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    Internationalization of industrial research: The pharmaceutical industry; 1965–1979 (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 189-213 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study is a count of the publications of a sample of the major pharmaceutical multinational companies. These firms have been divided into three geopolitical groups: Europe, the United States and Japan. Results obtained show that research activities in this industry have been subjected to some changes between 1965 and 1979. Among these changes is the growing importance of fundamental research, the erosion of the leadership of U.S.-based firms and the growing importance of overseas research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019958
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  • 96
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    An attempt of surveying and classifying bibliometric indicators for scientometric purposes (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 239-259 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made for the survey and classification of bibliometric indicators applicable for assessment of publication performance of researchers active in natural sciences. Indicators can be classified as publication and citation ones which may refer to impact and quantity of publication activity of researcher(s), teams, institutes or countries. Taking into account the possible reference standards, the indicators are classified as simple, specific, balance, distribution and relative ones. In order to evaluate publication activity both qualitatively and quantitatively, relative citation indicators can be recommended, which relate citations received to the sum of impact factors of the journals, where the papers were published or give the relative measure of the average citedness of papers related to that of papers in journals in a similar subfield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019961
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  • 97
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    Rising tail in Bradford distribution: Its interpretation and application (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 271-287 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The right tail of the Bradford distribution has been considered to be straight or drooping. This paper reports cases in which the right tail is rising upward, explains and verifies conditions of its occurrences, interpretes it and proposes its application to evaluation and forecasting of technological development at the basic research stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019963
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  • 98
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    News (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 13 (1988), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This section ofScientometrics will carry fresh and reliable news of people, progress, recent and forthcoming meetings and publications etc. Its effectiveness depends greatly on your assistance. Items for inclusion should be submitted to the Coordinating Editor, Dr. J.Farkas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019967
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  • 99
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    The S & T potential of Mexico and Hungary (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 14 (1988), S. 17-41 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Mexico and Hungary carried out a survey of their national S & T potential in 1985–86, under the framework of the UNESCO International Comparative Study on the Organization and Performance of Research Units (ICSOPRU). A set of questionnaires were administered to heads of research institutions, heads of research units, and core members of research units. Comparison between both S & T systems shows that science is in a more advanced development stage in Hungary than in Mexico. The Hungarian scientific infrastructure is larger than the Mexican one by a factor of four. Also, science as an organized body of researchers is older in Hungary than in Mexico. Science in Hungary is more practically oriented than in Mexico. The S & T system in Hungary has strong links with the productive sector and hance gets substantial support from it. Mexican science, in contrast, is not strongly related to the productive sector, and does not get much financial support from it. Hungarian science is more internationally oriented. Hungarian researchers publish more than Mexican researchers, although a fraction of Mexican units have a publication rate comparable to highly productive Hungarian units. Both S & T systems have many needs in terms of human and material resources for work over the next four to six years. In-depth analysis of available data will shed more light about the S & T potential of both countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020241
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  • 100
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    Policy and the mapping of scientific change: A co-word analysis of research into environmental acidification (1988)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 14 (1988), S. 251-264 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes recent developments in the co-word method and illustrates, for the case of acid rain research, the way in which the method can be used to detect (a) the themes of research to be found in a given area of science, (b) the relationships between those themes, (c) the extent to which they are central to the area in question and (d) the degree to which they are internally structured. It is also suggested that the method may be used to draw comparative research profiles for different countries. Though the data used are only preliminiary, it is argued that the method has now been developed to the point where its results are both quite robust and easily assimilable. It is, accordingly, now an appropriate tool for policy analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020078
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