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  • 1
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    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 34 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 42 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 39 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 56 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 42 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Seagrass is a foundation species within shallow water ecosystems because it provides habitat and food and thereby supports biodiversity. It has a function as atmospheric CO2 storage and improves the water quality by filtering nutrients (Greiner et al. 2013). Currently, seagrass meadows are facing multiple challenges such as ocean warming, reduced light caused by increasing nutrient input and more frequent disturbance events or direct anthropogenic impact (Unsworth et al. 2019). All these factors affect the performance of seagrass and thereby impair the ecosystem services seagrass meadows provide. This thesis represents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the physiological effects of temperature change on seagrass to provide a better understanding of the effect of rising temperatures on seagrass meadows worldwide. In this thesis, 766 papers were reviewed and a subsequent meta-analysis of 43 papers including 407 control-treatment temperature combinations matching the inclusion criteria were conducted. The log response ratio (lnR) was used for calculating the effect sizes, because it is more intuitive to interpret. Hedges’ g was further used to verify the results. It was tested for effects of the physiological parameters measured, the treatment type, the temperature direction, the experiment duration, the control temperature, latitude and longitude of the source population and the genus on relative seagrass performance (lnR). The key results of the meta-analysis showed that (I) plant physiological performance was reduced by an average of 39% by temperature change across all studies; (II) per 1°C experimental ocean warming a reduction in seagrass performance of 11% was observed; (III) the measured performance parameters (growth, biomass, photosynthesis and survival) showed differential susceptibility to warming, with survival being most affected and photosynthesis least affected; (IV) seagrass genera did not differ significantly in their response to experimental ocean warming but varied between locations. There was a strong geographic bias in this meta-analysis since most case studies were conducted in developed countries including Europe, the US and Australia. Thus, many species were underrepresented while also some climate conditions were not covered. Further, it was also not possible to make a statement about the recovery after experimental temperature stress had ceased, as there were too few studies focusing on recovery. Altogether, this thesis identified two profound knowledge gaps, which should be addressed by future studies. In conclusion, more frequent and intense heat waves are an increasing threat to seagrass meadows in the future. As seagrass provides important ecological services, it needs to be protected. It is particularly striking that every degree Celsius of temperature change matters for seagrass as it means a reduction in physiological and morphological performance, which is another indication that global warming should be kept below 2 degrees Celsius
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:15
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Zur Lösung erdwissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen werden seit etwa einem Jahrzehnt in zunehmendem Umfang mathematische Methoden herangezogen. Eine der Ursachen für diese Entwicklung besteht darin, dass moderne technische Geräte, wie sie auch in den Erdwissenschaften eingesetzt werden, immer größere Datenmengen produzieren, die nach einer rationellen Verarbeitung verlangen. Es ist daher nicht verwunderlich, dass die Mathematische Geologie in Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von Groß-Rechenanlagen stark an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. […]
    Description: The use of mathematics in solving geoscientific problems has increased steadily within the last decade. The modernisation of the technical equipment available to geoscientists has resulted in ever-growing amounts of data which then must be analysed. Therefore, it is no wonder that the development of mathematical geology and computers are closely related.[...]
    Description: BURGER, H. : Digitale Blldverarbeitung - Ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel in der geologischen Fernerkundung (5) BÜRSTENBINDER, J. : Einige Ergebnisse eines Methodenvergleichs bei der Berechnung von Erzkörpern (21) LINDENBERG, H.G. & MENSINK, H. : Multivariate Gruppierungsmethoden in phylogenetisch orientierter Paläontologie (am Beispiel von Gastropoden aus dem Stelnhelmer Becken) (30) PENA, J.L. SURFACE II, ein graphisches Computer-System (52) PRISSANG, R. Die Anwendung einer Methode gleitender gewichteter Mittelwerte auf die Vorratsberechnung einer Gangerzlagerstätte (59) SCHOELE, R. : Geostat1st1k - Ein System von Rechenprogrammen zur Theorie der ortsabhängigen Variablen (67) SCHUMANN, Th. : Methoden der Sozialraumanalyse (80) SCHWIETZER, C.-A. : Klassifizierung von Ostracodenschalen mit Hilfe von Fourier-Koeffizienten (88) SHULMAN, M. The geologic applicability of some constitutive equations (94) SKALA, W. : Einige Eigenschaften geschlossener Prozentsysteme (101) WALLBRECHER, E. : Vektorstatistische Methoden zur Ermittlung von Regelungsgraden und zur Beschreibung von Verteilungsformen tektonischer Daten (110)
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Mathematische und Statistische Geologie ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:14
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Die Bergbauzone von Huallatani - Milluni - Kellhuani - Kalauyo liegt 10-20 km N von La Paz, Bolivien, im Randbereich der Cordillera Real zum Altipiano. Diese Zone wurde mit ihrem geologischen Rahmen kartiert, sowie petrographisch und geochemisch bearbeitet. über einer monotonen, ordovizischen Wechsel folge aus tonigen bis sandigen Gesteinen lagert pseudokonkordant eine bis zu 2.000 m mächtige, silurische Serie von marinen, klastischen Sedimenten. Die Silur-Sequenz setzt mit charakteristischen Diamiktiten der Cancan!ri-Formati on ein, der die überwiegend tonigen Liailagua- und Uncia-Formationen folgen. Im Ludlow gewinnt mit der Catavi-Formation sandig-siltige Sedimentation an Bedeutung, an der Wende Silur/Devon treten Sub-Arkosen und Violettschiefer der Vilavila-Formation auf. Die altpaläozoischen Gesteine sind von einer leichten Regionalmetamorphose herzynischen Alters erfasst (Grünschieferfazies), weiträumig gefaltet und tauchen zum Altipiano hin diskordant unter kontinentale Sediment der Kreide und des Quartär ab. Die siluro-ordovizisehen Serien sind von dem Massiv des Huayna Potosi-Zweiglimmergranits intrudiert, dem südlich der kleinere Granitporphyr-Stock des Cerro Chacaltaya vorgelagert ist. Nach bisherigen K-Ar-Analysen hat der granitische Magmatismus Obertrias-Alter. Während im Kontaktbereich des Huayna Potosi-Batholithen Biotit-Muskovit-Hornfelse verbreitet sind, sind die kontaktmetamorphen Bildungen am Chacaltaya nur noch reliktisch erhalten und durch intensive hydrothermale Umwandlungen verwischt. Der Chacaltaya-Granitporphyr ist bereichsweise in Quarz-Muskovit-Greisen umgewandelt, das Nebengestein ist in einer weiten Aureole - z.T. metasomatisch - umgeformt. Im Raum von Huallatani deutet eine zweite Aureole mit kontaktmetamorphen Relikten auf eine verdeckte Intrusion. Die hydrothermalen Aureolen haben mehrere km Durchmesser und sind durch die granoblastische Mineralparagenese Quarz-Chlorit-Serizit-Siderit-Kassiterit gekennzeichnet, zu der im inneren Halo-Bereich noch Turmalin-Muskovit-Fluorit-Albit treten. Die Metall-Lagerstätten des Untersuchungsgebiets» die pauschal einer Sn-W-Bi-Zn-Pb-Cu-Abfolge zugeordnet werden können, sind Bestandteil der hydrothermalen Aureolenzonen und zeigen im regionalen Massstab eine generelle Schichtgebundenheit an die Catavi-Formation. Neben einigen diskordanten Ganglagerstätten ist im lokalen Rahmen eine ausgeprägte lithologische Kontrolle der Vererzung durch die quarzitischen Schichtglieder der Catavi- Formation bestimmend ("Mantos"), Die schichtgebundene Sn-Vererzung vom Netzwerk-Typus stellt mit ihren grossen Armerz-Reserven ein bedeutendes wirtschaftliches Potential dar. Die geochemischen Untersuchungen belegen für den Chacaltaya-Granitporphyr, den Huayna Potosi-Granit und den Zongo-Granitgneis eine vor allem in den Elementen Sn und B (positiv) und Ba (negativ) ausgeprägte geochemische Spezialisierung. Zwischen den drei magmatischen Komplexen besteht eine Spurenelement-Fraktionierung für B, Cs, Li, As und F, sowie komplementär für Sc, Zr, La, Sr und Ba. Von dem geochemischen Verteilungstrend aus der magmatischen Evolution setzt sich das Streufeld der hydrothermal umgebildeten Greisengesteine deutlich ab (offenes System). Lösungszirkulation in Verbindung mit der hydrothermalen Umbildung des Chacaltaya-Granitporphyrs hat dem Nebengestein weitflächige Halo-Muster für Sn, B, F und Cs aufgeprägt. Am SEE-Verteilungsmuster von Fluorit-Präparaten kann aus den drei Parametern Remobilisation, Eu-Anomalie und Ce-Anomalie schematisch die Bildungsgeschichte der Fluorite im Untersuchungsraum rekonstruiert werden. Aus dem strömungsdynamischen "Heat Engine"-Modell wird die Schichtgebundenheit der Sn-Vererzung mit ihren spezifischen Merkmalen abgeleitet. Ein metallogenetisches Schema zur bolivianischen Sn-Provinz unterstreicht die Bedeutung der Vererbung des Sn-Stoffbestandes durch magmatische Regeneration und macht auf eine mögliche genetische Bedeutung von kambrischen Evaporit-Serien im bolivianischen Ostandenraum aufmerksam.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 558.4 ; Zinnerze {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Bolivien und Paraguay {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Type: map
    Format: 135
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Das Untersuchungsgebiet befindet sich in Nordgriechenland (NW-Mazedonien) und umfasst das Innere Ptolemais- Becken und die Komanos-Schwelle, die Teile der Ptolemais Senke sind, sowie die westlichen und nordwestlichen Teile des Vermiongebirges. Die Ptolemais Senke, die im Jungtertiär bei der Einsenkung eines intramontanen Grabensystems entstand, ist mit bis zu 1000 m mächtigen pliopleistozanen, limnischen und fluviatile n Lockersedimenten g e füllt. In begrenztem Umfang befindet sich hier kiesig-sandige Aquifers, die ihre größte Verbreitung im inneren Ptolemais-Becken haben und bis zu 120 m mächtig werden können.- 2 2 - 4 2 Die Transmisivitäten liegen zwischen 5.10 m /s und 4.10 m /s. Die jährlich e Grundwassererneuerung beträgt im Inneren Ptolemais-Becken ca. 5.10 63 m. Zur Grundwassererneuerung kommt es nicht nur durch Versickerung von Niederschlägen, deren Anteil 55 mm jährlich beträgt, sondern auch durch Influenz bei einigen aus dem Westvermion kommenden Bächen. Die mittlere jährlich e Niederschlagshöhe schwankt in der Ptolemais-Senke zwischen 643 und 423 mm pro Jahr. Die reale Verdunstung beträgt 558 mm jährlich. Die erm ittelte potentielle Evaporatranspiration, nach dem Verfahren von THORNTHWAITE, beträgt in Mittel 584 mm/a. In chemischer Hinsicht gehört das Porengrundwasser dem Mg-Ca-HCO^-Typ an. Das Vermiongebirge wird von verkarsteten mesozoischen Karbonatgesteinen gebildet. Diese Gesteine Wechsellagern mit undurchlässigen Gesteinsfolgen, wie Flysch und Ophiolithen, die eine hydrogeologische Trennung des Vermiongebirges in größere Teilgebiete verursachen. Dadurch wird das Vermiongebirge bzw. seine angrenzenden Gebiete in folgende 4 hydrogeologische Einheiten gegliedert: 1) Das Südvermion und das südliche Askiongebirge 2) Das Ostvermiongebirge 3) Das Nordvermiongebirge 4) Das West-, bzw. NW-Vermiongebirge. Für die von Karbonatgesteinen gebildeten Flächenanteile des Vermiongebirges wurde eine durchschnittliche Versickerungsrate von 60 % der Niederschläge errechnet. Das West-, bzw. NW-Vermiongebirge zeichnet sich durch einen Karstwasserhorizont aus, der mit dem Vegoritissee kommuniziert. Die unterirdische Wasserscheide des westlichen Vermiongebirges läuft entlang der oberen Flyschgrenze der pelagonischen Zone. Der Karstwasserspiegel im westlichen, bzw. nordwestlichen Bereich des Vermiongebirges steht nicht im hydraulischen Zusammenhang mit dem Grundwasser in den porösen Aquifer des Ptolemaisbeckens. Nur im Amynteon Becken konnten Karstwasserzutritte festgestellt werden, die aus dem Karstkörper des Amynteon Horstes stammen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Hauptvorfluter der Ptolemais-Senke in seinem Unterlauf einen Teil seines Wassers an den Karst abgibt. In chemischer Hinsicht führt der Karst normale erdalkalische Wässer, die größtenteils dem Ca-Mg-HCO3-Typ angehören. Ihre Gesamthärte schwankt zwischen 6 und 12° dH.
    Description: The area of investigations is located in northern Greece (NW-Mazedonien). I t encloses the intern basin of Ptolemais and the Komanos-swell, which are parts of the Ptolemais fault trough, as well as the western and north-western parts of the Vermion mountains. The Ptolemais fault trough, caused by the depression of an intramontane trench system during the Neogene is filled with pliopleistocene, limnal and fluvial loose sediments up to 1000 m thick. Gravelly arenose Aquifers are located there in a limited volume, they have their largest ranges inside the intern basin of Ptolemais and become up to 120 m thick. - 2 2 - 4 2 The transmission constants are between 5.10 m /s and 4.10 m /s. 6 3 The annual recharge of groundwater amounts to about 5.10 m inside the Ptolemais basin. The recharge of groundwater does not result just of seepage from precipitatio n, its annual part to tals 55 mm, but by influenee of the streams from Vermion as well. The mean annual precipitation varies between 643 and 423 mm per annum. The real evaporation amounts 558mm annually. The discovered potential evaporatranspiration totals to 584 mm/a, based on the method of TH0RNTHWAITE The pore groundwater belongs to the Mg-Ca-HCO3-model by chemical consideration. The Vermion mountains consist of ka rstifie d mesozoic carbonate rocks. These rocks are interbedded with impermeable rock sequences, like flysch and ophiolites, which cause a hydrogeologic separation into larger sub- areas of the Vermion mountains. Therefore, the Vermion mountains and its adjacent areas are dissected into 4 hydrogeologic units: 1) The southern Vermion and the southern Askion mountains, 2) the eastern Vermion mountains, 3) the northern Vermion mountains 4) the western and NU Vermion mountains. An average seepage installment from precipitation of 60 % has been calculated for area parts of the Vermion mountains, which consist of carbonate rocks. The western and NW-Vermion mountains are signalized by the karst water horizon, which communicates with the Vegoritis lake. The underground watershed of the western Vermion mountains flows along the upper flysch boundary line of the pelagoni tic zonal. The karst water level from the western and NW region of the Vermion mountains does not have a hydraulic connexion to the groundwater in the porous Aquifers of the Ptolemais basin. Karst water adits have been found only in the Amynteon basin, which preceeds from the karst body of the Amynteon horst. I t has been discoverd that the main receiving stream of the Ptolemais depression does emit parts of water to the karst in its lower course. By chemical regard the karst leads normal alkaline-earth waters, they belong largely to the Ca-Mg-HC0o-model. Their total hardness varies between 6 and 12 dH.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554 ; Hydrogeologie einzelner Regionen ; Griechenland und griechische Inseln{ Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 79
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  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:16
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Die Untersuchungen zur Hydrogeologie des Buntsandsteins im östlichen Rhön-Vorland erstrecken sich auf das 49 km große Niederschlagsgebiet der Sulz bis zum Pegel Stockheim. Es stellt ein Repräsentativ-Gebiet für den Buntsandstein des nordbayerischen Schichtstufenlandes (Unterfranken) dar. Im geologischen Teil der Arbeit werden im Wesentlichen die Ergebnisse der Buntsandstein-Kartierung von MOGHIMI (1976) referiert und mit Arbeiten aus benachbarten Buntsandstein-Gebieten Unterfrankens und Südthüringens verglichen. Das Untersuchungsgebiet wird von fast söhlig lagernden Sedimenten des Mittleren und Oberen-Buntsandsteins aufgebaut, die jeweils eine Mächtigkeit von ca. 210 m bzw. 70 - 115 m erreichen. MOGHIMI ist es gelungen, den Mittleren Buntsandstein entsprechend der neueren Stra tigraphie in Volpriehausen-, Detfurth-, Hardegsen- und Sollling-Folge zu gliedern. Sie sind in der Fazies sensu LEPPER (1970) ausgebildet. Die grobkörnigen Basissandsteine der Detfurth- und Hardegsen-Folge ebenso wie die Solling- Folge lassen die für eine Grundwasserführung günstigste Durchklüftung erwarten, während die tonig-schluffigen Sandsteine der Wechselfolgen eine geringere Gebirgsdurchlässigkeit aufweisen. Die Wässer der Sandsteine des Mittleren Buntsandsteins sind als sehr weich bis weich zu bezeichnen, im Willmarser Becken können sie weich bis mittelhart werden (Härte 〉2 mval/l). Die Wässer der karbonatreicheren Ton- und Schluffsteine des Oberen Buntsandsteins (Röt) sind ziemlich hart (Härte 〉 5 mval/l) und besitzen dementsprechend eine zwei- bis dreifach höhere Gesamtmineralisation (425 mg/1 bzw. 11 mval/l) als die Sandstein-Wasser. Es können zwei Haupt-Grundwassertypen im Sinne LANGGUTHs unterschieden werden: - erdalkalische Wässer mit erhöhtem Alkali- und überwiegendem Sulfat-Anteil = unbeeinflußte Sandsteinwässer, und - normal erdalkalische, überwiegend hydrogenkarbonatisehe Wässer = Röt-Wässer und die meisten Wässer aus dem Willmarser Becken. Für das gesamte Einzugsgebiet der Sulz bis zum Pegel Stockheim wird für den Zeitraum 1973 - 1975 eine Wasserbilanz auf der Basis der erweiterten Wasserhaushaltsgleichung aufgestel1t. Der mittlere jährliche Gebietsniederschlag beträgt rund 600 mm; in die Bilanz geht ein um 9 % erhöhtes Niederschlagsdargebot Ng von ca. 650 mm ein, um messtechnisch bedingte Verluste auszugleichen. Im Durchschnitt verdunsten ca. 73 % des Niederschlagsdargebotes Ng. Die potentielle Evapotranspiration ET pot wird für die Klimahauptstation Ostheim v.d. Rhön nach HAUDE bestimmt, auf die mittlere Höhe des Sulz-Niederschlagsgebietes bezogen und anschließend unter Berücksichtigung des Bodenwasserhaushaltes nach PFAU auf aktuelle Verdunstungswerte ETakt korrigiert. Ca. 30 % von Ng gelangen 1973/75 zum Abfluß; der Gesamtabfluß kann nach dem Verfahren von NATERMANN in einen Oberflächenabfluß Aq und einen Grundwasserabfluß Au getrennt werden. Mit Hilfe der Leer 1 auffunktion nach MAILLET wird der Bodenabfluß (Interflow) als Oberflächenabfluß erfaßt. 5 Tage nach einem Starkregen im August 1972 macht der Bodenabfluß 24 % und der Grundwasserabfluß 76 % des Gesamtabflusses am Pegel Stockheim innerhalb eines Zeitraumes von 42 Tagen aus. Der Grundwasserabfluß beträgt im dreijährigen Mittel 90 mm (2,85 1/sec-km^2) und ist damit fast zur Hälfte am Gesamtabfluß beteiligt. Als mittlere jährliche Grundwasserneubi1dungsrate Gw wird ein Wert von 87 mm (2,76 1/sec-km^2) errechnet, der ca. 13 % des mittleren jährlichen Gebietsniederschlags Ng entspricht. Die Winterhalbjahre 1973 und 1974 sind zu trocken und der Oberflächenabfluß im Winter 1975 sehr hoch gewesen, so daß die mittlere Gy-Rate von 87 mm einen Minimalwert darstellt. Durch die Erhöhung des Niederschlages um 9 % erhält man nach der erweiterten Wasserhaushaltsgleichung eine durchschnittlich 60 % größere Grundwasserneubi1dungsrate Gw. Diese höhere Grundwasserneubildung wird durch eine Berechnung nach der MAILLET-Leerlauffunktion, die unabhängig von Klimadaten ist, bestätigt. Im Mittel findet 1973/75 ein Aufbrauch im Bodenspeicher (SQ) und im Grundwasserbereich (SuW) statt, der insgesamt 3 % von Ng ausmacht. Damit ergibt sich die mittlere Wasserbilanz für das Einzugsgebiet der Sulz wie folgt: Ng = Ao + Au +ETakt +- So +- SuW 100% = 16% + 14% + 73% - 2% - 1% 651mm= 103mm+90mm + 474mm -13mm -3mm Für das Bilanzjahr 1973 wurde das Niederschlagsgebiet der Sulz in 12 Teileinzugsgebiete aufgeteilt, deren Wasserhaushalt jeweils getrennt untersucht wurde. Die Grundwasserneubildungsrate Gw variiert 1973 in den Teileinzugsgebieten zwischen 40 und 112 mm. Das Niederschlagsdargebot und der Oberflächenabfluß beeinflussen die Grundwasserneubildung im Buntsandstein am meisten. Ein Teil des neugebildeten Grundwassers gelangt aus den höher gelegenen Teileinzugsgebieten Über das zusammenhängende Kluftsystem des Buntsandsteins in die hydraulisch tiefer gelegenen Talzonen der Sulz und führt dort zu einem erhöhten Grundwasserabfluß, der rund die Hälfte des gesamten Grundwasserabf1usses am Pegel Stockheim ausmacht. In diesen Talzonen ist der höchste Erschließungserfolg durch Brunnen zu erwarten. Als langfristig kontinuier1ich verfügbar wird der mittlere sommerliche Grundwasserabfluß 34 mm angenommen, was einer Grundwassermenge von ca. 50 1/sec = 4300 m /d entspricht. Durch hydrologisc he Pumpversuche ließen sich die Aquifer-Kennziffern Transmissivitat und Speicherkoeffizient bestimmen. Die zeitliche Absenkung und Wiederauffüllung werden nach instationären Methoden ausgewertet. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Verfahren bei Kluftaquifers wird diskutiert. Die Transmissivitäts-Werte reichen von 1-10^-5 bis 9*10^-4 m^2 /sec, leistungsfähige Brunnen sind nur bei einer Transmissivität von 〉1*10^-4 m^2/sec zu erwarten. Der Speicherkoeffizient liegt zwischen 0,2 und 2,1 % (Mittel: 1,3 %) ; er charakterisiert die Größe des Kluftvolumens, da das Grundwasser im Buntsandstein hauptsächlich auf Klüften zirkuliert. Das geringe Speichervolumen des Buntsandsteins ist der Grund dafür, daß durchschnittlich ca. 90 % der mittleren jährlichen Grundwasserneubildungsrate im selben Jahr wieder als Grundwasser in den Vorfluter Übertreten.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554.3 ; Hydrogeologie einzelner Regionen ; Aquifere {Hydrogeologie} ; Untere Trias ; Bayern {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Type: map
    Format: 139
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Das Internationale Alfred-Wegener-Symposium 1980 ist dem Gedenken an Alfred Wegener anläßlich seines 100. Geburtages gewidmet. Der Band enthält Paper zu den Vortägen und Postersessions. Neben den Beiträgen über Alfred Wegener werden die Themen Polarforschung seit Wegener, Kontinentaldrift und Plattentektonik, Paläoklima und Klima-Modelle, Paläogeographie und Kontinentalsdrift, Bau und Entwicklung der Ozeane, Probleme der Geodynamik, Struktur und Entwiclung der Kontinente und Kollisionszonen behandelt.
    Description: conference
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.136 ; Biographien {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; Festschriften {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; Theorien zur Kontinentaldrift und Plattentektonik {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 11
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    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:18
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: Es wird die These, daß Zinn-führende Granite eine besondere geochemische Spezialisierung aufweisen, an den Beispielen des Sarrabus- (1), San-Vito- (2), Quirra- (3), Arburese- (4) und Monte-Linas-Granites (5) in S-Sardinien geprüft. Sie repräsentieren herzynische Plutongranite mit relativ hohem Intrusionsstockwerk und scharf ausgebildeten Intrusivkontakten zu schwach metamorphen altpaläozoischen Rahmengesteinen der Grünschieferfazies. Zinnlagerstätten treten nur im Umfeld der Massive (4) und (5), Mo-W-Vererzungen im Bereich der Massive (3) und (5) auf. Petrologisch bestehen die Massive hauptsächlich aus Leukogranit, untergeordnet und lokal treten auch Monzogranit, Granodiorit und Tonalit auf. Typisch für die Massive (3), (4) und (5) sind Zweiglimmergranite und Greisenbildungen mit unbedeutenden Anreicherungen der Elemente Sr, Mo, W, Zn und Cu. Petrochemisch sind die Granitoide als raum-zeitliche Differentationsreihen kalkalkalischer Magmen aufzufassen, an deren Ende Zweiglimmergranite als höchst spezialisierte Differentiate stehen. Ihre Sr^87/Sr^96 - Zusammensetzung deutet auf eine krustale Herkunft der Ausgangsschmelzen hin. Die Konzentration signifikanter Elemente der Frühkristallisation (Ti, Zr, Mg, Fe, P, Ca, Ba und Sr) nimmt zu den sauren Differentiaten hin ab, die der Spätkristallisation (F, B, Sn, Rb, Li) diametral zu. Danach erreichte der Quirra-Granit ein höchstes Differentationsniveau. Die Entwicklung der Massive im Einzelnen wird von folgenden Mechanismen kontrolliert: 1. Durch in-situ-Differentation bei der Entwicklung aller Massive, 2. durch emanative Differentation bei der Entwicklung des Quirra- (3), Monte-Linas- (5) und, mit Einschränkung, auch des Arburese-Granites (4), 3. durch nachträgliche metasomatische Stoffverschiebungen hauptsächlich bei der Entwicklung des Quirra- (3), Arburese- (4) und Monte-Linas-Granites (5). Bei Letzteren treten auch anomale Zinngehalte in Flußsedimenten, im granitischen Festgestein und seiner Biotite sowie in den Kontaktgesteinen auf. Die Häufigkeit anomaler Werte von 17 Indikatorgrößen, ihre Mittelwerte und Streuungen sowie die Intensität der geochemischen Spezialisierung in Bezug auf Sn, Rb, Li und F grenzen die Massive (3), (4) und (5) einhellig als für weitere Prospektionsarbeiten interessante Gebiete ab. Die absolute Intensität der Spezialisierung erreicht aber nicht das Ausmaß bekannter Zinnprovinzen. So sind für diese Granite z. B. relativ niedrige Bor- und z. T. auch Fluorwerte charakteristisch. Allgemein sind die Indikatorgrößen deutlich vom Intrusionsniveau eines Granites abhängig. Der Vergleich mit Literaturdaten führt zu einer Klassifizierung in geochemisch spezialisierte Granite 1. und 2. Ordnung im Rb-Ba-Sr- und K/Rb-Rb/Sr-Diagramm. Zinn-führende Granite heben sich also innerhalb gewisser geochemischer Variationsbreiten deutlich von sterilen Graniten ab.
    Description: Summary Summary The thesis that tin bearing granites exhibit a significant geochemical character is tested by investigations of the Sarrabus (1), San Vito (2), Quirra (3), Arburese (4), and Monte Linas (5) Granite, all situated in south Sardinia. These massifs represent Hercynian granitic intrusives of high intrusion level and knife-like contacts to the adjacent rocks of Lower Palaeozoic age of greenshist facies. Endogenous tin deposits exist only spatially to the massifs (4) and (5), Mo-W-mineralizations in connection to the massifs (3) and (5). Petrologically all massifs consist principally of leucogranite. Monzogranite, granodiorite, and tonalite are rare and occure only locally. A peculiarity within the massifs (3), (4), and (5) are muscovite biotite granites and greisen with unimportant concentrations of the elements Sn, Mo, W, Zn, and Cu. Petrochemically the granitoids represent a spatial and temporal suite of a calc-alkaline magma with the muscovite biotite granites as highest specialized members. The crustal origin of the primary magmas is proven by Sr^87/Sr^96 datas. Generally the concentration of significant elements characterizing the early cristallization of a magma (Ti, Zr, Mg, Fe, P, Ca, Ba, and Sr) increase in direction of the later differentiates. The granitophile elements (F, B, Sn, Rb, Li) against that are enriched. The magmatic evolution of the massifs is governed by the following processes: 1. By in situ differentiation in the formation of all massifs, 2. by emanative differentiation in the formation of the massifs (3) and (5), with reservation also massif (4), 3. by later metasomatic chemical changes that occurred during greisenization especially in the formation of the massifs (3), (4), and (5). Anomalous tin contents are observed in alluvial sediments, leucogranites, and their biotites and country rocks distinctly of massif (5). The abundance of anomalous values of 17 proximity indicators, their mean and dispersion values and the degree of total geochemical specialization of Sn, Rb, Li, and F in the leucogranites determine uniformely the massifs (3), (4), and (5) as most interesting prospects for further detail exploration activities. The intensity of metallogenetic specialization is not as high as in other provinces. So the intrusives have extreme low concentrations of B and relative low contents of F. Generally the proximity indicators are dependent on the intrusion level of the granites. Together with reference datas from other areas one can establish geochemically specialized intrusives of first and second order. Tin bearing granites are distinguished within certain levels of clustering distinctly from barren granites.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Geochemische Verfahren {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Regionale Exploration und Prospektion {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Zinnerze{ Lagerstättenkunde} ; Italien {Rohstoffgeologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
    In:  [Software]
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: A slim python library to link maps and sampling data with prediction methods. PyQuickMaps can do interpolation (with scipy.interpolate.griddata), kriging (with pykrige) and random forest regression (with sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor). It also features plotting nice geographical maps with matplotlib and storing those to geotiff with rasterio. Coordinate transforms are managed internally with osgeo/gdal.
    Type: Software , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 29 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, n.n. pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Climate Physics
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 87 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Climate Physics
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 40 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Climate Physics
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 44 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Aus drei Gebieten von Berlin (West), die einen geologisch verschiedenen, aber jeweils ziemlich homogenen Aufbau besitzen, wurden ca. 60 Grundwasserstandsganglinien und klimatologische Datenreihen analysiert. Das Ziel ist es, das allgemeine zeitliche Verhalten der Grundwasseroberfläche dieser Gebiete zu beschreiben und in Verbindung damit die Grundwasserneubildung zu berechnen. Grundlage der Untersuchung sind die Trend- und die Spektralanalyse. Bei der Trendanalyse wurden Polynome 3. Grades auf ihre Anwendung als Trendfunktion hin überprüft. Es zeigte sich, dass eine gute Approximation des langfristigen Verhaltens der Grundwasseroberfläche häufig nur durch Polynome 2. oder 3. Grades gegeben ist. Erst dann ist auch für einen begrenzten zukünftigen Zeitraum eine genaue Prognostizierung des mittleren Grundwasserstandes möglich und somit auch eine Abschätzung, wie sich zu künftige Grundwasserentnahmen auswirken können. Für die Spektralanalyse wurde aufgrund einer vergleichenden Darstellung von drei Berechnungsmethoden das auf der Theorie der stochastischen Prozesse basierende und von BLACKMAN & TUKEY (1959) erweiterte Verfahren zur Analyse der hier vorliegenden Zeitreihen als das am besten geeignete angesehen. Für die Untersuchung wurde ein entsprechendes EDV-Programm erstellt. Die Spektralanalyse ergab zwei Periodenbereiche, die sowohl in den Grundwasserstandsganglinien als auch in den klimatologischen Reihen Vorkommen. Vorherrschend sind Schwingungen, die durch 60 - 80-monatige Perioden in einer allgemeinen Form quantifiziert werden können. Daneben ist eine Jahresperiode vorhanden, die allerdings in den Grundwasserstandsganglinien nur teilweise, abhängig vom Flurabstand der Grundwasseroberfläche, nachzuweisen ist. Abhängig vom Auftreten der mehrjährigen und jährlichen Perioden setzt sich auch die Grundwasserneubildung aus zwei Anteilen zusammen. Als Bezugsgröße wurde die als klimatische Wasserbilanz definierte Größe (Niederschlag minus potentieller Evapotranspiration) angesehen. Bei tieferliegender Grundwasseroberfläche ist nur der Anteil aus dem langzeitlichen Schwingungsverlauf vorstehend aufgeführter Größe anzusetzen, während bei nachweisbarer Jahresperiode und damit geringerem Flurabstand der Grundwasseroberfläche noch ein Anteil aus jährlicher Versickerungsrate hinzukommt. Mit dem Phasenspektrum wird die Zeitverschiebung zwischen gleichen Perioden in klimatologischen Reihen und Grundwasserstandsganglinien ermittelt.
    Description: ABSTRACT: Approximately 60 groundwater level markings and climatological data were analyzed from three areas in Berlin (West) whose structures, although geologically different, are all rather homogeneous. It is the goal of this investigation to describe the general temporal behavior of the water table of these areas and to calculate, in regard to the temporal behavior, the formation of new groundwater. The basis of this investigation is trend and spectral analysis. Polynômes 3rd degree were utilized in the trend analysis in order to determine their applicability as trend functions. It was found that a good approximation of the long-term behavior of the water table is frequently given only by polynomes of the 2nd or 3rd degree. Just then, is a precise prognosis of the average groundwater level for a limited time span possible and therefore also an estimate of what effects future ground water removal can have. On the basis of a comparative description of three (mathematical) methods, the procedure based on the Theory of Stochastic Processes and enlarged by BLACKMANN & TUKEY ( 1959 ) was chosen as best suited for the analysis of this time series. A corresponding computer program was written for the investigation. The spectral analysis showed two periods that appeared both in the groundwater level markings and in the climatic series. Prevalent are oscillations exhibiting 60 - 80 month periods. In addition, a yearly period was found that is, however, only partially existent in the groundwater level markings and depends upon the water table field distance. The formation of new groundwater is composed of two parts depending upon the occurrence of the several year period and of the yearly period. As correlation, quantity defined as climatic water-balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspirations) chosen. In case the groundwater table should lie deeper, only the part from the long-termillation course, which consists of the aforesaid quantity, should be taken into account. The time lag between the same periods in climatic series and groundwater level markings were ascertained the phase spectrum.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.49 ; Hydrogeologie einzelner Regionen ; Berlin, Brandenburg, Sachsen-Anhalt und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern {Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Die Kyll durchfließt die "Bitburger Mulde" von Norden nach Süden. Durch die Kartierung eines 225 km großen Bereichs im Süden des Kyll-Einzugsgebietes konnten neue geologische Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden. Sie betreffen hauptsächlich den Buntsandstein und den tektonischen Bau der Bitburger Mulde. Für den Mittleren Buntsandstein wurde eine Gliederung nach lithologischen Merkmalen durchgeführt, die der Gliederung im saarländischen Buntsandstein entspricht. Über das Polygonverfahren wird der mittlere Gebietsniederschlag für das hydrologische Jahr 1973 aus 15 Meßstationen und für die Jahresreihe 1967-1973 aus 7 Meßstationen ermittelt. Die potentielle Verdunstung wird für die Station Trier-Petrisberg nach HAUDE berechnet. Die hydrologischen Untersuchungen werden für das 341 km2 große Niederschlagsgebiet der unteren Kyll zwischen dem Pegel Kordel im Süden und dem Pegel Densborn im Norden durchgeführt. Für das Kyllgebiet werden in den hydrologischen Halbjahren von 1967 bis 1973 Wasserbilanzen aufgestellt. Die mittlere jährliche Grundwasserneubildung beträgt in diesem Zeitraum 86 mm a^-1. In den größten Kylzuflüssen wurden 1972 12 Abflußpegel eingerichtet. Für das hydrologische Jahr 1973 können daher auch Wasserbilanzen von Teilgebieten der Kyll betrachtet werden. Um den Wasserhaushalt in einzelnen lithologischen Einheiten zu erfassen, wurden 1972 zusätzlich 13 Meßstellen gebaut. Der oberirdische und der unterirdische Abfluß wird nach dem NATERMANN-Verfahren bestimmt. Die geologischen und hydrologischen Ergebnisse werden durch die Bestimmung des Trockenwetterabflusses, durch die Auswertung von Pump versuchen und durch neunzig chemisch unter suchte Wasserproben ergänzt. Es zeigt sich, daß die Abflußverhältnisse in den kleinen Teilgebieten die Verhältnisse größerer Bereiche mit ähnlichem geologischen Baugut widergeben.
    Description: The Kyll flows through the "Bitburger syncline" from the north towards the south. During the mapping of a 225 km region in the south of the Kyll drainage area, geological knowledge has been improved. They mainly concern the Buntsandstein and the tectonic structure of the "Bitburger syncline". A division of lithologic features have been accomplished for the middle Buntsandstein which accords to the division of the Saar Territory Buntsandstein. By the Polygon method, the mean area precipitation for the hydrologic year 1973 was disvovered by 15 measurement stations and for the annual series 1967 - 1973 by 7 measurement stations. The potential evaporation was calculated by HAUDE for the Station Trier-Petrisberg. In the 341 km area of precipitation of the lower Kyll, the hydrologic investigations were accomplished between the water-level gauge Kordel in the south and the water-level gauge Densborn in the north. For the hydrologic half-years 1967 to 1973 wafer budgets were prepared for the Kyll area. In this period the mean annual recharge of ground water amounts to 86 min a^-1. 12 water-level gauges have been installed to the largest Kyll inflows in 1972. Therefore, water budgets from area parts of the Kyll can be considered in the hydrologic year 1973. To register the water balance of individual lithologic units, 13 discharge measurement stations were built additionally in 1972. The surface and the groundwater runoff were determined by the NATERMANN-method. The geological and hydrological results were completed by the determination of the recession segment, the interpretation on pumping tests and 90 chemical investigated water samples. It shows that the runoff circumstances of small area parts project well the circumstances of larger areas with similar gological structure. The Kyll has to be considered as a main receiving stream on large parts of "Buntsandstein ll of the Bitburger syncline.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.7 ; Hydrogeologie einzelner Regionen ; Rheinisches Schiefergebirge{ Geologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Type: map
    Format: 109
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  • 20
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Aus altersmäßig nur geringfügig unterschiedlichen Ablagerungen des Unter-Pliozän von Süd-Sizilien, von Fundstellen in der Umgebung der Städte Agrigent, Porto Empedocle und Sciacca, und aus der Toscana, von Fundstellen bei Orciano/Pisa und Cetona/Siena, werden insgesamt 55 Otolithen-Arten beschrieben. Dabei konnten in Süd-Sizilien 39, in Orciano 16 und in Cetona 11 Arten nachgewiesen werden. Auf Grund von Otolithen werden 12 neue Arten, vornehmlich aus der Familie Myctophidae, die neue Gattung Citharopsettodes und zwei neue Untergattungen der Gattung Gadioulus GUICHENOT 1850 aufgestellt. Parallel zur Beschreibung wird in einigen Fällen eine Revision anderer fossil bekannter Otolithen vorgenommen; insbesondere innerhalb der Familien Myctophidae, Gadidae und Macrouridae. Die Entwicklung der Gattung Mioromesistius GILL 1864 und Gadioulus GUICHENOT 1850 wird in Form von zwei Stammbäumen dargestellt. Es wird ein Vergleich zu anderen bekannten Faunen des Pliozän und Miozän der Tethys und Paratethys angeschlossen. Die in früheren Arbeiten vertretene These einer zusammengeschwemmten Faunengemeinschaft kann zumindest für den Hauptbestandteil der hier beschriebenen Faunen ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: 55 species of fish-otoliths from deposits of Lower Pliocene age are described. These deposits are situated in the coastal area of southern Sicily, near the townshops of Agrigent, Porto Empedocle and Sciacca, and the Toscana, near Pisa and Siena. 39 of these species recorded were found in southern Sicily, 16 at Pisa and 11 at Siena. Based on otoliths 12 new species, the new genus Citharopsettodes and two new subgenera of the genus Gadioulus GUICHENOT 1850 can be established. Most of the new species belong to the family Myctophidae. In some cases the author was able to revise other fossil otoliths described already; especially of the families Myctophidae, Gadidae and Macrouridae. The genera Mioromesistius GILL 1864 and Gadioulus GUICHENOT 1850 are set up in a family-tree. In addition to the descriptions, the described faunas are compared with others, known from Pliocene and Miocene of the former Tethys and Paratethys realms. In contrary to former investigations, we deny for the main components of our faunas to be composed communities.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 567 ; Pisces {Paläozoologie} ; Neogen {Stratigraphische Paläontologie} ; Italien {Paläontologie} ; Otolith ; FID-GEO-DE-7
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  • 21
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Zur Ermittlung der Zinngehalte in begleitenden Schwermineralen aus thailändischen Zinnseifen wurden nach einer umfangreichen Probennahme im Gelände geochemische Analysen durchgeführt. 1. Um eine ausreichende Anzahl von Analysenwerten für die Auswertung zu erhalten, wurden ca. 250 Proben aus zinnflühenden Gebieten Thailands (Südthailand: Phuket-Provinz, Phangna-Provinz und Ranong Provinz) und ca. 20 Proben aus zinnarmen Gebieten Thailands (Nordthailand: Chiang Mai-Provinz und Lampang-Provinz) genommen. 2. Ca. 8O % der Proben sind Vorkonzentrate (Palongproben) oder technische Konzentrate (Amangproben) aus unterschiedlichen genetischen Bereichen wie Pegmatitlagerstätten, Greisenlagerstätten, eluvialen Lagerstätten, alluvialen Lagerstätten und marinen Lagerstätten. Der größte Teil der Proben wurde aus produzierenden Zinnminen gewonnen, da der Anteil an Schwermineralen durch die Aufbereitung in den mineneigenen Aufbereitungsanlagen relativ hoch war. 10 % der Proben wurden aus Erosionsrinnen (rezente oder fossile Flußläufe) gewonnen. Der restliche Anteil der Proben waren granitische Gesteine von zinnführenden und zinnarmen Graniten. 3. Die labortechnische Aufbereitung der Proben (Schlämmen, Sieben, gravitative und elektromagnetische Trennung) ergab unterschiedliche Mengen an benötigten Schwermineralen. Nur aus rund 35 % der Proben konnten monomineralische Schwermineralpräparate, nach einer abschließenden Auslese von Hand unter dem Binokular, für die Analysen mit dem Gitterspektrographen gewonnen werden. 4. Die für die Bestimmung der Sn-Gehalte in Schwermineralen gewählte Analysenmethode, die Gitterspektroskopie, benötigt diese analysenreinen, d. h. monomineralischen Schwermineralpräparate. Diese wurden teilweise mit Hilfe der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA), der Mikrosonde, dem Röntgendiffraktometer oder polarisiertem Licht (Dünnschliffe und Streupräparate) auf ihre Analysenreinheit überprüft. 5. Für Analysen zur Feststellung der Sn-Gehalte sind die meisten Schwerminerale aus Zinnvorkommen geeignet. Es wurden aufgrund ihres ausreichenden Vorhandenseins aber vor allem Monazite, Zirkone und Granate emissionsspektroskopisch auf Sn-Gehalte überprüft. Daneben wurden Einzelanalysen von Pyrochloren, Topasen und Leukoxenen durchgeführt. Andere Schwerminerale, wie beispielsweise Xenotime, Rutile oder Columbite, waren mengenmäßig im Bereich der Probennahmegebiete nicht ausreichend vorhanden, so daß die für die Analysen benötigten Mengen (wenigstens 20 - 30 mg monomineralische Schwerminerale) nicht ausgelesen werden konnten. 6. Die Auswertung der Analysenergebnisse erfolgte photometrisch mit Hilfe eines Densitometers. Die Linienspektren der Atome und Ionen der verdampften Proben wurden auf Photoplatten festgehalten. Die Intensitäten wurden photometrisch gemessen und mit einem Rechner automatisch ausgewertet. 7. Die Auswertung der Analysenwerte erbrachte folgende Ergebnisse: Die analysierten Zi r k o n e weisen hohe Sn-Gehalte auf (durch Verwachsungen in Einzelfällen bis zu 50 % SnO2). Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß die Zirkone ihre hohen Sn-Gehalte vornehmlich wegen ihrer Tendenzen zu Verwachsungen und Einschlüssen mit Kassiterit haben. Weiterhin lassen sich genetische Unterscheidungen machen. Zirkone aus Pegmatiten haben hohe Anteile solcher Verwachsungen und Einschlüsse. Der Durchschnittsgehalt dieser Zirkone liegt bei 8.600 ppm Sn. Die untersuchten Zirkone aus den Greisen weisen dagegen durchschnittliche Werte unter 2.000 ppm Sn auf. Damit ergab sich eine vorläufige Einordnung von Zirkonen aus unterschiedlichen Primärvererzungen, d. h. Zirkone mit optisch deutlich wahrzunehmenden Anteilen von Verwachsungen und Einschlüssen können überwiegend den Pegmatiten zugeordnet werden, während Zirkone mit geringem Anteil von sichtbaren Verwachsungen und Einschlüssen zunächst den Greisen zugeordnet werden sollten. Die untersuchten Zirkone aus der Ranong-Provinz wiesen alle Sn-Gehalte auf, die über 1 % lagen, während die Sn-Gehalte der Zirkone aus der Phuket-Provinz deutlich unter 1 % lagen. So konnte auch eine grobe geografische Einordnung vorgenommen werden, die vermutlich genetische Ursachen hat. Die Analysenwerte der untersuchten Monazite wiesen Sn-Gehalte auf, die deutlich über denen der weltweiten Durchschnittswerte granitischer Gesteine liegen. Es ließen sich keine genetischen Unterscheidungen machen. Die Monazite zeigten nur geringe Tendenzen zu Verwachsungen oder Einschlüssen. Wahrscheinlich liegen die Sn-Gehalte in Form von vereinzelten Mikrolithen vor, oder sie sind sogar auf Gitterplätzen zu suchen. Die Analysenwerte der untersuchten Granate zeigen einheitliche Sn-Gehalte von 100 - 150 ppm. Alle analysierten Granate stammen aus den Reaktionssäumen der Pegmatite zum Nebengestein. Die Granate konnten als Leitminerale benutzt werden, d. h. bei Auftreten von Granaten mit Sn-Gehalten um 100 ppm ist eine Zinnlagersätte pegmatitischer Art zu vermuten. Die analysierten Monazite und Schwermineralgemische aus zinnarmen Regionen zeigten Sn-Gehalte, die denen der weltweiten Durchschnittsgehalte entsprechen (2-3 ppm). Abschließend kann gesagt werden, daß alle untersuchten Schwerminerale zur Identifizierung von Zinnlagerstätten geeignet sind, wobei die untersuchten Zirkone zusätzlich Aufschluß über genetische Zusammenhänge geben können. 8. Die Aufstellung über die notwendigen personellen und technischen Mittel für das Labor und das Gelände hat gezeigt, daß eine Prospektion auf Zinn mit Hilfe von monomineralischen Schwermineralpräparaten ohne großen Aufwand durchgeführt werden kann. 9. Wegen der zunehmenden Bereitschaft der Minenbesitzer, andere begleitende Schwerminerale, insbesondere Zirkone, zu separieren und zu lagern, wurde eine wirtschaftsgeologische Bewertung der Gewinnung von Zirkonen als Nebenprodukte vorgenommen. 10. Die Diskussion der Bewertungsdeterminanten ergab, daß mit relativ geringen Investitionen eine Aufbereitung von Zirkonen möglich und somit die Basis für den Absatz von Zirkonsanden gegeben ist. 11. Die weltweite Rezession in der Mitte der 70iger Jahre erfaßte auch die Stahlindustrie, die als Hauptabnehmer der Zirkonsande gilt. Der sinkende Preis für Zirkonsande ließ den Absatz der immer häufiger anstelle dieser Sande verwendeten Olivin- und Chromitsande stagnieren. Derzeit werden relativ billige Zirkonsande angeboten, auch traten neue Anbieter auf, so daß ein Monopol australischer Anbieter eingeschränkt wurde. 12. Der zunehmende Bedarf an Zirkonium-Metall in der Kernindustrie läßt einen zumindest prozentual steigenden Bedarf an Zirkonsanden annehmen. Da die Zirkonium-Hafnium-Produktion eine Koppelproduktion ist, wurden einige Repräsentativproben von Zirkonen auf das Hafnium-Zirkonium-Verhältnis untersucht. Dabei wurden die Methoden der Photonenaktivierungsanalyse (PAA) und der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) angewandt. 13. Die Analysenwerte erbrachten folgende Ergebnisse: Die untersuchten thailändischen Zirkone weisen relativ einheitliche Hafnium-Gehalte von etwa 0,5 % auf. 14. Die thailändischen Zirkone aus den Bereichen der Probennahmegebiete sind also nicht nur für den dominierenden Bedarf der Stahlindustrie, sondern auch zur Verhüttung zu Zirkonium- und Hafnium-Metall geeignet, zumal das bei der Koppeiproduktion anfallende Hafnium-Metall im Bereich der metallverarbeiten Industrien (neuerdings zur Beschichtung von Hartwerkzeugen) zunehmend benötigt wird. 15. Die Aufnahme bzw. die Ausweitung der Produktion von Zirkon als Nebenprodukt thailändischer Zinnerze sollte in Erwägung gezogen werden.
    Description: SUMMARY To determine the tin amount in the associated heavy minerals of tin placers in Thailand, geochemical analysis have been accomplished after a comprehensive sampling in the field. 1. To maintain a sufficient quantity of analysis values for the evaluation, about 250 samples of tin-bearing districts in Thailand (Southern Thailand: Phuket-province, Phangna-province, Ranong-provinee) and about 20 samples of tin-baren districts in Thailand (Northern Thailand: Chiang Mai-province, Lampang- province) have been taken. 2. About 80 % of the samples are pre-concentrates (Palong-samples) or technical concentrates (Amang- samples) of varying genetica-regions as pegmatite deposits, greisen-deposits, eluvial deposits, alluvial deposits and marine deposits. Since the share of heavy minerals has been relatively high by the preparation in mine-owned plants, the largest share of samples has been recovered from producing tin mines. 10 % of the samples have been recovered from erosional channels (recent or fossil river courses). The remaining share of samples were granitic rocks of tin-bearing and tin-barren granites. 3. The technical laboratory preparation of Samples (elutriation, screening, gravit and electromagnetic separation) has resulted varying quantities on required heavy minerals. After a final selction under the binocular microscope, monogene heavy mineral preparations could be recovered from about 35 % of the samples for the analysis by the diffraction spectrum. 4. To determine the Sn-amounts in heavy minerals, the analysis method diffraction spectrum has been choosen. It requires monogene heavy mineral preparations. They have been partly tested on their degree of purity by the fluorescent X-ray analysis (RFA), the microprobe, the X-ray diffractometer or by polarized light (microsection and scattered preparations). 5. Most of the heavy minerals from tin deposits are qualified for analysis to determine the Sn- amount. Because of the sufficient existence mainly monacites, zircons and garnets have been emission spectroscopical tested on Sn-amounts. Besides individual analysis of pyrochlores, topazes and leucoxenes have been accomplished. Different heavy minerals for example xenotimes, rutiles or columbites were not sufficient existent in the area of sampling districts. The required quantities for the analysis (at least 20 - 30 mg monogene heavy minerals) could not be selected. 6. The evaluation of analysis results has been accomplished photometrical by densitometers. The curve spectra of atoms and ions of evaporated samples have been abided on photoplates. The intensities have been measured photometrical and automatic evaluated by computer. 7. Results of the evaluation from analysis values: The analysed zircons exhibit high Sn-amounts (because of aggregation in individual cases up to 50 % SnO2). The research resulted that the zircons have their high Sn-amounts principal in consideration of their tendency to aggregations and inclusions with cassiterite. Zircons of pegmatites have high shares of such aggregations and inclusions. The average amount of these zircons is 8 600 ppm Sn. The investigated zircons of greisen exhibit average values below 2 000 ppm Sn. Therewith a preliminary classification of zircons from varying primary mineralizations has resulted: Zircons with optical perceived shares of aggregations and inclusions can be associated mainly with pegmatites, whereas zircons with a low share of visible aggregations and inclusions should be associated with the greisen. Investigated zircons of the Ranong-proyince have exhibited Sn-amounts above 1 %, zircons of the Phuket-province distinct below 1 %. A coarse geographical classification has been intended as well, which could have genetic motives. The analysis values of investigated m o n a c i t e s have exhibited Sn-amounts, which are distinct above the world's average values of granitic rocks. Genetic distinctions could not be made. The monacites have shown low tendency to aggregations and inclusions. Sn-amounts are submitted in form of microlites, they are even found on lattice localities. The analysis values of investigated g a r n e t s show centralized Sn-amounts of 100 - 150 ppm. The analysed garnets are of reaction rims from pegmatite to wall rocks. The garnets could have been used as index minerals. At occurence of garnets with Sn-amounts by 100 ppm a pegmatitic tin deposit can be suspected. The analized monacites and heavy minerals mixtures of tin-barren regions have shown Sn-amounts, which correspond the world's average values (2-3 ppm). Final conclusion: All investigated heavy minerals are qualified for identification of tin deposits. The investigated zircons can be additional' informative of genetic correlations. 8. The schedule of necessary personnel and technical funds for laboratory and field work has shown that a prospection for tin can be accomplished with low expenditure by using monogene heavy mineral preparations. 9. Because mine owners are willing to separate and store different associated heavy minerals in particular zircons, a valuation in economical geology for recovery of zircons has been intended. 10. A discussion of the valuation determinants resulted: The preparation of zircons is possible with relativ low investments, therewith the basis to market zircon sands is existing. 11. The world's rezession during the seventies included the steel industry as well, which is considered as the leading purchaser of zircon sands. The declined price of zircon sands kept the market stagnated for the grequent used Olivin- and Chromitsands. Current zircon sands are offered relativ reasonable. New offerer appeared as well, the monopoly of Australian offerer was limited. 12. As the requirement of zircon metal increases in the nuclear industry, a requirement of zircon sands is suspected. Since the zirconium-hafnium-production is a coproduction, several representative samples of zircons have been analysed on the hafnium-zirconiurn-ratio. The methods of photonen activation analysis (PAA) and fluorescent X-ray analysis have been used. 13. The analysis values resulted: The investigated zircons of Thailand show relativ zentralized hafnium-amounts of approximately 0,5%. 14. Zircons of Thailand from the sampling area are for preponderated requirements of the steel industry as well as for smelting to zirconium- and hafnium metall. Hafnium melall of the coproduction is increasing required by metall processing industries. 15. The admission and enlargement of the zircon production for tin ore of Thailand as a by-product should be considerated.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.4 ; Zinnerze {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Regionale Exploration und Prospektion {Lagerstättenkunde} ; Thailand {Rohstoffgeologie} ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map
    Format: 86
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Zur Ermittlung von geochemischen "proximity indicators" für den erzhöffigen (oberen) Abschnitt des Alpinen Muschelkalks wurden 11 Probennahmeprofile aus den Nördlichen Kalkalpen sowie als Vergleich 2 Probennahmeprofile aus den Südlichen Kalkalpen bearbeitet. Die Probennahme erfolgte in annähernd homogenen Gesteinsserien systematisch, in inhomogenen oberen und mittleren Partien des Alpinen Muschelkalks auch (fazies-) differenziert. Aus insgesamt ca. 1750 Schichtmetern wurden 652 Proben zur geochemischen Analyse aufbereitet. Die Bestimmung des Mg- und der Spurenelementgehalte von Sr, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu und Cr erfolgten mit einem Atom-Absorptionsspektrophotometer (AAS). Die Fluoranalyse geschah mit ionenselektiven Elektroden (potentiometrische Fluoridbestimmung). Der Anteil der unlöslichen Rückstände wurde gravimetrisch ermittelt und fallweise mit Hilfe eines Roentgendiffraktometers näher untersucht. Die Auswertung der ca. 10 600 Analysendaten erfolgte über EDV. Mit Hilfe von Rechenprogrammen wurden Ca-Gehalte, Korrelationskoeffizienten, geometrische Mittelwerte und Streuungen ermittelt. Ober die konventionelle Statistik der geochemischen Analysendaten mit Ermittlung r e g i o n a l e r Background- und Threshold-Daten hinaus wurden zusätzlich l o k a l e Background- und Threshold-Werte festgestel1t, um die l o k a l e n Anomalien der als regional repräsentativ angenommenen Profile herauszuarbeiten und vergleichbar zu machen. Die Obergrenze des Alpinen Muschelkalks mußte nach konventionellen lithologischen Gesichtspunkten angenommen werden. Eine genauere stratigraphische Korrelierung der Probennahmeprofile war jedoch durch Tuff-Lagen (Pietra verde) möglich, soweit diese aufgeschlossen waren. Korrelationsrechnungen gaben Hinweise auf die Bindung der einzelnen Elemente sowie ihre primäre und sekundäre Anreicherung im Sediment. Die Hauptelemente Ca und Mg stammen vorherrschend aus dem Calcit- und Dolomitanteil. Säureunlösliche Rück stände setzen sich neben Quarz hauptsächlich aus Tonmineralen der Illit-Gruppe (mixed layers) zusammen. Sr-Gehalte sind eindeutig an den Kalkanteil, Fe und Cr überwiegend an Tonminerale gebunden. Zn, Mn und Cu liegen gleichwertig in Bindung an Tonminerale wie an das Karbonatgitter vor. Pb scheint überwiegend an den Kar bonatanteil gebunden zu sein. Extrem hohe Spurenelementkonzentrationen ("Ausreißer") von Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu und Mn werden auf einzelne, zufällig erfaßte Sulfid-, Oxyd- und Karbonatminerale dieser Elemente zurückgeführt. Die Analyse der Pb-Daten erwies sich nicht in allen Belangen als befriedigend. Die Gehalte von Pb in Karbonatgesteinen bewegen sich für den Entwicklungsstand des hier benutzten Analysegeräts zu nahe an der Nachweisgrenze. Die Auswertung erbrachte: - Stratiforme Anomalien, die über mehrere Probennahmeprofile verfolgbar und an bestimmte stratigraphische Niveaus gebunden sind. - Diskordante Anomalien, die in der Umgebung von bekannten Erzkörpern durch primäre oder sekundäre Migration hervorgerufen wurden. Die oberen Partien des Alpinen Muschelkalks sind meist hornsteinführend, insbesondere in der räumlichen und zeitlichen Nachbarschaft der Vulkanite. Dabei ist besonders auffällig, daß der Si02-Anteil im Liegenden und Hangenden von Tuff-Lagen (Pietra verde, 4 Zyklen) ungewöhnlich ansteigt. Dort entnommene Karbonatgesteinsproben zeigen stratiform anomal erhöhte Spurenelementkonzentrationen von Pb und Zn, fallweise begleitet von anomal er höhten F-, Fe-, Mn- und Cr-Werten. Stratiforme Anomalien von Zn-Pb-F, lokal auch von Fe-Cu-Mn-Cr, konnten regional über die Flexenpaß-Profile, Profil Zugspitze N und Martinswand verfolgt werden. In gleichem stratigraphischem Niveau wurden an anderer Stelle (Profile Davos-Silberberg, Krabachjoch u. St.Veith) diskordante Pb-Zn, F-, Fe-Mn- oder Cu-Anomalien be obachtet. Durch die wesentlich höheren Spurenelementkonzentrationen in diskordanten Anomalien wird die hier zu erwartende stratiforme Anomalie verdeckt. Im unteren und mittleren Teil des Alpinen Muschelkalks lokal auftretende, anomal erhöhte Spurenelementkonzentrationen waren dagegen regional nicht stratigraphisch korrelierbar. Geochemische Untersuchungen an Karbonatgesteinen aus den Südlichen Kalkalpen (Profile Valle Ambata/Auronzo und Topla/Mezica) lieferten keine Hinweise auf die Möglichkeit der Korrelation mit den Stratiformen Anomalien der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Gegenüber den Karbonatgesteinen, Mergeln und Tonsteinen zeigt die Pietra verde signifkant erhöhte Gehalte von Zn und F. Diese deuten einen genetischen Zusammenhang zwischen einer zeitgleichen Zufuhr mit den Pyroklastika und einer Konzentration von Zn und F in den zwischengeschalteten Karbonatgesteinen an. Die Elemente Zn und F zeigten untereinander eine deutliche Korrelation. Bei der Suche nach schichtgebundenen Pb/Zn-Vorkommen in Karbonatgesteinen kann daher die Analyse der F-Gehalte als geochemische Prospektionshilfe (proximity indicator) herangezogen werden.
    Description: ABSTRACT In order to determinate geochemical proximity indicators of the ore-bearing (upper) parts of the 'Alpiner Muschelkalk' (Anisian s. str.) rock samples have been taken from 11 standard profiles in the 'Nördliche Kalk alpen', and for comparison 2 standard profiles in the 'Südliche Kalkalpen'. Sampling was done systematically in aproximative homogeneous carbonate sequences and (facies-) differentiated in inhomogeneous sequences in the middle and upper parts of the 'Alpiner Muschelkalk'. 652 samples collected over 1.750 meters in total have been upgraded for geochemical analysis. Contents of Mg and trace elements like Sr, Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu and Cr have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The F-analysis was done by a fluoride ion activity electrode (potentiometric fluorid analysis). Insoluble residues have been determined gravimetrically and occasionally examined by x-ray-diffraction. The analysis of about 10.600 data obtained has been processed by computer programme. Ca-data, correlation coefficients, geometric means and scattering have been computed by mathematical systems. Besides conventional statistics of geochemical analysis data like determination of regional backgrounds and thresholds, local backgrounds and thresholds have been computed, too, for showing and making comparable local anomalies of regional representative standard profiles. The border to the hanging wall had to be determined by conventional lithological conception. A more exact stratigraphical correlation of standard profiles was made possible by tuffs as far as they outcropped. Correlation coefficients showed the mineralogical bounding of elements as well as the primary and secondary concentrations in the sedimentary sequences. The major elements Ca and Mg originate predominantly from calcite and dolomite. Insoluble residues consist essentially of clay minerals of Illite-group (mixed layers) and quartz. Sr is clearly bound to calcite, Fe and Cr are linked to clay minerals as well as to calcite. Extremely high trace element concentrations of Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu are considered to originate from accidently caught sulfides, oxides or carbonates of these elements. Analysis of Pb data was not satisfactory in each matter, as the contents of Pb in carbonate rocks are to close to the noise of used AAS. The evaluation showed: — Stratiform anomalies, which can be correlated in several standard profiles and which are bound to distinct stratigraphic levels. -Discordantanomalies, which are caused by primary or secondary migration from ore bodies nearby. In the upper parts of the 'Alpiner Muschelkalk occur cherty limestones, especially in regional and stra tigraphical neighbourhood of volcanics. It is conspicuous, that carbonates belonging to the foot wall and hanging wall of tuffs (Pietra verde) are unusual rich of silica. Carbonate samples of this matter show stra tiform anomalous high trace element concentrations of Pb and Zn, occasionally accompanied by anomalous high concentrations of F, Fe, Mn and Cr. Stratiform anomalies of Zn-Pb-F, in some profiles also of Fe-Mn-Cu-Cr, can be correlated regionally in the Flexenpass-profiles and the profiles Zugspitze and Martinswand. At the same stratigraphical level there have been observed anomalies of Pb-, Zn-, F-, Fe-, Mn- or Cu at other places (profiles Davos-Silberberg, Kra bachjoch and St. Veith). Here the expected stratiform anomalies are masked by the higher trace element con centrations of discordant anomalies. The trace element concentrations of the lower and middle part of the 'Alpiner Muschelkalk' however, are not stratigraphically correlated. Geochemical data of the two profiles from the 'Südliche Kalkalpen' (profiles Valle Ambata/Auronzo and Topla/Me2ica) do not indicate a correlation with stratiform anomalies of the 'Nördliche Kalkalpen'. In opposition to the carbonates, marls and clays, the 'Pietra verde' shows significant higher contents of Zn and F. This indicates a genetic connection between the pyroclastics and the concentration of Zn and F in the intercalated carbonates. The elements Zn and F exhibit an evident correlation. The analysis of F may find application as a proximity indicator for exploration of stratabound lead-zinc occurrences in carbonate rocks.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Mittlere Trias ; Fazieskunde ; Chemismus von Sedimentgesteinen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Type: map
    Format: 78
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  • 23
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Verlag von Dietrich Reimer in Berlin, Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: In einem S - N - Profil von ca. 670 km Länge wurden 12 Sediment-Kerne aus dem Roten Meer mikropaläontologisch und geochemisch untersucht. Es ergab sich: 1)Die stratigraphische Verteilung der planktonischen Foraminiferen spiegelt die paläooekologischen Verhältnisse während des Jungpleistozäns im Roten Meer wieder. Die Faunen-Zusammensetzung und vor allem das gegensätzliche Verhalten zwischen Globigerinoides sacculifer und Globigerinoides rube, in erster Linie von der Salinität abhängig, lässt eine biostratigraphische Gliederung der Kerne zu. 2) Die Glazial-Zeiten und die dadurch bedingten Wasserspiegelabsenkungen der WeltMeeren bewirken nur, daß der Wasseraustausch zwischen dem Roten Meer und dem Indischen Ozean reduziert wurde. Eine völlige Abschnürung des Roten Meeres vom offenen Ozean kann in den jungpleistozanen Glazial-Zeiten nicht angenommen werden. 3) Die Sr-Konzentrationen in den untersuchten Pteropoden- und foraminiferen-Schalen sind primär und biogen. Sie wurden in erster Linie von der Salinität beeinflußt. 4) Die Sr-Schwankungen in den untersuchten Kernen stimmen mit der Verteilung der planktonischen Foraminiferen gut überein. Eine stratigraphische Gliederung der Kerne in hyperhaiine und euhaline Abschnitte konnte dadurch erreicht werden. 5) Die geochemische Gliederung der Kerne läßt sich mit der mikropaläontologischen gut in Einklang bringen. Damit dürfte die Stratigraphie der Kerne als gesichert gelten.
    Description: Twelve sediment cores from a circa 670 km S - N profile in the Red Sea were studied from a micropaleontological and geochemical point of view with the following results: 1) The stratigraphic distribution of planktonic forminifera is representative of the paleo-ecological situation during the Lower Pleistocene in the Red Sea. The fauna make-up, especially the ratio of Globigerinoides ruber to Globigerinoides sacculifer which is mainly dependant upon the salinity, forms a good basis for a biostratigraphical classification of the core. 2) Although in the Glacial Ages the lowering of the sea level resulted in a reduction of exchange of water between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, there is no indication of a total blockage of this exchange. 3) The Sr concentrations in the Pterioides and Foraminifera shells are primary and biogene. They were affected mainly salinity. 4) The variation in Sr content in the cores correlates well with the distribution of planktonic foraminifera. Therefore, it was possible to separate the cores into hyperhalinie and euhaline seg ments. 5) Since the geochemical classification is conformable with the micropaleoentological, the stratigraphy of the cores can be considered well documented.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 561 ; Indischer Ozean {Geologie} ; Geologische Bohrungen in einzelnen Regionen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Type: map
    Format: 77
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  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    ARGE GMIT, Bonn
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Die Ausgabe der Geowissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen vom September 2021 enthält die Themenblöcke: GEOfokus: (Die Antarktisforschung der BGR), GEOaktiv (Wirtschaft, Beruf, Forschung und Lehre), GEOlobby (Gesellschaften, Verbände, Institutionen), GEOreport (Geowissenschaftliche Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Tagungsberichte, Ausstellungen, Exkursionen, Publikationen), GEOszene (Würdigungen, Nachrufe).
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: journal
    Keywords: 550 ; Wissenschaftsorganisation und -pflege {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; GMIT ; Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map , publishedVersion
    Format: 140
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Description: Ziel dieser photogeologischen Arbeit ist die Erfassung des lithologischen und tektonischen Inventars in einem Gebiet, von dem noch keine detaillierten Unterlagen zur Verfügung stehen und wo es unmöglich oder sehr schwierig ist, ohne die Luft- und Satellitenbilder nähere Informationen zu bekommen. Die Luftbilder ergaben in diesem Gebiet eine Vielzahl von Informationen, die durch eine ausschließliche Geländekartierung nicht hätten gewonnen werden können. Es mussten zunächst Kartenunterlagen mit Hilfe der Radialschlitztriangualtion angefertigt werden. Schließlich wurden die einzelnen Luftbilder entzerrt und zusammengefügt, so daß ein Luftbildmosaik für jedes Gebiet entstand. Dieses Luftbildmosaik diente als topographische Kartenunterlage. Es gelang, dem künftigen Benutzer eine objektive Grundlage bereitzustellen mit der Möglichkeit, im Gelände mit sicherer topographischer Orientierung zu arbeiten. Darüberhinaus sollte die Interpretation nicht nur qualitativ, sondern auch quantitiativ das Gebiet erforschen. Mit Hilfe der Luftbilder und der Satellitenbilder LANDSAT-1 wurden im Bereich des nördlichen Tibesti-Gebirges die stratigraphisehen und tektonischen Gegebenheiten in zwei photogeologischen Karten (EhiMéchê und Tirenno) im Maßstab 1 : 100 000 dargestellt. Die Auswertung umfasst ein Gebiet von ca. 2.100 km . Die Kenntnis des strukturellen Baus wurde durch den Einsatz der Satellitenbilder von LANDSAT-1 im Bereich des Kartierungsgebietes vervollständigt. Die auf der Karte dargestellten Gesteinseinheiten sind wie folgt gegliedert: Lockergesteine, Metamorphite, Sedimentite Magmatite.
    Description: Bei der Luftbildinterpretation der Lockergesteine war es trotz des kleinen Maßstabs möglich, diese nicht nur ausführlich zu beschreiben, sondern auch auf der Karte darzustellen. Es wurde zwischen helleren und dunkleren Talalluvionen unterschieden. Außerdem war es möglich, auch die Flugsanddecken darzustellen. Die Terrassengliederung wurde beschrieben, wie sie im Luftbild erscheint, aber nicht in der Karte ausgegliedert, da das durch den kleinen Kartenmaßstab nicht möglich war. Außerdem wurde der Hangschutt der einzelnen Gesteinstypen von den anstehenden Gesteinsarten abgegrenzt. Die Sedimentgesteine wurden im Luftbild erkannt und aufgrund ihrer charakteristischen Merkmale gegliedert. Ihre Bezeichnungen wurden von ROLAND (1973) übernommen. Vier Gesteinsarten wurden vom Liegenden zum Hängenden unterschieden: Basis-Sandstein, Quatre-Roches-Sandstein, Tabiriou-Sandstein und Eli-Ye-Sandstein.
    Description: Die Metamorphite: Im nördlichen Kartierungsgebiet wurden die Metamorphite in drei verschiedene Gesteinstypen gegliedert. Die Gliederung basiert auf unterschiedlichen charakteristischen Erscheinungen wie Kluftnetz, Entwässerungsnetz, Grauton und Oberflächenstruktur (Bildtexturen). In Blatt Ehi Méché wurden die Metamorphite folgendermaßen gegliedert: Zertalte helle Metamorphite, Gebänderte, mittelgraue Metamorphite, Massige, dunkle Metamorphite.Auf Blatt Tirenno treten nur die Zertalten, hellen Metamorphite auf.
    Description: Die Magmatite: Im Bereich des Kartierungsgebietes wurden zahlreiche magmatische E x t r u s i v a und Intrusiva auskartiert, die im Tibesti bisher noch nicht so detailliert dargestellt worden waren. Insgesamt lassen sich f ü n f unterschiedliche Vulkanite ausgliedern: Ältere Basaltdecken , die keinen Zusammenhang zu ihrem Eruptionzentrum mehr zeigen und flach auf den liegenden Gesteinen lagern. Aus ihren morphologischen und photogeologischen Merkmalen (fehlende Klüftung, Flachlagerung, geringe Entwässerungsdichte, kaum geprägte Oberflächenstruktur, fehlende Schichtung bzw. Schieferung, deutliche Grautonstufe), die sich deutlich von anderen unterscheiden, konnte diese Art eindeutig abgegrenzt werden. Jüngere Basaltdecken konnten durch ihre auffällige Oberflächenstruktur identifiziert werden. Sie bestehen nicht aus einheitlichen massigen Ergußdecken, sondern sind aus mehreren Basaltströmen zusammengesetzt. Sie sind aus einem Schlot geflossen und verteilen sich in Tälern wie handförmige Gebilde. Die generelle Fließrichtung der Basaltströme geht nach Norden; diese Abdachung kann man auch deutlich an der Orientierung des Entwässerungsnetzes erkennen (im Bereich Ehi Zingéro, Ehi Obrou und Ehi Chiliimi).
    Description: Extrusivkuppen: Im Kartierungsgebiet konnten 150 helle bis mittelgraue turmartige Kuppen festgestellt wer den, die die Oberfläche des Tibesti-Gebirges schmücken. In ihren Oberflächenstrukturen variieren sie sehr stark. Sie erscheinen oft rund oder oval, meist haben sie unregelmäßige Formen. Der mittlere Durchmesser liegt bei ungefähr 100 m. Diese Extrusivkuppen wurden anhand photogeologischer Merkmale näher untergliedert.
    Description: Verschiedenartige Gänge: Basische und saure Gänge wurden im Kartierungsgebiet unterschieden. Die sauren sind fast nur im Bereich der Granite und Metamorphite vorhanden, die basischen Gänge im Bereich der Sandsteine. Die basischen Gänge haben oft wechselhafte Richtungen, sie kreuzen sich und streichen in NE-SW- oder NW-SE-Richtung.
    Description: Granitintrusionen: Grobkörnige Granitinstrusionen sind im Tibesti-Gebirge weit verbreitet und unterscheiden sich deutlich von härteren und helleren, weniger von der Erosion beeinflussten feinkörnigen Graniten. Außerdem ist es möglich, saure Intrusionen zu erfassen, die nur teilweise an die Erdoberfläche vorgedrungen sind ("circular features").
    Description: Darüber hinaus war es wichtig, die Luftbilder nicht nur qualitativ zu interpretieren, sondern auch quantitativ auszuwerten. Folgende Parameter wurden bestimmt: Die Azimutverteilung der Klüfte im Bereich der einzelnen Gesteinstypen, die Klüftigkeit und Kluftdichte, wie auch die Richtung der Entwässerungssegmente und die Entwässerungsdichte sowie schließlich die Korrelation zwischen der Richtungsverteilung der Klüfte und des Entwässerungsnetzes. Die quantitative Auswertung des Entwässerungsnetzes ergab, daß die Trockenflüsse bis über 80 % an die tektonischen Verzeichnungen gebunden sind.
    Description: Bruchtektonik: In den tektonischen Karten, Blatt Ehi Méché und Blatt Tirenno, werden die einzelnen Lineamente und Strömungen dargestellt. Mit den gewonnenen Kluftdiagrammen wurde die Richtungsverteilung der einzelnen Lineamente und Störungen in den einzelnen Gesteinstypen festgestellt. Am eindrucksvollsten sind die großen Lineamente, die im nördlichen Kartierungsgebiet (Blatt Ehi Mèche) die verschiedenen Gesteinstypen in einzelne schmale Blöcke zeriegen. Diese Lineamente streichen in NE - SW - Richtung, wobei hier betont werden muß, daß in dieser Richtung nicht nur die großen Lineamente verlaufen, sondern daß diese Richtung im gesamten Kartierungsgebiet betont ist. Außerdem herrschen in den einzelnen Gesteinseinheiten unterschiedliche Richtungen vor, wenn man die Histogramme der Kluftrichtungen in den Sandsteinen, Metamorphiten und Graniten miteinander vergleicht. Es ergeben sich in den einzelnen Gesteinstypen unterschied­liche, typische Azimutverteilungen der Kluftrichtungen. Schließlich wurden mit Hilfe von LANDSAT-Bi1dern Gebiete ähnlichen geologischen Baus ausgewertet. Dazu wurden 3 unterschiedliche Gebiete in W-Saudi Arabien ausgesucht. Vor allem treten hier verschiedene Metamorphite auf, die sich in ihren charakteristisehen Erscheinungen deutlich voneinander abgrenzen lassen. Es wurden außerdem zahlreiche Granit-Intrusionen festgestellt, die in ihren Bildtexturen und in der tektonischen Beanspruchung jedoch sehr unterschiedlich sind. Diese Granite konnten von anderen Intrusiva einwandfrei abgegrenzt werden. Besonders interessant waren die Abgrenzungen der jüngeren von den älteren Basaltdecken. Die Sedimente wurden in Schuttfächer, Küstenablagerungen und verschiedene Terrassenbildungen untergliedert. Insgesamt bestätigte sich im Tibesti das Bild eines großen wrench-fault-System, wobei die Haupteinengung in N-S-Richtung erfolgte und damit dem von der PIattentektonik geforderten Nordschub der afrikanischen Platte entspricht. Demgegenüber ergab sich für den Weststrand der arabischen Halbinsel eine Einengung in E-W-Richtung.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 556.7 ; Tschad{ Geologie} ; Fernerkundung ; FID-GEO-DE-7
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  • 26
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    In:  (Bachelor thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 45 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-20
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 27
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: Goldschmidt Virtual Conference 2021, 04.-09.07.2021, Virtual .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
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  • 28
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    In:  [Invited talk] In: NCS Exploration Deep-sea Minerals Conference, 20.-21.10.2021, Bergen, Norway .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
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  • 29
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    In:  (Master thesis), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 67 pp
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Geoscience
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: The greater area of the Lau Basin consists of a mosaic of microplates with various spreading centers and arc rifts. Repeated crustal recycling and addition of volatiles and metals in this tectonic setting leads to fertilization of the crust. This assimilation of mineral deposits is associated with building blocks of continental crust, and is thus an important setting to study crustal growth on Earth. During research cruise SO267 in 2018/2019, multi method geophysical and geological data were acquired on the newly formed Niuafo’ou microplate in the Lau Basin to study the links of rifting, magmatism and hydrothermal circulation in the early evolution of back arc spreading. The geophysical data encompass refraction- and reflection seismic, seismological, backscatter, gravity, magnetic and magnetotelluric data. Here we present a first electrical conductivity model derived from 3D inversion of marine magnetotelluric (MT) data. Electrical conductivity is a key proxy for imaging hydrothermal circulation and magmatic processes, since both processes effect the bulk electrical conductivity strongly. Our model exhibits three larger scale crustal conductivity anomalies. Based on the electrical conductivity model alone, we cannot discern whether the anomalies are caused by hydrothermal activity through pathways created by tectonic spreading or by melt accumulation caused by magmatic processes. However, a spatial correlation of our major conductivity anomaly with a seismicity cluster and a comparison with seismic velocity and backscatter data allows us to hypothesizeinfer about the geodynamic processes acting in the region. Our study documents the benefit of integrating different geophysical methods to understand rift arc evolution.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: We describe and test a new model of biological marine silicate cycling, implemented in the Kiel Marine Biogeochemical Model version 3 (KMBM3), embedded in the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) version 2.9. This new model adds diatoms, which are a key component of the biological carbon pump, to an existing ecosystem model. This new model combines previously published parameterizations of a diatom functional type, opal production and export with a novel, temperature-dependent dissolution scheme. Modelled steady-state biogeochemical rates, carbon and nutrient distributions are similar to those found in previous model versions. The new model performs well against independent ocean biogeochemical indicators and captures the large-scale features of the marine silica cycle to a degree comparable to similar Earth system models. Furthermore, it is computationally efficient, allowing both fully coupled, long-timescale transient simulations and “offline” transport matrix spinups. We assess the fully coupled model against modern ocean observations, the historical record starting from 1960 and a business-as-usual atmospheric CO2 forcing to the year 2300. The model simulates a global decline in net primary production (NPP) of 1.4 % having occurred since the 1960s, with the strongest declines in the tropics, northern midlatitudes and Southern Ocean. The simulated global decline in NPP reverses after the year 2100 (forced by the extended RCP8.5 CO2 concentration scenario), and NPP returns to 98 % of the pre-industrial rate by 2300. This recovery is dominated by increasing primary production in the Southern Ocean, mostly by calcifying phytoplankton. Large increases in calcifying phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean offset a decline in the low latitudes, producing a global net calcite export in 2300 that varies only slightly from pre-industrial rates. Diatom distribution moves southward in our simulations, following the receding Antarctic ice front, but diatoms are outcompeted by calcifiers across most of their pre-industrial Southern Ocean habitat. Global opal export production thus drops to 75 % of its pre-industrial value by 2300. Model nutrients such as phosphate, silicate and nitrate build up along the Southern Ocean particle export pathway, but dissolved iron (for which ocean sources are held constant) increases in the upper ocean. This different behaviour of iron is attributed to a reduction of low-latitude NPP (and consequently, a reduction in both uptake and export and particle, including calcite scavenging), an increase in seawater temperatures (raising the solubility of particulate iron) and stratification that “traps” the iron near the surface. These results are meant to serve as a baseline for sensitivity assessments to be undertaken with this model in the future.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 34
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    In:  [Talk] In: AlpArray & 4D MB Scientific Meeting, 9.-12.11.2021, Frankfurt am Main, Germany .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 35
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    In:  [Talk] In: Reunion des Sciences de la Terre 2021, 01.11.-05.11.2021, Lyon, France .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
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  • 39
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    Institute of Geosciences, University Kiel
    In:  Alkor-Berichte, AL552 . Institute of Geosciences, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 25 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: 16.3.2021 – 27.3.2021, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MScMarineMeasure
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 40
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    ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers)
    In:  Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 148 (1).
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: An innovative booster is proposed with the aim of increasing the final penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor in the clayey seabed with high strength gradient. The booster is attached to the tail of the OMNI-Max anchor, which is beneficial in improving both gravitational and kinetic energies of the hybrid anchor (i.e., booster + OMNI-Max anchor) during installation and can be retrieved after dynamic installation. The present study carried out two categories of large deformation numerical analyses to simulate the dynamic penetration processes of OMNI-Max anchors and hybrid anchors in normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clay. The coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach was used to investigate the effects of impact velocity, booster weight, and soil strength characteristics (including the strain-rate behavior, the strain-softening behavior, and the undrained shear strength) on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Due to the limitations of the CEL approach in simulating the adhesion friction at the anchor–soil interface, a thin layer region method coupled in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to investigate the effect of the friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface on the final penetration depth of the anchor. Based on numerical simulation results, a comprehensive prediction model based on the anchor total energy was established to rapidly predict the final penetration depth of the OMNI-Max anchor and the hybrid anchor by considering the strain-rate effect, strain-softening effect, and friction coefficient at the anchor–soil interface.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Methane hydrate has become one promising energy resource for humankind. In this study, recent worldwide onshore/offshore drilling and production activities are analysed. The most recent reports from sites such as Japan (2013 and 2017) and China (2017) show that the road towards comprehensive utilisation of methane hydrate is underway. Though the production methods (depressurisation, thermal stimulation and carbon dioxide (CO2) replacement) diverge in safety and efficiency, potential has been confirmed for future large-scale utilisation. The world hydrate policy is dependent on the socioeconomic status and environmental concerns in major countries. It is urged that international regulations on commercial explorations be settled for methane hydrate projects.
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  • 42
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    OceanNETs
    In:  OceanNets Deliverable, D7.3 . OceanNETs, Kiel, Germany, 4 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: The SRG platform we established for OceanNETs serves as a tool for our consortium members interaction with stakeholders. The platform allows for direct interaction and stakeholders are engaged in a harmonized and coherent way across all WPs. The platform is established on our OceanNETs Slack channel and connected to our media platform Elements.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 43
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    OceanNETs
    In:  OceanNets Deliverable, D2.7 . OceanNETs, Kiel, Germany, 25 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 44
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    In:  [Talk] In: DataHUB Introduction IV Part 4: Introducing the DataHub, 26.11.2021, Online .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-08
    Description: A short presentation about a central data access platform for model or rasterdata at GEOMAR, presented on a workshop DataHUB Introduction IV, 26.11.2021
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2021-12-08
    Description: Widespread peatland and wetland distribution is common in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. However, few studies of paleoenvironmental transition history in small alluvial lowland wetland systems located on the Konsen plateau have been conducted. A major obstacle is the reconstruction of a robust age model. Bulk radiocarbon dating, generally used for determining age of peat, must be employed with caution in selection of samples since peat and wetland sediments contain both plant remains at the time of sedimentation and various organic materials such as roots that are mixed from the layer above after sedimentation (Shinozaki, 2013). Radiocarbon dating on macrofossils and marker tephra provide accurate ages, but they cannot always be found from wetland sediments. On the other hand, pollen fossils show accurate radiocarbon dates (e.g. Brown et al., 1992). In this study, we measured radiocarbon from pollen fossils contained in a sediment core taken from a wetland of Chanai region on the Konsen Plateau, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. This study marks the first use of pollen to measure radiocarbon concentrations of peat by using flowcytometry, which allows for substantially more efficient pollen screening compared to conventional methods. To reconstruct paleoenvironments, we conducted high resolution elemental analysis on samples to interpret the origin of the wetland sediments and their decomposition rate. Tephra stratigraphic analysis of the core indicates that the transition to a wetland setting occurred between ca. 7.5-2.5 ka. Bulk radiocarbon dates suggest that the core sample preserved mostly continuous sediments from about 5.0 ka to the present. Results from elemental analysis showed that Total Organic Carbon (TOC) fluctuated between 20 and 40% at 90 to 60 cm below surface (cmbs), and between 40 and 50% at 40 to 5 cmbs, with a peak of 53% at 36 cmbs. The resulted carbon and nitrogen (C/N) ratios were about 14-20 between 90 and 40 cmbs, and were about 25 in the upper 40 cm of the core, with a sharp rise around 40 cmbs. Since C/N ratios decrease with the decomposition of peat (Kondo et al., 1997), this sharp rise suggests the changes in sedimentary preservation status occurred around this depth. We will further examine the transition of sedimentary environment in the wetland together with the results of radiocarbon dating using pollen fossils purified by newly developed flowcytometry system.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2021-12-08
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  • 47
  • 48
    Publication Date: 2021-12-07
    Description: Wolfgang Beyer was a groundwater scientist in Dresden, whose work on the permeability of sediments is cited the world over, but who is otherwise little known. This article is to commemorate him on the occasion of his 90th birthday.
    Keywords: 550 ; Wolfgang Bayer ; groundwater scientist ; commemorative paper
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2021-12-07
    Description: The cultivation of perennial instead of annual energy crops has received growing interest. Previous studies identified numerous beneficial effects of perennial energy crop (PEC) cultivation for the agricultural landscape such as promotion of agrobiodiversity, reduced requirements for agrochemicals and fertilizers as well as a large potential for carbon accumulation in soil. However, the mere presence of soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation gives no indication about the persistence of the SOM for example after a recultivation of the stands. Therefore, this study focused on SOM pools of different density fractions and soil microbial parameters. Six different PECs were tested against a typical benchmark system as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The study has shown that all PEC species increased soil microbial activity and provided an insight how they sequester carbon in soil. Moreover, significant modifications in basic soil properties caused by plant growth were observed. For example, the cultivation of giant knotweed has lowered the soil pH by more than 0.5 pH units compared to the benchmark system. After 5 years of PEC cultivation, total soil organic carbon stocks were increased between 1,500 ± 400 and 4,500 ± 1,500 kg C ha-1 for the upper 10 centimetres of soil. The distribution among different soil fractions showed species-specific patterns. Tall wheatgrass and Virginia mallow showed particular high accumulation rates in the mineral-associated SOM fraction which indicates long residence times of the SOM after a possible recultivation of the fields.
    Keywords: 631.4 ; perennial energy crop ; soil carbon accumulation ; soil microbiological activity
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Abstract Vegetation covers on dikes and embankment dams have proven as sustainable and cost-effective surface protection against external erosion caused by hydraulic, mechanical, or climatic impacts. Determination of the hydraulic loads that act upon these covers requires the knowledge of the flow resistance. While the high-velocity flows on vegetated slopes are often aerated, the flow aeration has rarely been considered, and no direct measurements of the air-water flow properties have been conducted to date. The air-water flow properties are needed for a direct estimation of important design parameters such as friction factors and residual head at the downstream end. Herein, unique air-water flow measurements were conducted in high-velocity air-water flows down a vegetated chute with a 1:3 slope. Several vegetation covers were tested for a range of flow rates. The experiments revealed strong flow aeration within three-dimensional, fragmented flows associated with complex interactions of vegetation and high-velocity flows. The air-water flow properties were measured with phase-detection intrusive probes providing novel insights into aerated flows on vegetated chutes including distributions of void fraction, bubble count rate, and interfacial velocity as well as direct estimates of energy dissipation and flow resistance. The results highlighted strong flow aeration and energy dissipation for all vegetated configurations. The median equivalent Darcy-Weisbach friction factors for all vegetations were within 0.19 to 0.45, comparable to aerated flows on stepped spillways. The present results highlighted the significant flow resistance of vegetated covers and the need to consider air-water flow properties in the design of vegetated chutes.
    Keywords: 550.78 ; vegetated chutes ; air‐water flow properties
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: We describe a low-cost three-dimensional underwater particle tracking velocimetry system to directly measure particle settling rate and flux in low-turbulence aquatic environments. The system consists of two waterproof cameras that acquire stereoscopic videos of sinking particles at 48 frames s−1 over a tunable sampling volume of about 45 × 25 × 24 cm. A dedicated software package has been developed to allow evaluation of particle velocities, concentration and flux, but also of morphometric parameters such as particle area, sinking angle, shape irregularity, and density. Our method offers several advantages over traditional approaches, like sediment trap or expensive in situ camera systems: (1) it does not require beforehand particle collection and handling; (2) it is not subjected to sediment trap biases from turbulence, horizontal advection, or presence of swimmers, that may alter particulate load and flux; (3) the camera system enables faster data processing and flux computation at higher spatial resolution; (4) apart from the particle settling rates, the particle size distribution, and morphology is determined. We tested the camera system in Lake Stechlin (Germany) in low turbulence and mean flow, and analyzed the morphological properties and settling rates of particles to determine their sinking behavior. The particle flux assessed from conventional sediment trap measurements agreed well with that determined by our system. By this, the low-cost approach demonstrated its reliability in low turbulence environments and a strong potential to provide new insights into particulate carbon transport in aquatic systems. Extension of the method to more turbulent and advective conditions is also discussed.
    Keywords: 551.48 ; aquatic environments ; particle velocity ; tracking system
    Language: English
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or postemission conversion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52° N–47° S, 71° W–118 °E) to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the Σ16EPA‐PAHs. The relationship of the Σ16EPA‐PAH concentrations with the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration ratios (a measure of the variable OPAH sources) could be described by a power function with a negative exponent 〈1, leveling off at a Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration of approximately 400 ng g–1. We suggest that below this value, secondary sources contributed more to the OPAH burden in soil than above this value, where primary sources dominated the OPAH mixture. This was supported by a negative correlation of the Σ16EPA‐PAH concentrations with the contribution of the more readily biologically produced highly polar OPAHs (log octanol‐water partition coefficient 〈3) to the Σ7OPAH concentrations. We identified mean annual precipitation (Spearman ρ = .33, p 〈 .001, n = 143) and clay concentrations (ρ = .55, p 〈 .001, n = 33) as important drivers of the Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH concentration ratios. Our results indicate that at low PAH contamination levels, secondary sources contribute considerably and to a variable extent to total OPAH concentrations, whereas at Σ16EPA‐PAH contamination levels 〉400 ng g–1, there was a nearly constant Σ7OPAH/Σ16EPA‐PAH ratio (0.08 ± 0.005 [SE], n = 80) determined by their combustion sources.
    Description: Core Ideas: Some oxygenated PAHs are more hazardous to the environment and human health than PAHs. OPAHs can originate from combustion or postemission conversion from PAHs. At low PAH concentrations, secondary OPAHs dominate the OPAHs mixture. The concentration ratio of combustion‐derived OPAHs to PAHs appears to be almost constant. The OPAH/PAH concentration ratios in topsoils at low PAH concentrations correlate with rainfall and clay content.
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Keywords: 363.7 ; 631.41 ; mineral topsoils ; oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; concentrations relationship
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Trait-based approaches have broadened our understanding of how the composition of ecological communities responds to environmental drivers. This research has mainly focussed on abiotic factors and competition determining the community trait distribution, while effects of trophic interactions on trait dynamics, if considered at all, have been studied for two trophic levels at maximum. However, natural food webs are typically at least tritrophic. This enables indirect interactions of traits and biomasses among multiple trophic levels leading to underexplored effects on food web dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of mutual trait adjustment among three trophic levels in a natural plankton food web (Lake Constance) and in a corresponding mathematical model. We found highly recurrent seasonal biomass and trait dynamics, where herbivorous zooplankton increased its size, and thus its ability to counter phytoplankton defense, before phytoplankton defense actually increased. This is contrary to predictions from bitrophic systems where counter-defense of the consumer is a reaction to prey defense. In contrast, counter-defense of carnivores by size adjustment followed the defense of herbivores as expected. By combining observations and model simulations, we show how the reversed trait dynamics at the two lower trophic levels result from a “trophic biomass–trait cascade” driven by the carnivores. Trait adjustment between two trophic levels can therefore be altered by biomass or trait changes of adjacent trophic levels. Hence, analyses of only pairwise trait adjustment can be misleading in natural food webs, while multitrophic trait-based approaches capture indirect biomass–trait interactions among multiple trophic levels.
    Keywords: 577.2 ; Lake Constance ; food web dynamics
    Language: English
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Periphytic biofilms are the major resource for many herbivorous invertebrates in both marine and freshwater benthos. They are of crucial importance for benthic food webs, substrate stability, and biogeochemical processes in littoral zones. While the importance of invertebrate grazing on biofilms has been studied extensively using natural, mixed algal communities grown on artificial substrates, there is so far no method available to create defined periphyton communities for these grazing studies. The reason for this is that many benthic algae interact with co-occurring species within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) that form the nonorganismic part of the biofilm. Here, we present a novel method that allows the manufacturing of defined monoculture and multispecies biofilms by using an alginate polymer as artificial EPS structure, into which algal cultures can be embedded. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that alginate effectively embeds various algal taxa in an EPS matrix that is very similar to natural biofilms. In a grazing experiment, we demonstrate that several common freshwater herbivorous invertebrates can graze these alginate biofilms efficiently. As the method is easy to handle, it allows for highly controlled feeding experiments with benthic herbivores to assess, for example, the role of algal biodiversity on the efficiency of top-down control, the effects of environmental drivers such as nutrients, salinity, or seawater acidification on biofilm community structure, and the impacts of herbivory in benthic communities.
    Keywords: 577.2 ; benthic ecology ; biofilm pads
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Abstract Although the majority of coastal sediments consist of sandy material, in some areas marine ingression caused the submergence of terrestrial carbon-rich peat soils. This affects the coastal carbon balance, as peat represents a potential carbon source. We performed a column experiment to better understand the coupled flow and biogeochemical processes governing carbon transformations in submerged peat under coastal fresh groundwater (GW) discharge and brackish water intrusion. The columns contained naturally layered sediments with and without peat (organic carbon content in peat 39 ± 14 wt%), alternately supplied with oxygen-rich brackish water from above and oxygen-poor, low-saline GW from below. The low-saline GW discharge through the peat significantly increased the release and ascent of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the peat (δ13CDOC − 26.9‰ to − 27.7‰), which was accompanied by the production of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), implying DOC mineralization. Oxygen respiration, sulfate (SO42−) reduction, and methane (CH4) formation were differently pronounced in the sediments and were accompanied with higher microbial abundances in peat compared to sand with SO42−-reducing bacteria clearly dominating methanogens. With decreasing salinity and SO42− concentrations, CH4 emission rates increased from 16.5 to 77.3 μmol m−2 d−1 during a 14-day, low-saline GW discharge phase. In contrast, oxygenated brackish water intrusion resulted in lower DOC and DIC pore water concentrations and significantly lower CH4 and CO2 emissions. Our study illustrates the strong dependence of carbon cycling in shallow coastal areas with submerged peat deposits on the flow and mixing dynamics within the subterranean estuary.
    Keywords: 550.724 ; coastal peatlands ; coastal peatlands ; biogeochemical processes ; carbon release ; column experiments
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 57
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  [Talk] In: GFZ DataHub Introduction, 29.10.2021, Virtual .
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Slides of a presentation of the Elements MAMS created in the context of a DataHub presentation at GFZ. The Elements environment is a Media Asset Management System (MAMS) and consists of hardware and software components. It is a commercial product and has been chosen as the infrastructure for FAIR marine images at GEOMAR, AWI and Hereon.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: In recent years, X-ray speckle-tracking techniques have emerged as viable tools for wavefront metrology and sample imaging applications. These methods are based on the measurement of near-field images. Thanks to their simple experimental setup, high angular sensitivity and compatibility with low-coherence sources, these methods have been actively developed for use with synchrotron and laboratory light sources. Not only do speckle-tracking techniques give the potential for high-resolution imaging, but they also provide rapid and robust characterization of aberrations of X-ray optical elements, focal spot profiles, and sample position and transmission properties. In order to realize these capabilities, software implementations are required that are equally rapid and robust. To address this need, a software suite has been developed for the ptychographic X-ray speckle-tracking technique, an X-ray speckle-based method suitable for highly divergent wavefields. The software suite is written in Python 3, with an OpenCL back end for GPU and multi-CPU core processing. It is accessible as a Python module, through the command line or through a graphical user interface, and is available as source code under Version 3 or later of the GNU General Public License.
    Keywords: 548 ; software ; wavefront metrology ; speckle tracking ; ptychography ; X-ray projection imaging
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: We examine the relative dispersion and the contribution of tides on the relative diffusivities of surface drifters in the North Sea. The drifters are released in two clusters, yielding 43 pairs, in the vicinity of a tidal mixing front in the German Bight, which is located in the southeastern area of the North Sea. Both clusters indicate decreasing dispersion when crossing the tidal mixing front, followed by exponentially increasing dispersion with e-folding times of 0.5 days for Cluster 1 and 0.3 days for Cluster 2. A transition of the dispersion regimes is observed at scales of the order of the Rossby radius of deformation (10 km). After that, the relative dispersion grows with a power-law dependency with a short period of ballistic dispersion (quadratic growth), followed by a Richardson regime (cubic growth) in the final phase. Scale-dependent metrics such as the relative diffusivities are consistent with these findings, while the analysis of the finite-scale Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs) shows contradictory results for the submesoscales. In summary, the analysis of various statistical Lagrangian metrics suggests that tracer stirring at the submesoscales is nonlocal and becomes local at separation scales larger than 10 km. The analysis of meridional and zonal dispersion components indicates anisotropic dispersion at the submesoscales, which changes into isotropic dispersion on the mesoscales. Spectral analysis of the relative diffusivity gives evidence that semidiurnal and shallow-water tides influence relative diffusivity at the mesoscales, especially for drifter separations above 50 km.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; North Sea ; drifter dispersion
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: Micro-macro models for dissolution processes are derived from detailed pore-scale models applying upscaling techniques. They consist of flow and transport equations at the scale of the porous medium (macroscale). Both include averaged time- and space-dependent coefficient functions (permeability, porosity, reactive surface, and effective diffusion). These are in turn explicitly computed from the time- and space-dependent geometry of unit cells and by means of auxiliary cell problems defined therein (microscale). The explicit geometric structure is characterized by a level set. For its evolution, information from the transport equations solutions is taken into account (micro-macro scales). A numerical scheme is introduced, which is capable of evaluating such complex settings. For the level-set equation a second-order scheme is applied, which enables us to accurately determine the dynamic reactive surface. Local mesh refinement methods are applied to evaluate Stokes type cell problems using P2/P1 elements and a Uzawa type linear solver. Applications of our permeability solver to scenarios involving static and evolving geometries are presented. Furthermore, macroscopic flow and transport equations are solved applying mixed finite elements. Finally, adaptive strategies to overcome the computational burden are discussed. We apply our approach to the dissolution of an array of dolomite grains in the micro-macro context and validate our numerical scheme.
    Keywords: 551.49 ; 550.724 ; porous media ; reactive flow ; dissolution processes ; modeling
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: In contrast to seamount chains, small solitary seamounts/seamount groups have rarely been sampled despite their large number and therefore their origins remain enigmatic. Here we present new 40Ar/39Ar, trace element and Nd-Hf-Pb isotope data from the solitary Demenitskoy Seamount, the isolated Tolkien seamount group and the Krylov Seamount and Ridge in the Canary Basin, Central Atlantic Ocean. Their chemical compositions range from intraplate ocean-island-basalt (Demenitskoy) to mid-ocean-ridge-basalt (Tolkien and Krylov) types. Lavas from all three seamount groups, however, show geochemical evidence for involvement of enriched Canary/Cape Verde plume material. Seismic tomography shows that large areas around these mantle plumes consist of dispersed low-velocity material, which could represent diffusely-upwelling plume mantle. Melts from such upwelling mantle could form isolated seamounts. Diffuse upwelling of plume material is likely to be extremely widespread but has been poorly studied to date. Significance Statement A fundamental question concerns the origin of the hundreds of thousands of solitary seamounts and small isolated clusters of such seamounts on the seafloor of the world's ocean basins. Most of them do not fit into any currently accepted models (e.g. they are not associated with a linear hotspot track or plate boundary processes). Their formation could therefore represent a new kind of intraplate volcanism that in fact could be extremely widespread but has been thus far largely neglected. In this manuscript, we report geochemical data from three isolated seamount sites in the Canary Basin and propose a provocative model for their formation that can also be applied to isolated seamounts elsewhere. Our study is therefore also a plea for the long overdue systematic investigation of small seamount volcanism in the world's ocean basins. I hereby confirm that all the data and interpretations are new and have not been published elsewhere. All co-authors have been actively involved in this work, have approved the manuscript and agreed to this submission.
    Keywords: 551 ; Canary Basin ; seamounts ; isotopic compositions
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: Coupled groundwater flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones extensively affect water, energy, and solute exchange with surrounding sediments. The local and cumulative implications of this tightly coupled process strongly depend on characteristics of drivers (i.e., discharge and temperature of the water column) and modulators (i.e., hydraulic and thermal properties of the sediment). With this in mind, we perform a systematic numerical analysis of hyporheic responses to understand how the temporal variability of river discharge and temperature affect flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones. We identify typical time series of river discharge and temperature from gauging stations along the headwater region of Mississippi River Basin, which are characterized by different degrees of flow alteration, to drive a physics-based model of the hyporheic exchange process. Our modeling results indicate that coupled groundwater flow and heat transport significantly affects the dynamic response of hyporheic zones, resulting in substantial differences in exchange rates and characteristic time scales of hyporheic exchange processes. We also find that the hyporheic zone dampens river temperature fluctuations increasingly with higher frequency of temperature fluctuations. This dampening effect depends on the system transport time scale and characteristics of river discharge and temperature variability. Furthermore, our results reveal that the flow alteration reduces the potential of hyporheic zones to act as a temperature buffer and hinders denitrification within hyporheic zones. These results have significant implications for understanding the drivers of local variability in hyporheic exchange and the implications for the development of thermal refugia and ecosystem functioning in hyporheic zones.
    Keywords: 551.48 ; hyporheic exchange ; numerical analysis
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2021-12-03
    Description: Numerical analysis of spatial pattern is widely used in ecology to describe the characteristics of floral and faunal distributions. These methods allow attribution of pattern to causal mechanisms by uncovering the specific signatures of patterns and causal agents. For example, grassland-gap patterns called fairy circles (FCs) in Namibia and Australia are characterized by highly regular and homogenous distributions across landscapes that show spatially periodic ordering. These FCs have been suggested to be caused by both social insects and competitive plant interactions. We compared eight Namibian and Australian FC patterns and also modeled FCs to 16 patterns of social insect nests in Africa, Australia, and America that include the most regular termite mound patterns known. For pattern-process inference, we used spatial statistics based on both nearest-neighbor analysis and neighborhood-density functions. None of the analyzed insect-nest distributions attain the spatially periodic ordering that is typical of FCs. The inherently more variable patterns of termite and ant nests are commonly attributable to well documented aspects of the faunal life-history. Our quantitative evidence from drylands shows that the more variable insect-nest distributions in water-limited environments cannot explain the characteristic spatial signature of FCs. The analysis demonstrates the interpretation of scale-dependent neighborhood-density functions and that it is the identification of unique spatial signatures in regular patterns that need to be linked to process. While our results cannot verify a specific hypothesis, they support the hypothesis that FCs in these drylands are more likely an emergent vegetation pattern caused by strong plant competition for water.
    Keywords: 577.54 ; Namibia ; Australia ; fairy circles
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Flow is an important physical driver of biofilm communities. Here, we tested the effects of the near bed flows in two mountainous stream reaches on the structure of biofilm microbial guilds (autotrophs, heterotrophic bacteria, and heterotrophic protists) within and across trophic levels. Near bed flow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy were important physical drivers for structuring the communities within and across guilds of the multitrophic fluvial biofilms. The effects of flow were nested in a seasonal and spatial (across-streams) context. Changes in physicochemical factors (temperature, light, dissolved carbon, and nutrients) along the reaches were alike in both streams suggesting that environmental boundary conditions at larger temporal scales were responsible for the seasonal differences of biofilm communities, whereas locally microbial diversity was shaped by near bed flow. Typically, the abundance of autotrophs increased with flow, indicating that biofilms shifted toward increasing autotrophy with increasing shear forces. Filamentous autotrophs seemed to provide protected habitats from the shear forces for smaller sized bacteria. Heterotrophic protist abundance decreased with flow leading to decreasing grazer to prey ratio. Bacteria thus benefitted from a reduction in grazing pressure at faster flowing, more turbulent sites. Our results suggest that near bed flow can impact the magnitude and direction of matter fluxes through the microbial food web and possibly affect ecosystem functioning of fluvial biofilms.
    Keywords: 577.2 ; mountainous stream ; biofilm microbial guilds ; flow impacts
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Species identification using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) data strongly relies on reference libraries to differentiate species. Because comprehensive reference libraries, especially for metazoans, are rare, we explored the accuracy of unsupervised diversity estimations of communities using MALDI-TOF MS data in the absence of reference libraries to provide a method for future application in ecological research. To discover the best analysis strategy providing high congruence with true community structures, we carried out a simulation with more than 30,000 analyses using different combinations of data transformations, dimensionality reductions, and cluster algorithms. Species profile, Hellinger, and presence/absence transformations were applied to raw data and dimensions were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and uniform manifold approximation and projection. To estimate biodiversity, data were clustered making use of partitioning around medoids, model-based clustering, and K-means clustering. The analyses were carried out on published mass spectrometry data of harpacticoid copepods. Most successful combinations (Hellinger transformation + PCA or raw data + partitioning around medoids) returned good values even for difficult species distributions containing numerous singleton species. Nevertheless, errors occurred most frequently because of such singleton taxa. Hence, replicative sampling in wide sampling areas for analysis is emphasized to increase the minimum number of specimens per species, thus reducing putative sources of errors. Our results demonstrate that MALDI-TOF MS data can be used to accurately estimate the biodiversity of unknown communities using unsupervised learning methods. The provided approach allows the biodiversity comparison of sampled regions for which no reference libraries are available. Hence, especially data on groups which demand a time-consuming identification or are highly abundant can be analyzed within short working time, accelerating ecological studies.
    Keywords: 577 ; biodiversity estimation ; metazoans ; methods
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: The duration and magnitude of the North Atlantic spring bloom impacts both higher trophic levels and oceanic carbon sequestration. Nutrient exhaustion offers a general explanation for bloom termination, but detail on which nutrients and their relative influence on phytoplankton productivity, community structure, and physiology is lacking. Here, we address this using nutrient addition bioassay experiments conducted across the midlatitude North Atlantic in June 2017 (late spring). In four out of six experiments, phytoplankton accumulated over 48–72 h following individual additions of either iron (Fe) or nitrogen (N). In the remaining two experiments, Fe and N were serially limiting, that is, their combined addition sequentially enhanced phytoplankton accumulation. Silicic acid (Si) added in combination with N + Fe led to further chlorophyll a (Chl a) enhancement at two sites. Conversely, addition of zinc, manganese, cobalt, vitamin B12, or phosphate in combination with N + Fe did not. At two sites, the simultaneous supply of all six nutrients, in combination with N + Fe, also led to no further Chl a enhancement, but did result in an additional 30–60% particulate carbon accumulation. This particulate carbon accumulation was not matched by a Redfield equivalent of particulate N, characteristic of high C:N organic exudates that enhance cell aggregation and sinking. Our results suggest that growth rates of larger phytoplankton were primarily limited by Fe and/or N, making the availability of these nutrients the main bottom-up factors contributing to spring bloom termination. In addition, the simultaneous availability of other nutrients could modify bloom characteristics and carbon export efficiency.
    Keywords: 577.7 ; mid-latitude North Atlantic ; phytoplankton ; diatom blooming ; experiments
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: We studied the role of oceanographic conditions and life history strategies on recovery after extinction in a metapopulation of marine organisms dispersing as pelagic larvae. We combined an age-structured model with scenarios defined by realistic oceanographic conditions and species distribution along the Irish Sea coast (North Europe). Species life history strategies were modeled combining the dispersal behaviors with two levels of fecundity. Recovery times were quantified after simulating extinction in four regions. Two alternative strategies (high fecundity or larval tidal transport) led to short recovery times, irrespective of the effects of other drivers. Other strategies and low larval survival exacerbated the effects of oceanographic conditions on recovery times: longer times were associated with for example the presence of frontal zones isolating regions of extinction. Recovery times were well explained by the connectivity of each focal population with those located outside the area of extinction (which was higher in the so-called small world topologies), but not by subsidies (direct connections with populations located nearby). Our work highlights the complexities involved in population recovery: specific trait combinations may blur the effects of the habitat matrix on recovery times; K-strategists (i.e., with low fecundities) may achieve quick recovery if they possess the appropriate dispersal traits. High larval mortality can exacerbate the effect of oceanographic conditions and lead to heterogeneity in recovery times. Overall, processes driving whole network topologies rather than conditions surrounding local populations are the key to understand patterns of recovery.
    Keywords: 577.7 ; marine organism ; extinction ; recovery patterns ; simulation ; effects of oceanographic conditions
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Methane (CH4) production in the ocean surface mixed layer is a widespread but still largely unexplained phenomenon. In this context marine algae have recently been described as a possible source of CH4 in surface waters. In the present study we investigated the effects of temperature and light intensity (including daylength) on CH4 formation from three widespread marine algal species Emiliania huxleyi, Phaeocystis globosa, and Chrysochromulina sp. Rates of E. huxleyi increased by 210% when temperature increased in a range from 10°C to 21.5°C, while a further increase in temperature (up to 23.8°C) showed reduction of CH4 production rates. Our results clearly showed that CH4 formation of E. huxleyi is controlled by light: When light intensity increased from 30 to 2,670 μmol m−2 s−1, CH4 emission rates increased continuously by almost 1 order of magnitude and was more than 1 order of magnitude higher when the daylength (light period) was extended from 6/18 hr light-dark cycle to continuous light. Furthermore, light intensity is also an important factor controlling CH4 emissions of Chrysochromulina sp. and P. globosa and could therefore be a species-independent regulator of phytoplankton CH4 production. Based on our results, we might conclude that extensive blooms of E. huxleyi could act as a main regional source of CH4 in surface water, since blooming of E. huxleyi is related to the seasonal increase in both light and temperature, which also stimulate CH4 production. Under typical global change scenarios, E. huxleyi will increase its CH4 production in the future.
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 557.7 ; marine phytoplacton ; CH4 production ; temperature influence ; light intensity influence ; daylength influence
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Keywords: 577.1 ; streams ; microbial community structure ; microbial community function ; environmental impacts
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Storms are infrequent, intense, physical forcing events that represent a potentially significant driver of ocean ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess changes in water column structure and turbulent fluxes caused by storms using an autonomous underwater glider, as well as the chlorophyll a (Chl a) response to the altered physical environment. The glider was able to measure throughout the complete life cycle of Storm Bertha as it passed over the North Sea in August 2014, from its arrival to dissipation. Storm Bertha triggered rapid mixing of the thermocline through shear instability, increasing vertical fluxes by nearly an order of magnitude, and promoting increases in surface layer Chl a. The results demonstrate that storms represent a significant fraction of seasonal vertical turbulent fluxes, with potentially important consequences for biological production in shelf seas.
    Keywords: 551.46 ; 551.46 ; North Sea ; storm Bertha ; thermocline fluxes ; thermocline mixing ; storm Bertha ; North Sea
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: We have used stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) in combination with lumped-parameter modeling for characterizing unsaturated flow in two lysimeters vegetated with maize. The lysimeters contained undisturbed soil cores dominated by sandy gravel (Ly1) and clayey sandy silt (Ly2). Stable water isotopes were analyzed in precipitation and lysimeter outflow water over about 3 years. The mean transit time of water T and dispersion parameter PD, obtained from modeling, were higher for the silt soil in Ly2 than for the gravel soil in Ly1 (T of 362 vs. 129 d, PD of 0.7 vs. 0.12). The consideration of preferential flow (PF) paths could substantially improve the model curve fits, with 13 and 11% contribution of PF for Ly1 and Ly2 as best estimates. Different assumptions were compared to estimate the input function, that is, stable water isotope content in the recharging water. Using the isotopic composition of precipitation as input (no modification) resulted in reasonable model estimations. Best model fits for the entire observation were obtained by weighting the recharging isotopes according to average precipitation within periods of 3 and 6 months, in correspondence to changing vegetation phases and seasonal influences. Input functions that consider actual evapotranspiration could significantly improve modeling at some periods, however, this led to deviations between modeled and observed δ18O at other periods. This may indicate the influence of variable flow, so that dividing the whole observation period into hydraulically characteristic sub-periods for lumped-parameter modeling (which implements steady-state flow) is recommended for possible further improvement.
    Keywords: 551.49 ; groundwater flow modeling
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: Abstract The manuscript analyzes the stimulation for an Enhanced Geothermal System development in Acoculco, Mexico. Using an analytical penny-shaped hydraulic fracture model covering different propagation regimes, we computed the final fracture length and width by varying fluid properties with temperature. Our analysis indicates that for the given scenario, the fluid viscosity plays a minor role and instead flow rate and time of the stimulation are the controlling variables. We computed the fracture reopening as a consequence of water reinjection in the second stage of the stimulation through numerical computations based on the enriched discontinuity method. The computation shows that a single isolated fracture will not provide sufficient permeability, as the continuous injection will quickly fill and pressurize the crack. We demonstrate that the fracture needs to be connected to a permeable network to avoid excessive pressurization and achieve a commercially exploitable reservoir for Enhanced Geothermal System.
    Keywords: 622,15 ; 622.15 ; Mexico ; volcanic belt ; geothermal energy exploration ; fluid reinjection simulation
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: The Deep Blue (DB) aerosol retrieval algorithm has recently been applied to Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data to produce a first version (V001) of a global aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data set. In this paper, we critically evaluate these AVHRR AOT data over China by comparison with ground-based reference data from China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network for the period 2006–2011. The evaluation considers the impact of the surface (type and reflectance) and the aerosol properties (aerosol loading, aerosol absorption) on the quality of the retrieved AOT. We also compare the AVHRR-retrieved AOT with that from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer over major aerosol source regions in China. We further consider seasonal variations and find, in general, a good agreement between AVHRR AOT and the reference data sets. The AVHRR retrieval algorithm performs well over dark vegetated surfaces, but over bright surfaces (e.g., desert regions) the results are less good. The AVHRR algorithm underestimates the AOT, with 32.1% of the values lower than the estimated error envelope of ±0.05 ± 0.25τ. In particular over the desert, the AVHRR-retrieved AOT is frequently underestimated and for AOT ≤ 0.6 the values are on average 0.05 too low due to the pixel filtering, and dust storms are missed. The comparison of the AVHRR AOT with MODIS collection 6 and CARSNET data indicates that improvements are needed for, for example, AVHRR calibration and cloud/aerosol flagging. The analysis presented in this paper contributes to a better understanding of the AVHRR AOT product over China.
    Keywords: 551.5 ; China ; AVHRR aerosol data ; data quality validation
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) operates as an important link in global thermohaline circulation, and ITF variability probably modulated Pliocene climate change. Yet, whether ITF variability accounted for oceanographic change south of Northwest Cape remains controversial. Here, we present a multiproxy oceanographic reconstruction from the Perth Basin and reconstruct the Pliocene history of the Leeuwin Current (LC). We show that the LC was active throughout the Pliocene, albeit with fluctuations in intensity and scope. Three main factors controlled LC strength. First, a tectonic ITF reorganization caused an abrupt and permanent LC reduction at 3.7 Ma. On shorter timescales, eustatic sea level and direct orbital forcing of wind patterns hampered or promoted the LC. At 3.3 Ma, for instance, LC intensity plunged in response to a eustatic ITF restriction. Site U1459 then fell outside the extent of a weakened LC, and the latitudinal sea surface temperature gradient along West Australia doubled its steepness.
    Keywords: 551 ; Perth Basin ; sediment core ; multiproxy geochemical records ; Pliocene ; Leeuwin Current (LC)
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2021-11-30
    Description: The Ural Mountains are an important climatic and biogeographical barrier between European and Siberian forests. In order to shed light on the postglacial formation and evolution of the boreal forests in the European pre-Urals, we obtained a peat sediment core, Chernaya, from the Paltinskoe bog located between the southern taiga and hemiboreal forest zone in the mid-Kama region. We carried out pollen analysis, non-pollen palynomorph analysis, loss-on-ignition tests and radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dated records provide centennial to decennial resolution of the vegetation and environmental history of the European pre-Urals for the last 8.8 ka. The postglacial formation of the pre-Uralian hemiboreal forests reveals four important phases: (i) the dominance of Siberian taiga and forest-steppe in the Early Holocene and beginning of the Middle Holocene (8.8–6.9 ka), indicating a dry climate; (ii) the spread of spruce and European broadleaved trees in the Middle Holocene (6.9–4 ka) under wetter climate conditions; (iii) the maximum extent of broadleaved trees coinciding with the arrival and spread of Siberian fir in the Late Holocene (4–2.3 ka); and (iv) the decline of broadleaved trees since the Early Iron Age (2.3 ka – present) possibly due to general climate cooling and logging. While temperate broadleaved trees possibly spread from local refugia in the Urals, fir arrived from Siberia and spread further west. The carbon accumulation rate of Paltinskoe bog (18.9±10.16 g C m−2 a−1) is close to the average value of carbon accumulation of northern peatlands. Local development of peat is characterized by non-gradual growth with a phase of intensive carbon accumulation between 3.5 and 2.3 ka. The vegetation was strongly influenced by fire in the Early Holocene and by humans since the Early Iron Age practicing deforestation, agriculture and pasture. Phases of increased anthropogenic activity correlate well with the local archaeological data.
    Keywords: 561 ; mid-Kama region ; Paltinskoe peat bog ; sediment core ; pollen data ; holocene ; vegetation development
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: This study highlights the relevance of North Atlantic SSTs and certain jet stream properties for the onset of high European temperatures by using the ERA-5/ERA20c reanalysis product and a targeted experiment with the OpenIFS model. We found that certain European heat wave events could be related to the simultaneous appearance of cold North Atlantic SST events, specific jet stream wave numbers and further to transient and recurrent Rossby wave activity. The coexistence of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and positive European surface temperature anomalies during several summer seasons, like in 1994, 2015 and 2018 motivated us to evaluate whether and how widespread and significant North Atlantic SST anomalies could be associated with European heat waves.Therefore we investigated the role of the jet stream in serving as a medium for a downstream signal propagation. A composite study reveals that cold North Atlantic SST anomalies in summer are accompanied by a more undulating jet stream and a preferred trough-ridge pattern in the North Atlantic-European sector. A wave analysis covering two-dimensional probability density functions of phase speed and amplitude after compositing cold SSTs show that cold North Atlantic SST events reveal a preference for a dominance of transient waves. In the presence of a trough during cold North Atlantic events, we obtain a slow-down of the transient waves, but not necessarily an amplification or stationarity. The deceleration of the transient waves result in a longer duration of a trough over the North Atlantic accompanied by a ridge downstream over Europe, favouring the conditions for the onset of European heat episodes. A study of the jet stream energetics via a kinetic energy power spectrum of meridional wind anomalies reveals that generally a trend shows up towards wave numbers 4 to 6. This is supported by an enhanced activity of specific wave numbers within this increased range during summer seasons of European heat wave events happening in the last two decades. An arising question poses whether the increased energy for a certain wave number originates from an SST forcing or different drivers. We investigate this by performing targeted OpenIFS model runs forced by different SST conditions.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 78
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    In:  Past Global Change Magazine, 29 (1). p. 59.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: Data is an important foundation of scientific progress. It allows us to contrast hypotheses with observational evidence. Sharing and providing data openly have a long tradition in paleoenvironmental research, supported by repositories such as WDS-Paleo, PANGAEA,and Neotoma.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 79
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    In:  [Talk] In: EGU General Assembly 2021, 19.-30.03.2021, Online .
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: We investigate how European heat waves and their associated heat stress on humans have changed over the 20th century. We find that the heat stress has increased, even in regions where heat waves have not become warmer. As heat stress increases over wide areas of Europe there is also an increase in the total population affected by the heat stress. Heat waves pose a serious health risk to humans by reducing our ability to shed heat. We have studied the occurrence and intensity of heat waves as well as a heat stress index based on simplified wet-bulb globe temperature using data from ERA-20C reanalysis 1900-2010. Over the 110 years of data we find an overall warming of the air temperatures and dew point. The 98th percentile of both air temperature has increased by more than 1.5°C over large areas of Europe. We find an overall increase in heat wave days per year as well as an increase of air temperature during heat waves over most of Europe. As such, many densely populated areas exhibit increased heat stress during heat waves. For example, the mean heat stress during heat wave days over Paris has increased by one level, from “alert” in 1900-1930 to “caution” in 1980-2010. The fraction of the population exposed to heat waves has increased by 10%/century in central Europe and 25%/century over the Mediterranean. We find more heat waves during 1920 - 1950, which may be related to the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variation (AMV). This suggests that the heat stress during European heat waves may also be influenced by internal climate variability, and large-ensemble model simulations may be used to disentangle the effects of natural variability and anthropogenic forcing.
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  • 80
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    SCOR Working Group #162 for developing an Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS)
    In:  [Proceedings]
    Publication Date: 2021-11-24
    Description: The “OASIS for a Predicted Ocean” satellite event to the UN Decade Predicted Ocean Laboratory took place twice to account for different time zones, on Sep 16, 2021 at 1600 CET and on Sep 17, 2021 at 0100 CET. The fun event used the interactive gather.town platform (Figures 1-2), and had poster viewing (Figure 3) and socializing before and after the events. Overall, the event was fun and went smoothly due to the careful planning by the organizers, the Consortium for Ocean Leadership (COL) support team, and the gather.town architect, Sheri Schwartz. Roughly half of the team of organizers, moderators, keynote and invited speakers, and note takers were Early Career Ocean Professionals (ECOP), representing the stake they have in the future.
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  • 81
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 2 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-23
    Description: (11.-23.11.2021) - KW 46
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  • 82
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    Elsevier
    In:  In: Fundamentals of Tropical Freshwater Wetlands. , ed. by Dalu, T. and Wasserman, R. J. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 517-547. ISBN 978-0-12-822362-8
    Publication Date: 2021-11-23
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 83
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
    In:  Alkor-Berichte, AL561 . GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 34 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-23
    Description: The AL561 cruise was conducted in the framework of the project APOC (“Anthropogenic impacts on Particulate Organic Carbon cycling in the North Sea”). This collaborative project between GEOMAR, AWI, HEREON, UHH, and BUND is to understand how particulate organic carbon (POC) cycling contributes to carbon sequestration in the North Sea and how this ecosystem service is compromised and interlinked with global change and a range of human pressures include fisheries (pelagic fisheries, bottom trawling), resource extraction (sand mining), sediment management (dredging and disposal of dredged sediments) and eutrophication. The main aim of the sampling activity during AL561 cruise was to recover undisturbed sediment from high accumulation sites in the Skagerrak/Kattegat and to subsample sediment/porewater at high resolution in order to investigate sedimentation transport processes, origin of sediment/POC and mineralization processes over the last 100- 200 years. Moreover, the actual processes of sedimentation and POC degradation in the water column and benthic layer will be addressed by sampling with CTD and Lander devices. In total 9 hydroacoustic surveys (59 profiles), 4 Gravity Corer, 7 Multicorer, 3 Lander and 4 CTD stations were successfully conducted during the AL561 cruise.
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  • 84
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    In:  [Public Lecture] In: Die Gesellschaft für nützliche Forschungen zu Trier e.V., 11.11.2021, Virtual .
    Publication Date: 2021-11-22
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  • 85
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    In:  [Paper] In: Goldschmidt Virtual Conference 2021, 04.-09.07.2021, Virtual .
    Publication Date: 2021-11-22
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  • 86
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 1 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-19
    Description: (11.-23.11.2021) - KW 45
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2021-11-19
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2021-11-19
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  • 89
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    ASA (Acoustical Society of America)
    In:  Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics , 44 . Art.Nr. 070025.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-17
    Description: This paper presents a workflow for UXO detection based on multibeam data in combination with AUV-based ground truth. An artificial neuronal network (ANN) is trained on manually annotated multibeam data and aims for making UXO detection and the generation of target lists faster and more objective. Prior to annotation the data is checked according to several quality factors to ensure that it fits for the purpose of object detection. The quality and accuracy of annotations has an influence on the predicted probabilities of the ANN, as the probabilities of the annotations determined by the experts are considered during training. To make this whole workflow even more effective in terms of survey time, the quality check and ANN analysis can run automated on the survey vessel. While MBES mapping continues, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can be used to ground truth possible targets with additional sensors, such as geomagnetic and under water cameras. The more precise the training data, the more reliable the ANN outcome will be.
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 1 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-16
    Description: FS Maria S. Merian Ausfahrt MSM103 (GPF 20-1-31), 12.09. – 15.11.21, Emden – Emden. PRINCE Groundwater resources offshore Prince Edward Island, Canada. Wochenbericht Nr. 4, 8.11. - 14.11.2021
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Report, N. Ser. 059 . GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 359 + Appendix (in all 802) pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-15
    Description: Cruise SO268 is fully integrated into the second phase of the European collaborative JPI-Oceans project MiningImpact and is designed to assess the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). In particular, the cruise aimed at conducting an independent scientific monitoring of the first industrial test of a pre-protoype nodule collector by the Belgian company DEME-GSR. The work includes collecting the required baseline data in the designated trial and reference sites in the Belgian and German contract areas, a quantification of the spatial and temporal spread of the produced sediment plume during the trials as well as a first assessment of the generated environmental impacts. However, during SO268 Leg 1 DEME-GSR informed us that the collector trials would not take place as scheduled due to unresolvable technical problems. Thus, we adjusted our work plan accordingly by implementing our backup plan. This involved conducting a small-scale sediment plume experiment with a small chain dredge to quantify the spatial and temporal dispersal of the suspended sediment particles, their concentration in the plume as well as the spatial footprint and thickness of the deposited sediment blanket on the seabed. Leg 1 and 2 acquired detailed environmental baseline data in the designated collector trial and reference sites as well as the site of the small-scale sediment plume experiment. The plume experiment was monitored by an array of acoustic and optical sensors and the impacted area was investigated in order to develop standards and protocols for impact assessments and recommendations for marine policy and international legislation. A more technical aim of the cruise was to test tools, technologies, and a concept for the environmental monitoring of future deep-sea mining operations. This comprised oceanographic, biological, microbiological, biogeochemical, and geologic investigations which required the deployment of a multitude of seagoing equipment, such as ROV Kiel 6000 for sampling of sediments, nodules, and benthic fauna as well as carrying out in situ measurements and experiments, and the deployment of the plume sensor array. AUV ABYSS and ROV Kiel 6000 were used for high-resolution acoustic mapping of the seafloor using mounted multibeam systems and video/photo surveys of the manganese nodule habitat. This work was accompanied by video observations with the OFOS system. Several benthic landers and moorings with acoustic and optical sensors were deployed and recovered for the measurements of physical and chemical oceanographic variables. Coring devices (i.e., box corer, gravity corer, TV-guided multiple corer, ROV-operaten push cores) were used to collect sediment samples for biological, geochemical, and microbiological analyses, and a CTD rosette water sampler, in situ pumps, and a bottom water sampler sampled the water column. In addition, recolonization experiments for nodule-associated fauna were started by deploying artificial hard substrates on the seabed of the working areas.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: New low-temperature thermochronological data from granitic basement of western Marie Byrd Land (MBL) provide insights into the still poorly constrained tectonic and topographic evolution of West Antarctica during and after continental breakup. Here, we present the first apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He data from the Devonian Ford Granodiorite and the mid-Cretaceous Byrd Coast Granite suites from the Ford Ranges and the Edward VII Peninsula. Thermal history modeling integrating apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He dates of 109–68 Ma with revised apatite fission track data in combination with geologic information indicates a thermal history with diachronous enhanced cooling at ~100–60 Ma and subsequent slow cooling until the present day. Enhanced cooling at ~100–70 Ma was related to activity of the West Antarctic rift system and to continental breakup, thereby exhuming most samples to shallow crustal levels. Localized cooling at ~75–60 Ma is interpreted as resulting from faulting in the eastern Ross Sea region. Slow cooling after ~70–60 Ma corresponds with formation of erosion surfaces in western MBL. Comparison of our results from western MBL with data from the literature indicates progressive formation of erosion surfaces from west to east along the MBL-Thurston Island crustal blocks. Late Cenozoic activity of the West Antarctic rift system and MBL dome uplift appear to have caused only minor exhumation of 〈1.5 km in western MBL.
    Keywords: 551.701 ; 559 ; West Antarctica ; apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data ; apatite fission track data
    Language: English
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: Knowledge of the internal state of rock is key to anticipate its rheological response and susceptibility to external factors. Time-dependent failure in rock is controlled by internal state changes, like damage accumulation or strength degradation. But assessing internal states and changes thereof, nondestructively and independent of external forcing is not straightforward. Residual strains, measured with neutron diffraction techniques are used as a proxy for the internal state in material sciences. We investigated its potential for progressive rock failure by measuring residual strain states of an untested and three mechanically and chemomechanically pretested Carrara marble samples. We collected neutron diffraction data for three crystal lattice planes {10̅14}, {0006}, and {11̅20}. Measurements showed an initial overall contractional spatially homogeneous residual unit cell volume strain state of about −400 μstrain, though magnitudes were strongly partitioned among measured crystal lattice planes. However, they are equal within the spatial orientations of the intact sample. For the pretested samples, the induction and relaxation of strains varied spatially with the pretesting stress field and environmental conditions. The vertical extent of superposition of the initial residual strain state was greatest in wet samples, the magnitude of induced extensional strain highest in the dry sample. This indicates chemomechanically enhanced subcritical crack growth with concomitant residual strain relaxation as well as the mitigation of extensional strain built up by the presence of water during pretesting. Our experiments show that residual strain has a significant potential to provide insights into past and actual internal states to anticipate progressive rock failure.
    Keywords: 552.06
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: The traditional study of palaeoseismic trenches, involving logging, stratigraphic and structural interpretation, can be time consuming and affected by biases and inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, a new workflow is presented that integrates infrared hyperspectral and photogrammetric data to support field-based palaeoseismic observations. As a case study, this method is applied on two palaeoseismic trenches excavated across a post-glacial fault scarp in northern Finnish Lapland. The hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is geometrically and radiometrically corrected, processed using established image processing algorithms and machine learning approaches, and co-registered to a structure-from-motion point cloud. HSI-enhanced virtual outcrop models are a useful complement to palaeoseismic field studies as they not only provide an intuitive visualisation of the outcrop and a versatile data archive, but also enable an unbiased assessment of the mineralogical composition of lithologic units and a semi-automatic delineation of contacts and deformational structures in a 3D virtual environment. Résumé L'étude traditionnelle des tranchées paléosismiques, impliquant l'enregistrement des coupes et l'interprétation stratigraphique et structurelle, peut prendre beaucoup de temps et être entachée de biais et d'inexactitudes. Pour surmonter ces limites, une nouvelle méthodologie est présentée, intégrant des données photogrammétriques et hyperspectrales infrarouges en appui aux observations paléosismiques de terrain. Comme étude de cas, cette méthode est appliquée à deux tranchées paléosismiques creusées à travers un escarpement de faille post-glaciaire dans le nord de la Laponie finlandaise. L'imagerie hyperspectrale (HSI) est corrigée géométriquement et radiométriquement, traitée à l'aide d'algorithmes classiques de traitement d'images et d'apprentissage machine, et recalée sur un nuage de points photogrammétrique. Les modèles virtuels d'affleurements améliorés par HSI constituent un complément utile aux études paléosismiques de terrain, car ils fournissent non seulement une visualisation intuitive de l'affleurement et une archive de données facile d'emploi, mais permettent également une évaluation non biaisée de la composition minéralogique d'unités lithologiques ainsi qu'une délimitation semi-automatique des contacts et des structures de déformation dans un environnement virtuel 3D.
    Keywords: 551.22 ; geology ; hyperspectral imaging ; outcrop models ; palaeoseismology ; remote sensing ; SfM photogrammetry
    Language: English
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: Predicting the implications of ongoing ocean climate warming demands a better understanding of how short-term thermal variability impacts marine ectotherms, particularly at beyond-optimal average conditions during summer heatwaves. Using a globally important model species, the blue mussel Mytilus, in a 5-week-long experiment, we (a) assessed growth performance traits under 12 scenarios, consisting of four thermal averages (18.5, 21, 23.5 and 26℃) imposed as constant or daily fluctuating regimes with amplitudes of 2 or 4℃. Additionally, we conducted a short-term assay using different mussel individuals to (b) test for the species capacity for suppression and recovery of metabolic performance traits (feeding and aerobic respiration) when exposed to a 1-day thermal fluctuation regime (16.8–30.5℃). Using this high-resolution data, we (c) generated short-term thermal metabolic performance curves to predict and explain growth responses observed in the long-term experiment. We found that daily high-amplitude thermal cycles (4℃) improved mussel growth when fluctuations were imposed around an extreme average temperature of 26℃, representing end-of-century heatwaves. In contrast, thermal cycles negatively affected mussel growth at a less extreme average temperature of 23.5℃, resembling current peak summer temperature scenarios. These results suggest that fluctuations ameliorate heat stress impacts only at critically high average temperatures. The short-term assay demonstrated that during the warming phase, animals stopped feeding between 24 and 30℃ while gradually suppressing respiration. In the subsequent cooling phase, feeding and respiration partially and fully recovered to pre-heating rates respectively. Furthermore, nonlinear averaging of short-term feeding responses (upscaling) well-predicted longer term growth responses to fluctuations. Our findings suggest that fluctuations can be beneficial to or detrimental for the long-term performance of ectothermic animals, depending on the fluctuations' average and amplitude. Furthermore, the observed effects can be linked to fluctuation-mediated metabolic suppression and recovery. In a general framework, we propose various hypothetical scenarios of fluctuation impacts on ectotherm performance considering inter- or intra-species variability in heat sensitivity. Our research highlights the need for studying metabolic performance in relation to cyclic abiotic fluctuations to advance the understanding of climate change impacts on aquatic systems. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel
    In:  GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 3 pp.
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: FS Maria S. Merian Ausfahrt MSM103 (GPF 20-1-31), 12.09. – 15.11.21, Emden – Emden. PRINCE Groundwater resources offshore Prince Edward Island, Canada. Wochenbericht Nr. 4, 1.11. - 7.10.2021
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    GEOMAR
    In:  [Software]
    Publication Date: 2021-11-09
    Description: With this script, the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) can be computed from NEMO ocean-model output for the whole globe or the Atlantic (AMOC), Indic (IMOC) and Pacific (PMOC) subbasins. The MOC is computable in z- and sigma coordinates. Moreover, for nested configurations, it is possible to combine data from both host and nest grids. Finally, it is possible to take into account of that the ORCA model grid is curvilinear north of 20°N: it is possible to compute the northward velocity component from the velocity field in x- and y- directions and to sum up the meridional flux over latitudional bands instead of in x-direction. When both steps are applied, the resulting MOC shows however strong variability in meridional direction. It needs to be clarified, whether this is realistic or not. The software is provided in the form of the jupyter notebook "MOC.ipynb" which includes more informations on the possibilites of the computations and an extensive appendix section with comparisons to computations with cdftools, as well as with details on the computation of the MOC including nest data and taking the curvilinearity of the grid into account. Necessary python modules are listed at the beginning of the document.
    Type: Software , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-11-09
    Description: Reproducibility and transparency can be regarded (at least in experimental research) as a hallmark of research. The ability to reproduce research results in order to check their reliability is an important cornerstone of research that helps to guarantee the quality of research and to build on existing knowledge. The digital turn has brought more opportunities to document, share and verify research processes and outcomes. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for more transparency with regard to research processes and outcomes. This fits well with the open science agenda requiring, amongst others, open software, open data, and open access to publications even if openness alone does not guarantee reproducibility. The purpose of this activity of Knowledge Exchange was to explore current practices and barriers in the area of research reproducibility, with a focus on the publication and dissemination stage. We wanted to determine how technical and social infrastructures can support future developments in this area. In this work, we defined research reproducibility as cases where data and procedures shared by the authors of a study are used to obtain the same results as in their original work. We captured the views of research funding organisations, research performing organisations, learned societies, researchers, academic publishers and infrastructure and service providers. We did a comprehensive literature review and a series of interviews and focus groups with a total of 51 contributors. The results of our activity give answers to the following questions: · What are the main benefits and barriers of publishing reproducible research outputs? · What are the roles of the different stakeholders involved? · How expensive are reproducibility checks? · What kind of digital tools and infrastructure are needed to publish reproducible research output?
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2021-11-04
    Description: Für das Wachstum und Überleben der Pflanze im Boden ist ihre Mikrobiota von maßgeblicher Bedeutung. Pflanzen-Mikrobiota-Interaktionen können unter Laborbedingungen durch definierte Gemeinschaften von Kommensalen nachgestellt und durch Ko-Kultivierung mit dem keimfreien Pflanzenwirt auf ihre Wirkung auf das Wachstum und die Gesundheit der Pflanzen geprüft werden. Die Ordnung der Rhizobiales gehört zum Kern der Pflanzenmikrobiota und beinhaltet stickstoffbindende Wurzelknöllchenbakterien, die in einer Symbiose mit Leguminosen leben. Nur kompatible Wirt-Symbionten-Paare können Symbiosen etablieren, was durch hochspezialisierte und verknüpfte Signalwege zwischen den beiden Partnern gewährleistet wird. Vergleichende Genomanalysen von Symbionten und Rhizobiales-Wurzelkommensalen aus Nicht-Leguminosen zeigen, dass der jüngste gemeinsame Vorfahre zwar die Fähigkeit zur Wurzelbesiedelung mit breitem Wirtspektrum besaß, symbiontische Interaktionen sich jedoch erst durch Gentransfer, der in der Evolution mehrfach unabhängig in mehreren Familien der Rhizobiales erfolgt ist, entwickelten.
    Description: Rhizobia in the plant microbiota The plant microbiota is of critical importance for plant growth and survival in soil. To explore mechanisms underlying plant-microbiota interactions, defined commensal communities can be composed from microbiota culture collections and co-cultivated with germ-free plants to determine their impact on plant growth and health. The order Rhizobiales belongs to the core microbiota and includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are known to engage in symbiotic interactions with legumes. Compatible host-symbiont pairs are needed for a functional symbiosis, which involves the activation of highly specialized and interdependent signaling pathways between the two partners. Comparative genome analysis of more than 1,300 legume symbionts and rhizobial root commensals from non-leguminous plants revealed that the most recent common ancestor of rhizobia lacked the gene repertoire needed for symbiosis and was able to colonize roots of a wide variety of plants. During evolution, key symbiosis genes were acquired multiple independent times by commensals belonging to different families of the Rhizobiales order.
    Keywords: 631.46 ; Pflanze-Mikroben-Interaktion ; Pflanzenmikrobiota ; Wurzelknöllchensymbiose ; Evolution
    Language: German
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    In:  [Poster] In: NCS Exploration Deep-sea Minerals Conference, 20.-21.10.2021, Bergen, Norway .
    Publication Date: 2021-11-04
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