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  • 2010-2014  (46,026)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Keywords: Course of study: MSc Biological Oceanography
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass einige invasive Arten bzw. Populationen gegenüber Umweltstress robuster sind als nicht invasive Arten bzw. Populationen derselben Art. Es wird vermutet, dass die Toleranz gegenüber abiotischen Stressoren wahrscheinlich eine Schlüsseleigenschaft von invasiven Arten darstellt. Während des Transports von Individuen in einen neuen Lebensraum oder durch Stressereignisse könnten widrige abiotische Bedingungen eine Selektion stresstoleranter Individuen hervorrufen, was die erhöhte Stresstoleranz von invasiven Arten bzw. Populationen erklären könnte. Um dies zu testen, habe ich in einem Laborexperiment ein Transport- bzw. Stressereignis simuliert. In zwei unabhängigen Experimenten habe ich in einer Gruppe von Individuen der Weißbeingarnele Penaeus vannamei durch erhöhte Temperaturen mindestens 50 % Mortalität erzeugt. Hierbei wurden die Individuen in unabhängigen Replikaten für 13 Tage 37°C (Langzeit-Stressexperiment) bzw. für 2 h 41°C (Kurzzeit-Stressexperiment) Wassertemperatur ausgesetzt. Nach dieser ersten Stressphase wurde ein Teil der überlebenden gleichzeitig mit einer gleichen Anzahl an bis dahin nicht vorgestressten Individuen sofort wieder denselben erhöhten Temperaturen ausgesetzt und die Überlebenskurven in beiden Gruppen verglichen. Den übrigen überlebenden der ersten Stressphase wurde vor der zweiten Stressphase eine 13 Tage (Langzeit-Stressexperiment) bzw. 6 Tage (Kurzzeit-Stressexperiment) lange Erholungsphase gewährt, damit etwaige physiologische Anpassungen an Stressbedingungen abklingen konnten. Der Vergleich der Überlebenskurven einer vorgestressten Gruppe, die nach der ersten Stressphase direkt wieder Stressbedingungen ausgesetzt wurde und einer vorgestressten Gruppe, der eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurde, sollte Aufschluss darüber geben, ob eine mögliche erhöhte Stresstoleranz der vorgestressten Gruppen auf eine Selektion stresstoleranter Individuen oder physiologischer Anpassungen an Stressbedingungen zurückzuführen war. In beiden Experimenten zeigten die vorgestressten Gruppen, unabhängig davon, ob ihnen eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurde oder nicht, stets höhere Überlebensraten als die Gruppen, die nicht vorgestresst waren. Meine Ergebnisse legen einerseits nahe, dass es durch Temperaturstress zu einer physiologischen Stressabhärtung und dadurch zu erhöhten Überlebensraten der vorgestressten Individuen kam. Da Literaturdaten darauf hinweisen, dass die Erholungsphasen wahrscheinlich lang genug waren, um die physiologische Stressabhärtung in den vorgestressten Gruppen, denen eine Erholungsphase gewährt wurden, abklingen zu lassen, kann man andererseits annehmen, dass es durch den Temperaturstress bei P. vannamei zu einer Selektion stresstoleranterer Individuen gekommen ist. Dies konnte im Rahmen meiner Diplomarbeit jedoch nicht direkt bewiesen werden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: During the last decades, the Chilean margin offshore Maule (34±S −36±S) had been reported as a highly locked and seismically quiet zone. The stress-accumulated state finished on the 27th of February 2010, when a megathrust earthquake (with Mw = 8.8) ruptured » 400 km of the Nazca-South America plate boundary. Unfortunately, up to now little was known about the seismic structure offshore Maule. In the frame of the third phase of the project SFB 574 “Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones” of the Christan-Albrechts University of Kiel, seismic data was analyzed in order to obtain detailed images of the deep structure of the margin and of the outer rise. Here are presented constraints on the forearc and the subduction zone structure of the rupture area derived from seismic refraction and wide-angle data. The results show a wedge shaped body » 40 km wide with typical sedimentary velocities interpreted as a frontal accretionary prism (FAP). Landward of the imaged FAP, the velocity model shows an abrupt velocity-contrast suggesting a lithological change, which is interpreted as the contact between the FAP and the paleo accretionary prism (backstop). The backstop location is coincident with the seaward limit of the aftershocks, defining the updip limit of the co-seismic rupture and the seismogenic zone. Furthermore, the seaward limit of the aftershocks coincides with the location of the shelf break in the entire earthquake rupture area (33.5±S−38.5±S), which is interpreted as the location of the backstop along the margin. Published seismic profiles at the northern and southern limit of the rupture area also show the presence of a strong horizontal velocity gradient imaging the seismic backstop at a distance of » 30 km from the deformation front. The seismic wide-angle reflections from the top of the subducting oceanic crust constrain the location of the plate boundary offshore, dipping » 10±. The projection of the epicenter of the Maule earthquake onto our derived interplate boundary yielded a hypocenter around 20 km depth. This implies that the earthquake nucleated somewhere within the seismogenic zone, neither at its updip nor at its downdip limit. The second part of this thesis focuses on the dependency between the incoming plate’s bend faulting, lithospheric hydration and shallow outer rise seismic activity. To support the interpretation, are presented Vp and Vs seismic models obtained from wide angle seismic data and the derived 2D Poisson’s ratio distribution at the outer rise. The oceanic lithosphere shows a high degree of hydration, due to the water infiltration through the bending-related faults exposed to seawater. This process is presumably intensified bythe existence of a seamount in the area. It is concluded that the water infiltrates deep into the lithosphere, triggering shallow earthquakes in the outer rise and likely serpentinization in the mantle, estimated to be about 10%.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 7
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    In:  Ökologisches Wirtschaften
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: For the past 50 years it has been assumed that the principal pathway for the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). However, recent observations of Lagrangian floats have shown that the DWBC is not necessarily a unique, dominant, or continuous pathway for these deep waters. A significant portion of the deep water export from the subpolar to the subtropical gyres follows a pathway through the interior of the Newfoundland and subtropical basins, which is constrained by the western boundary and the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The hypothesis that deep eddy-driven recirculation gyres are a mechanism for partitioning the deep limb of the AMOC into the DWBC and this interior pathway is investigated here. Eulerian and Lagrangian analyses of the output of ocean general circulation models at eddy-resolving, eddy-permitting, and non-eddy permitting resolutions are used to test this hypothesis. Eddy-driven recirculation gyres, simulated in the eddy-resolving and eddy-permitting models and similar to recirculations inferred from hydrographic data, are shown to shape the export pathways of deep water from the subpolar to the subtropical gyres.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Reconstructing the climate of mid-Cretaceous is a special challenge for climate modelling. High atmospheric C02 concentrations and a vastly different geography seem to have caused a global temperature increase. At the same time the geologic record provides ambiguous data about the strength and spatia.l distribution of this warming. In the following, 4 experiments with the new, fully coupled "Kiel Climate Model" (KCM) are realised to gain new insights into the mid-Cretaceous climatic conditions and to to investigate their influence on the ocean circulation. Furthermore, the changed boundary conditions (C02 =1200 ppmv, geography) and their respective impacts are examined independently. The experiments show a significant global warming in near surface temperatures of approximately 9°C and of about 6°C for sea surface temperatures, leading to ice free polar caps in the annual mean. Additionally they indicate that greatly increased trace gas concentrations are needed to reproduce distinct warming for tropical and subtropical regions. Changes in geography provide mainly high latitude warming. The ocean surface circulation is dominated by wind-driven gyre circulation comparable to present clay. A predominant westward flow through the Tethys Sea and a largely decreased southern circumpolar current are simulated. Changes in model geography lead to a clear decline in upper ocean salinities and a strong increase with depth for the deeper ocean. The warm, fresh surface layer prevents a deep mixing in the water column and there is no global meridional overturning circulation observable. As a result the model shows a strengthening in vertical ocean stratification for mid-Cretaceous contrarily to prior studies.
    Keywords: Course of study: BSc Physics of the Earth System
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Modeling of the seepage history of DNAPLs is investigated as a new, non-invasive site investigation tool in order to elucidate the possible position of still unknown DNAPL source zone at many investigated industrial sites. Therefore, the spatio-temporal spreading behavior of the DNAPL TCE is studied with the multiphase modeling software TMVOC in small and large scale 2D multiphase scenarios with varying parameter sets concerning groundwater flow, composition of aquifers and aquitards and subsurface morphologies, as depressions and trenches. The small scale models were calibrated by laboratory experiments conducted at La Sapienza University, Rome. They exhibited that even groundwater pore velocities of vw = 0.05 m/d have a strong impact on the spreading behavior and the position of a DNAPL body. Downstream inclined percolation path ways, enhanced dissolution rates and lateral transportation in downstream direction are the most dominant impacts. Small scale layering of the subsoil with horizontal lenses of impermeable materials affects the distribution pattern only slightly at vw 〉 5 m/d, which are common flow velocities in many gravelly aquifers in Europe. Upscaling of the models to field scale problems exhibited potential transportation length in downstream direction of several hundreds of meters, assuming a moderate spill rate of ca. 3 kg/day over an area of several square meters. Investigating real subsurface morphology including real material parameters provided by the ModelPROBE reference site Chimica di Bianchi in Rho, Italy, revealed that the DNAPL TCE will be transported out of moderate depressions (slope of 2.5°) even at groundwater flow velocities of vw ≤ 1 m/d, which is in the range of documented groundwater flow velocities at the reference site. Moreover, the documented material classes, which comprise the aquitard at the site, are not in general impermeable for percolating DNAPLs. Only pure clays with a hydraulic conductivity of kf ≤ 10-9 m/s are long-term barriers for vertical DNAPL percolation. The conducted investigations deliver a reasonable explanation for the often unknown position of DNAPL source zones at former industrial sites and are, as far as it is known, the first large scale scenarios of DNAPL spreading behavior in real subsurface morphology. Based on the conducted research it can be concluded that at the reference site Chimica di Bianchi the main mass of DNAPLs was not at the assumed hot spot, which was encapsulated in the 1980s, but probably migrated considerable distances in downstream direction, passing through or following partly the topography of the aquitard. But the applicability of multiphase modeling as additional non-invasive site investigation tool is still challenging due to software restriction concerning size and resolution of the models and handling of heterogeneous permeability fields.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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