ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE During the so-called Mid-Cretaceous interval, approximately 100 million years ago, the earth experienced a dynamic phase in its geologic history. Enhanced global tectonic activity resulted in a major rearrangment of the continental plates; accelerated spreading rates induced a first-order sea level highstand; intense off-ridge volcanism contributed to a modeled high atmospheric CO 2 rate; climatic conditions fluctuated; and major changes occurred in biologic evolutionary patterns. With the initiation of a gradual change from an equatorial, east-west directed current-circulation pattern to a regime, dominated by south-north and north-south directed current systems, the earth's internal clock was set for Cenozoic, "modern" times. The Mid-Cretaceous dynamic phase is recorded in a suite of sediments of remarkable similarity around the globe. Shallow-water carbonate platforms drowned on a global scale; widespread sediment-starved, glauconite and phosphate- rich sequences developed; and consequently, pelagic sedimentary regimes "invaded" shelf and epicontinental sea areas. This typical "deepening-upward" pattern is well-documented in Mid-Cretaceous sequences along the northern Tethys margin. Shallow-water carbonates are overlain by condensed glauconitic and phosphatic sediments, which, in turn, are blanketed by pelagic carbonates. In this volume, the example of the western Austrian helvetic Alps, built up of inner and outer shelf sediments deposited along the northern Tethys margin, is used to elucidate the paleoceanographic conditions, under which the Mid-Cretaceous triad of platform carbonates, condensed phosphatic and glauconitic sediments, and pelagic carbonates was formed. In the first part, the evolution of this sequence is traced from the demise of the platform (Aptian) to the return of detritus-dominated deposition (Upper Santonian). The second part includes a discussion of the reconstructed paleoceanographic and tectonic variables, their possible interaction, as well as their influence on sediment properties during this period. Special attention is paid to (1) subsidence behavior of the inner, platform-based shelf and the outer shelf beyond the platform, (2) ammonoid paleobiogeography, (3) the northern tethyan current system and its impact on sediment patterns, (4) the influence of an oxygen minimum zone, (5) sediment bypassing mechanisms on the inner shelf, (6) condensation processes, (7) phosphogenesis, (8) relative sea level changes, (9) genesis and the development of unconformities, (10) tectonic phases and their impact on sediment configuration, (11) drowning of the shallow-water carbonate platform, and (12) "asymmetric" sedimentary cycles. The detailed reconstruction of the development of sedimentary patterns both in time and space in this particular area, and its environmental interpretation, given in this volume, may serve as a contribution to a better understanding of the Mid-Cretaceous dynamic phase in earth's history...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Through the last few decades inversion concepts have become an integral past of experimental data interpretation in several branches of science. In numerous cases similar inversion-like techniques were developed independently in separate disciplines, sometimes based on different lines of reasoning, and sometimes not to the same level of sophistication. This fact was realized early in inversion history. In the seventies and eighties "generalized inversion" and "total inversion" became buzz words in Earth Science, and some even saw inversion as the panacea that would eventually raise all experimental science into a common optimal frame. It is true that a broad awareness of the generality of inversion methods is established by now. On the other hand, the volume of experimental data varies greatly among disciplines, as does the degree of nonlinearity and numerical load of forward calculations, the amount and accuracy of a priori information, and the criticality of correct error propagation analysis. Thus, some clear differences in terminology, philosophy and numerical implementation remain, some of them for good reasons, but some of them simply due to tradition and lack of interdisciplinary communication. In a sense the development of inversion methods could be viewed as an evolution process where it is important that "species" can arise and adapt through isolation, but where it is equally important that they compete and mate afterwards through interdisciplinary exchange of ideas. This book was actually initiated as a proceedings volume of the "Interdisciplinary Inversion Conference 1995", held at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. The aim of this conference was to further the competition and mating part of above-mentioned evolution process, and we decided to extend the effect through this publication of 35 selected contributions. The point of departure is a story about geophysics and astronomy, in which the classical methods of Backus and Gilbert from around 1970 have been picked up by helioseismology. Professor Douglas Gough, who is a pioneer in this field, is the right person to tell this success story of interdisciplinary exchange of research experience and techniques [1-31] (numbers refer to pages in this book). Practitioners of helioseismology like to stress the fact that the seismological coverage on the Sun in a sense is much more complete and accurate than it is on Earth. Indeed we witness vigorous developments in the Backus & Gilbert methods (termed MOLA/SOLA in the helioseismology literature) [32-59] driven by this fortunate data situation. Time may have come for geophysicists to look into helioseismology for new ideas. Seismic methods play a key role in the study of the Earth's lithosphere. The contributions in [79 - 130,139 - 150] relate to reflection seismic oil exploration, while methods for exploration of the whole crust and the underlying mantle axe presented in [131 - 138, 151 - 166]. Two contributions [167 - 185] present the application of inversion for the understanding of the origin of petroleum and the prediction of its migration in sedimentary basins. Inversion is applied to hydrogeophysical and environmental problems [186 - 222], where again developments are driven by the advent of new, mainly electromagnetic, experimental techniques. The role of inversion in electromagnetic investigations of the lithosphere/astenosphere system as well as the ionosphere axe exemplified in [223 - 238]. Geodesy has a fine tradition of sophisticated linear inversion of large, accurate sets of potential field data. This leads naturally to the fundamental study of continuous versus discrete inverse formulations found in [262-275]. Applications of inversion to geodetic satellite data are found in [239 - 261]. General mathematical and computational aspects are mainly found in [262 - 336]. Nonlinearity in weakly nonlinear problems may be coped with by careful modification of lineaxized methods [295 - 302]. Strongly nonlinear problems call for Monte Carlo methods, where the cooling scedule in simulated annealing [303 - 311,139 - 150] is critical for convergence to a useful (local) minimum, and the set of consistent models is explored through importance sampling [89 - 90]. The use of prior information, directly or indirectly, is a key issue in most contributions, ranging from Bayesian formulations based a priori covariances e.g. [98 - 112,122 - 130, 254 - 261], over more general but also less tractable prior probability densities [79 - 97], to inclusion of specific prior knowledge of shape [284 - 294, 312 - 319]. Given the differences and similarities in approach, can we benefit from exchange of ideas and experience? In practice ideas and experience seldom jump across discipline boundaries by themselves. Normally one must go and get them the hard way, for instance by reading and understanding papers from disciplines far from the home ground. Look at the journey into the interdisciplinary cross-field of inversion techniques as a demanding safari into an enormous hunting ground. This book is meant to provide a convenient starting point.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It is to-day generally recognized by environmental scientists that the particular behaviour of trace metals in the environment is determined by their specific physico-chemical forms rather than by their total concentration. With the introduction, several years ago, of atomic absorption spectrometry at many laboratories involved in environmental studies, a technique for simple, rapid and cheap determination of total metal concentrations in environmental samples became available. As a consequence, there is a plethora of scientific papers and reports where metal concentrations in the environment are only reported as total concentrations. It appears that the simplicity of making accurate determinations of total metal contents in water, sediment and biological samples has somewhat masked the need for improved knowledge about the various forms of metals occurring in the environment as well as the bioavailahility of these forms. In other words, the need for metal speciation in studies of metals in the environment does not seem to have become obvious to most environmental scientists until relatively recently. As a matter of fact, it was only in the middle of the 1970s that the first systematic attempts were made to obtain information about the various metal species occurring in environmental samples. During the last ten years, however, a revolutionary change of attitude towards the importance of metal speciation has occurred and considerable research effort has been devoted by environmental scientists to measuring the concentrations of biologically important trace metals in surface waters. There is currently an increasing effort to couple the development of chemical analytical techniques to process-related biological problems. Concurrently, a new focus is being imposed on ecological impact studies, that of determining which active trace metal species merit the most intensive research from the standpoint of environmental perturbation. Current efforts are directed towards the development of chemical speciation schemes which can be related directly to measures of bioavailability...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE It was only during the last few years, that the geological effects of storms and hurricanes in shallow-marine environments have been better appreciated. Not only were storm deposits recognized to dominate many shelf sequences, they also proved to be valuable tools in facies and paleogeographical analysis. Additionally, storm layers form important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Storm-generated sequences are now reasonably mell documented in terms of their facies associations in the stratigraphic record. Much less is known, however, about the effects and the depositional processes of modern storms, and about the styles of storm sedimentation on basinwide scales. Accordingly, the goal of this study is two-fold: 1. it presents two case studies of modern carbonate and terrigenous clastics storm sedimentatioq. The models derived from these actualistic examples can be used to interprete possible ancient analogues. 2. it presents a comprehensive analysis of an ancient storm depositional system (Muschelkalk) on a basin-wide scale. The underlying approach of this study is a process-oriented analysis of sedimentary sequences, an approach that ~as summarized by Matthews (1974, 1984) as "dynamic stratigraphy". The integration of actualistic models with a "dynamic" stratigraphic analysis helps to understand the dynamics of storm depositional systems; these models have a potential to be applied to other basins and to predict the facies organisation and the facies evolution in such systems...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION In the context of evolutionary studies, it is the privilege of paleontologists to trace the actual course of evolutionary change over time spans that are adequate for such a slow process. At the same time it is their crux that they can not always hope to do this with the resolution necessary to reveal the causal relationships involved. The Tübingen Sonderforschungsbereich 53, "Palökologie", was primarily geared to study the interrelationships between organisms and environments in the fossil record. As is pointed out in this volume, such an approach will necessarily emphasize the static aspect of this relationship, all the more since this is what we need for the practical purposes of facies recognition. This was clone during a time interval of thirteen years at the level of individual species and taxonomic groups ("Konstruktions-Morphologie"), of characteristic facies complexes ("Fossil-Lagerstätten") and of assemblages ("Fossil- VergeseIlschaftungen") with the aim to recognize general patterns that persist in spite of the historical and evolutionary changes in the biosphere. But as our project came closer to its end, the possible causal relationships between physical and evolutionary changes became more tangible. This trend is expressed by symposia devoted to the biological effects of long term tectonic changes (KULLMANN & SCHÖNENBERG, eds., 1983) and of short term physical events (EINSELE & SEILACHER, eds., 1982). But in retrospect it appears that the time scales of the environmental changes chosen were either too large or too small to reveal the mechanisms of evolutionary response. The present volume is the outcome of a symposium of the projects B 20 ("Bankungsrhythmen in sedimentologischer, ökologischer und diagenetischer Sicht", directed by U. BAYER), D 40 ("Analoge Gehäuse-Aberrationen bei Ammonoideen", directed by J. WIEDMANN) and D 60 ("Substratwechsel im marinen Benthos", directed by A. SEILACHER) in September, 1983. tt addresses environmental changes at time scales large enough to produce more than a local ecological response and short enough to observe evolutionary and/or migratory changes at the species and genus levels. It also focusses on basins which by various degrees of isolation provided suitable sites for "evolutionary experiments", such as lakes and marginal epicontinental basins. In a way, this book is a successor of the previous one on "Cyclic and event stratification" (EINSELE & SEILACHER, eds., 1982). Small scale cycles and events are the 'primitives' of a sedimentary sequence, the lowermost scale from which it can be deciphered. However, medium and long term physical cycles commonly impress sedimentological and lithological trends on the stratigraphic column which are accompanied by faunal replacements and cycles. But since sedimentation is controlled both by physical and biological processes, which are intercorrelated in complicated ways, we also need to decode the stratigraphic text. In this effort, paleontological and sedimentological interpretation must go hand in hand. On the 'megascale' of global sea-level changes faunal and species evolution is triggered by opening and closing of migration pathways, sometimes providing us with malor biostratigraphic boundaries. As it turns out, however, integrated research and the choice of suitable scales do not free us from problems of resolution. Thus our inability to distinguish local speciation from ecophenotypic modification and from immigration in the fossil record excludes definite evolutionary answers even in well studied cases. Nevertheless we hope that this approach opens a fruitful discussion, in which stratigraphy, systematic paleontology and paleoecology will be reconciled in a concerted effort to eventually understand the evolutionary mechanisms of our biosphere.

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The ocean has always been reluctant to reveal its secrets. Its size and the inaccessibility of its deeper regions have made their safeguard a reasonably simple matter with the result that significant misconceptions persisted for many years. Two of the most widespread of these concerned the featureless nature of the sea floor and the silence of the deep ocean. Underwater acoustics has played a key role in discrediting both and in so doing introduced new and exciting developments in oceanography and geophysics. In the years following World War II, echosounders and subbottom profilers based on new active sonar technology, revealed the true nature of the seafloor topography and led to the major advances represented by plate tectonics. Research driven by the requirements of passive sonar, on the other hand, was to demonstrate that the sea was not silent but was characterised by a complex noise spectrum. Many individual mechanisms and sources ranging from man-made, biological and geophysical activity to the intrinsic noise of the sea itself were found to contribute to this spectrum. A major component, which is the subject of this book, was to remain unrecognised to underwater acoustics until noise measurements could be made effectively at very low frequencies, although its presence had been indicated by seismology long before these measurements were possible. By virtue of its geographical isolation in the Southern Ocean, New Zealand has provided an ideal environment for long-range propagation and ambient noise investigations and numerous studies have been reported. Our interest in the subject of this book was aroused initially in the course of one such experiment in 1966. For the first time it had been possible to extend the recording bandwidth to 1 Hz and the improved performance of this new system was anticipated eagerly. However the main purpose of the experiment was nearly aborted by the appearance of a new and unsuspected noise component at frequencies below 10 Hz. Due primarily to technical limitations in the equipment then available, a subsequent programme, designed to identify the properties and origin of the source more clearly, was not productive and was soon abandoned. An opportunity to revisit the problem arose some 10 years later, when the University of Auckland became involved in a major environmental study in support of the development of an offshore gas field in Cook Strait. The technology then available provided an opportunity to examine afresh the relationship between sea state and the seismo-acoustic response generated. An initial trim demonstrated the potential of the site. Accordingly a long-term programme, involving the parallel measurement of the oceanwave field and acoustic response, was undertaken in a series of student research theses. The data so gathered were of sufficiently high quality to ultimately establish wave-wave interactions as the source of the acoustic effects observed and to identify many of its characteristics. This result was soon to be confirmed by other studies. As the noise data accumulated, however, it became apparent that certain refinements to the theories describing the mechanism were required. Our attempts to provide these refinements have been reported in a number of contributions in recent years. The accounts of these and similar contributions by others have unfortunately appeared in the literature in a somewhat disjointed manner, with the result that the evolution of the subject has not been easy to follow. This book attempts to present a more coherent account of the subject and its development. Most of the early experimental and theoretical results from our group have arisen from two key Ph.D. theses, due to Dr. K.C. Ewans and Dr. C.Y. Wu. The painstaking and careful instrumentation development and data analysis provided by Dr. Ewans were critical to the definitive correlation which we were able to establish between wind field, seastate and the acoustic response so generated. Dr. Wu's thesis presented the first phase of our attempt at the resolution of certain key theoretical issues, which were identified in the course of the experimental programme. Both studies owe much to the support of Shell BP Todd Oil Services Ltd., acting for Maui Development Ltd., and to the University of Auckland. The support of the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand Ltd. during a later experimental investigation of the Southern Ocean wave field is also acknowledged...

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION The awareness that mankind is able to influence and modify not only the local but also the global climate has led to a strongly growing interest in climate research. Strengthened research activities, which also made use of improved and novel experimental techniques, have yielded a wealth of information on climatic patterns in the past. At the same time, climate modelling has made much progress. While some questions have been answered, new problems have been recognized. One question related to anthropogenio climatic change is about the nature and causes of natural variations, against the background of which man-made changes must be viewed. The contributions to this volume all deal with the variabilitY of climate. Some papers are reviews of the knowledge to a current topic, others have more the character of an original contribution. The obseryational studies cover the range from year-to-year variations up to glacial-interglacial contrast, thereby going from instrumental data to results from proxy records...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The emergence of new information from drilling in deep-sea and coastal areas and the surfacing of the plate tectonics theory probably had the greatest impacts in recent decades on the highly accelerated growth of knowledge regarding the evolution of sediments and sedimentary rocks. Studies in recent years have also provided new insights on global sedimentary processes, and isotopic tools in many ways have enhanced our knowledge and have provided even an unexpected added dimension to the mechanisms of some specific processes. Many different uses of isotopic tools in studies of sedimentary processes can be found in the literature, but the information is highly scattered in the vast field of sedimentology. The disseminated state of existing isotopic knowledge on sedimentary systems has undoubtedly deprived many practitioners in the field to fully appreciate the benefits and limitations, and even the apparent confusion, concerning the use of isotopic tools. We have endeavored here to bring together discussions on some major sedimentary systems in the sedimentary cycle and to analyze them according to isotopic evidence. To accomplish such a task required contributions from many individuals. We were fortunate to have friends who accepted to share our goals. We most sincerely thank all the contributors to this book and deeply appreciate their patience and fortitude despite our undue demands on them to reach our objectives...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The search for tin dates back to the earliest days of civilization. For about 40 years, world tin mining has oscillated at a level of 150,000-250,000 t Sn/year, with a mine output in 1989 of 210,000 t Sn (MCS 1990). This figure corresponds to a current annual value of about US$1.5 billion and places tin ninth on the metal market behind iron, gold, uranium, copper, zinc, silver, platinum and nickel. Tin deposits belong to the granite-related ore deposit spectrum which includes many metals vital to current and future technologies such as Cu, W, Mo, U, Nb, Ta, Ag, Au, Sb, Bi, As, Pb, Zn, REE, Be, Ga and Li. The granitic rocks associated with tin and tin-tungsten deposits have long been identified as a special group of granites, the so-called tin granites. These rocks provide a unique opportunity to study the magmatic and hydrothermal history of tin ore formation. Tin granites are more easily identifiable as parent rocks for tin (and tungsten) mineralization than is the case for other mineralized granitic rocks such as molybdenum and copper porphyries. The magmatic molybdenum and copper distribution patterns are more complex (control by sulfide solubilities), and commonly obliterated by fluid interaction. The relatively simple situation of tin granites provides therefore an invaluable opportunity to study some metallogenic aspects of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in general. The present study attempts to develop a general metallogenic model for tin in identifying the essential or relevant processes in tin ore formation. The methodological principle is based, on an interplay between a background of some basic petrogenetic concepts and a number of specific local and regional data on tin deposits and tin provinces, with particular reference to those areas with which the author is most familiar with (Bolivia, SE Asia, Europe). This inductive approach condenses the many apparently specific complexities encountered in individual ore deposits to a few major processes of general importance. The inherent reductionism may have a personal bias which is probably inevitable in any simple and broad-scale picture ("Apr6s tout, la raison est bien I'esclave des passions"; Feyerabend 1979:210). The critical problem of the relevance of those factors chosen for our model can be judged by its degree of consistency and predictive capability for new and analogous cases...

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this volume is to reflect the current state of geoscientific activity focused on the geodynamic evolution of the Atlas system and to discuss new results and ideas. The volume provides a selection of papers on the geological history, structural development, and geophysical data of Morocco. It was not possible to cover all areas of geoscientific interest, however, we hope to shed some light on the major geodynamic problems.

Description / Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION "The geological history, as expressed by the stratigraphic column, is basically composed of cycles of sedimentation, stratification and magmatism which correlate with relative changes in sea level determined in turn by different types of crustal movements. The classical sequence of stages "transgression - inundation - differentiation - regression - emergence" is believed to reflect the deformation phases of a geotectonic cycle" (Wezel,1988: p.37). The concept of geotectonic cycle is fundamental in geology because it links tectonics with sedimentary processes. According to Wezel (1988) the geotectonic cycle is an expression of cyclic variations in the behavior of the crust; more precisely,it is a geodynamic response to the Earth's variations in the rate of rotation (Mörner,19869 Whyte,1977~ Carey,1976).Based on a global analysis of geotectonic data, synchronous episodes of intense global swelling, governed by cyclically ordered diastrophic processes, were identified (Wezel,1985;1988). The process leading to these swells was termed krikogenesis (Wezel, 1988).It basically consists of not steady, localized, migratory vertical movements linked to mantle diapirism and concentrated in single zones.The overlying crust adjusts itself to mantle motions induced by krikogenesis, with the formation of transient troughs and swells ('touche-de-piano' tectonics).This mechanism was individuated in several areas (Wezel,1988). The history of the Earth is described by six episodes that repeat in the same way in the course of geological time.Their duration progressively decreases:the first cycle has a duration of about 200 million years, the following,younger cycles lasted 150, 115, 65, A5 and 20 m.y. ...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE In a densily populated industrialized country, waste disposal must be compatible with the requirements of the environment. This is one of the indispensable requirements to guarantee an effective protection of the environment. In the past years the waste disposal industry has been given increasing attention by the general public as well as the authorities. This confirms the necessity of adapting the quality of waste disposal to the technological standard of the production. While in the past, waste disposal performance was more or less evaluated in terms of short-term costs, there is at present a reorientation in the direction of a science-based waste disposal industry. These new tendencies are taking into account ecological factors as well as the long-term consequences - i.e., for decades and centuries to come - of waste disposal methods. In this light, particular attention is given to the depositing of residues whose utilization does not appear meaningful from an ecological point of view, or would require disproportionate ressources. It is an important concern of the Federal Authorities to encourage the rapid materialization of disposal solutions which can function as ultimate deposits, and which will therefore cause neither water pollution nor gaseous emissions. In view of this goal it is necessary to establish criteria and regulations for the wastes to be deposited as well as for the characteristics of the deposits. This field confronts science with an urgent but rewarding challenge and calls for close collaboration between many different specialized disciplines...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE Our planet is evolving and changing; its surface is capable of unleashing great violence as its crust is created and destroyed. Quite remarkably, it has been only recently that the fundamental elements of this evolution were fully appreciated, and only within the last decade have there been technologies capable of directly meastLring the global motions of the Earth's crust which are one of the most visible manifestations of these processes. Before the advent of space technologies, the nature of contemporary global plate motions went largely unobserved. These motions were understood from the geological records, and plate rates for million year averages were established_ Fortunately, the revolution in geophysics brought about by the general acceptance of plate tectonic theory has been paralleled by significant advances in space geodesy oceanography and geophysics. New space technologies have rapidly matured, yielding new insights and capabilities for more completely understanding the dynamical properties of the Earth, its oceans and atmosphere. Likewise, the evolving earth sciences capabilities from space are fostering new questions and goals made possible through the creative exploitation of satellite missions. A workshop entitled "The Interdisciplinary Role of Space Geodesy" was held in Erice, Italy, on the island of Sicily on July 23-29, 1988, to discuss the directions and challenges of space geodeys for the decades to come. This international gathering was made possible by the E. Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture int he framework of tis International School of Geodesy. The workshop was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, the Sicilian Regional Government, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. This volume is the result of the dedicated effort undertaken by an international group of scientists and administrators who have contemplated the challenge of the future of space-based earth science for the next decade. Recognizing the need for defining new milestones both in science and technology, they have developed a detailed report of what could be achieved and what challenges remain after twenty fertile years of space exploration...

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE The sedimentology of Chalk describes processes that caused the rhythmic vertical variation in grain size, structures and authigenic mineral concentrations in Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, subtropical, shallow marine, fine-grained, detrital bioclastic carbonates of northwest Europe. In particular, attention is paid to the sedimentology of the Tuffaceous Chalk of Maaslricht (The Netherlands), a coarsegrained variety of Chalk that resembles the Chalk (coccolithic mudstones) as well as modern shallow marine carbonate sands. Numerical models are presented that enable the simulation of the genesis of flint nodule layers, hardgrounds and complex wavy bedded sequences, such as the K/T boundary sequence of Stevns Klint (Denmark). The aim of this book is to show how depositional and early diagenetic features, which are observed in small-scale Chalk outcrops, can be used to reconstruct the large-scale dynamics of the northwest European continent during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary...

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES --- Architectural Elements and Bounding Surfaces in Channelized Clastic Deposits: Notes on Comparisons between Fluvial and Turbidite Systems / A. D. MIALL / pp. 3-15 --- A Simulation of Basin Margin Sedimentation to Infer Geometry and Lithofacies—A Carbonate Example— / K. NAKAYAMA and C. G. St. C. KENDALL / pp. 17-31 --- Gravel Fabric of Clast-Supported Resedimented Conglomerate / K. YAGISHITA / pp. 33-42 --- Magnetic Fabrics and Depositional Processes / A. TAIRA / pp. 43-77 --- Chapter 2: FLUVIAL TO COASTAL FACIES --- Sedimentation in Coarse-Grained Sand-Bedded Meanders: Distinctive Deposition of Suspended Sediment / F. ISEYA and H. IKEDA / pp. 81-112 --- Mechanism of Inverse Grading of Suspended Load Deposits / F. ISEYA / pp. 113-129 --- Coastal Eolian Dune Deposits of the Pleistocene Shimosa Group in Chiba, Japan / H. NAKAZATO, H. SATO, and F. MASUDA / pp. 131-141 --- Synsedimentary Conjugate Faults in the Pleistocene Tidal Deposits at Ushibori, Ibaraki, Japan / H. AONO and F. MASUDA / pp. 143-149 --- Description and Genesis of Tidal Bedding in the Cobequid Bay-Salmon River Estuary, Bay of Fundy, Canada / R. W. DALRYMPLE and Y. MAKINO / pp. 151-177 --- Petrofacies of Paleo-Tokyo Bay Sands, the Upper Pleistocene of Central Honshu, Japan / M.ITO and F.MASUDA / pp. 179-196 --- Faunal Condensation in Early Phases of Glacio-Eustatic Sea-Level Rise, Found in the Middle to Late Pleistocene Shimosa Group, Boso Peninsula, Central Japan / Y. KONDO / pp. 197-212 --- Chapter 3: SHALLOW MARINE FACIES --- Sedimentology and History of Sea Level Changes in the East China Sea and Adjacent Seas / B.-C. SUK / pp. 215-231 --- Sediments and Sedimentary Processes in the Yellow and East China Seas / J. D. MILLIMAN, Y. S. QIN, and Y. A. PARK / pp. 233-249 --- Bedforms and Their Migration Patterns in the Southern Bungo Strait, Japan / K. IKEHARA and Y. KIN05HITA / pp. 251-260 --- The Kuroshio-Generated Bedform System in the Osumi Strait, Southern Kyushu, Japan / K. IKEHARA / pp. 261-273 --- Ocean Current-Controlled Sedimentary Facies of the Pleistocene Ichijiku Formation, Kazusa Group, Boso Peninsula, Japan / N. NAKAYAMA and F. MASUDA / pp. 275-293 --- Multi-Layered Progradational Sequences in the Shelf and Shelf Slope of the Southwest Japan Forearc / Y. OKAMURA / pp. 295-318 --- Storm-Built Sand Ridges on the Inner Shelf of Kashima-Nada, Northeast Japan / Y. SAITO / pp. 319-330 --- Storm Deposits in the Inner Shelf and Their Recurrence Intervals, Sendai Bay, Northeast Japan / Modern Y. SAITO / pp. 331-344 --- Sea-Level Controlled Shallow-Marine Systems in the Plio-Pleistocene Kakegawa Group, Shizuoka, Central Honshu, Japan: Comparison of Transgressive and Regressive Phases / M. ISHIBASHI / pp. 345-363 --- Coarse Clastic Sedimentation in the Triassic Offshore Sequence of the South- eastern Kitakami Mountains, Japan / K. KAMADA / pp. 365-375 --- Depositional Facies of the Viséan (Carboniferous) Limestones in the South Kitakami Terrane, Northeast Japan / T. KAWAMURA / pp. 377-391 --- Chapter 4: SLOPE TO DEEP-WATER FACIES --- Depositional Scheme of Neogene Bedded Siliceous Rocks in an Active Upwelling Area-On the Wakkanai Formation, Northern Hokkaido, Japan / H. FUKUSAWA / pp. 395-419 --- Turbidites and Related Clastic Systems in the Tertiary Chichibu Basin, Central Japan / K. M. LATT / pp. 421-438 --- Two Stages of Submarine Fan Sedimentation in an Ancient Forearc Basin, Central Japan / S. TOKUHASHI / pp. 439-468 --- Synsedimentary Folding of a Sandstone Layer: Paleoslope Deduced from the Folding Process / M. FUSEYA / pp. 469-481 --- Miocene Offshore Tractive Current-Worked Conglomerates—Tsubutegaura, Chita Peninsula, Central Japan— / T. YAMAZAKI, M. YAMAOKA, and T. SHIKI / pp. 483-494 --- Coarse Clast Dominant Submarine Debrite, the Mio-Pliocene Fujikawa Group, Central Japan / W. SOH / pp. 495-510 --- Basal Structures of the Pleistocene Chikura Submarine Sliding Sheet in the Southernmost Boso Peninsula, Central Japan / T. ITO and S. SUGIYAMA / pp. 511-528 --- Topography and Sedimentary Facies of the Nankai Deep Sea Channel / K. SHIMAMURA / pp. 529-556 --- Ancient Trench-Fill and Trench-Slope Basin Deposits: An Example from the Permian Nishiki Group, Southwest Japan / A. HARA and K. KIMINAMI / pp. 557-575 --- Tectono-Sedimentary Settings of Seep Biological Communities—A Synthesis from the Japanese Subduction Zones— / K. FUJIOKA and A. TAIRA / pp. 577-602 --- Chapter 5: VOLCANIC FACIES --- Sedimentary Facies of the Mio-Pliocene Volcanotectonic Depressions along the Volcanic Front in Northeast Honshu, Japan / M. UTADA and T. ITO / pp. 605-618 --- Submarine Depositional Processes for Volcaniclastic Sediments in the Mio- Pliocene Misaki Formation, Miura Group, Central Japan / W. SOH, A. TAIRA, Y. OGAWA, H. TANIGUCHI, K. T. PICKERING, and D. A. V. STOW / pp. 619-630 --- Chapter 6: TECTONICS AND SEDIMENTATION --- Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Kuji Basin of Northeast Japan: Tectonic Controls on Strike-Slip Basin Sedimentation / K. MINOURA and H. YAMAUCHI / pp. 633-658 --- The Itsukaichimachi Group: A Middle Miocene Strike-Slip Basin-Fill in the Southeastern Margin of the Kanto Mountains, Central Honshu, Japan / M. ITO / pp. 659-673 --- Structural Control on Sedimentation of Coal-Bearing Formations in Japan / K. FUJII / pp. 675-688 --- Coarse-Grained Turbidite Sedimentation Resulting from the Miocene Collision Event in Central Hokkaido, Japan / K. HOYANAGI / pp. 689-709 --- Eocene Foreland Thrust-Fold Belt of the Central Ryukyu Island Arc: Deduced from Sedimentary Structures in the Kayo Formation / H. UJIIE / pp. 711-722 --- Rifting of the Gondwanaland and Uplifting of the Himalayas Recorded in Mesozoic and Tertiary Fluvial Sediments in the Nepal Himalayas / H. SAKAI / pp. 723-732

Description / Table of Contents: P-wave Velocity Discontinuity in D" Layer beneath Western Pacific with J-Array Records / T. Shibutani, K. Hirahara, and M. Kato / pp. 1-11 --- Formation of Iron Hydrides under the Condition of the Earth's Interior-Implication for the Core Formation Process / T. Yagi / pp. 13-28 --- Computer Simulation of the Structural and Elastic Properties of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Conditions / M. Matsui / pp. 29-34 --- Experimental Study of the Decomposition of Kyanite at High Pressure and High Temperature / T. Irifune, K. Kuroda, T. Minagawa, and M. Unemoto / pp. 35-44 --- Empirical Formulation for the Distribution of Ca2+ between Olivine and Ca-rich Clinopyroxene at 7.5 GPa Pressure / T. Kawasaki / pp. 45-55 --- Rock-Magnetic Study of Sediments: A Brief Review of Bulk Sample Methods / M. Torii / pp. 57-73 --- Intensity of the Geomagnetic Field in Geological Time: A Statistical Study / M. Kono and H. Tanaka / pp. 75-94 --- Strength ol the Magnetic Field in the Earth's Core Estimated from Geomagnetic Field Data / M. Matsushima / pp. 95-104 --- On Truncation Levels in Spherical Harmonic Expansion of Magnetic and Velocity Fields in an MHD Dynamo Model / Y. Tanahashi, Y. Honkura, and M. Matsushima / pp. 105-122 --- Boussinesq Convection in Rotating Spherical Shells ~ A Study on the Equatorial Superrotation / S. Takehiro and Y.-Y. Hayashi / pp. 123-156 --- Bubble Convection / K. Iga and R. Kimura / pp. 157-180 --- Simulation of Fluid Flow in the Earth's Outer Core: Application of a Lattice Gas Method / H. Kabayama, Y. Teshima, H. Takayanagi, and Y. Honkura / pp. 181-213 --- Basic Equations for the Evolution of Partially Molten Mantle and Core / Y. Abe / pp. 215-230 --- A Model for the Structural Evolution of the Earth's Core and Its Relation to the Observations / I. Sumita, S. Yoshida, Y. Hamano, and M. Kumazawa / pp. 231-260 --- Evaporation and Condensation Kinetics and Isotopic Mass Fractionations in the Systems Mg-Si-O-H and Fe-S-H in Relation to the Major Element Compositions of the Earth / A. Tsuchiyama and C. Uyeda / pp. 261-275 --- Isotope line Analysis on Primitive Materials Using Ion Microprobe / C. Uyeda and A. Tsuchiyama / pp. 277-285 --- Element Partitioning between MgSiO3 Perovskite, Magma, and Molten Iron: Constraints for the Earliest Processes of the Earth-Moon System / E. Ohtani, H. Yurimoto, T. Segawa, and T. Kato / pp. 287-300 --- Evolution of the Earth's Obliquity and the Role of Core-Mantle Coupling / T. Ito and Y. Hamano / pp. 301-318 --- Core and Deformable Mantle Couplings beneath the Eurasian and the Pacific Plate Boundary / C. Kakuta / pp. 319-330 --- Differences in Morphology and Structure between Hotspot Tracks: Effects of the Lithospheric Age at the Time of Formation / C. Honsho and K. Tamaki / pp. 331-342 --- Noble Gas Constraints on the Plume Sources in the Earth's Deep Interior / I. Kaneoka / pp. 343-355 --- Polynesian Super Plume: A Window down to the Core/Mantle Boundary / Y. Tatsumi and T. Kogiso / pp. 357-367 ---

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1 / THE NATURE OF TROPOCHEMICAL CELL-TWINNING / Progress of study of known examples of homologous series based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 1 / INTRODUCTION / pp. 1-9 --- Chapter 2 / HETEROVALENT VACANCY-COUPLED SUBSTITUTION / pp. 11-13 --- Chapter 3 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE PbS - Bi2S3 SYSTEM AND EXTENDED LILLIANITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / pp. 15-57 --- Chapter 4 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN THE MnS - Y2S3 SYSTEM / pp. 59-62 --- Chapter 5 / THE ENSTATITE-IV HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Me~x/3Mg~2/3Si(x-4)/3Ox or Me~x/3Li~4/3 Si(x-4)/3Ox,WITH Me = Mg, Sc and x = 88, 100, 112 or 124 / pp. 63-111 --- Chapter 6 / HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF OXYBORATES RELATED TO PINAKIOLITE, (Mg, Mn2+, Fe3+) 1.9Mn3+O2[BO3] / pp. 113-159 --- Part II / NEW EXAMPLES OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES / Based on the TCT mechanism --- Chapter 7 / THE PLAGIONITE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES, Pb3+2xSb8S15+2x, with x = 0, 1, 2, or 3 / pp. 161-213 --- Chapter 8 / HIGH- TEMPERATURE HOMOLOGOUS SERIES OF LEAD SULFANTIMONITES, xPbS·Sb2S3, WITH x = 2 or 3 / pp. 215-226 --- SUMMARY AND COMMENTS / pp. 227-231 --- APPENDICES --- 1. Contracted twins / pp. 233-234 --- 2. Characterization of distorted coordination polyhedra / pp. 235-251 --- 3. A collection of papers concerning new structure data of the crystalline phases cited or related to those in the text / pp. 253-314

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding the process underlying the origin of Earth magnetic field is one of the greatest challenges left to classical Physics. Geomagnetism, being the oldest Earth science, studies the Earth’s magnetic field in its broadest sense. The magnetic record left in rocks is studied in Paleomagnetism. Both fields have applications, pure and applied: in navigation, in the search for minerals and hydrocarbons, in dating rock sequences, and in unraveling past geologic movements such as plate motions they have contributed to a better understanding of the Earth. Consisting of more than 300 articles written by ca 200 leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire fields of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism in a single volume. It describes in fine detail at an assessable level the state of the current knowledge and provides an up-to-date synthesis of the most basic concepts. As such, it will be an indispensable working tool not only for geophysicists and geophysics students but also for geologists, physicists, atmospheric and environmental scientists, and engineers.

Description / Table of Contents: The tragedy of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami has led to a rapid expansion in science directed at understanding tsunami and mitigating their hazard. A remarkable cross-section of this research was presented in the session: Tsunami Generation and Hazard, at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXIV General Assembly in Perugia, held in July of 2007. Over one hundred presentations were made at this session, spanning topics ranging from paleotsunami research, to nonlinear shallow-water theory, to tsunami hazard and risk assessment. A selection of this work, along with other contributions from leading tsunami scientists, is published in detail in the 28 papers of this special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics: Tsunami Science Four Years After the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Part I of this issue includes 14 papers covering the state-of-the-art in tsunami modelling and hazard assessment. Another 14 papers are published in Part II focusing on observations and data analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical properties and fluid transport in rocks are intimately linked as deformation of a solid rock matrix immediately affects the pore space and permeability. The coupling of fluid circulation and deformation processes in crustal rocks results in significant complexity of the mechanical and fluid transport behavior. This often poses severe technical and economic problems for reservoir and geotechnical engineering projects involved in oil and gas production, CO2 sequestration, mining and underground waste disposal. The volume results from the 5th Euroconference on Rock Physics and Geomechanics, which was held in Potsdam, Germany in September 2004. Part I of the topical volume mainly contains contributions investigating the nucleation and evolution of crack damage in rocks, new or modified techniques to measure rock fracture toughness and a discussion of upscaling techniques relating mechanical and fluid transport behavior in rocks at different spatial scales. Part II contains contributions discussing fluid flow and transport in rocks as observed on the laboratory scale and in boreholes. The evolution of rock damage pertinent to the stability of underground excavations is studied and scaling relations of elastic properties and seismic events are discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: IOP Publishing presents Volume 6 of the open-access IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) as the online abstract book for the IARU International Scientific Congress on Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions (10–12 March, Copenhagen, Denmark). This abstracts-only volume of EES is quite different to standard IOP Conference Series proceedings volumes which contain full, peer-reviewed proceedings papers. This unique volume of more than 1400 abstracts, divided into 58 different sessions, contains all the oral and poster presentations from the Congress. In view of the importance of the Climate Change Congress as a scientific basis for the COP15 conference, we are delighted to offer this collection as a permanent record of current research devoted to climate change. We hope this compilation will contribute to future world-wide dialogue on climate change in the ongoing search to address the scientific, political, social and economic challenges ahead.

Description / Table of Contents: Reconstructing past climate and past ocean circulation demands the highest possible precision and accuracy which urges the scientific community to look at different sediment records such as the ones from coastal zones to deep-sea with a more complete set of technical and methodological tools. However, the information given by each tool varies in precision, accuracy and in significance according to their environmental settings. It is therefore essential to compare tools. With that in mind, and as part of the International year of Planet Earth, a workshop entitled `From deep-sea to coastal zones: Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments' took place in Faro (Portugal), from 25–29 February 2008 in order to: present several methods and techniques that can be used for studying sediments from deep-sea to coastal zones, namely for reconstructing palaeoenvironments in order to document past climatic changes and short to long-term environmental processes; allow cross experience between different fields and specialties, either from deep-sea to coastal zones or from micropaleontology to geochemistry; give the opportunity to students from different universities and countries to attend the workshop; publish a special volume on the presented methods and techniques during the workshop. The workshop was organized in four non-parallel sessions dealing with the use of micropaleontology, isotopes, biogeochemistry and sedimentology, as tools for palaeoenvironmental studies. The present IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science proceedings reflect this organization and papers are published in each theme. The papers are either short reviews or case studies and are highlighted below. The remains of microorganisms found in sediments are the main proxies used in micropaleontological studies. However, the link between fossilized remains and their living origin is not easy to reconstruct only based on the geologic/sedimentary record. Accordingly, Barbosa presents a review of the actual knowledge of living phytoplankton dynamics and the processes, or environmental conditions, which could contribute to the production of fossilized biogenic remains. In the next paper, de Vernal presents a review, based on several case studies, on how palynological fossils observed in sediments are used in tracing biogenic fluxes, characterizing sedimentary environments, or even reconstructing hydrographical conditions and productivity. The two other papers presented in the micropaleontological proxy section are case studies on the use of dinoflagellates (Rochon) and calcareous plankton remains (Guerreiro et al), respectively, to better understand their local or regional environmental living characteristics ant therefore their specific interpretation for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at a regional scale. Isotopic proxies can be used either as provenance tracers or as chronometers of different processes. Once again, each study can provide a very specific framework of the proxies' use and it is very important to know and evaluate the limits of these tools in each environment and/or type of analyzed material. Accordingly, the two first articles deal with the study of organic carbon either by carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Hélie) or by radiocarbon (Mollhenhauer and Rethemeyer) analysis. The two other articles in this section deal with the use of radioisotopes. Ghaleb reviews the methods for measuring short-lived radiosisotopes in sediments, giving examples of their use for estimating recent sedimentary accumulation rates; whereas Hillaire-Marcel reviews the potential use of U-series isotopes as radiochronometers in biogenic carbonates. Geochemistry groups more than one field of expertise. However, in the present section, inorganic geochemistry is not treated and both articles present work on a very specific, and at the same time very complex, compound of the organic matter realm: black carbon. As such, Veilleux et al present a density fractionation method for isolating the small quantities of soot-like and graphitic material usually found in natural samples, whereas González-Vila et al. illustrate the potential of the combined use of analytical pyrolysis and solid state 13C NMR to determine the presence of black carbon and to characterize the refractory organic matter in marine sediments from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). In the last section, two papers are presented and discuss sedimentological proxies. In their paper, using diffuse spectral reflectance data, Veiga-Pires and Mestre try to determine if `twinned cores' (or paired cores) can be used as duplicate records to increase the volume of sediments collected in the field, whereas Drago et al discuss the use of fish remains in sediments for the reconstruction of paleoproductivity. Each of the above papers benefited from the constructive comments of at least two reviewers and we wish to sincerely thank the reviewers for their timely evaluation. We also thank the participants, volunteers and organizers of the workshop for their implication, making this first workshop on Methods and Techniques for studying palaeoenvironments (METECH) a success. The workshop and this proceeding would not have been possible without the financial and logistical support of GEOTOP, CIMA, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FACC07/1/1315) and IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science...

Description / Table of Contents: The Beyond Kyoto conference in Aarhus March 2009 was organised in collaboration with other knowledge institutions, businesses and authorities. It brought together leading scientists, policy-makers, authorities, intergovernmental organisations, NGO's, business stakeholders and business organisations. The conference was a joint interdisciplinary project involving many academic areas and disciplines. These conference proceedings are organised in central and recurring themes that cut across many debates on climate change, the climatic challenges as well as the solutions. In the front there is a short presentation of the conference concept. Part I of the proceedings focuses on issues related to the society – covering climate policy, law, market based instruments, financial structure, behaviour and consumption, public participation, media communication and response from indigenous peoples etc. Part II of the proceedings concerns the scientific knowledge base on climate related issues – covering climate change processes per se, the potential impacts of projected climate change on biodiversity and adaptation possibilities, the interplay between climate, agriculture and biodiversity, emissions, agricultural systems, increasing pressure on the functioning of agriculture and natural areas, vulnerability to extreme weather events and risks in respect to sea-level rise etc...

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part I of the book covers microscopic simulations, scaling physics and earthquake generation and cycles. This part also focuses on plate processes and earthquake generation from a macroscopic standpoint.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science presents a selection of papers that were given at the WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand and Dust Storm Warning System hosted by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center – Centro Nacional de Supercomputación in Barcelona (Spain) on 7-9 November 2007 (http://www.bsc.es/wmo). A sand and dust storm (SDS) is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions and arises when a gust front passes or when the wind force exceeds the threshold value where loose sand and dust are removed from the dry surface. After aeolian uptake, SDS reduce visibility to a few meters in and near source regions, and dust plumes are transported over distances as long as thousands of kilometres. Aeolian dust is unique among aerosol phenomena: (1) with the possible exception of sea-salt aerosol, it is globally the most abundant of all aerosol species, (2) it appears as the dominating component of atmospheric aerosol over large areas of the Earth, (3) it represents a serious hazard for life, health, property, environment and economy (occasionally reaching the grade of disaster or catastrophic event) and (4) its influence, impacts, complex interactions and feedbacks within the Earth System span a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. From a political and societal point of view, the concern for SDS and the need for international cooperation were reflected after a survey conducted in 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in which more than forty WMO Member countries expressed their interest for creating or improving capacities for SDS warning advisory and assessment. In this context, recent major advances in research – including, for example, the development and implementation of advanced observing systems, the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms responsible for sand and dust storm generation and the development of global and regional dust models – represent the basis for developing applications focusing on societal benefit and risk reduction. However, at present there are interdisciplinary research challenges to overwhelm current uncertainties in order to reach full potential. Furthermore, the community of practice for SDS observations, forecasts and analyses is mainly scientifically based and rather disconnected from potential users. This requires the development of interfaces with operational communities at international and national levels, strongly focusing on the needs of people and factors at risk ... The general objective of the WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand and Dust Storm Warning System was to discuss and recommend actions needed to develop a global routine SDS-WAS based on integrating numerical SDS prediction and observing systems, and on establishing effective cooperation between data producers and user communities in order to provide SDS-WAS products capable of contributing to the reduction of risks from SDS. The specific objectives were: to identify, present and suggest future real-time observations for forecast verification and dust surveillance: satellite, ground-based remote sensing (passive and active) and in-situ monitoring; to present ongoing forecasting activities; to discuss and identify user needs: health, air quality, air transport operations, ocean, and others; to identify and discuss dust research issues relevant for operational forecast applications; to present the concept of SDS-WAS and Regional Centers...

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications, the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part II of the book embraces dynamic rupture and wave propagation, computational environment and algorithms, data assimilation and understanding, and applications of models to earthquakes. This part also contains articles on the computational approaches and challenges of constructing earthquake models.

Description / Table of Contents: This topical volume of the Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics utilizes new information not previously accessible for fog related research. It focuses on surface and remote sensing observations of fog, various numerical model applications using new parameterizations, fog climatology, and new statistical methods. The results presented in this special issue come from research efforts in North America and Europe, mainly from the Canadian Fog Remote Sensing And Modeling (FRAM) and European COST-722 fog/visibility related projects. Students, postgraduates, and researchers, interested in cloud physics, physical meteorology, aviation meteorology, climate, weather forecasting, and in other adjacent disciplines, can use this book as a basis for future developments in fog research. It is hoped that this book will lead to new scientific challenges in fog related research, teaching, and applications.

Description / Table of Contents: The Encyclopedia of GIS features an alphabetically arranged comprehensive and authoritative treatment of this subject matter. Authored by world experts and peer-reviewed for accuracy and currency, the entries explain the key software, data sets, and processes used by geographers and computational scientists. Nearly 200 topics include major overviews, such as Geoinformatics, Spatial Cognition, and Location-Based Services. Short entries define specific terms and concepts, such as the Global Positioning System, Digital Elevation/Terrain Model, and Remote Sensing. Larger entries include key citations to the literature, and (online) internal hyperlinks to definitional entries and current standards.The reference will be published as a print volume with abundant black and white art, and simultaneously as an XML online reference with hyperlinked citations, cross-references, four-color art, links to web-based maps, and other interactive features.

Description / Table of Contents: During the last decades, the monitoring and modelling of various geodynamic processes have gained ever increasing importance. In particular, temporal variations of the deformation and gravity fields recorded by new types of geodetic measuring techniques and reflecting isostatic, tectonic or volcanic processes in the earth's interior as well as climatologically induced changes on its surface have opened new avenues. The present volume succeeds a similar topical volume published in 2007 and reflects the most recent developments in these fields of research. Part of the papers in this book were presented at the second workshop on 'Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism and Climate Change' that took place at the Casa de los Volcanes on Lanzarote, Spain, during March 27-30, 2007. It was jointly organized and supported by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, the Spanish Council for Scientific Research and the Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote. The workshop also served as the second meeting of the members of the IAG Working Group ICCT2 on 'Dynamic Theories of Deformation and Gravity Fields'.

Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical properties and fluid transport in rocks are intimately linked as deformation of a solid rock matrix immediately affects the pore space and permeability. This may result in transient or permanent changes of pore pressures and effective pressures causing rock strength to vary in space and time. Fluid circulation and deformation processes in crustal rocks are coupled, producing significant complexity of mechanical and fluid transport behavior. This often poses severe technical and economic problems for reservoir and geotechnical engineering projects involved in oil and gas production, CO2 sequestration, mining and underground waste disposal. For example, the depletion of hydrocarbon and water reservoirs leading to compaction may have adverse effects on well production. Solution/precipitation processes modify porosity and affect permeability of aquifers and reservoir rocks. Fracture damage from underground excavation will critically influence the long-term stability and performance of waste storage. Part I of this topical volume covers mainly the nucleation and evolution of crack damage in rocks, new or modified techniques to measure rock fracture toughness and a discussion of upscaling techniques relating mechanical and fluid transport behaviour in rocks at different spatial scales. Part II, to be published later in 2006, will include studies investigating the coupling of rock deformation and fluid flow.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents summaries of recent research results on the related subjects of source processes and explosion yield estimation, which are important elements of any treaty verification system. The term Source Processes, in the context of nuclear test monitoring, refers to a wide range of research topics. In a narrow definition, it describes the complex physical phenomena that are directly associated with a nuclear explosion, and the catastrophic deformation and transformation of the material surrounding the explosion. In a broader sense, it includes a host of topics related to the inference of explosion phenomena from seismic and other signals. A further widening of the definition includes the study and characterization of source processes of events other than nuclear, such as earthquakes and, in particular, mining explosions. This latter research is especially important relative to the question of identifying and discriminating nuclear explosions from other seismic events. Explosion Yield Estimation deals with the corresponding inverse problem of inferring explosion source characteristics through analyses of the various types of seismic signals produced by the explosion. This is a complex technical task which has been the focus of some of the most contentious treaty monitoring debates. The current compilation of eight articles on Source Processes and six articles on Explosion Yield Estimation gives a good representation of state-of-the-art research currently being conducted in the broad area of seismic source characterization in the context of nuclear test monitoring.

Description / Table of Contents: The special issue contains contributions presented at the international workshop Seismic waves in laterally inhomo- geneous media IV, which was held at the Castle of Trest, Czech Republic, May 22-27, 1995. The workshop, which was attended by about 100 seismologists from more than 10 countries, was devoted mainly to the current state of theoretical and computational means of study of seismic wave propagation in complex structures. The special issue can be of interest for theoretical, global and explorational seismologists. The first part contains papers dealing with the study and the use of various methods of solving forward and inverse problems in complicated structures. Among other methods, discrete-wave number method, the finite-difference method, the edge-wave supperposition method and the ray method are studied and used. Most papers contained in the second part are related to the ray method. The most important topics are two-point ray tracing, grid calculations of travel times and amplitudes and seismic wave propagation in anisotropic media.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume contains twenty-five research papers on seismicity patterns, their interpretation and their possible relevance to learning how to predict earthquakes. The interpretation of seismicity patterns has become somewhat controversial. Some researchers present case histories suggesting that earthquakes may be predicted by increased seismic moment release or seismic quiescence and, in general, by understanding the processes of self-organized criticality. Others deny these hypotheses. Although the problem of recognizing foreshocks in real time remains unsolved, new properties of microearthquakes as a function of time are coming to light. Computer modeling of seismicity also is advancing in sophistication and relevance. Surprisingly, b-values seem to hold substantial information about varying local conditions of earthquake generation.

Description / Table of Contents: The Hiroshi Wakita Volume II is a collection of original papers regarding the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. The importance of monitoring volcanic gases for studying volcanic eruptions is widely recognized by the scientific community. On the other hand, the usefulness of hydrological and geochemical monitoring in earthquake studies, especially in earthquake prediction, has been controversial. This Pure and Applied Geophysics volume provides the results of recent studies on terrestrial fluids involved in both processes. The volume honors Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contributions. It should be useful to researchers and graduate students in the field.

Description / Table of Contents: Terrestrial fluids, earthquakes and volcanoes: The Hiroshi Wakita volume III is a special publication to honor Professor Hiroshi Wakita for his scientific contribution to science, which has been closely linked with one of the major objectives of this 2008 International Year for the Earth Planet. Reducing natural risks in active tectonic and volcanic environments by searching and detecting early warning hydrological and geochemical signatures related to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been a major life research goal for Hiroshi Wakita. This third special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics consists of 9 original papers written by researchers from Taiwan, Italy, Turkey, Iceland, USA, Sweden, India and Spain dealing with various aspects of the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquake and volcanic processes. It also includes a list of Hiroshi Wakita’s scientific publications. This volume III will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the role of terrestrial fluids in earthquakes and volcanic activity.

Description / Table of Contents: Weather and climate are of concern to virtually all countries worldwide. For many countries the economy depends largely on agriculture, which is significantly affected by variations in weather and climate. This volume contains many original findings on weather and climate related to atmospheric and oceanic processes through mathematical modeling, numerical simulations, and field experiments and it will be useful as a reading material in graduate level courses dealing with weather, climate, boundary layer and air quality. The scientific community at large, especially younger scientists, will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: Our understanding of calcium carbonate precipitation within freshwater carbonate systems is being revolutionized by new quantitative approaches at both field and laboratory scale. These systems cover a diverse range of topical research areas including tufas, speleothems, stromatolites and microbial processes. Progress by various international research groups has been impressive, with major contributions to such areas as climate change, absolute dating, carbon sequestration, and biofilm construction and precipitation. A diverse sample of interrelated research is presented that provides a tantalizing glimpse of the interplay between microbial, geochemical and physical processes that control the development of tufas and speleothems. This volume will provide a cross-disciplinary platform that will stimulate further exchanges about new concepts, methodologies and interpretations associated with freshwater carbonates. In particular, it will help reinforce the importance of cross-discipline research: the driving force behind the new field of Geobiology.

Description / Table of Contents: The Zagros fold-thrust belt (ZFTB) extends from Turkey to the Hormuz Strait, resulting from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates during Cenozoic times, and separates the Arabian platform from the large plateaux of central Iran. To the east a pronounced syntaxis marks the transition between the Zagros collision belt and the Makran accretionary wedge. In the ZFTB, the Proterozoic to Recent stratigraphic succession pile is involved in huge folds, and offers the opportunity to study the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Palaeo-Tethyan margin. Few recent data were widely available on the southern Tethys margin preserved in the Zagros Mountains. The Middle East Basins Evolution (MEBE) program was an excellent opportunity to go back to the field and to collect new data to better constrain the evolution of this margin. In this volume the structure of the Zagros Mountains is explored through different scales and using different methodologies.

Description / Table of Contents: Der Band führt den Grund- und Aufbaukurs der Mathematischen Grundlagen für Biologie und Geowissenschaft zusammen und stellt zahlreiche neue Übungsaufgaben vor. Die vorliegende Bearbeitung der Vorlesung und der Übungsaufgaben soll die Studierenden anregen, über mathematische Probleme nachzudenken, und sie in die Lage versetzen, bei Bedarf weitergehende Fachbuchliteratur studieren zu können.

Description / Table of Contents: The Mesozoic Era begins with the approximately 50-million-year-long Triassic Period, a major juncture in Earth history when the vast Pangaean supercontinent completed its assembly and began its fragmentation, and the global biota diversified and modernized after the end-Permian mass extinction, the most extensive biotic decimation of the Phanerozoic. The temporal ordering of geological and biotic events during Triassic time thus is critical to the interpretation of some unique and pivotal events in Earth history. This temporal ordering is mostly based on the Triassic timescale, which has been developed and refined for nearly two centuries. This book reviews the state of the art of the Triassic timescale and includes comprehensive analyses of Triassic radio-isotopic ages, magnetostratigraphy, isotope-based and cyclostratigraphic correlations and timescale -relevant marine and non-marine biostratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: Ancient orogens and modern analogues: an introduction / J. Brendan Murphy, J. Duncan Keppie and Andrew J. Hynes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 1-8, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.1 --- Mesozoic–Cenozoic Orogens --- Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand / J. W. Cole and K. D. Spinks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 9-29, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.2 --- Andean flat-slab subduction through time / Victor A. Ramos and Andrés Folguera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 31-54, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.3 --- Middle Miocene Chiapas fold and thrust belt of Mexico: a result of collision of the Tehuantepec Transform/Ridge with the Middle America Trench / J. J. Mandujano-Velazquez and J. Duncan Keppie / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 55-69, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.4 --- Extrusion of high-pressure Cache Creek rocks into the Triassic Stikinia–Quesnellia arc of the Canadian Cordillera: implications for terrane analysis of ancient orogens and palaeogeography / Jaroslav Dostal, J. Duncan Keppie and Filippo Ferri / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 71-87, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.5 --- Plate tectonics of the Alpine realm / Gérard M. Stampfli and Cyril Hochard / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 89-111, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.6 --- The Calabrian Orocline: buckling of a previously more linear orogen / Stephen T. Johnston and Stefano Mazzoli / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 113-125, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.7 --- Seismic structure, crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the Anatolian-African Plate Boundary and the Cenozoic Orogenic Belts in the Eastern Mediterranean Region / Yildirim Dilek and Eric Sandvol / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 127-160, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.8 --- Palaeozoic/Neoproterozoic Orogens --- The evolution of the Uralian orogen / Victor N. Puchkov / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 161-195, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.9 --- Timing of dextral strike-slip processes and basement exhumation in the Elbe Zone (Saxo-Thuringian Zone): the final pulse of the Variscan Orogeny in the Bohemian Massif constrained by LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon data / M. Hofmann, U. Linnemann, A. Gerdes, B. Ullrich and M. Schauer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 197-214, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.10 --- Variscan intra-orogenic extensional tectonics in the Ossa-Morena Zone (Évora-Aracena-Lora del Rı́o metamorphic belt, SW Iberian Massif): SHRIMP zircon U-Th-Pb geochronology / M. Francisco Pereira, Martim Chichorro, Ian S. Williams, José B. Silva, Carlos Fernández, Manuel Dı́az-azpı́roz, Arturo Apraiz and Antonio Castro / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 215-237, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.11 --- Palaeozoic palaeogeography of Mexico: constraints from detrital zircon age data / R. Damian Nance, J. Duncan Keppie, Brent V. Miller, J. Brendan Murphy and Jaroslav Dostal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 239-269, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.12 --- Pre-Carboniferous, episodic accretion-related, orogenesis along the Laurentian margin of the northern Appalachians / Cees R. van Staal, Joseph B. Whalen, Pablo Valverde-Vaquero, Alexandre Zagorevski and Neil Rogers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 271-316, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.13 --- From Rodinia to Pangaea: ophiolites from NW Iberia as witness for a long-lived continental margin / Sonia Sánchez Martı́nez, Ricardo Arenas, Javier Fernández-Suárez and Teresa E. Jeffries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 317-341, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.14 --- Rheic Ocean mafic complexes: overview and synthesis / J. Brendan Murphy, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso, R. Damian Nance, Javier Fernández-Suárez, J. Duncan Keppie, Cecilio Quesada, Jaroslav Dostal and James A. Braid / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 343-369, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.15 --- Proterozoic Orogens --- The palaeomagnetically viable, long-lived and all-inclusive Rodinia supercontinent reconstruction / David A. D. Evans / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 371-404, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.16 --- The Grenville Province as a large hot long-duration collisional orogen – insights from the spatial and thermal evolution of its orogenic fronts / Toby Rivers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 405-444, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.17 --- Neoproterozoic reworking of the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogen of Western Australia and implications for the amalgamation of Rodinia / Sandra A. Occhipinti and Steven M. Reddy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 445-456, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.18 --- The Palaeoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen: a prototype of modern accretionary processes / D. Corrigan, S. Pehrsson, N. Wodicka and E. de Kemp / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, 457-479, 1 January 2009, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.19

Description / Table of Contents: Founded in 1807, the Geological Society of London became the world's first learned society devoted to the Earth sciences. In celebration of the Society's 200-year history, this book commemorates the lives of the Society's 13 founders and sets geology in its national and European context at the turn of the nineteenth century. In Britain, geology was emerging as a subject in its own right from three closely related disciplines - chemistry, mineralogy and medicine - disciplines that reflect the principal professions and interests of the founders. The tremendous energy and cooperation of these 13 men, about whom little was previously known, quickly mobilized like-minded men around the country and fuelled the nation's passion for geology; an enthusiasm that soon spread to America and Australia. Two previously unpublished works from this period, essential to understanding the founding of the Society, are reproduced here for the first time. The book closes with a review of the Society's 2007 Bicentenary celebrations.

Description / Table of Contents: The Devonian was a critical period with respect to the diversification of early terrestrial ecosystems. The geotectonic setting was characterized by the switch from the post-Caledonian to the pre-Variscan situation. Plant life on land evolved from tiny tracheophytes to trees of considerable size in combination with a global increase in terrestrial biomass, and vertebrates started to conquer the land. Extensive shallow-marine areas and continental lowlands with a wide range of different habitats existed. These are preserved in a large number of basins all around the world. Climate change finally led from greenhouse to icehouse conditions towards the end of the Devonian. Rapid evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and climate change had a pronounced influence on sedimentation and biodiversity, not only in the terrestrial, but also in the marine realm. This volume contains case studies from Australia, China, Europe, South America and North America, and individual palaeoecosystems and their components have been investigated in different palaeogeographic settings that contribute to a much better understanding of the Devonian Period. This is a contribution to the IGCP 499 project on "Devonian land-sea interaction: evolution of ecosystems and climate".

Description / Table of Contents: The discovery of dinosaurs and other large extinct ‘saurians’ - a term under which the Victorians commonly lumped ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and their kin - makes exciting reading and has caught the attention of palaeontologists, historians of science and the general public alike. The papers in this collection go beyond the familiar tales about famous ‘fossil hunters’ and focus on relatively little-known episodes in the discovery and interpretation (from both a scientific and an artistic point of view) of dinosaurs and other inhabitants of the Mesozoic world. They cover a long time span, from the beginnings of ‘modern’ scientific palaeontology in the 1700s to the present, and deal with many parts of the world, from the Yorkshire coast to Central India, from Bavaria to the Sahara. The characters in these stories include professional palaeontologists and geologists (some of them well-known, others quite obscure), explorers, amateur fossil collectors, and artists, linked together by their interest in Mesozoic creatures.

Description / Table of Contents: Increasingly, researchers have reported that passive margins do not show a simple uninterrupted thermal sag pattern of post-rift subsidence following continental separation. Rather, the structural and stratigraphic development of such margins may record evidence of complex phases of differential subsidence, exhumation and fold development. Some of the fold structures observed on passive continental margins appear to be related to regional stresses transmitted through basement rocks, whereas others are related to gravitational sliding and toe-thrusting. This special publication concentrates on the first of these categories. The morphology and distribution of such folds, together with potential mechanisms for generation of regional stress, are described in a series of papers by authorities in the field. As well as being an enigmatic feature of passive margin geology, the compressive folds have significance in the exploration for petroleum.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first to describe the history of geoconservation. It draws on experience from the UK, Europe and further afield, to explore topics including: what is geoconservation; where, when and how did it start; who was responsible; and how has it differed across the world? Geological and geomorphological features, processes, sites and specimens, provide a resource of immense scientific and educational importance. They also form the foundation for the varied and spectacular landscapes that help define national and local identity as well as many of the great tourism destinations. Mankind's activities, including contributing to enhanced climate change, pose many threats to this resource: the importance of safeguarding and managing it for future generations is now widely accepted as part of sustainable development. Geoconservation is an established and growing activity across the world, with more participants and a greater profile than ever before. This volume highlights a history of challenges, set-backs, successes and visionary individuals and provides a sound basis for taking geoconservation into the future.

Description / Table of Contents: Faults are primary focuses of both fluid migration and deformation in the upper crust. The recognition that faults are typically heterogeneous zones of deformed material, not simple discrete fractures, has fundamental implications for the way geoscientists predict fluid migration in fault zones, as well as leading to new concepts in understanding seismic/aseismic strain accommodation. This book captures current research into understanding the complexities of fault-zone internal structure, and their control on mechanical and fluid-flow properties of the upper crust. A wide variety of approaches are presented, from geological field studies and laboratory analyses of fault-zone and fault-rock properties to numerical fluid-flow modelling, and from seismological data analyses to coupled hydraulic and rheological modelling. The publication aims to illustrate the importance of understanding fault-zone complexity by integrating such diverse approaches, and its impact on the rheological and fluid-flow behaviour of fault zones in different contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: The boundaries of rigid cratons can be affected by subsequent orogenic events, leading to ‘metacratonic’ characteristics not often properly recognized and still poorly understood. Major lithospheric thickening is absent and early events such as ophiolites are preserved; however, metacratonic boundaries are affected by major shear zones, abundant magmatism and mineralizations, and local high-pressure metamorphism. West Africa, marked by the large Eburnian (c. 2 Ga) West African craton, the absence of Mesoproterozoic events, the major Pan-African (0.9–0.55 Ga) mobile belts that generated the Peri-Gondawanan terranes, and the weaker but enlightening Variscan and Alpine orogenies, is an excellent place for tackling this promising concept of metacratonization. The papers in this book consider most of the West African craton boundaries, from the reworking of the Palaeoproterozoic terranes, through the Pan-African encircling terranes, the late Neoproterozoic-early Palaeozoic extension period and the Peri-Gondwanan terranes, the Variscan imprint to the current situation.

Description / Table of Contents: Twenty years have passed since Menzies & Hawkesworth extended the concept of metasomatism to mantle processes. The aim of this book is to gather together progress made on this topic since then. Most of the 14 papers reported in the volume rely on in situ major and trace element analyses of minerals and glasses in mantle xenoliths, and deal with different kinds of metasomatic agents at variable fluid/rock ratios in tectonic settings as different as intra-plate, mid-ocean ridge (ophiolites) and supra-subduction. The book contributes to the wide debate on the nature of the fluids migrating into the mantle wedge, as well as on the different residential times of the subduction signature. In addition papers on intra-plate settings deal with the problem of relating various metasomatic signatures to one single metasomatic event through an infiltration-reaction process.

Description / Table of Contents: Some 75 years after the visionary work of Wegener and du Toit, Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic geological correlations between South America and Africa are re-examined in the light of plate tectonics and modern geological investigation (structural and metamorphic studies, stratigraphic logging, geochemistry, geochronology and palaeomagnetism). The book presents both reviews and new research relating to the shared Gondwana origins of countries facing each other across the South Atlantic Ocean, especially Brazil, Argentina, Cameroon, Nigeria, Angola, Namibia and South Africa. This is the first comprehensive treatment to be readily available in book form. It covers the common elements of cratonic areas pre-dating Gondwana, and how they came together in late Precambrian and Cambrian times with the formation of the Pan-African/Brasiliano orogenic belts (Dom Feliciano, Brasília, Ribeira, Damara, Gariep, Kaoko, etc.). The subsequent shared Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary record (Karoo system) prior to Gondwana break-up is also reviewed.

Description / Table of Contents: The many kinds of porous geomaterials (rocks, soils, concrete, etc.) exhibit a range of responses when undergoing inelastic deformation. In doing so they commonly develop well-ordered fabric elements, forming fractures, shear bands and compaction bands, so creating the planar fabrics that are regarded as localization. Because these induced localization fabrics alter the bulk material properties (such as permeability, acoustic characteristics and strength), it is important to understand how and why localization occurs, and how it relates to its setting. The concept of damage (in several uses) describes both the precursor to localization and the context within which it occurs. A key theme is that geomaterials display a strong material evolution during deformation, revealing a close linkage between the damage and localization processes. This volume assembles perspectives from a number of disciplines, including soil mechanics, rock mechanics, structural geology, seismic anisotropy and reservoir engineering. The papers range from theoretical to observational, and include contributions showing how the deformed geomaterials emergent bulk characteristics, like permeability and seismic anisotropy, can be predicted. This book will be of interest to a wide range of geoscientists and engineers who deal with characterization of deformed materials.

Description / Table of Contents: Restraining and releasing bends are common, but enigmatic features of strike-slip fault systems occurring in all crustal environments and at regional to microscopic scales of observation. Regional-scale restraining bends are sites of mountain building, transpressional deformation and basement exhumation, whereas releasing bends are sites of topographic subsidence, transtensional deformation, basin sedimentation and possible volcanism and economic mineralization. Because restraining and releasing bends often occur as singular self-contained domains of complex deformation, they are appealing natural laboratories for Earth scientists to study fault processes, earthquake seismology, active faulting and sedimentation, fault and fluid-flow relationships, links between tectonics and topography, tectonic and erosional controls on exhumation, and tectonic geomorphology. This volume addresses the tectonic complexity and diversity of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends with 18 contributions divided into four thematic sections: (1) a topical review of fault bends and their global distribution; (2) bends, sedimentary basins and earthquake hazards; (3) restraining bends, transpressional deformation and basement controls on development; (4) releasing bends, transtensional deformation and fluid flow.

Description / Table of Contents: There is a general consensus that for the next few decades at least, the Earth will continue its warming. This will inevitably bring about serious environmental problems. For human society, the most severe will be those related to alterations of the hydrological cycle, which is already heavily influenced by human activities. Climate change will directly affect groundwater recharge, groundwater quality and the freshwater-seawater interface. The variations of groundwater storage inevitably entail a variety of geomorphological and engineering effects. In the areas where water resources are likely to diminish, groundwater will be one of the main solutions to prevent drought. In spite of its paramount importance, the issue of ‘Climate Change and Groundwater’ has been neglected. This volume presents some of the current understanding of the topic.

Description / Table of Contents: The Proterozoic and early Phanerozoic was a time punctuated by a series of significant events in Earth history. Glaciations of global scale wracked the planet, interfingered with dramatic changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry and marked changes in continental configuration. It was during these dynamic and ‘weedy’ times that metazoans first appeared. Their subsequent diversification culminated in the appearance of hard tissue skeletons and deep "farming" of the marine substrate in late Proterozoic and first few millions of years of the Phanerozoic. The papers in this book deal specifically with the precise timing of physical events and teasing out of the effects which these changing environments, climates, global chemistry and palaeogeography had on the development and diversification of animals, resulting in the spectacular Ediacaran/Vendian faunas of the late Precambrian.

Description / Table of Contents: Geological correlations of East Antarctica with adjoining continents have been puzzling geologists ever since the concept of a Gondwana supercontinent surfaced. Despite the paucity of outcrops because of ice cover, difficulty of access and extreme weather, the past 50 years of Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE) has successfully revealed vital elements of the geology of East Antarctica. This volume presents reviews and new research from localities across East Antarctica, especially from Dronning Maud Land to Enderby Land, where the geological record preserves a history that spans the Archaean and Proterozoic. The reviews include extensive bibliographies of results obtained by geologists who participated in the JARE. Comprehensive geological, petrological and geochemical studies, form a platform for future research on the formation and dispersion of Rodinia in the Mesoproterozoic and subsequent assembly of Gondwana in the Neoproterozoic to Early Palaeozoic.

Description / Table of Contents: This book deals with various interesting aspects of the histories of geomorphology and Quaternary geology in different parts of the world. The papers cover a range of topics: the origin of the term ‘Quaternary’, histories of ideas and debates relating to aspects of fluvial geomorphology (USA and Australia), glacial geomorphology and glaciation (Northern Europe, the Baltic countries, Russia, Iceland, and New Zealand), desert dunes and the geology of Australia, peneplains in China, a palaeo-Tokyo Bay in Japan, together with biographies of Charles Cotton (New Zealand), Valerija Cepulyte (Lithuania) and Ceslovas Pakuckas (Lithuania and Poland) that highlight their respective contributions to the disciplines of geomorphology and Quaternary geology. There is an autobiographical contribution from E. E. Milanovsky (Russia) on his work in Siberia, the Caucasus and Iceland, illustrated by his sketches made in the field.

Description / Table of Contents: Faults are primary focuses of both fluid migration and deformation in the upper crust. The recognition that faults are typically heterogeneous zones of deformed material, not simple discrete fractures, has fundamental implications for the way geoscientists predict fluid migration in fault zones, as well as leading to new concepts in understanding seismic/aseismic strain accommodation. This book captures current research into understanding the complexities of fault-zone internal structure, and their control on mechanical and fluid-flow properties of the upper crust. A wide variety of approaches are presented, from geological field studies and laboratory analyses of fault-zone and fault-rock properties to numerical fluid-flow modelling, and from seismological data analyses to coupled hydraulic and rheological modelling. The publication aims to illustrate the importance of understanding fault-zone complexity by integrating such diverse approaches, and its impact on the rheological and fluid-flow behaviour of fault zones in different contexts.

Description / Table of Contents: The North China craton is the only known place where an Archaean craton with a thick tectospheric root lost half of that root in younger tectonism by processes such as delamination, convection, hydration-weakening, compositional change or some other mechanism. In this volume, authors provide data constraining the geometry and timing of root loss, aimed at understanding why and how continental roots are lost in general. Modelling how often this process may have occurred in the geological past, and how much lithospheric material has been recycled to the convecting mantle through this mechanism, could drastically change our current understanding of crustal growth rates and processes. Possible triggering mechanisms for root loss include collision of the South China (Yangtze) and North China cratons in the Triassic, the India–Asia collision, closure of the Solonker and Monhgol–Okhotsk oceans, Mesozoic subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath eastern China, impingement of mantle plumes, mantle hydration from long-term subduction and several rifting events. In this volume, we link studies of crustal tectonics with investigations aimed at determining the nature of and timing of the formation and loss of the root, in order to better-understand mechanisms of continental root formation, evolution and recycling/removal.

Description / Table of Contents: There has lately been a growth in the number and level of studies of contourite deposits. Most recent studies of contourites have two major lines of interest. One, propelled by the oil industry's continuous move into increasingly deep waters, concerns their economic significance. The other involves the stratigraphic/ palaeoceanographic record of ocean circulation changes imprinted on contourite deposits that can be a key to understanding better the climate-ocean connection. The application of many different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, petrology, scale modeling and field geology are used in the 16 papers of this volume, proposing answers to those two main aspects. The papers are subdivided into two major categories (economic interest and stratigraphic/palaeoceanographic significance), with case studies ranging from well-documented drifts to new examples of modern and fossil series, involving a large diversity of geographic and physiographic scenarios worldwide.

Description / Table of Contents: This Special Publication, in memory and celebration of the work of Professor Mike Coward, is about the deformation of the continental lithosphere. The collected papers discuss geometry, structural principles, processes and problems in a wide range of tectonic settings and thereby reflect the breadth of Coward's interests. They encompass the evolution of Precambrian basement gneiss terrains, the geometry and evolution of thrust systems, basement involvement and structural inheritance in basins, syn-orogenic extension, salt tectonics, the implication of structural evolution on hydrocarbon prospectivity and structural controls on mineralization. Examples are drawn from the Lewisian and Moine Thrust Belt of NW Scotland, the Italian Apennines, NW Himalayas, the Cyclades, Oman, Zagros Mountains, Colombian Cordillera, Carpathians, North Sea, offshore Brazil, regional studies of the Irumide Belt (central Africa), Taurus Mountains (Turkey), greater South America, and from the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa and the Antler Orogeny of SW USA.

Description / Table of Contents: This collection of 27 review and research papers provides an overview of the geodynamic concepts of channel flow and ductile extrusion in continental collision zones. The focal point tor this volume is the proposal that the middle or lower crust acts as a ductile, partially molten channel flowing out from beneath areas of over-thickened crust, such as the Tibetan plateau, towards the topographic surface at plateau margins. This controversial proposal explains many features related to the geodynamic evolution of the plateau and, for example, extrusion and exhumation of the crystalline core of the Himalayan mountain chain to the south. In this volume thermal-mechanical models for channel flow, extrusion and exhumation are presented, and geological and geophysical evidence both for and against the applicability of such models to the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau system, as well as older continental collision zones such as the Hellenides, the Appalachians and the Canadian Cordillera, are discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: During the Permian, the single supercontinent Pangaea stretched from pole to pole. Early Permian glacial deposits are found in southern Gondwana. Along the sutures of Pangaea, mountain ranges towered over vast tropical lowlands. Interior areas included dry deserts where dune sands accumulated. Gypsum and halite beds document the evaporation of hot, shallow seas that formed the most extensive salt deposits in the geological record. The Permian period (251 to 299 Ma) encompasses nine ages (stages) arranged into three epochs (series). Most of the Permian marine timescale has been defined by global stratotype sections and points for the stage boundaries. This volume presents new data regarding the biostratigraphy and biochronology of the non-marine Permian and provides a basis for temporally ordering Permian geological and biotic history on land, and correlating that history to events in the marine realm.

Description / Table of Contents: Der vorliegende Band enthält Beiträge zur 74. Jahrestagung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, die 2004 das vierte Mal in Göttingen tagte. Das Tagungsthema »Geobiologie« weist zum einen auf die Schlüsselstellung paläontologischer Forschungen in der Geo- und Biosphäre hin wie auch auf die enge Verfl echtung zwischen den einzelnen Disziplinen der Geo- und Biowissenschaften. Die »Geobiologie« als richtungsweisende und moderne Disziplin erfordert die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit vieler Fachrichtungen. Die Tagungsbeiträge vermitteln einen Eindruck vom breitgefächerten Wesen sowie den Aufgaben geobiologischer und paläontologischer Forschung und Wissensvermittlung.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding how fluids flow through though rocks is very important in a number of fields. Almost all of the world's oil and gas are produced from underground reservoirs. Knowledge of how they got where they are, what keeps them there and how they migrate through the rock is very important in the search for new resources, as well as for maximising the extraction of as much of the contained oil/gas as possible. Similar understanding is important for managing groundwater resources and for predicting how hazardous or radioactive waste or carbon dioxide will behave if stored or disposed of underground. Unravelling the complex behaviour of fluids as they flow through rock is difficult, but important. We cannot see through rock, so we need to predict how and where fluids flow. Understanding the type of rock, its porosity, the character and pattern of fractures within it and how fluids flows through it are important. Some contributors to this volume have been trying to understand real rocks in real situations and others have been working on computer models and laboratory simulations. Put together, these approaches have yielded very useful results, many of which are discussed in this volume.

Description / Table of Contents: Frontiers in Geofluids is a collection of invited papers chosen to highlight recent developments in our understanding of geological fluids in different parts of the Earth, and published to mark the first ten years of publication of the journal Geofluids. The scope of the volume ranges from the fundamental properties of fluids and the phase relationships of fluids encountered in nature, to case studies of the role of fluids in natural processes. New developments in analytical and theoretical approaches to understanding fluid compositions, fluid properties, and geological fluid dynamics across a wide range of environments are included. A recurrent theme of research published in Geofluids is the way in which similar approaches can be applied to geological fluids in very different settings and this is reflected in the diverse range of applications of fluid studies that are included here. They include deep groundwater flow, hydrocarbons in faulted sedimentary basins, hydrothermal ores, and multiphase flow in mid-ocean ridge systems. Other topics covered are geothermal waters, crustal metamorphism, and fluids in magmatic systems. The book will be of great interest to researchers and students interested in crustal and mantle fluids of all sorts.

Description / Table of Contents: Slope tectonics: a short introduction / Michel Jaboyedoff, Giovanni B. Crosta and Doug Stead / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 1-10, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.1 --- Paraglacial gravitational deformations in the SW Alps: a review of field investigations, 10Be cosmogenic dating and physical modelling / S. El Bedoui, T. Bois, H. Jomard, G. Sanchez, T. Lebourg, E. Trics, Y. Guglielmi, S. Bouissou, A. Chemenda, Y. Rolland, M. Corsini and J. L. Pérez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 11-25, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.2 --- Inheritance of ductile and brittle structures in the development of large rock slope instabilities: examples from western Norway / A. Saintot, I. H. C. Henderson and M.-H. Derron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 27-78, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.3 --- Regional spatial variations in rockslide distribution from structural geology ranking: an example from Storfjorden, western Norway / Iain H. C. Henderson and Aline Saintot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 79-95, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.4 --- Rock slope instabilities in Sogn and Fjordane County, Norway: a detailed structural and geomorphological analysis / Martina Böhme, Aline Saintot, Iain H. C. Henderson, Helge Henriksen and Reginald L. Hermanns / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 97-111, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.5 --- Controlling factors for deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Aosta Valley (NW Alps, Italy) / G. Martinotti, D. Giordan, M. Giardino and S. Ratto / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 113-131, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.6 --- Palaeostress analysis of a giant Holocene rockslide near Boaco and Santa Lucia (Nicaragua, Central America) / Ivo Baron̆, Markéta Kernstocková, Roman Novotný, David Buriánek, Petr Hradecký, Pavel Havlic̆ek and Rostislav Melichar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 133-145, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.7 --- Complex landslide behaviour and structural control: a three-dimensional conceptual model of Åknes rockslide, Norway / Michel Jaboyedoff, Thierry Oppikofer, Marc-Henri Derron, Lars Harald Blikra, Martina Böhme and Aline Saintot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 147-161, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.8 --- Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain: origin and influence of fractures in the development of rock slope failures / Andrea Pedrazzini, Michel Jaboyedoff, Corey R. Froese, C. Willem Langenberg and Francisco Moreno / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 163-183, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.9 --- A structural, geomorphological and InSAR study of an active rock slope failure development / I. H. C. Henderson, T. R. Lauknes, P. T. Osmundsen, J. Dehls, Y. Larsen and T. F. Redfield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 185-199, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.10 --- Numerical modelling of Plio-Quaternary slope evolution based on geological constraints: a case study from the Caramanico Valley (Central Apennines, Italy) / G. Bianchi Fasani, E. Di Luzio, C. Esposito, S. Martino and G. Scarascia-Mugnozza / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 201-214, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.11 --- Valley shape influence on deformation mechanisms of rock slopes / Christian Ambrosi and Giovanni B. Crosta / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 215-233, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.12 --- The Celentino deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD): structural and geomechanical analyses (Peio Valley, NE Italy) / M. Ghirotti, S. Martin and R. Genevois / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 235-251, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.13 --- Megafans and outsize fans from catastrophic slope failures in Alpine glacial troughs: the Malser Haide and the Val Venosta cluster, Italy / David Jarman, Federico Agliardi and Giovanni B. Crosta / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 253-277, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.14

Description / Table of Contents: This book consists of 18 papers on deformation mechanisms, theology and tectonics. The main approaches include experimental rock deformation, microstructural analysis, field structural studies, analogue and numerical modelling. New results on various topics are presented, ranging from brittle to ductile deformation and grain-scale to lithosphere-scale mechanisms. The volume will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers in the fields of structural geology, interactions between metamorphism, fluids and deformation, and large-scale tectonic processes.

Description / Table of Contents: The introduction of the term periglacial by Łoziński in 1909 to describe the cold-climate conditions in the zone adjacent to, but beyond, the Pleistocene glaciers encouraged the separate development of geocryological and glaciological research. Geological and geomorphological processes at the interface between glaciers and permafrost have, as a result, been given less attention than they warrant, and the influence of one on the other has in many respects been neglected. This book includes a collection of papers that emphasize glacier-permafrost interactions. Papers consider permafrost and its influence on glacitectonic processes, glacial meltwater systems and ground-ice development in proglacial and ice-marginal environments. In addition, recent research findings are reported on paraglacial processes, permafrost evolution, rock glaciers, the formation of ice-wedge casts and periglacial slope evolution. It is hoped that this book will stimulate interest in the interface between glacial and periglacial systems, and encourage further collaborative research involving glaciologists and glacial geologists on the one hand, and geocryologists and permafrost scientists on the other.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication is about the world’s surface ice on land outside the two polar ice sheets. It provides a sound and well illustrated review on the basis of available data, the global distribution of glaciers and ice caps, and their changes since maximum extents of the so-called Little Ice Age. The publication also provides the background knowledge needed to understand the compiled glacier observations in view of the ongoing climate change. It presents the latest state of knowledge on glacier changes in view of the available data sets and the scientific literature, and discusses the challenges of the 21st century for the monitoring of glaciers and ice caps. The publication was prepared in a joint project of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). It was written by the officers of the WGMS and reviewed by scientists from around the world with expertise in the research and monitoring of glaciers and ice caps.

Description / Table of Contents: Fabric is a ubiquitous and significant feature of geological materials. The processes involved in the formation and deformation of rocks and sediments leave their mark on the orientations of the constituent mineral grains. Petrofabrics thus provide essential keys to understanding the history of geological materials. Magnetic anisotropy is directly related to petrofabric, and has become one of the most rapid, sensitive and widely used tools for its characterization. The relationship between magnetic fabric and petrofabric is complex and depends on various factors including the composition, concentration and grain size of mineral grains. Ongoing research in geological applications is paralleled by studies of the fundamental mineral magnetic phenomena involved. The papers in this book represent the current state of investigations in magnetic anisotropy studies as a discipline that integrates geological interpretations, mineral fabric development, technical advances and rock-magnetic properties.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides incentives for further development of sustainable fuel cycles through a novel and interdisciplinary approach to an Earth science-related topic. The main focus is on geochemical concepts in immobilizing, isolating or neutralizing waste derived from energy production and consumption. The book also addresses the issue of using some types of energy-derived waste as alternative raw materials. Moreover, it highlights research on how certain wastes can be used for energy production, an increasingly important aspect of modern integrated waste management strategies. The main objectives are to: (a) identify the most serious environmental problems related to various types of power generation and associated waste accumulation; (b) present strategies, based on natural analogue materials, for the immobilization of toxic and radioactive waste components through mineralogical barriers; (c) discuss modern procedures for reuse of waste or certain waste components; and (d) review the importance of geochemical modelling in describing and predicting the interaction between waste and the environment.

Description / Table of Contents: The wide distribution of dolomite rocks in North American, Middle- and Far-Eastern hydrocarbon reservoirs is reason enough for their intensive study. In this volume dolomite enthusiasts review progress and define the current boundaries of dolomite research, related particularly to the importance of these rocks as reservoirs. As might be expected, reviews provide critical analyses of past ideas on origins and why many are no longer tenable. Discussions range between conceptual models and numerical simulations of the flow paths of dolomitizing fluids, geochemical modelling, and microbial mediation. Case studies from areas as diverse as North America, the Middle East, SE Asia and Australia provide a solid background but illustrate important differences in views on the origins of these enigmatic rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: This book gives an up-to-date overview of the physical geology of sub-volcanic intrusions. Topics covered in this wide-ranging volume include important aspects of the field geology and physical volcanology of sills, laccoliths and sub-volcanic complexes, magma-sediment interaction and numerical and experimental studies aimed at quantifying more precisely the emplacement mechanics of high-level magmatic intrusions. Provocative papers ask whether laccoliths and high-level sills are forming today, and question the nature of the relationship between high-level intrusions and contemporaneous volcanic activity. Several contributions also deal with the more applied aspects of high-level magma emplacement and 3D seismic imaging of sill and laccolith complexes as relevant to the hydrocarbons industry. It is hoped that with the publication of this volume a consensus will emerge that will help to advance our understanding of the more important physical factors governing the emplacement of high-level intrusions in the continental crust, along with their wider geotectonic implications.

Description / Table of Contents: Forensic geoscience is an increasingly important sub-discipline within geoscience and forensic science. Although minerals, soils, dusts and rock fragments have been used as only begun to be recognized in the last ten years or so. The police and other investigative bodies are keen to encourage such developments in the fight against crime, particularly since many criminals show a high level of forensic awareness with regard to evidence such as fingerprints, blood and other body fluids. The papers in this volume illustrate some of the main principles, techniques and applications in current forensic geoscience, covering research and casework in the UK and internationally. The techniques described range from macro-scale field geophysical investigations to micro-scale laboratory studies of the chemical and textural properties of individual particles. In addition to forensic applications, many of these techniques have broad utility in geological, geomorphological, soil science and archaeological research.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume explores geological boundaries in time and space using palynology and micropalaeontology. Boundaries produce distinct signatures in the micropalaeontological record. Diffuse or sharp, gradual or abrupt, boundaries can tell us much about the response of biotic systems to environmental change in both marine and terrestrial realms. Different microfossil groups and geological contexts require their own approaches, definitions and considerations of boundaries. The papers in this compilation capture the current range of thinking on the methodology of boundary identification from biostratigraphical, ecological and palaeoenvironmental perspectives. Contributions span the Cambrian to Miocene and feature many fossil groups (including pollen, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, ostracodes, conodonts, and diatoms). With a strong Canadian and North American focus, the volume also includes contributions from Poland, Egypt, Belgium, Argentina and the United Kingdom.

Description / Table of Contents: Recent advancements in the understanding of mountain belts have focused on vertical coupling of the lithospheric layers. This volume describes the extent to which observed or inferred sub-horizontal coupling or attachment zones provide vertical kinematic linkage between rheologically distinct layers in the continental lithosphere. A common theme is whether the deformation, which partitioned differently in each layer, is linked kinematically across attachment zones and driven by flow in the deeper crust and mantle lithosphere. The papers are divided into six sections. The first analyses the extent to which mantle flow controls deformation of the overlying layers. The Vertical axis block rotations section uses geological and palaeomagnetic data to constrain the role and magnitude of basal shear across mid-crustal attachment zones. The Lower crustal flow and topography section addresses the time-dependent development of orogenic plateaux and their role in the orogenic cycle. Multiple examples of the spatial and temporal development of lithospheric coupling are given in both the Orogenic examples and Subduction examples sections. Finally, rheological constraints of vertical coupling in the lithosphere are investigated.

Description / Table of Contents: Duncan McIlroy: The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis: introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.01 --- Duncan McIlroy: Some ichnological concepts, methodologies, applications and frontiers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:3-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.02 --- S. George Pemberton, James A. MacEachern, and Tom Saunders: Stratigraphic applications of substrate-specific ichnofacies: delineating discontinuities in the rock record / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:29-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.03 --- Ingrid Glaub: Recent and sub-recent microborings from the upwelling area off Mauritania (West Africa) and their implications for palaeoecology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:63-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.04 --- Roland Goldring, Gerhard C. Cadée, Assunta D’Alessandro, Jordi M. De Gibert, Richard Jenkins, and John E. Pollard: Climatic control of trace fossil distribution in the marine realm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:77-92, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.05 --- Phillip L. Manning: A new approach to the analysis and interpretation of tracks: examples from the dinosauria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:93-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.06 --- Alfred Uchman: Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:125-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.07 --- Kate D. Martin: A re-evaluation of the relationship between trace fossils and dysoxia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:141-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.08 --- M. Gabriela Mángano and Luis A. Buatois: Ichnology of Carboniferous tide-influenced environments and tidal flat variability in the North American Midcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:157-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.09 --- Kerrie L. Bann, Christopher R. Fielding, James A. MacEachern, and Stuart C. Tye: Differentiation of estuarine and offshore marine deposits using integrated ichnology and sedimentology: Permian Pebbley Beach Formation, Sydney Basin, Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:179-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.10 --- Christopher T. Baldwin, P. K. Strother, J. H. Beck, and Eben Rose: Palaeoecology of the Bright Angel Shale in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, incorporating sedimentological, ichnological and palynological data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:213-236, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.11 --- Duncan McIlroy: Ichnofabrics and sedimentary facies of a tide-dominated delta: Jurassic Ile Formation of Kristin Field, Haltenbanken, Offshore Mid-Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:237-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.12 --- Kerrie L. Bann and Christopher R. Fielding: An integrated ichnological and sedimentological comparison of non-deltaic shoreface and subaqueous delta deposits in Permian reservoir units of Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:273-310, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.13 --- Luis A. Buatois and M. Gabriela Mángano: Animal-substrate interactions in freshwater environments: applications of ichnology in facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of fluvio-lacustrine successions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:311-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.14 --- Richardo N. Melchor: Trace fossil distribution in lacustrine deltas: examples from the Triassic rift lakes of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión basin, Argentina / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:335-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.15 --- Jorge F. Genise, E. S. Bellosi, and M. G. Gonzalez: An approach to the description and interpretation of ichnofabrics in palaeosols / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:355-382, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.16 --- Mary L. Droser, Søren Jensen, and James G. Gehlîng: Development of early Palaeozoic ichnofabrics: evidence from shallow marine siliciclastics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:383-396, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.17 --- Richard J. Twitchett and Colin G. Barras: Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:397-418, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.18 --- Jorge F. Genise: Ichnotaxonomy and ichnostratigraphy of chambered trace fossils in palaeosols attributed to coleopterans, ants and termites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:419-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.19 --- Richard G. Bromley: A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:455-479, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.20

Description / Table of Contents: The study of sediments and sedimentary basins in terms of their tectonic environment requires a multidisciplinary approach and has increasingly drawn both techniques and objectives from fields outside sedimentology. The application of different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, scale modelling, and field geology, complement sedimentological methods, with the combined aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the origins, evolution and significance of sedimentary sequences in terms of their tectonic history. Studies presented in this volume range across a wide spectrum from the analysis of sedimentary sequence architecture at basin scale down to the chemical properties of individual grains, and include studies from a range of tectonic settings. The volume will be of interest to those involved with, or contemplating, studies involving the linkages between tectonics and sedimentation, as well as a wider audience to whom the results of such studies may provide fresh insight.

Description / Table of Contents: As an outcome of the European Science Foundation scientific programme, GEODE, on geodynamics and ore deposit evolution, this book examines the underlying geodynamic processes that lead to the formation of ore deposits in order to discover what controls the timing and location of major ore deposits in an evolving orogen. A collection of 19 research papers examines various aspects of ore genesis in the context of the geodynamic processes occurring within an evolving orogen. Although the majority of papers relate to Europe, their findings have a global significance for metallogenesis. The book will be of interest to all those involved in research or mineral exploration concerned with metallogenesis. In addition, ore deposits provide new evidence about magmatism associated with transient, rapid changes in plate motions and subduction processes in unusual tectonic settings, and are therefore of interest to those involved in both the magmatic and tectonic processes of orogenesis.

Description / Table of Contents: The weathering of historical buildings and, indeed, of monuments and sculptures of natural stone is a problem that has been encountered for hundreds of years. However, a dramatic increase in deterioration in the structure of our built heritage has been observed during the past century. To understand the complex interaction that the stone in a building suffers with its near environment (the building) and the macro environment (the local climate and atmospheric conditions) requires an interdisciplinary approach and the application of many different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by the geosciences, chemistry, material sciences, biology and construction engineers. The protection of our architectural heritage has both cultural and historical importance, as well as substantial economic and ecological value. Large sums of money are being spent world-wide on measures for the preservation of monuments and historical buildings. Optimization of damage analysis procedures and damage process controls, as well as the development of monitoring and early warning systems for damage prevention, is needed. The past several decades has seen an unprecedented level of research activity in this area, the results of which are often difficult to access. This volume is intended to provide an integrated approach to the study of the deterioration of geomaterials, making the research available to a wide international audience. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies comprises thirty chapters divided into six sections: weathering of natural building stones; weathering processes; fabric dependence of physical properties; biodeterioration; quality assessment and conservation of stones; and environmental conditions. Review articles are combined with reports on recent progress in the various research fields, authored by a comprehensive team of international contributors. The volume will be of interest to all those involved in the protection of our built heritage, particularly geoscientists, material scientists, construction engineers, architects and stone conservators.

Description / Table of Contents: The motion and deformation of rocks are processes of fundamental importance in shaping the Earth, from outer crustal layers to the deep mantle. Reconstructions of the evolution of the Earth therefore require detailed knowledge of the geometry of deformation structures and their relative timing, of the motions leading to deformation structures and of the mechanisms governing these motions. This volume contains a collection of 22 papers on field, experimental and theoretical studies that add to our knowledge of these processes. They are a mixture of review papers oh selected topics in the field of structural geology and tectonics and papers on current issues and new techniques and are grouped into four themes: • The effect of fluids on deformation • The interpretation of microstructures and textures • Deformation mechanisms and rheology of crust and upper mantle minerals • Crust and lithosphere tectonics The volume will appeal to researchers in the fields of structural geology and tectonophysics, both in academia and industry.

Description / Table of Contents: Bivalves are key components of Recent marine and freshwater ecosystems and have been so for most of the Phanerozoic. Their rich and long fossil record, combined with their abundance and diversity in modern seas, has made bivalves the ideal subject of palaeobiological and evolutionary studies. Despite this, however, topics such as the early evolution of the class, relationships between various taxa and the life habits of some key extinct forms have remained remarkably unclear. In the last few years there has been enormous expansion in the range of techniques available to both palaeontologists and zoologists and key discoveries of new faunas which shed new light on the evolutionary biology of this important class. This volume integrates palaeontological and zoological approaches and sheds new light on the course of bivalve evolution. This series of 32 original papers tackles key issues including: up to date molecular phylogenies of major groups; new hard and soft tissue morphological cladistic analyses; reassessments of the early Palaeozoic radiation; important new observations on form and functional morphology; analyses of biogeography and biodiversity; novel (palaeo)ecological studies

Description / Table of Contents: Geologists have long grappled with understanding the mechanical origins of rock deformation. Stress regimes control the nucleation, growth and reactivation of faults and fractures; induce seismic activity; affect the transport of magma; and modulate structural permeability, thereby influencing the redistribution of hydrothermal and hydrocarbon fluids. Experimentalists endeavour to recreate deformation structures observed in nature under controlled stress conditions. Earth scientists studying earthquakes will attempt to monitor or deduce stress changes in the Earth as it actively deforms. All are building upon the pioneering research and concepts of Ernest Masson Anderson, dating back to the start of the twentieth century. This volume celebrates Anderson's legacy, with 14 original research papers that examine faulting and seismic hazard; structural inheritance; the role of local and regional stress fields; low angle faults and the role of pore fluids; supplemented by reviews of Andersonian approaches and a reprint of his classic paper of 1905.

Description / Table of Contents: Ireland is virtually encircled by sedimentary basins which developed in response to periods of rifting and thermal subsidence. These offshore basins have been the focus of intermittent phases of exploration since drilling of the first well in 1970 and, to date, 136 wells have been drilled. Most of the drilling so far has concentrated on structural traps, but recent exploration has begun to focus on a variety of stratigraphic traps, with greater emphasis on results obtained from studies of the Atlantic margin basins. The Petroleum Exploration of Ireland's Offshore Basins contains a set of 27 papers on a wide range of topics relating to recent exploration of the Irish offshore sedimentary basins. These papers address aspects of the structural and stratigraphic evolution, thermal history, petroleum systems, reservoir geology and sea-bed processes in the Irish offshore area. Although the main focus is on petroleum systems and those issues bearing on exploration risk, the exploration effort has yielded fundamental new insight into the wider development of starved passive continental margins. The volume will be of interest to oil industry explorationists and researchers focusing on NW European sedimentary basins and the evolution of the Irish Atlantic margin.

Description / Table of Contents: The UK is a country with over 150 years of widespread exploitation of its principal aquifers for public water supply. Increasing demands, greater awareness of environmental pressures and more exacting legislation has heightened the need for quantitative models to predict the impacts of groundwater use. In the UK this has culminated in a unique national, regulator-led programme for England and Wales to develop conceptual and numerical models of the principal bedrock aquifers. The outcomes of this programme will be of interest to the international hydrogeological community, particularly as international legislation such as the European Water Framework Directive requires management of water issues across administrative boundaries with a varied cast of stakeholders. The collection of papers provides a contrast between practitioner- and research-based approaches to assess and predict the anthropogenic impacts and environmental pressures. Many insights are provided on how the regular use of groundwater models may address the environmental challenges of the future.

Description / Table of Contents: As a result of its relative buoyancy, continental crust is rarely subducted, meaning that successive episodes of continental deformation impart a complex geological character that is not found in younger oceanic lithosphere. This character is largely the result of two related processes: (1) reactivation, involving rejuvenation of discrete structures; and (2) reworking, involving the repeated metamorphism, deformation and magmatism of a previously tectonized crustal or lithospheric volume. Characterizing the style, distribution and timing of reactivation and reworking in different continental settings should therefore provide a crucial data set with which to evaluate the spatial patterns, temporal evolution and dynamic controls of tectonic rejuvenation of the continents and continental lithosphere. This volume presents a combination of review and research papers, which highlight some of the issues and problems associated with the characterization and modelling of continental reactivation and reworking.

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeogene and Cretaceous palaeoceanography has been the focus of intense international interest in the last few years, spurred by deep ocean drilling at Blake Nose in the North Atlantic as well as the need to use past climate change as input for modelling future climate change. This book brings together a number of review papers that describe ancient oceans and unique events in the Earth’s climatic history and evolution of biota. The papers show evidence of periods characterized by exceptional global warmth such as the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous anoxic events. Geochemical records and modelling will make the reader aware that these periods were forced by greenhouse gases. This information is essential for understanding the response of the ocean-climate system to the current input of fossil fuels. In this sense, the book contributes to the understanding of fundamental aspects of Earth’s climate, the carbon cycle, and marine ecosystems. A number of papers describe massive mass wasting deposits resulting from the energy released by the bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary as well as the geochemistry of the boundary itself. Additional papers cover aspects of cyclostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Palaeogene and Cretaceous records. This book will be of interest to a broad audience of Earth Scientists interested in Palaeogene-Cretaceous palaeoceanography, extreme climate modelling, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum, Cretaceous anoxic events, as well as those specifically interested in radiolarian, dinoflagellate and coccolithophorid stratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the main compound identified as affecting the stability of the Earth's climate. A significant reduction in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere is a key mechanism for mitigating climate change. Geological storage of CO 2, or the injection and long-term stabilization of large volumes of CO 2 in the subsurface in saline aquifers, in existing hydrocarbon reservoirs or in unmineable coal seams, is one of the more technologically advanced options available. A number of studies have been carried out and are reported here. They are aimed at understanding the safety, physical and chemical behaviour and long-term fate of CO 2 when stored in geological formations. Until efficient, alternative energy options can be developed, geological storage of CO 2, the subject of this volume, provides a mechanism to reduce carbon emissions significantly whilst continuing to meet the global demand for energy.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a state of the art look at our understanding of joint development in the crust. Answers are provided for such questions as the mechanisms by which joints are initiated, the factors controlling the path they follow during the propagation process, and the processes responsible for the arrest of joints. Many of the answers to these questions can be inferred from the geometry of joint surface morphology and joint patterns. Joints are a record of the orientation of stress at the time of propagation and as such they are also useful records of ancient stress fields, regional and local. Because outcrop and subsurface views of joints are limited, statistical techniques are required to characterize joints and joint sets. Finally, joints are subject to post-propagation stresses that further localize deformation and are the focus for the development of new structures.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface / John Malpas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 1-4, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.01 --- Precambrian --- Determining Precambrian crustal evolution in China: a case-study from Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, demonstrating the application of precise SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology / Simon A. Wilde, Peter A. Cawood, Kaiyi Wang, Alexander Nemchin and Guochun Zhao / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 5-25, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.02 --- Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: insights from synthesis of existing data from the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping belt / Guochun Zhao, Min Sun, Simon A. Wilde and Jinghui Guo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 27-55, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.03 --- Precambrian tectonic evolution of the North China Craton / Mingguo Zhai / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 57-72, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.04 --- Palaezoic --- The Central Asian Orogenic Belt and growth of the continental crust in the Phanerozoic / Bor-Ming Jahn / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 73-100, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.05 --- Tectonic evolution of Palaeozoic terranes in West Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China / Solomon Buckman and Jonathan C. Aitchison / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 101-129, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.06 --- Nb-depleted, continental rift-related Akaz metavolcanic rocks (West Kunlun): implication for the rifting of the Tarim Craton from Gondwana / Chao Yuan, Min Sun, Jingsui Yang, Hui Zhou and Mei-Fu Zhou / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 131-143, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.07 --- Basement heterogeneity in the Cathaysia crustal block, southeast China / Chris J. N. Fletcher, Lung. S. Chan, Roderick J. Sewell, S. Diarmad G. Campbell, Donald W. Davis and Jieshou Zhu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 145-155, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.08 --- Mesozoic --- Subduction, collision and exhumation in the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogen / Bradley R. Hacker, Lothar Ratschbacher and J. G. Liou / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 157-175, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.09 --- UHP rocks and the Dabieshan Orogenic Belt / Qingchen Wang and Bolin Cong / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 177-192, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.10 --- Jurassic intraplate magmatism in southern Hunan-eastern Guangxi: 40Ar/39Ar dating, geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes and implications for the tectonic evolution of SE China / Xian-Hua Li, Sun-Lin Chung, Hanwen Zhou, Ching-Hua Lo, Ying Liu and Chang-Hwa Chen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 193-215, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.11 --- Cenozoic-Present --- Evidence for the multiphase nature of the India-Asia collision from the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet / Jonathan C. Aitchison and Aileen M. Davis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 217-233, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.12 --- Conglomerates record the tectonic evolution of the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone in southern Tibet / Aileen M. Davis, Jonathan C. Aitchison, Badengzhu and Luo Hui / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 235-246, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.13 --- Ultra-high pressure minerals in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet, and their tectonic implications / Paul T. Robinson, Wen-Ji Bai, John Malpas, Jing-Sui Yang, Mei-Fu Zhou, Qing-Song Fang, Xu-Feng Hu, Stanley Cameron and Hubert Staudigel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 247-271, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.14 --- Cretaceous palaeomagnetism of Indochina and surrounding regions: Cenozoic tectonic implications / Cung Thuong Chi and Steven L. Dorobek / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 273-287, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.15 --- Geology of the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines: an enigmatic South China continental fragment? / Graciano P. Yumul, Carla B. Dimalanta, Rodolfo A. Tamayo, Rene C. Maury, Herve Bellon, Mireille Polvé, Victor B. Maglambayan, Cliff L. Querubin and Joseph Cotten / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 289-312, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.16 --- Cenozoic tectonics of the China continental margin: insights from Taiwan / Louis S. Teng and Andrew T. Lin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 313-332, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.17 --- Precisely relocated hypocentres, focal mechanisms and active orogeny in Central Taiwan / F. T. Wu, C. S. Chang and Y. M. Wu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 333-353, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.18

Description / Table of Contents: Preface / John Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, vi, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.01 --- 200 years of British hydrogeology — an introduction and overview / J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 1-13, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.02 --- The water-related work of William Smith (1769–1839) / H. S. Torrens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 15-30, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.03 --- Dr John Snow and an early investigation of groundwater contamination / Michael Price / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 31-49, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.04 --- William Whitaker (1836–1925) — geologist, bibliographer and a pioneer of British hydrogeology / William H. George / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 51-65, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.05 --- Joseph Lucas (1846–1926) — Victorian polymath and a key figure in the development of British hydrogeology / J. D. Mather, H. S. Torrens and K. J. Lucas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 67-88, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.06 --- 19th century studies of the hydrogeology of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the northern Cheshire Basin, England / John H. Tellam / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 89-105, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.07 --- Robert Stephenson (1803–1859) — the first groundwater engineer / M. Preene / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 107-119, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.08 --- ‘Making water’: the hydrogeological adventures of Britain’s early mining engineers / Paul L. Younger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 121-157, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.09 --- The contribution of geologists to the development of emergency groundwater supplies by the British army / Edward P. F. Rose / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 159-182, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.10 --- Groundwater versus surface water in Scotland and Ireland — the formative years / N. S. Robins, J. R. P. Bennett and K. T. Cullen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 183-191, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.11 --- Bath thermal waters: 400 years in the history of geochemistry and hydrogeology / W. Mike Edmunds / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 193-199, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.12 --- Chalybeate springs at Tunbridge Wells: site of a 17th-century new town / J. G. C. M. Fuller / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 201-212, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.13 --- The Scottish hydropathic establishments and their use of groundwater / Iain Spence and Nick Robins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 213-217, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.14 --- British hydrogeologists in North Africa and the Middle East: an historical perspective / J. W. Lloyd / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 219-227, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.15 --- British hydrogeologists in West Africa — an historical evaluation of their role and contribution / Robin Hazell / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 229-237, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.16 --- British attempts to develop groundwater and water supply on Gibraltar 1800–1985 / Edward P.F. Rose, John D. Mather and Manuel Perez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 239-262, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.17 --- The first use of geophysics in borehole siting in hardrock areas of Africa / Ron Barker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 263-269, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.18 --- The development of groundwater in the UK between 1935 and 1965 — the role of the Geological Survey of Great Britain / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 271-282, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.19 --- Jack Ineson (1917–1970) The instigator of quantitative hydrogeology in Britain / R. A. Downing and D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 283-286, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.20 --- Stevenson Buchan (1907–1996): field geologist, hydrogeologist and administrator / D. A. Gray and J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 287-293, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.21 --- Groundwater studies in the Institute of Geological Sciences between 1965 and 1977 / D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 295-318, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.22 --- Norman Savage Boulton (1899–1984): civil engineer and groundwater hydrologist / R. A. Downing, W. Eastwood and K. R. Rushton / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 319-322, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.23 --- Groundwater in a national water strategy, 1964–1979 / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 323-338, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.24 --- Recollections of a golden age: the groundwater schemes of Southern Water 1970–1990 / H. G. Headworth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 339-362, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.25 --- Developments in UK hydrogeology since 1974 / F. C. Brassington / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 363-385, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.26

Description / Table of Contents: Isotope geochemistry has produced many technical developments in the past decade or so that have revolutionized the potential information available on the tectonics of metamorphic belts from geochronology. These include the ability to date minerals and rocks on small spatial scales, scales that at last approach those from which other types of information — structural and petrological — are obtained. However, interpreting the new data, and their integration with the other datasets available, is not straightforward and requires careful chemical and textural observations that go hand-inhand with the geochronology. The increasing realization of the importance of this approach has led to a number of symposia at international conferences devoted to this topic in recent years. The set of papers in this book emanates from one such symposium and describes recent progress in integrating this new information with other datasets from metamorphic petrology on a mineral and sub-mineral scale.

Description / Table of Contents: The 32 research papers in this volume examine the mode and nature of igneous, metamorphic, tectonic, sedimentological and biological processes associated with the evolution of ophiolites in Earth's history. Divided into six sections, the book presents a wealth of new data and syntheses from ophiotites around the world. Introductory chapters review the distribution of ophiolites in space and time and present a synoptic discussion on their importance in Earth history. Papers in the second section present diverse data from Tethyan ophiolites and provide refined geodynamic models for their evolution. The following two sections present case studies documenting magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic processes in ophiolite genesis and hydrothermal and biogenic alteration of fossil oceanic crust. Mechanisms of ophiolite emplacement are explored in Section V with a focus on the Semail massif (Oman). The last section examines the regional occurrence and geodynamic significance of ophiolite belts on different continents. The book reflects the contemporary work of the international community in a most up-to-date treatment of process-oriented questions on the evolution of ophiolites.

Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary facies in the subsurface are usually interpreted from a epositional/stratigraphical perspective: the depositional layering is generally considered to remain undisturbed, except in a few settings. But, there is growing evidence that subsurface sediment mobilization (SSM) is more widespread than previously thought, as new observations arise from the ever-increasing resolution of subsurface data. Many examples are from hydrocarbon provinces but studies elsewhere, for example in preparation for the underground storage of hazardous waste, have yielded unexpected examples. Although until now the different aspects of SSM, including soft sediment deformations, sand injections, shale diapirs, mud volcanoes, etc, have been separated, the new discoveries emphasize their inter-connection, regardless of scale, depth, location, grain size or trigger mechanism. This volume integrates the different aspects of sediment mobilization in the subsurface and their structural consequences, allowing a more generaland a more coherent view of the subject.

Description / Table of Contents: ‘Commercial oil deposits in basement rocks are not geological “accidents” but are oil accumulations which obey all the rules of oil sourcing, migration and entrapment; therefore in areas of not too deep basement, oil deposits within basement rocks should be explored with the same professional skill and zeal as ccumulations in the overlying sediments’, Landes et al. (1960), AAPG Bulletin. Given that most OPEC countries are currently at or within 5% Production capacity, there is a growing need to look for ‘new oil’ and other hydrocarbons in non-traditional sources. While oil and gas fields in crystalline basement are still discovered mostly by accident, as shown in this book, such reservoirs can be very prolific, especially if the basement rock is highly faulted or fractured. The chapters in this volume cover a diverse range of topics related broadly to the theme of hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks, and challenge explorationists’ definition of basement rock, which needs to be less narrow and more responsive to new geological ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: This title has arisen from the Geological Society of London conference of the same name. Since the publication of the predecessor of this book (‘Modern insights into structural interpretation, validation and modelling’, SP99, 1996, edited by Buchanan & Nieuwland) much progress has been made. This has been primarily thanks to the continuously increasing computing speed and computer memory capacity, which has positively affected all fields in structural interpretation, seismics and modelling, directly or indirectly. ‘New insights in structural interpretation and modelling’, presents a balanced overview of what the title promises. It is intended as a book that will serve the experienced professional as well as more advanced students in earth sciences, with a broad selection of topics ranging from classical field based studies to state of the art analogue and numerical modeling. The leaders of their fields have written some of the chapters, whereas younger authors with a fresh outlook and new ideas have written other chapters.

Description / Table of Contents: Remagnetization is a common phenomenon in rocks, and developing a greater understanding of its mechanisms has several benefits. Acquisition of a secondary magnetization is usually tangible evidence of a diagenetic or thermal event, which can be dated using palaeomagnetic techniques. This is important because the timing of diagenetic and thermal events is commonly difficult to determine. Remagnetization can also obscure primary magnetizations and a better understanding of remagnetization could improve our ability to uncover primary magnetizations. Many chemical remagnetization mechanisms have been proposed, including those associated with chemical alteration by a number of different fluids (e.g. orogenic, weathering, mineralizing, hydrocarbons) and burial diagenetic processes (e.g. clay diagenesis, maturation of organic matter). This book contains case studies and review articles that focus on remagnetization, chemical remagnetization mechanisms, and magnetic changes associated with chemical alteration by hydrocarbons.

Description / Table of Contents: This book comprises the proceedings for the International Conference for Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing (HF2013) which was held 20-22 May 2013 in Brisbane, Australia. The conference goal was to advance hydraulic fracturing technology that is effective in its purpose and sustainable in its impacts on communities and environments by bringing together hydraulic fracturing experts not only from the petroleum industry, but also from other application areas of hydraulic fracturing such as mining and geothermal energy production. Topics include hydraulic fracturing of naturally fractured formations, well completions and fracture initiation, induced seismicity, experimental investigations, and coupled modelling. Beyond this mix of traditional hydraulic fracturing research topics, this book includes papers on applications in mining and also on regulations, risk, and communities.