ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum hydrocarbons are both a product of, and rich substrate for, microorganisms from across all Domains of life. Rooted deeply in the history of microbiology, hydrocarbons have been studied as sources of carbon and energy for microorganisms for over a century. As global demand for petroleum and its refined products continues to rise, so do challenges associated with environmental pollution, oil well souring, infrastructure corrosion, oil recovery, transport, refining, and upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumens. Advances in genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has invigorated interest in petroleum microbial biotechnology as interest grows in technologies for in situ methane production, biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation, bio-upgrading of heavy crudes, microbial enhanced oil recovery, corrosion control, and biocatalysts for generating value-added products. Given the complexity of the global petroleum industry and the harsh conditions in which it operates, a deeper understanding of the ecophysiology of aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities that have associations with petroleum hydrocarbons is needed if robust technologies are to be deployed successfully. This research topic highlights recent advances in microbial enhanced oil recovery, methanogenic hydrocarbon metabolism and carbon dioxide sequestration, bioremediation, microbiologically influenced corrosion, biodesulfurization, and the application of metagenomics to better understand microbial communities associated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Description / Table of Contents: Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere.

Description / Table of Contents: The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.

Description / Table of Contents: Magnetism defines the complex and dynamic solar corona. It determines the magnetic loop structure that dominates images of the corona, and stores the energy necessary to drive coronal eruptive phenomena and flare explosions. At great heights the corona transitions into the ever-outflowing solar wind, whose speed and three-dimensional morphology are controlled by the global coronal magnetic field. Coronal magnetism is thus at the heart of any understanding of the nature of the corona, and essential for predictive capability of how the Sun affects the Earth. Coronal magnetometry is a subject that requires a concerted effort to draw together the different strands of research happening around the world. Each method provides some information about the field, but none of them can be used to determine the full 3D field structure in the full volume of the corona. Thus, we need to combine them to understand the full picture. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic on Coronal Magnetometry is to provide a forum for comparing and coordinating these research methods, and for discussing future opportunities.

Description / Table of Contents: The global energy scene is in a state of flux. Understanding the dynamic interplay of energy markets, technology and policy has never been more critical. The World Energy Outlook (WEO), widely regarded as the gold standard of energy analysis, provides strategic insight on what today’s policy and investment decisions mean for long-term trends. The 2017 edition of the WEO, which will be released on 14 November, will contain a full update of energy demand and supply projections through 2040 under different scenarios, and their consequences for energy security, investment, energy industries and the environment. It will also include in-depth analysis of: China’s energy outlook. China’s influence has long been felt in coal, oil and gas, as well as in nuclear power, but the country is also now firmly established as a global leader in renewable energy, efficiency and innovation. The WEO will examine China’s economic and energy transitions in detail, and consider how the country’s policy choices can shape not just national prospects, but also global outcomes. Natural gas. The outlook for gas markets is evolving rapidly under pressure from two revolutions: the shale revolution, led by the United States, and the LNG revolution that is testing traditional gas business and pricing models. It will also investigate the wider opportunities and uncertainties for gas in the transition to a cleaner energy system, including its role in tackling local pollution as well as the risk of methane emissions. In addition, the WEO-2017 series will feature two special analyses, to be released in October. The close links between energy and development, assessing today’s global picture for access to modern energy, the strategies and technologies that can enable countries to achieve energy for all by 2030, and the ways in which reliable energy can move communities from poverty towards prosperity. Prospects for energy in Southeast Asia, where infrastructure and investment have to keep up with rapid, sustained growth in energy demand. The report will cover the particular challenge of providing secure, clean and affordable energy to small island systems and remote settlements.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Investigation of the Nanostructured Semiconductor Metamaterials by Aleksej Trofimov, Tatjana Gric and Ortwin Hess --- Chapter 2: Understanding the Mechanisms that Affect the Quality of Electrochemically Grown Semiconducting Nanowires by Abhay Singh and Usha Philipose --- Chapter 3: Semiconductor Quantum Wells with BenDaniel-Duke Boundary Conditions and Janus Nanorods by Victor Barsan --- Chapter 4: Nanostructured ZnO, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cd1−xZnxTe Thin Films Obtained by Spray Pyrolysis Method by Oleksandr Dobrozhan, Denys Kurbatov, Petro Danilchenko and Anatoliy Opanasyuk --- Chapter 5: E-ALD: Tailoring the Optoeletronic Properties of Metal Chalcogenides on Ag Single Crystals by Emanuele Salvietti, Andrea Giaccherini, Filippo Gambinossi, Maria Luisa Foresti, Maurizio Passaponti, Francesco Di Benedetto and Massimo Innocenti --- Chapter 6: Pulsed Electrochemical Deposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Semiconductor Thin Films by Sreekanth Mandati, Bulusu V. Sarada, Suhash R. Dey and Shrikant V. Joshi --- Chapter 7: The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application by Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid --- Chapter 8: Semiconducting Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy Conversion by Giulia Massaglia and Marzia Quaglio

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Parameterization of Stillinger-Weber Potential for Two- Dimensional Atomic Crystals by Jin-Wu Jiang and Yu-Ping Zhou

Description / Table of Contents: Ecosystem Modeling of the Oregon Shelf: Everything but the Kitchen Sink / Y. H. Spitz / pp. 1-9 --- Marine Ecosystem Simulation in the Indonesian Seas / Y. Sasai, A. R. Kartadikaria, Y. Miyazawa and K. Nadaoka / pp. 11-17 --- Response of Nutrients and Primary Production over the Shelf in the East China Sea to the Reduction of Oceanic Nutrient Supply / X. Guo and L. Zhao / pp. 19-30 --- Introduction of the Ecological Connectivity Hypoxia Model: ECOHYM—Model Concept and Its Validation on a Study Applied to Tokyo Bay / A. Sohma / pp. 31-38 --- Ecosystem and Nutrient Dynamics in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan / N. Yoshie, X. Guo, N. Fujii and T. Komorita / pp. 39-49 --- A Numerical Modeling Study of Japanese Sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) Migrations in the Western North Pacific / T. Okunishi, D. Ambe, S. Ito, T. Kameda, T. Setou, K. Komatsu, A. Kawabata, A. Takasuka and H. Kubota / pp. 51-56 --- Investigating Alternate Trophic Pathways through Gelatinous Zooplankton and Planktivorous Fishes in an Upwelling Ecosystem Using End-to-End Models / R. D. Brodeur, J. J. Ruzicka and J. H. Steele / pp. 57-63 --- Establishing a Conceptual Design for Jellyfish Blooms in the Seto Inland Sea / N. Fujii, A. Kaneda, S. Magome and H. Takeoka / pp. 65-71 --- Fate Prediction Model of Organic Chemicals in Coastal Bay Estuaries / K. Nakata, F. Horiguchi and T. Eriguchi / pp. 73-77 --- Ecosystem Analysis of the Seto Inland Sea: Bioaccumulation Model on a Basis of an Energy Balance Model / K. Omori, J. Shibata, H. Hamaoka, K. Matsumoto, T. Nanko, T. Kunihiro, T. W. Miller and H. Onishi / pp. 79-83 --- Trophic Dynamics of Pelagic Nekton in the Southern Benguela Current Ecosystem: Calibrating Trophic Models with Stable Isotope Analysis / C. D. van der Lingen and T. W. Miller / pp. 85-94 --- Tracing Dynamics of Organic Material Flow in Coastal Marine Ecosystems: Results from Manila Bay (Philippines) and Kyucho Intrusion (Japan) / T. W. Miller, G. Jaquinto, M. McGlone, A. Isobe, J. Shibata, H. Hamaoka and K. Omori / pp. 95-104 --- Variations of Seawater Temperature and Coastal Winds from 2003 to 2009 at the Bungo Channel, Japan / R. Shi, X. Guo and H. Takeoka / pp. 105-115 --- Spatial Variation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) in the Central Part of Seto Inland Sea, Japan / M. Saito, X. Guo, S. Onodera, Y. Shimizu, Y. Kato, M. Tokumasu and H. Takeoka / pp. 117-123 --- Understanding What Drives Food Web Structure in Marine Pelagic Ecosystems / T. W. Miller, C. van der Lingen, R. Brodeur, K. Omori, H. Hamaoka and T. Isobe / pp. 125-131 --- Study of Sediment Cleanup Using Polychaetes / K. Ito, M. Nozaki, T. Kunihiro, C. Miura and T. Miura / pp. 133-139 --- Regional Characteristics of Lower Trophic Level Food Web Structure in the Seto Inland Sea / J. Shibata, H. Hamaoka, R. Isonaka, K. Matsumoto, T. Nanko, T. W. Miller, H. Onishi, T. Kunihiro and K. Omori / pp. 141-149 --- Sources of Sedimentary Organic Carbon in Mangrove Ecosystems from Ba Lat Estuary, Red River, Vietnam / N. T. Tue, H. Hamaoka, A. Sogabe, T. D. Quy, M. T. Nhuan and K. Omori / pp. 151-157 --- The Fish Composition of Phan Thiet Bay, Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam in Connection with Environmental Quality / N. T. Nam, N. X. Huan, V. T. Tang, T. W. Miller and K. Omori / pp. 159-167 --- The Roles of Marine Phytoplankton and Ocean Circulation in Determining the Global Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls / T. Kawai, I. C. Handoh and N. Suzuki / pp. 169-178 --- Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis of the Global Dynamics of Persistent Organic Pollutants: Towards Quantifying the Planetary Boundaries for Chemical Pollution / I. C. Handoh and T. Kawai / pp. 179-187 --- What Drives the Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the North Sea? Insights from a Regional Model / T. Ilyina / pp. 189-195 --- Process Study on Numerical Simulation for Persistent Organic Pollutants in the East China Sea / J. Ono, D. Takahashi, X. Guo, S. Takahashi and H. Takeoka / pp. 197-204 --- Monitoring of Contamination by Non-PBDE Brominated Flame Retardants in Asian Coastal Waters Using Mussels as a Bioindicator / S. Ogawa, T. Isobe, K. Ramu, A. Subramanian, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 205-211 --- Inter-species Differences of Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls (OHPCBs) in the Blood of Small Cetaceans / M. Ochiai, K. Nomiyama, T. Isobe, T. Matsuishi, T. K. Yamada and S. Tanabe / pp. 213-220 --- Accumulation of Brominated Flame Retardants in Harbour and Dall's Porpoises from Hokkaido / A. Saito, T. Isobe, T. Matsuishi, T. K. Yamada, Y. Tajima and S. Tanabe / pp. 221-228 --- Contamination by Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Common Cormorants from Lake Biwa / R. Hashikawa, T. Isobe, S. Yano, T. Kunisue, K. Nakayama, A. Sudo, S. Takahashi and S. Tanabe / pp. 229-238 --- Formulation of Leeway-Drift Velocities for Sea-Surface Drifting-Objects Based on a Wind-Wave Flume Experiment / A. Isobe, H. Hinata, S. Kako and S. Yoshioka / pp. 239-249 --- Investigating the Accumulation of Plastic Debris in the North Pacific Gyre / J. J. Leichter / pp. 251-259 --- Deep-Sea Litter Study Using Deep-Sea Observation Tools / H. Miyake, H. Shibata and Y. Furushima / pp. 261-269 --- Toxic Metals in Polyethylene Plastic Litter / E. Nakashima, A. Isobe, S. Kako, S. Magome, N. Deki, T. Itai and S. Takahashi / pp. 271-277

Description / Table of Contents: A01: Dynamics of Atmospheric Composition --- A Study on the Production and Emission of Marine-Derived Volatile Halocarbons / Y. Yokouchi, A. Ooki, S. Hashimoto and N. Itoh / pp. 1-25. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.001 --- Measurements of Gaseous Peroxides in the Oceanic Lower Atmosphere / S. Hatakeyama and T. Akatsuka / pp. 27-31. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.002 --- Phase Partitioning of NH3 and Gas to Particle Conversion / K. Osada / pp. 33-36. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.003 --- New Particle Formation of Marine Aerosols / K. Miura, H. Furutani, Y. Iwamoto, K. Nagano, H. Kobayashi, M. Mochida, H. Mukai, S. Hashimoto, M. Takami and M. Uematsu / pp. 37-41. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.004 --- A Study of the Chemical Processes in Aerosols and Their Impacts on the Environment Using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy / Y. Takahashi, M. Higashi, T. Furukawa, T. Miyoshi, M. Fujiwara and M. Uematsu / pp. 43-50. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.005 --- Variability in Mineral Dust Deposition over the North Pacific and Its Potential Impact on the Ocean Productivity / H. Fukushima / pp. 51-60. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.006 --- Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction through Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Observed in a Single Nanoparticle Aspect / H. Furutani, J. Jinyoung and M. Uematsu / pp. 61-69. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.007 --- Simultaneous Measurements of Hygroscopic Property and Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activity of Aerosol Particles of Marine Biogenic Origin / M. Mochida / pp. 71-81. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.008 --- Eruption of Mt. Kilauea Impacted Cloud Droplet and Radiation Budget over North Pacific / I. Uno, K. Eguchi and K. Yumimoto / pp. 83-87. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.009 --- A02: Variability of Gas Exchanges at the Air-Sea Interface --- High-Resolution Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Dissolved in Seawater Using Equilibrator Inlet-Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (EI-PTR-MS) / Hiroshi Tanimoto, Sohiko Kameyama, Yuko Omori, Satoshi Inomata and Urumu Tsunogai / pp. 89-115. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.001 --- Study of the Production Processes of Marine Biogenic Methane and Carbonyl Sulfide Using Stable Isotope Analysis / S. Toyoda, K. Yamada, Y. Ueno, K. Koba and O. Yoshida / pp. 117-121. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.002 --- Long-Term Changes of Greenhouse Gases in the Ocean and Their Feedback Effects on the Climate / Yutaka W. Watanabe, Ichiro Yasuda and Nobuo Tsurushima / pp. 123-150. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.003 --- Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbonate System and Air-Sea CO2 Flux in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension / H. Yoshikawa-Inoue, T. Midorikawa and T. R. Takamura / pp. 151-161. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.004 --- A03: Dynamics of the Marine Ecosystem --- Bioavailability and Biogeochemical Processes of Trace Metals in the Surface Ocean / S. Takeda, H. Obata, A. Okubo, M. Sato and Y. Kondo / pp. 163-176. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.001 --- Detailed Variations in Bioactive Elements in the Surface Ocean and Their Interaction with Microbiological Processes / H. Ogawa, K. Kogure, J. Kanda, F. Hashihama and M. Suzumura / pp. 177-197. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.002 --- Photoheterotrophic Process in Surface Seawater Environments / K. Hamasaki, Y. Sato-Takabe, A. Taniguchi and Y. Tada / pp. 199-202. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.003 --- Ecological Study of Bacterial Populations Related to Biogenic Gas Transformation in Marine Environments / K. Hamasaki, R. Kaneko, A. Mouri, Y. Tada, N. Kasamatsu-Takasawa and I. Nagao / pp. 203-209. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.004 --- A04: Modelling of the Interaction between the Ocean and the Atmosphere --- Modeling for Evaluation and Prediction of Effects of Short-Term Atmospheric Disturbance on Air-Sea Material Cycling / M. Fujii and A. Tanaka / pp. 211-222. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.001 --- Relating Phytoplankton Pnysiology to North Pacific Biogeochemistry / S. Lan Smith, Maki N. Aita, Masahito Shigemitsu and Yasuhiro Yamanaka / pp. 223-235. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.002 --- Coupling of Physical and Bio-Geochemical Process and Monitoring Ocean Circulation Using Data Assimilation System / Y. Ishikawa, T. Awaji, M. Ikeda and T. Toyoda / pp. 237-241. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.003

Description / Table of Contents: Aerosols have a significant impact on technological processes and human activities. In many cases, aerosols are at the core of human health, environmental and technological problems (climate change and air quality). However, aerosols can be successfully used in industry and technology (new materials, fire suppression and fuel delivery). The current scientific status of aerosol modelling and simulation and measurements and some advances in computational techniques, particle measurement technologies and practical applications of aerosols are reviewed and considered in this book. This book also includes a number of case studies focused on analysis of optical thickness and air quality in various regions.