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  • Books  (666)
  • Articles  (12,373,490)
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  • Books  (666)
  • Journals  (7,153)
  • Articles  (12,373,490)
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  • 1
    Keywords: hydrocarbon ; Oil reservoir ; corrosion ; Enhanced Oil Recovery ; methanogenesis ; biosurfactants ; Biodesulfurization ; Energy ; petroleum biotechnology ; Biodegradation
    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum hydrocarbons are both a product of, and rich substrate for, microorganisms from across all Domains of life. Rooted deeply in the history of microbiology, hydrocarbons have been studied as sources of carbon and energy for microorganisms for over a century. As global demand for petroleum and its refined products continues to rise, so do challenges associated with environmental pollution, oil well souring, infrastructure corrosion, oil recovery, transport, refining, and upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumens. Advances in genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has invigorated interest in petroleum microbial biotechnology as interest grows in technologies for in situ methane production, biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation, bio-upgrading of heavy crudes, microbial enhanced oil recovery, corrosion control, and biocatalysts for generating value-added products. Given the complexity of the global petroleum industry and the harsh conditions in which it operates, a deeper understanding of the ecophysiology of aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities that have associations with petroleum hydrocarbons is needed if robust technologies are to be deployed successfully. This research topic highlights recent advances in microbial enhanced oil recovery, methanogenic hydrocarbon metabolism and carbon dioxide sequestration, bioremediation, microbiologically influenced corrosion, biodesulfurization, and the application of metagenomics to better understand microbial communities associated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452569
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Geomicrobiology ; deep biosphere ; IODP ; ocean crust ; iron oxidation ; sulfate reduction ; hydrothermal vents
    Description / Table of Contents: Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452835
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Keywords: Terrestrial deep biosphere ; Eukaryotes ; Groundwater ; microbiome ; Heavy metal resistance ; MINE ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Iron oxidation ; Methane ; cave
    Description / Table of Contents: The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451791
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Unknown
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Keywords: astronomy ; Sun ; solar corona ; Magnetic Fields ; solar flares ; Coronal mass ejections ; magnetohydrodynamics ; spectropolarimetry ; Solar Activity
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnetism defines the complex and dynamic solar corona. It determines the magnetic loop structure that dominates images of the corona, and stores the energy necessary to drive coronal eruptive phenomena and flare explosions. At great heights the corona transitions into the ever-outflowing solar wind, whose speed and three-dimensional morphology are controlled by the global coronal magnetic field. Coronal magnetism is thus at the heart of any understanding of the nature of the corona, and essential for predictive capability of how the Sun affects the Earth. Coronal magnetometry is a subject that requires a concerted effort to draw together the different strands of research happening around the world. Each method provides some information about the field, but none of them can be used to determine the full 3D field structure in the full volume of the corona. Thus, we need to combine them to understand the full picture. The purpose of this Frontiers Research Topic on Coronal Magnetometry is to provide a forum for comparing and coordinating these research methods, and for discussing future opportunities.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452200
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Keywords: semiconductors ; Halbleiter
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Investigation of the Nanostructured Semiconductor Metamaterials by Aleksej Trofimov, Tatjana Gric and Ortwin Hess --- Chapter 2: Understanding the Mechanisms that Affect the Quality of Electrochemically Grown Semiconducting Nanowires by Abhay Singh and Usha Philipose --- Chapter 3: Semiconductor Quantum Wells with BenDaniel-Duke Boundary Conditions and Janus Nanorods by Victor Barsan --- Chapter 4: Nanostructured ZnO, Cu2ZnSnS4, Cd1−xZnxTe Thin Films Obtained by Spray Pyrolysis Method by Oleksandr Dobrozhan, Denys Kurbatov, Petro Danilchenko and Anatoliy Opanasyuk --- Chapter 5: E-ALD: Tailoring the Optoeletronic Properties of Metal Chalcogenides on Ag Single Crystals by Emanuele Salvietti, Andrea Giaccherini, Filippo Gambinossi, Maria Luisa Foresti, Maurizio Passaponti, Francesco Di Benedetto and Massimo Innocenti --- Chapter 6: Pulsed Electrochemical Deposition of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Semiconductor Thin Films by Sreekanth Mandati, Bulusu V. Sarada, Suhash R. Dey and Shrikant V. Joshi --- Chapter 7: The Electrochemical Performance of Deposited Manganese Oxide-Based Film as Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitor Application by Chan Pei Yi and Siti Rohana Majid --- Chapter 8: Semiconducting Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy Conversion by Giulia Massaglia and Marzia Quaglio
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789535138846
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Keywords: atomic crystals
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Parameterization of Stillinger-Weber Potential for Two- Dimensional Atomic Crystals by Jin-Wu Jiang and Yu-Ping Zhou
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789535136965
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Keywords: Physics ; Mathematical physics ; Quantum physics ; Physics ; Quantum Physics ; Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences ; History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: I The Cellular Automaton Interpretation as a general doctrine: Motivation for this work --- Deterministic models in quantum notation --- Interpreting quantum mechanics --- Deterministic quantum mechanics --- Concise description of the CA Interpretation --- Quantum gravity --- Information loss --- More problems --- Alleys to be further investigated and open questions --- Conclusions --- II Calculation Techniques: Introduction to part II --- More on cogwheels --- The continuum limit of cogwheels, harmonic rotators and oscillators --- Locality --- Fermions --- PQ theory --- Models in two space-time dimensions without interactions --- Symmetries --- The discretised Hamiltonian formalism in PQ theory --- Quantum Field Theory --- The cellular automaton --- The problem of quantum locality --- Conclusions of part II --- Some remarks on gravity in 2+1 dimensions --- A summary of our views on Conformal Gravity --- Abbreviations.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 298 pages) , 21 illustrations, 19 illustrations in color
    ISBN: 9783319412856
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Unknown
    Rijeka : InTech
    Keywords: optics ; lasers ; interferometry
    Description / Table of Contents: Optical methods of measurements are the most sensitive techniques of noncontact investigations, and at the same time, they are fast as well as accurate which increases reproducibility of observed results. In recent years, the importance of optical interferometry methods for research has dramatically increased, and applications range from precise surface testing to finding extrasolar planets. This book covers various aspects of optical interferometry including descriptions of novel apparatuses and methods, application interferometry for studying biological objects, surface qualities, materials characterization, and optical testing. The book includes a series of chapters in which experts share recent progress in interferometry through original research and literature reviews.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789535129561
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Unknown
    Rijeka : InTech
    Keywords: Raman spectroscopy
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Raman Microscopy: A Suitable Tool for Characterizing Surfaces in Interaction with Plasmas in the Field of Nuclear Fusion by Cedric Pardanaud, Celine Martin and Pascale Roubin --- Chapter 2: Raman Investigations of Atomic/Molecular Clusters and Aggregates by Zhixun Luo and Jiannian Yao --- Chapter 3: Raman Mapping: Emerging Applications by Cristina Coman and Loredana Florina Leopold --- Chapter 4: Semiconductor Nanowires: Raman Spectroscopy Studies by Marta De Luca and Ilaria Zardo --- Chapter 5: Raman Study of the Crystalline-to-Amorphous State in Alpha- Decay–Damaged Materials by Ming Zhang --- Chapter 6: Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Strain on Graphene and Oxidation Corrosion on Nuclear Claddings by Hongyi Mi, Zhenqiang Ma and James P. Blanchard --- Chapter 7: Boosting the Amount of Molecular Information Through Polarized Resolved Resonance Raman Scattering by Søren Hassing --- Chapter 8: Petrographical and Mineralogical Applications of Raman Mapping by Frédéric Foucher, Guillaume Guimbretière, Nicolas Bost and Frances Westall --- Chapter 9: Stimulated Raman Scattering for All Optical Switches by Ariel Flores-Rosas, Evgeny A. Kuzin, Orlando Díaz-Hernández, Gerardo J. Escalera-Santos, Roberto Arceo-Reyes, Baldemar Ibarra- Escamilla and Víctor I. Ruiz-Pérez --- Chapter 10: Raman Spectroscopy of Amino Acid Crystals by Paulo T.C. Freire, Felipe M. Barboza, José A. Lima, Francisco E.A. Melo and Josué Mendes Filho --- Chapter 11: Raman Spectroscopy with X-Rays by Piter Sybren Miedema --- Chapter 12: Using Raman Spectroscopy to Improve Hyperpolarized Noble Gas Production for Clinical Lung Imaging Techniques by Jonathan Birchall, Nicholas Whiting, Jason Skinner, Michael J. Barlow and Boyd M. Goodson --- Chapter 13: Inverse Raman Scattering in Femtosecond Broadband Transient Absorption Experiments by Antonio Aloi and Raffaele Tommasi --- Chapter 14: Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering by Ujjal Kumar Sur --- Chapter 15: The Intricate Nature of SERS: Real-Life Applications and Challenges by Nicoleta Elena Dina and Alia Colniță --- Chapter 16: Precision Target Guide Strategy for Applying SERS into Environmental Monitoring by Lei Ouyang, Dingyi Li, Lihua Zhu and Heqing Tang
    Pages: Online-Ressource (362 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789535129080
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Unknown
    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Keywords: multi-color laser ; Fourier synthesis ; ultrashort optical pulse ; four-wave mixing ; high-order sideband generation ; ultrafast phenomena ; data communication
    Description / Table of Contents: The pulse width of an electromagnetic wave is determined by the frequency band width of the wave used. Therefore, one femtosecond is the ultimate in pulse width for an “optical” wave. For this reason, several methods have been proposed for the generation of an ultrashort optical pulse. For example, resonance/non-resonance four-wave mixing would be one of the candidates for generating multi-color laser emission in an extremely wide spectral region, thus breaking the 1-fs barrier. To date, numerous emission lines have been generated from the deep-ultraviolet to the near-infrared region (〈45,000 cm−1). Such generations use a variety of techniques, such as four-wave Raman mixing in molecular hydrogen. This type of technique is promising for the generation of 1-fs optical pulses via phase locking and the Fourier synthesis of the emission lines. For verification, it would be necessary to develop a new method for measuring the pulse width, since the spectral band width approaches or is beyond one octave. Ultrashort optical pulses can be utilized in a variety of applications in science and technology. For example, an ultrashort optical pulse can be used in the studies of ultrafast phenomena. More practically, a laser pulse shorter than 100 fs is reported to be useful in mass spectrometry for observing a molecular ion of triacetone triperoxide, an explosive used in terrorist attacks. A train of ultrashort optical pulses in the terahertz region, which has been generated in the optical cavity to enhance the nonlinear optical effect, would be employed as a clock pulse in optical computation/communication in future advanced industries.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 192 Seiten)
    Edition: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Applied Sciences
    ISBN: 9783038422839
    Language: English
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