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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of climate change on the soil/moisture regime of Scottish mineral soils
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 83 (1994), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: GIS ; climate change ; moisture ; soil
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90039-6
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small town lead levels: A case study from the homes of pre-schoolers in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: children ; dust ; lead ; pollution ; soil
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90099-X
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradability of chitin- and chitosan-containing films in soil environment (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; chitin ; chitosan ; film ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of polyethylene-chitin (PE-chitin) and polyethylene-chitosan (PE-chitosan) films, containing 10% by weight chitin or chitosan, by pure microbial cultures and in a soil environment was studied. Three soil-inhabited organsims,Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andBeauveria bassiana were able to utilize chitin and chitosan in prepared PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films after eight weeks of incubation at 25°C in a basal medium containing no source of carbon or nitrogen. In a soil environment, the biodegradation of those films was studied and compared with a commercial biodegradable film containing 6% by the weight of corn starch. In soil placed in the lab, 73.4% of the chitosan and 84.7% of the chitin in the films were degraded, while 46.5% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. In an open field, 100% of the chitin and 100% of the chitosan in the films were degraded, but only 85% of the starch in the commercial film was degraded after six months of incubation. The weight of controls, (polyethylene films), remained mainly stable during the incubation period. Both PE-chitin and PE-chitosan films degraded at a higher rate than the commercial starch-based film in a soil environment indicating the potential use of chitin-based films for the manufacturing of biodegradable packaging materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067791
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of Injection Molded Starch-Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Blends in a Natural Compost Environment (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 6 (1998), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; PHBV ; PHA ; plastic ; blends ; biodegradation ; soil ; compost
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Injection molded specimens were prepared by blending poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) with cornstarch. Blended formulations incorporated 30% or 50% starch in the presence or absence of poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which enhances the adherence of starch granules to PHBV. These formulations were evaluated for their biodegradability in natural compost by measuring changes in physical and chemical properties over a period of 125 days. The degradation of plastic material, as evidenced by weight loss and deterioration in tensile properties, correlated with the amount of starch present in the blends (neat PHBV 〈 30% starch 〈 50% starch). Incorporation of PEO into starch-PHBV blends had little or no effect on the rate of weight loss. Starch in blends degraded faster than PHBV and it accelerated PHBV degradation. Also, PHBV did not retard starch degradation. After 125 days of exposure to compost, neat PHBV lost 7% of its weight (0.056% weight loss/day), while the PHBV component of a 50% starch blend lost 41% of its weight (0.328% weight loss/day). PHB and PHV moieties within the copolymer degraded at similar rates, regardless of the presence of starch, as determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. GPC analyses revealed that, while the number average molecular weight (Mn) of PHBV in all exposed samples decreased, there was no significant difference in this decrease between neat PHBV as opposed to PHBV blended with starch. SEM showed homogeneously distributed starch granules embedded in a PHBV matrix, typical of a filler material. Starch granules were rapidly depleted during exposure to compost, increasing the surface area of the PHBV matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022806222158
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of the key factors affecting composting of a weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; composting ; petroleum ; soil ; thermophilic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the C/N ratio, CaCO3 and PO4 addition, and temperature profile on reactor-based composting of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil were evaluated in a series of 30-day tests in temperature-controlled mini-composters. Soil containing 17,000 mg (kg dry soil)−1 mineral oil and grease (MOG) was composted with maple leaves and alfalfa. Although the leaves and alfalfa also contained MOG, degradation of contaminated soil derived MOG (total MOG degradation minus MOG degradation in a control with no soil) increased from 0 to 45% as the quantity of co-substrate increased from 0 to 63%. Simulation of biopile conditions (i.e., aeration and addition of mineral salts but no co-substrate) resulted in only 6% MOG degradation. Addition of CaCO3 before composting increased total MOG degradation from 23% to 43%. Total MOG degradation increased with decreasing C/N ratio. At a molar C/N ratio of 17, 43% of the total MOG was degraded in 30 days, while at a C/N ratio of 40 there was no total MOG degradation. When temperatures ranging from 23 to 60 °C were investigated, 50 °C maintained for 29 days resulted in the maximum degradation which was 68% of total initial MOG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361008232
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and survival of Pseudomonas cepacia DBO1(pRO101) in soil amended with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 2 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; bacterial growth ; biodegradation ; Pseudomonas cepacia ; soil ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading pseudomonad, Pseudomonas cepacia DBO1(pRO101), was inoculated at approximately 107 CFU/g into sterile and non-sterile soil amended with 0, 5 or 500 ppm 2,4-D and the survival of the strain was studied for a period of 44 days. In general, the strain survived best in sterile soil. When the sterile soil was amended with 2,4-D, the strain survived at a significantly higher level than in non-amended sterile soil. In non-sterile soil either non-amended or amended with 5 ppm 2,4-D the strain died out, whereas with 500 ppm 2,4-D the strain only declined one order of magnitude through the 44 days. The influence of 0,0.06, 12 and 600 ppm 2,4-D on short-term (48 h) survival of P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) inoculated to a level of 6×104, 6×106 or 1×108 CFU/g soil was studied in non-sterile soil. Both inoculum level and 2,4-D concentration were found to have a positive influence on numbers of P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101). At 600 ppm 2,4-D growth was significant irrespective of the inoculation level, and at 12 ppm growth was stimulated at the two lowest inocula levels. P. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) was able to survive for 15 months in sterile buffers kept at room temperature. During this starvation, cells shrunk to about one third the volume of exponentially growing cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114556
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of sorbed- and separate-phase chemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; biodegradation ; sorption ; oil ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695116
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of concentration and environmental form of tetradecenyl succinic acid on its mineralization in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; builders ; detergents ; kinetics ; mineralization ; sewage sludge ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056421
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by indigenous microbial populations in Everglades soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 349-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; bioremediation ; acclimation ; Everglades ; mineralization ; nitrophenol ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Everglades in South Florida are a unique ecologicalsystem. As a result of the widespread use of pesticides andherbicides in agricultural areas upstream from these wetlands,there is a serious potential for pollution problems in theEverglades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate theability of indigenous microbial populations to degradexenobiotic organic compounds introduced by agricultural andother activities. Such biodegradation may facilitate theremediation of contaminated soils and water in the Everglades.The model compound selected in this study is 4-nitrophenol, achemical commonly used in the manufacture of pesticides. Themineralization of 4-nitrophenol at various concentrations wasstudied in soils collected from the Everglades. Atconcentrations of 10 and 100 µg/g soil, considerablemineralization occurred within a week. At a higherconcentration, i.e., 10 mg/g soil, however, no mineralizationof 4-nitrophenol occurred over a 4-month period; such a highconcentration apparently produced an inhibitory effect. Therate and extent of 4-nitrophenol mineralization was enhancedon inoculation with previously isolated nitrophenol-degradingmicroorganisms. The maximum mineralization extent measured,however, was less than 30% suggesting conversion to biomassand/or unidentified intermediate products. These resultsindicate the potential for natural mechanisms to mitigate theadverse effects of xenobiotic pollutants in a complex systemsuch as the Everglades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008285717595
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of phosphorus and sulfur of insecticide origin by fungi (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: fungi ; organophosphate insecticides ; phosphorus mineralization ; sulfur mineralization ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen fungal species isolated from soil treated with pesticides were tested for their ability to mineralize and degrade three organophosphate insecticides currently used in Egypt (Cyolan®, Malathion® and Dursban®) in liquid media free from phosporus (P) and sulfur (S). All fungal species grew successfully on the culture media treated with the three used doses of insecticides (10, 50 and 100 ppm active ingredient) but the growth rate varied with the species, the insecticide and the doses. At 10 ppm level, insecticide degradation expressed in term of organic P mineralization (calculated as % of applied P) was the highest with all fungi tested. Organic P mineralization from pesticides was decreased by increasing the dose used to 50 and 100 ppm. The highest amount of P mineralized was observed with Cyolan® followed by Malathion® whilst P mineralization from Dursban® proceeded very slowly. Aspergillus terreus showed the greatest potential to mineralize organic P followed by A. tamarii, A. niger, Trichoderma harzianum and Penicillium brevicompactum whilst the remaining fungi only moderately mineralized the organic P component of the insecticides tested. Organic sulfur mineralization by the used fungal species paralleled, to some extent, organic P mineralization. The extracellular protein content of culture filtrates in the presence of various doses of insecticides was also decreased by increasing insecticide concentrations. The extracellular protein was significantly correlated with P and S mineralization (r = 0.89** and 0.64**, respectively) whilst correlation with cell dry mass was not significant (r = 0.03 and 0.003) suggesting a direct relationship between pesticide degradation and microbial protein production. The addition of P or S to the growth media enhanced extracellular protein excretion, and increased organic P and S mineralization by the most potent species tested (A. niger, A. tamarii, A. terreus and T. harzianum). This increment was significant in most cases, especially at the higher application rates. The relationship between extracellular protein excretion and organic P and S mineralization from insecticides was highly significant with the addition of inorganic phosphorus (r = 0.96** and 0.83**, respectively) or sulfur (r = 0.85** and 0.89**, respectively) to the growth media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008310909262
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial degradation of pentachlorophenol (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 1-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bacteria ; degradation ; fungi ; pentachlorophenol ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was the most prevalent wood preservative for many years worldwide. Its widespread use had led to contamination of various environments. Traditional methods of PCP clean-up include storage in land-fill sites, incineration and abiotic degradation processes such as photodecomposition. Some aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms can degrade PCP under a variety of conditions. Axenic bacterial cultures, Flavobacterium sp., Rhodococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Sphingomonas sp., and Mycobacterium sp., and fungal cultures, Phanerochaete sp. and Trametes sp. exhibit varying rates and extent of PCP degradation. This paper provides some general information on properties of PCP and reviews the influence of nutrient amendment, temperature and pH on PCP degradation by various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Where information is available, proposed degradation pathways, intermediates and enzymes are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056556
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of rubber particles in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; modelling ; rubber ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of rubber particles in rubber-soil mixtures at different rubber contents was monitored by the carbon dioxide production. The cumulative carbon dioxide production was modelled according to a two parameter exponential function. The model provides an excellent fit (R2〉0.98) for the observed data. The two parameters yield a reliable estimate of the half-life for the process observed, but estimation of the true half-life of rubber in soil will need more research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115746
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of olestra, a non caloric fat replacer, by microorganisms isolated from activated sludge and other environments (1996)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; sewage ; soil ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; fat replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Olestra is a non-caloric fat substitute consisting of fatty acids esterified to sucrose. Previous work has shown that olestra is not metabolized in the gut and is excreted unmodified in human feces. To better understand the fate of olestra in engineered and natural environments, aerobic bacteria and fungi that degrade olestra were enriched from sewage sludges, soils and municipal solid waste compost not previously exposed to olestra. Various mixed and pure cultures were obtained from these sources which were able to utilize olestra as a sole carbon and energy source. The fastest growing enrichment was obtained from activated sludge and later yielded an olestra-degrading pure culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This mixed culture extensively degraded both 14C-fatty acid labeled olestra and 14C-sucrose labeled olestra during 8 days of incubation. Longer-term incubation with pure cultures of P. aeruginosa demonstrated that 〉98% of 14C-sucrose labeled olestra and 〉72% of 14C-fatty acid labeled olestra was mineralized to CO2 after 69 days. These results indicate that olestra degraders are present in environments not previously exposed to olestra and that olestra can serve as a sole carbon and energy source. Furthermore, a common bacterial species was isolated from activated sludge and shown to have the ability to degrade olestra.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058185
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction and PCR detection of Desulfomonile tiedjei in soil slurry microcosms (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Desulfomonile tiedjei ; soil ; PCR ; reductive dechlorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to test the feasibility ofintroducing an anaerobic microbial reductivedechlorination activity into non sterile soil slurrymicrocosms by inoculation with the pure anaerobicbacterial strain Desulfomonile tiedjei, which iscapable of dechlorinating 3-chlorobenzoate tobenzoate. To show that the bacterium was establishedin the microcosms we followed the expression of thereductive dechlorination activity and a molecularprobe based on PCR amplification of the 16S rDNA genewas developed. However, the success of PCRamplification of the 16S rDNA gene depends on the DNAextraction and purification methodologies applied, asshown through the use of several protocols. In thisstudy we report a DNA extraction and purificationmethod which generates sufficient and very clean DNAsuitable for PCR amplification of the D. tiedjei16S rDNA gene. The threshold of detection was about5.103 bacteria per gram of soil slurry.Introduction of D. tiedjei in soil slurrymicrocosms proved successful since 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination activity was established with thisbacterium in microcosms normally devoid of thisdechlorination capacity. Indeed, the addition of D. tiedjei to microcosms supplemented with acetateplus formate as cosubstrate, at their respectiveconcentrations of 5 and 6 mM, led to a totalbiotransformation of 2.5 mM of 3-chlorobenzoate within12 days. After complete 3-chlorobenzoatedechlorination, the 16S rDNA gene of this bacteriumwas specifically detected only in the inoculatedmicrocosms as shown by PCR amplification followed byrestriction mapping confirmation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008262426800
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Organic Compounds in Compost-Amended Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: gas chromatography and ultraviolet spectroscopy ; organic compounds ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of compost-amended soil from waste dumping sites in Lagos Metropolis were extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 cm3) and the extract was evaporated at 35 °〉C. The residue was extracted with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and portions of the solution were applied to a column containing silica gel from which aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were eluted with n-hexane and toluene respectively. Analysis of the n-hexane fraction using gas chromatography showed the presence of a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ranging from C9 to C25, while ultraviolet analysis of the toluene fraction suggested 1,2-benzanthracene; 2,3-benzphenanthrene, chrysene and pyrene as polyaromatic compounds present in samples analyzed. The crude extracts were highly coloured and viscous. Total extractable organic residues in the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane extracts ranged from 36 to 89 mg g-1 of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005915624924
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the Soil Respiration Using the Constant Pressure Volumetric Respirometer and the Flow-Through Respirometer UNI-RES10 (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological activity of soil ; constantpressure volumetric respirometer ; flow-through respirometer ; respirometry methods ; soil ; soil respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Among commonly employed methods of fast estimation of the soil biological activity a method of the oxygen consumption determination is used. The main goal of this research was an estimation of a soil respiratory metabolism using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer and also using the flow-through respirometer UNI-RES10.Soil respiration measurements were done using both types of respirometers in temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, keeping up the constant humidity. The investigated soil was a soil humus belonged to organic soils from the Dziekanów Leśny field. The soil respiration was also measured for 8 plant communities in Sudeten Mountains with various respiration intensity.After the experiments it was stated that both measuring instruments could be used for the soil metabolism evaluation. Readouts obtained from the UNI-RES10 respirometer are smaller then readouts when using the constant pressure volumetric respirometer. The flow-through respirometers have to be calibrated to obtain results comparable with these from volumetric ones. The volumetric and flow-through respirometry methods are useful for the comparative analysis of metabolism levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006335812073
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil Contribution to the Elemental Composition of Epiphytic Lichens (Tuscany, Central Italy) (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; Italy ; lichens ; soil ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn in the epiphytic lichen Parmelia sulcata and superficial soils from 60 remote sampling sites in Tuscany (central Italy) were determined to evaluate the contribution of soil to the elemental composition of the lichen. The results showed that in the Mediterranean environment, the trace element content of unwashed lichen samples is greatly affected by soil contamination. However, despite the strong correlations between the concentrations of lithogene elements such as Al, Fe and Ti in P. sulcata, lichen levels of these elements were not at all linearly correlated with their concentrations in the soil, suggesting that dust contamination is highly variable and probably dependent on local site characteristics. All methods evaluated to minimize soil contamination indicated Cu, Pb and Zn as elements of atmospheric origin. However, while levels of Pb were similar to those reported for background areas, moderate pollution by Cu and Zn, probably from fertilizers used in agriculture, was revealed. For elements such as Cd and Mo, identified as atmophile, some uncertainty exists due to the fact that they are essential for lichen metabolism and accumulate intracellularly in lichens; they may therefore occur in soluble form in the lichen thallus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006047431210
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Gradient Study of 34 Elements in the Vicinity of a Copper-Nickel Smelter in the Kola Peninsula (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 71-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: copper-nickel smelter ; ICP mass spectrometry ; Kola peninsula ; pollution ; soil ; trace elements ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of 34 elements determined by ICP mass spectrometry were studied in surface soil and vegetation along a north–south gradient through the ‘Pechenganickel’ smelter complex in Kola peninsula, northern Russia. Strong influence from the smelter was evident for Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, mainly associated with dry deposition of large particles. Also for As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, Bi, and Pb the smelter or associated sources appeared to be distinct contributors of contamination consisting presumably of smaller particles. Significant but less distinct effects leading to enhanced concentration levels were observed for P, S, V, Cr, Zn, and Tl. In the case of Mn, Rb, Sr, Cs, and Ba the concentrations in vegetation were generally lower near the source, which may be due to cation exchange with protons or heavy metal cations in the soil and subsequent leaching from the root zone. For Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Y, Cd, La, Th, and U no particular influence from the smelter complex was observed. Some characteristic differences observed in element concentrations in different plant species and between different years of Pinus sylvestris needles are discussed. The high concentrations observed for many trace elements in the humus horizon indicates that it acts as an active biogeochemical barrier against downward transport of these elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006165031985
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    Lead in Soil and Sediment in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, and Links with Human Health (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 329-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioavailable ; lead ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study determined the spatial distribution of soiland of sediment-associated lead in Iqaluit, Nunavut.Samples were collected from the following areas:outside the built-up area of the town to reflectbackground concentrations; known or potential pointsources of lead, such as the Upper Base, the SylviaGrinnell Dump and the Metal Dump (North 40); andresidential and commercial areas of Iqaluit and Apex,a satellite community. In the laboratory, the 〈63 μm sample fraction was analyzed for total lead andbioavailable lead, estimated by non-residual acidextractable lead content. The research findings revealthat elevated levels of bioavailable lead are presentin the study area. Total lead concentrations generallydo not exceed environmental guidelines. However, leadconcentrations in the Sylvia Grinnell Dump, and Apexand Iqaluit grid areas exceed health-based guidelines.The research concludes that there is not a serioushealth hazard posed by lead levels in the soil andsediment in the study area. However, severalenvironmental (elevated lead levels, bioavailableforms of lead and bare soil surfaces) and behaviouralfactors (vigorous and unsupervised play outside) maycreate a risk of lead exposure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006253529308
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    Comparison of Point Estimation Techniques in the Spatial Analysis of Radium-226, Radium-228 and Potassium-40 in Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: estimation ; geostatistics ; interpolation ; radionuclides ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many environmental surveys require the implementation of estimation techniques to determine the spatial distribution of the variable being investigated. Traditional methods of interpolation and estimation, for example, inverse distance squared and triangulation often ignore features of the data set such as anisotropy which may have a significant impact on the quality of the estimates produced. Geostatistical techniques may offer an improved method of estimation by modelling the spatial continuity of the variable using semi-variogram analysis. The theoretical model fitted to the semi-variogram is then used in the assignation of weighting factors to the samples surrounding the location to be estimated. This paper outlines the results of a comparison between three common estimation methods, polygonal, triangulation and inverse distance squared and a geostatistical method, in the estimation of soil radionuclide activities. The geostatistical estimation method known as kriging performed best over a range of parameters used to test the performance of the methods. Kriging exhibited the best correlation between actual and estimated values, the narrowest error distribution and the lowest overall estimation error. Polygonal estimation was best at reproducing the data set distribution. Conditional bias was evident in all the methods, low values being over-estimated and high values being under-estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006141008027
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    Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cellulose ; charcoal kiln ; decomposition ; herb seeds ; moisture ; respiration ; smoke pollution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006115104675
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    Historical atmospheric deposition in a Swedish mining area traced by S isotope ratios in soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 103-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; mining area ; SO2 emission ; soil ; sulfur isotopes ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mining activities for almost thousand years have caused large S emissions in the Falun area, central Sweden. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the S deposition has decreased considerably. The soil S concentrations and S isotope compositions were analyzed for ΣS and adsorbed SO42- for three soil profiles close to the mining area in order to identify the soil S sources. The δ34S values were found to be different for ΣS and adsorbed SO42- and ranged from –3.7‰ to +2.6‰. In the B-horizon, the observed ΣS δ34S values (and hence calculated δ34S values for organic S) were mostly lower than those of the adsorbed SO42-. In the O-horizon, ΣS showed similar δ34S values as the adsorbed SO42- in the mineral soil. The adsorbed SO42- showed nearly constant δ34S values with depth. The δ34S values in the soils are interpreted to reflect a mixture of historical and modern deposition due to soil S circulation with no or negligible fractionation. The lower δ34S values of organic S in the B-horizon suggests preservation of acid deposition originating from mining activities back in time. The adsorbed SO42- in the mineral soil and the organic S in the O-horizon reflect a response to a new δ34S composition in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning during the 20th century.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005007821230
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    Changes in Phytoavailability and Concentration of Cadmium in Soil Following Long Term Salix Cropping (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; plant uptake ; soil ; Salix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium concentrations in Salix (willow) shoots are generally high and Salix can therefore potentially remove significant amounts of Cd from soil. The aim of this study was to investigate how long-term Salix cultivation had affected total and plant available Cd concentrations in agricultural soil. The study was made in 8 to 30 yr old plantations. Soil profiles down to 65 cm depth were sampled and conditions within the plantations were compared to those in nearby reference areas. When consideration was given to certain pH differences, concentrations of exchangeable Cd throughout the soil profiles were significantly lower in the Salix stands than in the reference areas. However, the effect on concentrations of total Cd was negligible. The yield levels proved not to be optimal and Cd concentrations in shoots were lower than average in the investigated stands. Data on exchangeable Cd show that uptake occurs throughout the soil profile and the Cd pool involved is thus large. These facts may explain why total concentrations were only slightly influenced. The conclusion reached was that Salix cultivation reduces the amount of plant-available Cd in the soil. However, more investigations are needed to evaluate how this effect can be optimized by choice of clone and other management measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005050005459
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    Utilization of Petrochemical Industry Waste Water for Agriculture (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 321-335 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: grain yield ; irrigation ; refinery waste water ; seed quality ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of petrochemical industry waste water on certain physico-chemical properties of soil and on growth, yield and quality of corn (Zea mays L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss). The pH of the waste water was near about neutral but it contained a higher amount of nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride, calcium, carbonates, bicarbonates and suspended and dissolved solids when compared with fresh water. Soil receiving the waste water showed no significant changes in water soluble salts, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, pH, total organic carbon etc. Moreover, waste water irrigation resulted in increased growth and yield of both the crops. Thus, it may be concluded that the petrochemical industry waste water may be used profitably for the cultivation of corn and mustard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005162613059
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    The Effect of Organic Structures on Pentachlorophenol Adsorption on Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: natural organic structures ; pentachlorophenyl adsorption ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on a soil was studied by equilibrating the soil (with and without its indigenous organic matter) with PCP in the presence and the absence of added natural organic species (benzoic acid, lactic acid, glucuronic acid and catechol). Both the added organic species and the indigenous organic matter were found to enhance PCP adsorption, the enhancement being greater with benzoic acid than with the less hydrophobic lactic acid. Adsorption of these organic species was also enhanced by PCP, suggesting the existence of a co-operative adsorption mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169904439
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    Temporal Changes in Cadmium, Thallium, and Vanadium Mobility in Soil and Phytoavailability under Field Conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bush bean ; cadmium ; contamination ; heavy metal ; industrial waste ; mobility ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; sandy soil ; Savannah River Site ; soil ; thallium ; vanadium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and 〈3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004906313547
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    Factor Score Mapping of Soil Trace Element Contents for the Shenzhen Area (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 415-425 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: factor score ; Kriging ; soil ; trace element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The abundances of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, cobalt, mercury, vanadium, and manganese in eighty three surface soil samples collected from Shenzhen area were determined. The correlation among element contents and the factors affecting the contents were studied using principle component analysis. The factor scores of the first two components were analyzed as regionalized variables using variogram analysis and Kriging. The interpolated factor scores were then mapped to show the common features in spatial distribution of a set of elements with similar geochemical behavior. It was demonstrated that the spatial distribution patterns of parent material in the area are the primary factor governing the spatial variation of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004915128107
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    Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil by Column Extraction with EDTA: II. Modeling (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 221-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated ; EDTA ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead contamination of soils is a common problem throughout the world. Laboratory batch test and bench scale experiments have shown that EDTA can be used to remove lead from contaminated soils. However, due to the high cost and laborious task associated with actual environmental remediation of a lead contaminated soil, there is a need to be able to predict the outcome of a remediation process in advance in order to optimize the process and minimize the cost. This paper describes the development and validation of a computer model which can be used to simulate the removal of lead from a contaminated soil column using EDTA as the chelating agent. The model is able to simulate the lead removal from soil based on equilibrium as well as kinetic dissolution of Pb. The comparison of the simulated results with actual lead concentrations both in effluent and soil shows that the model can predict the lead removal process with reasonable accuracy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004901013628
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    Metal Pollution by Old Lead-Zinc Mines in Urumea River Valley (Basque Country, Spain). Soil, Biota and Sediment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base metal mining ; biota ; metal pollution ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil, aquatic biota (moss: Brachythecium rivulare; aquatic macrophytes: Juncus effusus, Potamogeton crispus; fish: Salmo trutta fario, Anguilla anguilla, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chelon labrosus) and sediment samples from the Urumea river valley were analysed for metals by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sediments show the presence of metal pollution (Cd: 2.5–24 mg kg-1; Pb: 125–1,150 mg kg-1; Zn: 125–2,500 mg kg-1) because mining and industrial wastes. A selective retention of dense minerals in dam sediments contributes to the load of metal, but interstitial water analysis (Cd: 〈0.02–0.1 mg L-1; Pb: 0.3–1.0 mg L-1; Zn: 〈0.05–0.6 mg L-1) shows that precipitation equilibrium controls their mobilisation. Biota samples show evidence of metal accumulation, moss reaching 1,100 mg kg-1 in lead and 6,800 mg kg-1 in zinc. Soil from the valley is polluted by both, river carried material and industrial sources (Cd: 1.0–4.0 mg kg-1; Pb: 26–1,120 mg kg-1; Zn: 105–1,390 mg kg-1/math〉), but they are used, indistinctly, for farming and pasture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004925922786
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    Triazine Dispersion and Distribution in the Unsaturated Zone of Drained Soils in the Brie (France) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 129-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; leaching ; soil ; triazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate of triazines and their metabolites in the unsaturated zone in the field conditions during a period from the spring sowings to the autumn tillages. The study was performed upon two soils treated for corn culture during the year 1992. The investigations were presented after the wet weather by subsurface drainage and surface runoff. Throughout the 6 months survey, the relative importance of the triazines is by decreasing order: atrazine 〉 simazine 〉 desethylatrazine (DEA). After the application, the herbicides were only found in the first 40 cm of the soil during the dry period of the cultivation. They were dragged towards the depth by percolation water mainly during the first water infiltrations when the drains were set in again in autumn or winter. The losses of herbicides after the cultivation cycle (october) expressed as a ratio of the initial input ranged from 40 to 73% for the atrazine and from 40 to 44% for the simazine and depended on the importance of the application amount. In autumn and winter, the losses originating in percolation were higher than those due to volatilization and/or degradation (abiotic and biodegradation), as the soil conditions were unpropicious to the formation of non-extractable residues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005021014959
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    Chemical Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Soils, Clays and Rocks at Historical Lead Smelting Sites (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 391-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contamination ; lead ; migration ; partitioning ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical partitioning of lead and zinc is described in contaminated soils and underlying strata at historical lead smelting sites. Sections of soil-rock cores from eight sites of age 200 to c.1900 yr were analysed using a sequential extraction procedure. Of the total amount of lead and zinc present in soils, only a small proportion is in a readily mobile form. However, this proportion increases significantly as the pH falls below 5 and for lead reaches 37% in soils at Bole A. A high proportion of lead in soils appears to be associated with the carbonate and specifically adsorbed phase. It is suggested that this is partly due to the formation of cerussite (PbCO3) in soils contaminated with calcareous slag wastes. Lead present in the residual phase in contaminated soils may be related to the presence of the element in silicate slag particles. Rapid migration of lead to a depth of 5.6 m in sandstone at Bole A was related to its high solubility in the acidic soils and rock at this site. Comparable migration at Bole C proceeds by a different mechanism, possibly with lead in association with Fe-Mn oxides and slag particles. In clay infill in fractured sandstone at Bole A, anthropogenic lead present at a depth of 4.4 m was extracted predominantly in the fraction representing Fe-Mn oxides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005029310495
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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    Net change in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: organohalogen ; AOX ; organochlorine ; pH ; soil ; production ; mineralisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The total amount of organically bound halogens was determined in soil samples from the Palace Leas meadow hay plots, Northumberland, UK. These plots have been amended with different combinations of farmyard manure, potassium chloride, ammonium sulphate or nitrate since their establishment in 1897, resulting in, among other things, substantial pH differences between the plots. It was found that the amount of organically bound halogens increased significantly with decreasing pH. Net changes in amounts of organohalogens were also studied in soil obtained from a coniferous forest in southern Sweden. The collected soil was divided into four sets of samples, which were incubated in a climate chamber and subjected to different treatment regimes that influence soil pH. Significant changes in amounts of organically bound halogens were detected in three of the four sets of samples, resulting in significantly increasing amounts with decreasing pH. However, although the amount of organically bound halogens detected was related to soil pH in both the field and the experimental study, the net changes observed in the latter investigation were not directly related to soil pH. This shows that net changes in the amount of organically bound halogens in soil are caused by complex processes, and that further studies are needed to clarify the nature of the observed relation between soil pH and amounts of organically bound halogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171641
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    Mercury speciation in contaminated soils by thermal release analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 399-416 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury speciation ; soil ; thermal release analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Thermal release analysis of mercury species in contaminated soils was performed by temperature controlled continuous heating of the samples in a furnace coupled to an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). It was shown that this method allows the identification of different redox states of Hg-species through their characteristic releasing temperature ranges. The method was applied to Hg-contaminated samples from an inactive chlor-alkali production plant in former East Germany (GER), and from a gold mining area in Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil (BRA), as well as synthetic soil samples obtained by spiking pre-heated soil matrices (GER and BRA) with the following mercury species: Hg0, Hg2Cl2, HgCl2, HgO and HgS. The samples GER, in general, frequently showed the presence of Hg2+ probably bound to humic substances, in the case of samples with higher total carbon content. Only in highly contaminated samples (〉3000 ppm of mercury) was Hg0 the predominant species. The samples BRA more frequently showed the presence of mercury species in the lower oxidation states, i.e. Hg1+ in combination with Hg0. The method allows observing changes in Hg-speciation in the samples with time, mainly changes among the oxidation states Hg0, Hg1+ and Hg2+. The treated GER matrix showed a stronger tendency to oxidise Hf-species than the BRA treated matrix, in which only added Hg0 is partially oxidised to Hg2+ and Hg1+. In contrast, the BRA matrix showed a pronounced tendency to reduce spiked Hg2+ to Hg1+. This may be the reason for the presence of Hg1+ in the majority of original BRA samples. The method appears to be very useful to study speciation of mercury and its dynamics. It can be used as a tool for monitoring mercury oxidation states and/or reactions of mercury in soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171644
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    a critical evaluation of the use of the PROFILE model in calculating mineral weathering rates (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 79-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; mineral weathering ; model assessment ; PROFILE ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The PROFILE model is used extensively in the European Critical Loads programme as an aid to international negotiations on SO2 emission abatement. PROFILE calculates the rates of cation release by mineral weathering and it then uses these data to calculate soil solution and runoff chemistry. No independent assessment of the underlying assumptions and data in the model has been published and this paper reports such an assessment. The rate equations, which are the key to the PROFILE model require rate coefficients and constants. These have been derived from the literature but more work is required to produce a consistent set of constants. Manipulation of these rates to take into account the exposed reactive surface area of the minerals is fraught with problems. Calculation of exposed mineral surface area from soil textural data results in under-estimates and the requirement to determine the surface area fraction of the different minerals in the soil to be known is extremely difficult if not impossible. Further uncertainty is introduced by adjustment of the rates to take into account temperature differences and by the use of a default mineralogy which is compositionally unrealistic. Despite its flaws PROFILE usually predicts similar weathering rates to other methods of calculation. It is argued that the unrealistic constraints imposed by the use of the surface area equation may be responsible for limiting calculated weathering rate to a fixed range which coincides with characteristically determined values for weathering rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026422315881
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    A Comparison of Five Bioassays to Monitor Toxicity During Bioremediation of Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioassays ; bioremediation ; microbiology ; PCP ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Five bioassays were used to measure toxicity during bioremediation of a soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 335 ppm), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 1225 ppm) and petroleum hydrocarbons (19 125 ppm). Different bioremediation treatments were tested in soil microcosms including amendment with phosphorus and/or PCP-degrading Pseudomonas sp. UG30, either as free cells or encapsulated in κ-carrageenan. Soil toxicity was monitored using the solid-phase Microtox test, SOS-chromotest, lettuce seed germination, earthworm survival and sheep red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assays. PCP levels were reduced in all treatments after 210 days. The RBC lysis assay, Microtox test and SOS-chromotest indicated reduced toxicity in most of the microcosms by day 210. Trends depicted by lettuce seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 values varied with each treatment. For example, in soil amended with phosphorus, both the seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 data suggested increased soil toxicity. However, for soil treated with encapsulated Pseudomonas sp. UG30 cells, the earthworm survival LC50 data indicated reduced toxicity while seed germination LC50 values showed little change from values obtained prior to bioremediation. Our results show that toxicity trends in a contaminated soil during bioremediation differ according to the assay used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005053305861
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    Review: Denitrification in temperate climate riparian zones (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 171-186 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: denitrification ; microorganisms ; nitrate ; riparian ; soil ; temperate ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Excess nitrate (NO3-) in lakes and streams has deleterious effects for environmental and human health. Nitrate concentrations have become problematic in agricultural watersheds due to increased use of fertilizers and improper management of livestock wastes. Research has indicated that the planting and/or preservation of riparian buffer zones can be an effective means of reducing pollution from agricultural fields (Osborne and Kovacic, 1993; Jordan et al., 1992; Simmons et al., 1992). Biological denitrification is the most desirable means of nitrate attenuation as the microbial conversion of NO3- removes nitrate from the watershed in the form of N gases. Despite the inherent value of biological denitrification, a comprehensive review discussing the role of this process in removing nitrate from riparian zones is lacking. In this paper we examine the results and conclusions of past research on the topic of denitrification in riparian zones and make recommendations for future research in this area. The need for subsurface denitrification assays in riparian zones is emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005015400607
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    Aluminium precipitates formed downstream of springs in a mountainous environment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 121-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; aluminium ; groundwater ; mountainousenvironment ; Nordic countries ; precipitates ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Areas a few square metres in size, devoid of higher vegetation other than moss, have been mapped at 600–700 m above sea level in the mountains of the western part of central Norway. The moss is covered by a grey precipitate during dry summer periods. The precipitate has been identified by ICP-AES analysis of HNO3-extract, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an aluminium(Al)-hydroxide, probably amorphous Al-hydroxide and diaspore (Al(OH)3), containing 21–25% Al by weight. In comparison, the underlying moraine deposits contain 1.5–3.5% Al by weight. A small spring, where groundwater discharges, is located uphill of each contaminated area. The Al content of the water which emerges from these springs decreases downhill away from the spring and is inversely proportional to the pH. The runoff waters originating at the springs have been modelled using the computer-codes MINTEQA2 and ALCHEMI and are found to be saturated with respect to amorphous Al(OH)3. This study raises the very important question as to what extent a lower pH in the influent meltwater may leach out more aluminium and possibly lead to the formation of larger amounts of precipitate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005173117738
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    Studies of Soils, Soil Water and Stream Water at a Small Catchment near Guiyang, China (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 137-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid rain ; catchment ; China ; geochemistry ; soil ; soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid deposition is considered to be a major environmental problem in China, but information about effects on soils and waters is scarce. To contribute to increased knowledge about the problem a small catchment (about 7 ha) in the outskirts of Guiyang, the provincial capital of Guizhou in south-western China, was instrumented for collection of precipitation, throughfall, soil water and stream water. In addition soil samples have been collected and analyzed for key properties. Median pH in the precipitation is 4.40 (quartiles: 4.19 and 4.77) and the median sulfate concentration 228 µeq/L (quartiles: 147 and 334 µeq/L). The dry deposition of both SO2 and alkaline dust is considerable. The sum of wet deposition of sulfate and dry deposition of SO2 has been estimated to about 8.5 gSm-2yr-1. The total S-deposition may be somewhat higher due to dry deposition of sulfate and occult deposition. In soil water, SO4 2- is the major anion, generally ranging from 300 to 2500 µeq/L in the different plots. Calcium is an important cation, but there is also a considerable contribution of aluminum from the soil. In some of the plots the concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) are typically between 200 and 400 µm. Potential harmful levels of aluminum and/or high Ali/(Ca2+ + Mg2+) molar ratios occur in the catchment, but damages to vegetation have not yet been reported. In most cases exchangeable aluminum accounts for between 75 and 95% of the total effective cation exchange capacity (CECE) in the mineral soils. The aluminum chemistry cannot easily be explained by conventional models as the Gaines-Thomas ion-exchange equation or equilibrium with an Al(OH)3 mineral phase. The stream water is generally less acidic and has considerably lower concentrations of aluminum than the soil water, even though quite acid events have been observed (pH 〈 4.4). The median pH values are 4.9 and 5.0 in the two first order streams and 6.3 in the dam at the lower boarder of the catchment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004985209931
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    Effect of Fluoride Pollution on pH AND Solubility of Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and Organic Matter in Soil from Årdal (Western Norway) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 375-388 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium fluoride complexes ; fluoride pollution ; organic matter ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluoride (F) on pH and solubility of organic matter (TOC), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in soil samples collected near an aluminium smelter in Norway was studied. Increased addition of F to the soil samples led to an increase in pH and concentrations of TOC, Al and Fe in solution. Most of the F and Al in solution were in the forms of ALFx-complexes. K solubility decreased in some soil samples, but there were no consistent effect on the solubility of Ca or Mg. The effect of NaF addition was significantly different from equimolar NaCl-treatments. The concentrations of Al, Fe, TOC and the pH-values were lower, while the concentrations of K, Mg and Ca were higher in the NaCl-treatments than in the NaF-treatments. The results from the experiment imply that F-pollution of soil induces breakdown of Al- and Fe-oxides/hydroxides and solubilize organic material in the soil. This may influence the availability of potentially toxic elements, such as AIFx-complexes, to microorganisms and plant roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004921600022
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    Distributions of Mercury and Phosphorous in Everglades Soils From Water Conservation Area 3A, Florida, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 133-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Everglades ; mercury ; mobility ; peat ; phosphorus ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils in the southern half of Water Conservation Area3A are mostly peats with some organic-rich marls. Mercury contents of 64 surface samples over a500 km2 area average 28.7 ng cc-1 (209 ppb drysediment), which is typical of organic-rich soils. High Hg contents in Everglades fish are therefore notcaused by anomalously high soil Hg. Hg contents showno systematic lateral variation, consistent withdeposition from well-mixed atmospheric sources ratherthan nearby point sources or runoff from canals.Cores from 9 sites contain more Hg and P at or nearthe surface than at 20–30 cm depth. Hg and P contentsof individual cores correlate well and define separatebackground and anomalous populations. The subsurfacedistribution of P is determined largely by uptake bysawgrass and other plants. The correlation between Pand Hg suggests that, although atmospheric Hgdeposition has undoubtedly increased in recentdecades, postdepositional mobilization of Hg may beimportant in Everglades soils. This finding, togetherwith recent direct measurements of atmospheric Hgdeposition, indicates that previous estimates of Hgdeposition rates based on Everglades peat cores, whichassumed that Hg is immobile in peat after deposition,have yielded large overestimates.
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    PAHs in the Soils of a Mature, Mixed-Deciduous (Quercus-Fraxinus) Woodland and the Surrounding Pasture (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 379-398 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: deciduous woodland ; Meathop Wood ; PAHs ; pasture ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A survey of PAHs in the soils of a mature,mixed-deciduous woodland and the surrounding pasturewas conducted along two transects. PAH `profiles'were not significantly different in the woodland soilcompared with the pasture. ΣPAH concentrations in thewoodland soil were significantly higher than soil fromthe surrounding pasture by a factor of 1.5–3 (P 〈 0.01), indicating enhanced deposition of PAHs to thesoil under the canopy via leaf litter, stemflow and/or through-fall. A deposition `edge effect' was onlyobserved at the windward edge of the canopy where thenumber and density of aerial and basal stems washighest (P 〈 0.05). The influence of predominantwest/south-westerly winds was observable in the lackof an edge effect at the leeward edges, and the higherΣPAH concentrations in the predominantly leewardpasture compared to the windward pasture (P 〈 0.05).
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    Factors affecting the content of heavy metals in bulk atmospheric precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in central Bohemia, Czech Republic (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 841-846 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; precipitation ; throughfall ; stemflow ; soil ; metabolic activity ; trees ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Content of copper, manganese, lead, and zinc in samples of bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow has been studied in a forest area in central Bohemia. The sampling localities are situated on two types of bedrock, granite and cenomaniau sandstones. The content in bulk precipitation reflects the impact of fossil fuel emission sources and the vehicular sources of lead. The deposition rate of elements in throughfall, in comparison with that of the deposition on an open land, exhibits increased values in essential microelements (in Mn approx. 45 times, Zh-5 times, Cu and Cd-2 times), with significant seasonal fluctuations. The value of the same ratio for ecotoxic lead is 0.23. The enhanced flux of elements in throughfall is ascribed mainly to the metabolic processes of the trees. Differences in the chemical composition of throughfall and stemflow collected on stands with different kind of bedrock are ascribed to various degree of accessibility of the micronutrients and various intensity of their vegetation uptake.
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    Predicting freshwater critical loads from national data on geology, soils and land use (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2443-2448 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; freshwaters ; geology ; soil ; land use ; sensitivity ; acidification ; catchments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Using information on geology, soils and land use, a map has been generated for Great Britain which indicates five classes of sensitivity of surface waters to acidification. This map has been used for designing sampling strategies for mapping critical loads of acidity for freshwaters. This paper evaluates the freshwater sensitivity map using a data set of water chemistry collected as part of the UK critical loads programme. Discriminant analysis was used to predict five critical load classes from information on geology and soil sensitivity for freshwater sites. This showed geology and soil information can correctly predict approximately 50% of all critical loads classes. In addition, 77% of sites fall within one critical loads class of that predicted. Predictions may be improved by including other variables eg altitude and geographical location. Differences between lake, stream and reservoir sites are also examined. Ranges of critical loads values were determined for each of the five classes of surface water sensitivity. While a trend in critical load values was evident between classes, there was significant overlap. A simplified sensitivity map with only three classes related more closely to critical loads values. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of the surface water sensitivity map for assessing acidification at a national scale, but highlights the difficulties of predicting critical loads for individual sensitive catchments using national data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186200
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    Sulphate sulphur concentration in vegetable crops, soil and ground water in the region affected by the sulphur dioxide emission from Płock oil refinery (central Poland) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2539-2546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Sulphate sulphur ; abovenormal concentrations ; vegetable crops ; soil ; ground water ; allotment gardens ; household garden ; oil refinery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Research was carried out in 1984–1990 in the region affected by the sulphur dioxide emission from one of the greatest oil refineries in Europe (Płock, central Poland). The sulphate sulphur concentration in the vegetable crops (red beet, carrot, parsley, bean, cabbage and dill), the soil and in ground water was defined in selected allotment gardens of Płock city and in a household garden located in the rural area about 25 km from the town. The highest amount of sulphate sulphur was found in the vegetable crops cultivated in the garden situated in the closest vicinity of the refinery. Sulphate sulphur contents harmful for plants (above 0.50 per cent d.m.) were noted in cabbage and carrot leaves in almost all the gardens (except one). The soil in all examined gardens was characterised by high sulphate sulphur concentration, which considerably exceeds the maximum amount admissible for light soils in Poland, i.e. 0.004 per cent Am. The sulphate sulphur concentration in ground water in all the gardens exceeded the highest permissible content in drinking water in Poland (200 mg*dm−3 of sulphate or about 67 mg*dm−3 of sulphate sulphur). The sulphate sulphur content in the soil and ground water was not significantly dependent on the garden's distance from the refinery. Generally, the abovenormal sulphate sulphur concentrations occurred quite universally in the examined region and they concerned all the considered environmental components (vegetable crops, soil, ground water) and all the gardens.
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    Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282668
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    Nutrient distribution in a Norway spruce stand after long-term application of ammonium nitrate and superphosphate (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 451-467 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Biomass ; calcium ; fertilization ; loss ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient ; potassium ; recovery ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nutrients between soil layers and above-ground tree components was examined in a Norway spruce stand that had received ammonium nitrate (annually) and superphosphate (about every third year) for 22 years. Four treatments were included in the study; control (n = 4), N1P1, N2P2 and N3P2 (n = 2), which had received a total of 0, 730, 1700 and 2550 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1, 0, 130, 300 and 300 kg phosphorus (P) ha-1 and 0, 340, 784 and 784 kg calcium (Ca) ha-1, respectively. Compared with the control, stem-wood growth had been three times higher in N1P1 and three and a half times higher in N2P2 and N3P2. Amounts of N, P, Ca, potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) in the above-ground tree biomass increased (p〈0.05) with the fertilizer dose, whereas manganese (Mn) did not. The recovery of fertilizer N and Ca in soil and above-ground tree biomass was negatively related to the fertilizer dose, although there had been a buildup of the N and Ca pools in the mor layer. This strongly indicates that at least the higher doses of N addition caused substantial nitrate leaching. Soil pools of K, Mg and Mn decreased as the fertilizer dose increased. However, the system total amounts (above-ground tree biomass plus soil) of K and Mg did not differ between treatments suggesting that no extra losses of these ions induced by nitrate leaching have occurred. Thus, in an aggrading forest ecosystem, N additions are likely to be followed by increased uptake of K, Mg and Ca. This may to some extent prevent extra leaching of these ions, which otherwise would be expected when there is an increase in nitrate leaching.
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    A critical evaluation of the use of the profile model in calculating mineral weathering rates (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 79-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; mineral weathering ; model assessment ; PROFILE ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The PROFILE model is used extensively in the European Critical Loads programme as an aid to international negotiations on SO2 emission abatement. PROFILE calculates the rates of cation release by mineral weathering and it then uses these data to calculate soil solution and runoff chemistry. No independent assessment of the underlying assumptions and data in the model has been published and this paper reports such an assessment. The rate equations, which are the key to the PROFILE model require rate coefficients and constants. These have been derived from the literature but more work is required to produce a consistent set of constants. Manipulation of these rates to take into account the exposed reactive surface area of the minerals is fraught with problems. Calculation of exposed mineral surface area from soil textural data results in under-estimates and the requirement to determine the surface area fraction of the different minerals in the soil to be known is extremely difficult if not impossible. Further uncertainty is introduced by adjustment of the rates to take into account temperature differences and by the use of a default mineralogy which is compositionally unrealistic. Despite its flaws PROFILE usually predicts similar weathering rates to other methods of calculation. It is argued that the unrealistic constraints imposed by the use of the surface area equation may be responsible for limiting calculated weathering rate to a fixed range which coincides with characteristically determined values for weathering rates.
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    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    soil lead levels in orchards and roadsides of mission peninsula, michigan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 373-384 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; lead arsenate ; orchards ; soil ; Michigan ; automobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Pb content in orchard soils at Mission Peninsula, Michigan was determined to assess the impact of historical lead arsenate applications. Soil samples at 72 sites located in five orchards were collected at depths of 2-, 20-, 50-, and 100 cm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Pb levels (μg g-1). Mean surface Pb levels at individual orchards ranged from〈 1–136 μg g-1 and rapidly decreased with depth, to 〈1–5 μg g-1 at 100 cm. The impact of textural class and slope angle on Pb levels was also analyzed. Correlation coefficients linking Pb levels with textural class were weak, ranging from 0.21 to –0.07. Varying slope steepness and slope position within orchards failed to affect the spatial pattern of soil Pb. Soil Pb levels were also compared at 5 sites along local roads with varying levels of automobile traffic. Samples were collected 1 m from the roadside at the same depth intervals studied in orchards. Average daily traffic along the busiest roadsites ranged from 8200 to 16 000; these sites had Pb levels of 90–210 μg g-1. Such locales had Pb levels similar to the more intensively sprayed orchards.
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    Competitive adsorption phenomena adsorption phenomena of petrochemicals — benzene, toluene, and xylene in hexane in fixed-beds of sands (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 221-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: petrochemicals ; adsorption ; soil ; multi-components ; fixed-column-reactor ; experiment ; breakthrough
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Present-day massive exploration, extraction, transport, and use of petrochemicals pose a real threat of continuous or occasional accidental contamination of precious groundwater. However, the knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms involved in the transport, retention, and degradation of such chemicals once they are within the soil matrix is very limited. One of the important means of petrochemical retention in the soil is through the process of chemical adsorption onto the soil. An investigation was conducted to observe the adsorption phenomena of several components of petrochemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylene) solved in hexane utilizing the columnar continuous plug-flow configuration of a fixed bed of sands. Three types of soils were investigated for the time variation of the adsorption of the organic chemicals. The results are the indicative values of the adsoption of the principal components of petrochemicals in paacked-soil-bed subjected to tortuous seepage flow conditions of the fluids. The adsorption results are presented in the form of breakthrough curves. The paper includes the analytical methodology of UV spectroscopy which was utilized to measure the concentrations of various chemical components of the petrochemical mixture.
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    Comparibility of Results Obtained by the Use of Different Selective Extraction Schemer for the Determination of Element Forms in Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 41-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: analysis ; phase ; selective ; sequential extraction ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two selective extraction schemes, that commonly known as Tessier's and that used by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), are compared. The nominal phases identified include: adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate, ‘AEC’; amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides (including Mn oxides), ‘amFeox’; organics and sulphides, ‘org/sul’; and residual (silicates and more resistant minerals). Three standard reference soil samples, SRMs 2709, 2710 and 2711, were analysed in triplicate for the elements Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. Results by both methods agree extremely well for Ca, Mn and Cd, and for Ni and V in SRMs 2709 and 2711. For other elements, there is a strong tendency for a higher percentage to be dissolved earlier in the GSC scheme (in the AEC, amFeox and org/sul phases). Consistently more Fe reports to the amFeox and org/sul phases by the GSC method, otherwise present in the residual phase by the Tessier scheme. Results for P do not compare well, with a much greater proportion of the element being extracted in the amFeox phase by the GSC procedure. Very little P appears to be labile by the Tessier protocol. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the nature of phases purportedly extracted by selective leaches.
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    Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soil by EDTA. I. Batch and Column Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 77-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: extraction ; hydraulic conductivity ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other chelates has been demonstrated to be an effective method of removal of Pb from many contaminated soils. However, column leaching of Pb from alkaline soils with EDTA has been problematic due to extremely low soil permeability. The first purpose of this study was to develop batch extraction procedures and methods of analysis of batch extraction data to provide Pb solubility information which can be used to model the column extraction of Pb from soils. The second purpose was to determine the effect of the addition of KOH and CaCl2 to K2H2EDTA extract solution on both hydraulic conductivity and Pb removal. A Pb-contaminated soil sample was collected from an abandoned battery recycling facility. Both batch shaker extractions and column leaching experiments were completed using 5 different EDTA extract solutions. When only CaCl2 was added to EDTA no change in the amount of Pb removed by batch extraction was observed. As expected, lead solubility was observed to decrease as pH was increased by the addition of KOH. However, Pb solubility was only slightly decreased by the addition of both CaCl2 and KOH. The amount of time required to leach 6.0 L of extraction solution through the soil columns varied from 2 to 33 days. The addition of CaCl2 and/or KOH resulted in increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the EDTA-only solution. The hydraulic conductivity was related to residual calcium carbonate content, suggesting that dissolution of CaCO3 and subsequent production of CO2 gas in the soil pores was partially responsible for the observed reductions in soil permeability. However, Pb removal was diminished with the addition of CaCl2 and KOH because of the decreased Pb solubility and also kinetic limitations associated with the shorter residence time of the extract solution in the column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005032504487
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    Extractability of 2,4-D, Dicamba and MCPP from Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 155-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; extraction ; herbicide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of herbicides on soil colloids is a major factor determining their mobility, persistence, and activity in soils. Solvent extraction could be a viable option for removing sorbed contaminants in soils. This study evaluated the extractability of three herbicides: 2,4 dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropanoic acid (mecoprop acid or MCPP), and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba). Three solvents (water, methanol, and iso-propanol) and three methods of extraction (column, batch, and soxhlet) were compared for their efficiencies in removing the herbicides from three soils (loamy sand, silt loam, and silty clay). Both linear and non-linear Freundlich isotherms were used to predict sorption intensity of herbicides on soils subjected to various extraction methods and conditions. High Kdand Kfr, and low N values were obtained for all herbicides in silty clay soil by batch extraction. Methanol was the best solvent removing approximately 97% of all added herbicides from the loamy sand either by column or soxhlet extraction method. Isopropanol ranked second by removing over 90% of all herbicides by soxhelet extraction from all three soils. However, water was ineffective in removing herbicides from any of the soils using any of the three extracting procedures used in this study. In general, the extent of herbicide removal depended on soil type, herbicide concentration, extraction procedure, solvent type and amount, and extraction time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005005122760
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    Cesium-137 in the environment of the Altay Region (Russia) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 395-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest litter ; mapping ; nuclear test ; radioactive contamination ; Russia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The results of the extensive measurements ofCesium-137 (137Cs) in virgin soils, plants,forest litter and lake bottom sediments of AltayRegion in 1992–1995 are presented. Analyses of thevertical soil profiles indicate that 137Cs ispresent in the upper 5–20 cm of the soil. Crops andthe majority of wild plants show no signs ofcontamination with 137Cs even in areas where soilis contaminated. A regional map of 137Csconcentration is presented, which shows a highlyirregular pattern of radio-cesium deposition from thenuclear tests on the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Polygonbetween 1949 to 1962. This kind of lateraldistribution of 137Cs in Altay virgin topsoilscannot be accounted for only by the distance from thenuclear testing site, on the contrary, it seems to bepredominantly dependent on the weather conditions anda pattern of rainfall at the time of Semipalatinskexplosions. The article discusses the factors causingthe post-precipitation redistribution of 137Cs inthe soil column and demonstrates that forest litter,lichen and lake bottom sediments can be used assensitive indicators of the historical and currentradioactive contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005130004871
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    Occurence of PAHs in Various Elements of Environment in Zabrze (Upper Silesia, Poland) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particulate matter ; drinking water ; gas chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; industrial-urban area ; PAH occurrence ; sewage sludge ; soil ; solid phase extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution state of the chosen town (Zabrze) of Upper Silesia, the most industrialised region in Poland, was presented. Zabrze is a town of medium size, having population twenty times bigger than a medium town polulation in Poland. In this study we determined the qualitative and quantitative composition of PAHs fraction separated from the following elements of environment: suspended dust, drinking water, soil and sewage sludge. The following analytical techniques were used: Soxhlet Extraction, Solid Phase Extraction, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Capillary Gas Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results confirmed the significant state of examined region pollution. They stated the exceed of contents B(a)P in suspended dust. The soils in that place were heavily polluted with PAHs, about 4000 µg · kg-1 for the sum of PAHs. The total contents of PAHs in sewage sludge of Zabrze did not exceed the analogous contents published for West European sewage sludge treatment plants and the level of determined PAHs in drinking water did not show any claims.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004920225866
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    Sorption and Desorption of Fluoride in Soil Polluted from The Aluminium Smelter at Årdal in Western Norway (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 357-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fluoride pollution ; ionic strength ; pH ; soil ; sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride (F) accumulation and transport in soil columns near the aluminium smelter at Årdal in Western Norway are studied together with fluoride sorption capacity, and the effect of pH and ionic strength on F solubility in soil. Unpolluted soil columns of 50 cm height placed at different distances from the smelter (1–0 km) accumulated from 0.27 g F m-2 to 1.5 g F m-2 during a 5 months period. Fluoride accumulation was high in the upper 0–10 cm of the soil columns where 50–90% of the accumulated F was found. Laboratory sorption experiments showed that the sorption of added F in the Ah-horizons increased with increased distance from the smelter at Årdal, in accordance with decreasing previous pollution from the smelter. The B-horizons sorbed considerably more F than the Ah-horizons, due to higher content of Al-oxides/hydroxides. Maximum sorption of F occurred at pH 4.8–5.5. Fluoride solubility increased with increased ionic strength. Continued deposition of F may increase the availability to plants and soil organisms. Leaching of F from soil to groundwater or surface water will be strongly dependent on the presence and thickness of a B-horizon, and probably also on underlying horizons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004900415952
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    Vertical Distributions of Trace Metals in Natural Soil Horizons from Japan. Part 1. Effect of Soil Types (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: horizon ; selective extraction ; soil ; trace metal ; vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To predict the long-term behavior of trace metals in a soilprofile, we studied the vertical distributions of barium, zinc,copper, chromium, nickel, cobalt, lead, and the principalmetals, aluminum, iron and manganese, in three soils withdeveloped horizons obtained from rural areas in Japan. Totalelement analysis and selective extraction tests with variousreagents were conducted to clarify the extractability of themetals at each sampling depth.Soil-b (Dystric Cambisols) had the highest extractability ofelements although the vertical distributions of its traceelements were similar to those of soil-d (Umbric Andosols),which had to lowest metal extractability of the three soils.Soil-KUR (Orthic Acrisols or Dystric Cambisols) was the oldest of the three soils and showed downward movement of some tracemetals (chromium and nickel) and principal elements (Fe and Mn)that was probably induced by long-term weathering.The extractability of manganese, zinc and barium with water washigher than other metals examined in all three soils. Lead andcobalt in soil-b and soil-KUR also were considered to have highextractability under long-term weathering processes. Zinc andlead accumulated near soil surface showed higher extractabilitywith every reagent used than those in deep layers of the three soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005120204500
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    Nitrate Depletion During Within-Stream Transport: Effects of Exchange Processes Between Streamwater, the Hyporheic and Riparian Zones (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 95-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: denitrification ; ferrous iron ; field test ; hypoheiczone ; nitrate removal ; riparian zone ; soil ; stream export
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In regions with intensive agriculture and shallow hydrological systems, headstreams are often polluted with nitrate even at the springs. In North-West France, nitrate concentration was seen to decrease downstream during baseflow conditions when the stream flows on granite, but this does not occur on schist. In order to explain this difference in behaviour, we analysed the groundwaters and surveyed the redox conditions (using a field test for ferrous iron) in near-bank wet meadows as well as in the hyporheic zone. We show that the wet meadow groundwater was denitrified and that oxygen and nitrate were presentaround the stream channel in a wide zone on granite,compared with a very restricted zone on schist. Ongranite, exchanges between the stream and the hyporheic zone are favoured by sandy or peaty material having high hydraulic conductivity. This gives rise to two processes (1) lateral inflow of denitrified water from wet meadows, (2) in the opposite direction, supply of stream nitrate to denitrification sites in the hyporheic zone. In the second case, a high hydraulic conductivity also reduces the water residence time and limits denitrification, resulting in high levels of oxygen and nitrate. On schist, the low hydraulic conductivity prevents an efficientconnection between surface and subsurface waters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005222513626
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    Wastewater Irrigation Effect on Soil, Crop and Environment: a Pilot Scale Study at Irbid, Jordan (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 425-445 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: crops ; crop-yield ; effect ; environment ; freshwater ; irrigation ; leachate ; salinity ; sodicity ; soil ; wastewater ; water-quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out at pilot scale to test the feasibility of using the effluent of a rotating biological contactors (RBC) unit treating wastewater generated from a university campus. The objective of the study was to cerefully monitor the impact of wastewater irrigation on the soil, percolating water, crop growth and the pathogenic condition within the immediate vicinity of wastewater application. Experimental plots with three crops: alfalfa, radish and tomato were irrigated with fresh and waste waters. The irrigation water was applied by sprinklers. Each crop was given two sub-treatments: with fertilizer and without fertilizer. The physical and chemical properties of the soil, the crop yields, and subsurface drainage were measured. In most of the cases, the yields resulted from the uses of wastewater with fertilizer were compatible with those of the uses of freshwater with fertilizer. The washings of tomato fruits grown with wastewater were analyzed for fecal coliforms. It appeared that the fruit skins were free of viable fecal coliforms 24 hours after the wastewater application. Subsurface drainage analyses did not show any alarming levels of constituents irrespective of the source of the water: wastewater or freshwater. The wastewater irrigation applied for a season had no significant effect on a silty loam soil. With wastewater irrigation, slught changes in the soil porosity and salinity were observed.
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    Determining the potential distribution of vegetation, crops and agricultural productivity (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 133-161 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biome ; climate ; crop yield ; global data bases ; land cover ; potential vegetation ; simulation models ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The terrestrial biosphere component of the Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE 2.0) uses changes in land cover to compute dynamically the greenhouse gas fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. Potential land cover for both natural ecosystems and agrosystems, are determined with the Terrestrial Vegetation Model (TVM). TVM consists of separate submodels for the water-balance, global vegetation patterns, crop distribution and potential rain fed crop yield. All these submodels are based on local climatic, hydrological and soil characteristics and appropriate global data bases for those parameters are collected or compiled. The structure of all models, data bases and linkages between them and other modules of IMAGE 2.0 are described. Although computationally demanding, the models give an adequate description of the global vegetation and agricultural patterns. The only discrepancy occurs in regions where the vegetation and agricultural distribution depends on causes other than climatic, such as additional water storage and supply, anthropogenic influence and natural disturbance. Despite this discrepancy, we conclude that TVM simulates satisfactory global vegetation characteristics and that it can be adequately integrated with other models of IMAGE 2.0.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478338
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    Modelling geochemistry and Lake pH since glaciation at Lake Gårdsjön (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 713-718 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Weathering ; mineral ; soil ; acidification ; geochemistry ; surface water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil acidification model SAFE was modified to calculate historical changes in geochemistry and runoff since the last glaciation ended at the Lake Gårdsjön F1 catchment 12 000 B.P. Changes in runoff pH and ANC, soil weathering rate, soil mineralogy, soil texture and base saturation was also calculated. The changes in mineralogy compared favorable to data. Modeled historic weathering rates were slightly higher than data suggest, while present weathering rate was somewhat to low, 37 mmolc m−2 yr−1. The weathering rate was very high immediately after the last glaciation, and decreased as the smaller particles were consumed by weathering. The calculated runoff pH follows the pattern of the paleo-inferred pH. SAFE suggests a natural depletion of base cations in the C-layer.
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    Groundwater acidification at Birkenes, southern Norway: Comparing trends of chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall, soilwater and groundwater (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1861-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; buffering ; groundwater ; monitoring ; precipitation ; seasalt ; soil ; soilwater ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, ‘seasalt episodes’) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.
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    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
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    BERYLLIUM IN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR, WATER AND SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 133-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: beryllium ; environment ; air ; water ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study was specifically aimed to obtain concentration of beryllium in various environmental matrices such as air, water and soil in the vicinity of the Beryllium Metal Plant situated at Turbhe, New Bombay. Two analytical techniques – Morin fluorescence method and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry using graphite furnace were standardised for beryllium estimation. The beryllium concentration in the natural matrices studied – air, water and soil were in the range of 0.41–0.43 ng m-3, 0.01–0.02 ng mL-1 and 325–767 ng g-1 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026497109129
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    COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION PHENOMENA OF PETROCHEMICALS – BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE IN HEXANE IN FIXED-BEDS OF SANDS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 221-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: petrochemicals ; adsorption ; soil ; multi-components ; fixed-column-reactor ; experiment ; breakthrough
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Present-day massive exploration, extraction, transport, and use of petrochemicals pose a real threat of continuous or occasional accidental contamination of precious groundwater. However, the knowledge of the pathways and mechanisms involved in the transport, retention, and degradation of such chemicals once they are within the soil matrix is very limited. One of the important means of petrochemical retention in the soil is through the process of chemical adsorption onto the soil. An investigation was conducted to observe the adsorption phenomena of several components of petrochemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylene) solved in hexane utilizing the columnar continuous plug-flow configuration of a fixed bed of sands. Three types of soils were investigated for the time variation of the adsorption of the organic chemicals. The results are the indicative values of the adsoption of the principal components of petrochemicals in paacked-soil-bed subjected to tortuous seepage flow conditions of the fluids. The adsorption results are presented in the form of breakthrough curves. The paper includes the analytical methodology of UV spectroscopy which was utilized to measure the concentrations of various chemical components of the petrochemical mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026486801551
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    Beryllium in environmental air, water and soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 133-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: beryllium ; environment ; air ; water ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study was specifically aimed to obtain concentration of beryllium in various environmental matrices such as air, water and soil in the vicinity of the Beryllium Metal Plant situated at Turbhe, New Bombay. Two analytical techniques - Morin fluorescence method and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry using graphite furnace were standardised for beryllium estimation. The beryllium concentration in the natural matrices studied - air, water and soil were in the range of 0.41–0.43 ng m−3, 0.01–0.02 ng mL−1 and 325–767 ng g−1 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406161
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    Gypsum Application Reduces Selenium Uptake by Vegetation on a Coal Ash Landfill (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 421-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: calcium ; coal fly ash ; gypsum ; pH ; selenium ; soil ; sulfur ; trace element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium, a potentially toxic trace element, is present in coal fly ash and is accumulated by plants growing on ash landfills. Application of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) can reduce Se accumulation. The persistence of this effect and the efficacy of repeated gypsum applications were investigated in forbs and grasses on a soil-capped, fly ash landfill near Lansing, New York. Gypsum was applied as a top-dressing at a rate of 0 or 11.2 t ha-1 in 1990 to three plots, and one-half of each of these plots received an additional top dressing of gypsum at 11.2 t ha-1 in 1991, producing four treatments – no gypsum, gypsum only in 1990, gypsum only in 1991, and gypsum in both years. Vegetation was harvested in July and October of 1991 and in July of 1992 and analyzed for Se, S, and Ca. Application of gypsum: (1) decreased Se accumulation by forbs and grasses harvested later in the season; (2) decreased Se accumulation in a subsequent year; (3) produced no further decrease when reapplied in a second year; and (4) did not decrease Se accumulation two years after a single application. The decrease in Se accumulation was not due to dilution caused by S fertilization. Variation in Se accumulation was not explained by variation in the pH and Se concentration of the soil and ash.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005024309538
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    Nitrogen Dynamics in Forest Soils after Municipal Sludge Additions (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 259-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest ; municipal sludge ; nitrogen ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen dynamics were assessed for a forested site in southern New Hampshire during the first and second growing seasons after surface application of an aerobically-digested, limed, liquid municipal sludge. Sludge was applied in June 1989, at 3.3, 6.9, and 14.5 M ha-1 (or 199, 396, and 740 kg TKN ha-1). Elevated net N mineralization (in situ buried bags) occurred in the organic and upper mineral soil horizons during the first two months after sludge application, but was similar to control levels thereafter. Net N mineralization was negligible at 30 and 60 cm soil depths. Foliar N concentration increased with sludge loading rates. Concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- in soil leachate were low, except in early fall when microbial activity was still high and plant demand was low. In trenched subplots where vegetative uptake was eliminated, NO3- concentrations in soil leachate (60 cm) rose to between 15 and 35 mg N L-1 in the first year and remained high in the second year. Other studies reported higher magnitudes of NO3- leaching from treated plots. These studies and the findings reported here shown the characteristics of the sludge being applied to land are at least as important as the physical and chemical characteristics of the site to which they are to be applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005086413282
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    Bacterial Biodiversity in Soil with an Emphasis on Chemically-Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 45-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biodiversity ; chemically-contaminated ; ecology ; microorganisms ; molecular ; PCR ; soil ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Microorganisms isolated from soil are sources of known and new microorganisms and genetic material. This review examines general principles of soil bacterial biodiversity, limitations in sampling soils, and examples of bacterial diversity in chemically-contaminated soils. Both conventional and molecular methods used to assess microbial biodiversity in soils will be addressed as well as selected examples of the effects of organic and inorganic pollutants on soil microbial diversity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004953404594
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    Differences in Lead Bioavailability Between a Smelting and a Mining Area (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 203-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: housedust ; IEUBK model ; metals ; risk assessment ; scanning electron microscopy ; sequential extraction ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils and housedusts were collected from three areas of Pribram,an historic metal mining and smelting town in the Czech Republic. The main objectives of the study were: (i) to assessthe influence of physico-chemical form, particle size, soilproperties and contaminant source on Pb bioavailability andexposure risk; (ii) compare the Pb bioavailability data obtainedfrom the mining and smelting areas and assess whether anydifferences observed could be attributed to the factors thoughtto exert an influence. Lead concentrations were highest in thesmelter area. Mining area garden soils also contained elevatedPb concentrations. Solubility of housedust Pb in 0.12 M HCl (asurrogate for stomach acid) was similar in all study areas andwas similar to values reported in the literature. However, 0.12M HCl solubility of garden soil Pb was low in the mining areacompared to the other study areas and compared to other urbanareas. Blood Pb concentrations were also relatively low in themining area compared to the other study areas and the reducedsoil Pb solubility observed in this area was suspected as aninfluencing factor. However, exposure pathways may also beimportant in explaining the differences observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005251527946
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    Microbial Degradation of Dimethylsilanediol in Soil (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: silicone ; silanol ; environmental ; biodegradation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) is the ultimate hydrolysis product of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane = PDMS) polymer in soil. Our previous paper showed that it would volatilize from soil, and the present study investigates the importance of microbial degradation in removing DMSD from soil. DMSD (14C-labeled) was thus incubated (1 mg kg-1) for 30 wk at 25 °C in soils from a permanent grass field, a corn field, a deciduous woodland, and a pine woodland. Release of14 CO2 varied from 0.4 to 1.6% wk-1. For 3 of the soils, 14CO2 increased with higher microbial biomass, while organisms in the deciduous woodland soil were more active in degrading DMSD than organisms in the other soils. After 30 weeks, most of the remaining 14C in the soil had moved from freely available water extractable to less available acid and base extractable fractions. Similar incubations with 2% plant litter showed extensive transfer of the DMSD into the litter layer. Incubations with a microbial inhibitor showed less DMSD degradation, while cold storage of soils almost completely stopped degradation. These results suggest that microbial degradation is an important mechanism of DMSD loss from soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004933107104
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    Pinus radiata site quality study in the Basque Country (Spain) using nutritional and physiographical criteria (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1275-1280 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pinus radiata ; nutrient ; needle ; soil ; principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient status in Pinus radiata sites in the Basque Country (Spain) have been established. Current-year, 1-year-old needles, and soil samples were collected in 7 sites. Needle samples were analyzed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Soil samples were analyzed for pH (H2O), N, P, Ca, Mg, K and aluminium (Al). The results indicate differences between sites and needles of different ages. In general, nutrient concentrations in needles are sufficient for the nutritive requirements, but some low concentrations of Mg and P found in 1-year-old needles, indicate that some trees may show signs of deficiency in the near future. In turn, N concentrations are, in many cases, higher than those usually found in this species and may originate growth disorders. These concentrations may be related to NO3 − and NH4 + deposition. Soil nutrients are sufficient for trees requirements, but the levels of K and Mg are low. Soil pH values are not very acid, and the value of the Ca/Al ratio is, in general, near 1. An arrangement of sites and physiographical and nutritional parameters based on correlation and principal component analysis is also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477157
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    Watershed base-cation cycle dynamics modeled over forest regrowth in a Central Appalachian ecosystem (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biogeochemistry ; watershed ; watershed analysis ; model ; budget ; input-output ; base cations ; dynamics ; weathering ; forest floor ; nutrient cycles ; soil ; acidification ; depletion ; ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Watershed ecosystem analysis has been used to study aspects of nutrient cycles in many regions of the US. Here we quantify watershed input-output budgets and intrasystem cycling of the base cations Ca, K and Mg in a montane Virginia ecosystem. The intrasystem fluxes of uptake, return, canopy leaching and mineralization were simulated over the period of forest aggradation. A forest-dynamics model, based on previous models, was created to model biotically-driven fluxes at this site; biomass nutrient concentrations were parameterized with a field study. A two-year watershed mass-balance study was then conducted to estimate geologic fluxes for comparison with modeled biotic fluxes. Results show the major biotic fluxes to be much greater, highlighting the importance of considering biomass dynamics in ecosystem nutrient-cycling studies. Mineralization from forest-floor biomass compartments proved to be an increasingly important avenue for internal recycling during aggradation. Accumulation of base cations in biomass also corresponded to a production of H+ in soil at three times the H+ levels in atmospheric deposition at this location. Such high levels of base removal in soils could exceed weathering rates and may result in a depletion of bases from the soil exchange complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300418
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    Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acidic deposition in developing countries (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2319-2324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sensitivity ; buffering ; acidification ; vegetation effects ; soil ; Al toxicity ; GIS ; mapping ; nutrient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acidic deposition is considered a problem in Europe and North America but the potential for ecosystem damage from this pollution is also increasing rapidly in many developing countries. It is therefore important to assess current and future risks of ecosystem effects due to acidic deposition in these areas. It is possible to indicate risk areas by linking an assessment of sensitivity to net acidic input rates derived from deposition estimates for sulphur and nitrogen compounds and base cations. A method to assess and map a relative scale of terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity using international datasets is presented. The assessment relies on the determination of buffering mechanisms that prevent effects related to acidic deposition. Land-cover data, edaphic and climate datasets are combined using a GIS. Large areas are assessed as highly sensitive to acidic deposition in tropical regions of Asia, South and Central America and Africa, and also in the Boreal forests of northern Asia. Sensitive areas cover forest and non-forest ecosystems and some areas of agricultural production. Critical loads are not evaluated in this project but initial estimates will be applied to sensitivity classes at a further stage which will allow estimation of areas at risk by comparison with deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186180
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    METAL EXTRACTABILITY AND AVAILABILITY IN A SOIL AFTER HEAVY APPLICATION OF EITHER NICKEL OR LEAD IN DIFFERENT FORMS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026471115505
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    Metal extractability and availability in a soil after heavy application of either nickel or lead in different forms (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407091
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    Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: Source identification through statistical data interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407095
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    Whole-catchment liming at Tjønnstrond, Norway: An 11-year record (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200μeq/L, ANC increased from −30 to +70μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    Soil lead levels in orchards and roadsides of mission Peninsula, Michigan (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 373-384 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; lead arsenate ; orchards ; soil ; Michigan ; automobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Pb content in orchard soils at Mission Peninsula, Michigan was determined to assess the impact of historical lead arsenate applications. Soil samples at 72 sites located in five orchards were collected at depths of 2−, 20-, 50−, and 100 cm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Pb levels (jig g−1). Mean surface Pb levels at individual orchards ranged from 〈1–136 pg g−1 and rapidly decreased with depth, to 〈 1-5 μg g−1 at 100 cm. The impact of textural class and slope angle on Pb levels was also analyzed. Correlation coefficients linking Pb levels with textural class were weak, ranging from 0.21 to −0.07. Varying slope steepness and slope position within orchards failed to affect the spatial pattern of soil Pb. Soil Pb levels were also compared at 5 sites along local roads with varying levels of automobile traffic. Samples were collected 1 m from the roadside at the same depth intervals studied in orchards. Average daily traffic along the busiest roadsites ranged from 8200 to 16 000; these sites had Pb levels of 90–210 μg g−1. Such locales had Pb levels similar to the more intensively sprayed orchards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406069
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    Toxicity of Nickel to the Earthworm and the Applicability of the Neutral Red Retention Assay (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: earthworm ; nickel ; soil ; toxicology ; eisenia veneta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects of nickel on survival, growth, and reproduction of Eisenia veneta were investigated following 4 weeks of exposure to a nickel-chloride spiked loamy sand soil. The ability of a simple earthworm biomarker, the lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes, to reflect nickel exposure was also studied. Nickel caused a significant toxic effect on E.veneta at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg. Reproduction (cocoon production) was the most sensitive parameter being reduced at soil concentrations above 85 mg Ni/kg (EC10 = 85 mg Ni/kg). Survival of adults was only reduced at concentrations above 245 mg Ni/kg, while adult and cocoon wet weight were not affected by soil nickel concentrations up to 700 mg Ni/kg. The lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral-red retention time, was reduced at soil nickel concentrations similar to those that reduced reproduction, and demonstrated a dose-response relationship. The neutral-red retention time showed large individual variation for the earthworms within each exposure concentration. It was concluded that the lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral red retention time, has a potential role in risk assessment, but care should be taken conducting this test.
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    The environmental and ethical implications of lead shot contamination of rural lands in North America (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 41-54 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: lead shot ; contamination ; toxicosis ; soil ; risks ; government ; remediation ; regulation ; non-toxic substitutes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Lead shot deposited in fields and woodlands near shooting rangesand intense, upland, hunting adds an enormous tonnage of lead toenvironments, worldwide. This contamination is not remedied bybanning lead shot use only for waterfowl hunting. Lead pelletsdisintegrate extremely slowly, during which time they may beingested from the soil by wild birds, livestock, or silage-makingmachinery, and cause sublethal or fatal lead poisoning. Leadpellet corrosion products contaminate soil, surface waters, andground waters, often exceeding permissible levels. Plants do notconcentrate much lead from the soil, except when grown in acidicsoils of heavily-contaminated shooting ranges. Inheavily-contaminated sites, earthworms ingest leadcompounds which are bioaccumulated in higher consumersof food webs. Non-toxic substitutes made from steelor bismuth are available internationally and areeffective for all types of hunting and targetshooting. Many nations are slow to require their use,despite the marked awareness of the problems of leadshot contamination and toxicosis. This is due tohunters and international sport shooting organizationsopposing the use of non-toxic substitutes and overtemphasis by government agencies on the burden ofscientific proof for every situation, rather thantaking preventative action according to thePrecautionary Principle. The ethical approach ofDenmark and The Netherlands, which banned all uses oflead shot, is advocated as a precedent for othernations to adopt.
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    Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura using indicator geostatistics (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; threshold ; geostatistics ; indicators ; kriging ; risk ; Swiss Jura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The probability that the concentrations of toxic substances in soil or other medium exceed tolerablemaxima at any unsampled place can be estimated by indicator geostatistics. The method is developed and used to estimate and map the risk of contamination by cadmium, copper and lead in the topsoil of a 14.5 km 2 region in the Swiss Jura. It combines both direct measurements of metal concentrations and thecalibration of a geological map, and it shows that the risk of toxicity is least on Argovian rocks. Two approaches are proposed to divide a region into safe' and 'hazardous' zones on the basis of probability maps. The first declares as contaminated all places where the risk of contamination exceeds a given threshold. The second approach first evaluates the financial costs that might result from a wrongdeclaration, after which the site is allocated to a class so as to minimize that cost. The risk of exposure for humans and animals is generally greater for contaminated agricultural land than for forest soil, and so land use is taken into account in both procedures.
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    HEAVY METALS IN ALLOTMENT GARDENS CLOSE TO AN OIL REFINERY IN PŁOCK (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026402218990
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    Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in Płock (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407196
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the Heavy Metal Pollution Effects on the Soil Respiration in the Baix Llobregat (Catalonia, NE Spain) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological activity ofsoil ; constant-pressure volumetric respirometer ; heavy metals ; respirometry methods ; soil ; soil degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A main goal of investigations is to determine could a soilrespiration be an indicator of the soil pollution. In this case a measured levelof the soil oxygen consumption depends of its pollution. It alsomeans that the pollution reduces biological processes in edaphon.Investigated soil samples were taken from polluted andnon-polluted places in the Baix Llobregat near Barcelona (Catalonia, NE Spain). Soil samples were taken from the top ofsoil (0–5 cm) without a litter. Soil analysis were done, determining percentage shares of coarsefragments, coarse sand, fine sand, coarse silt, fine silt, clay,CaCO3, organic matter as well as water pH and conductivityCE (1:5 [mS cm-1]). Also were determined (in mg kg-1)quantities of heavy metals, as Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Pb.The soil respiration was investigated in temperatures15 and 30 °C and with controlled humidity.The respiration in 30 °C is number of times greater thenin 15 °C both for polluted and non-polluted soils.Particularly high coefficients of correlation between the soilrespiration and soil pollution in polluted soils were obtainedfor Pb: r = 0.75 in 15 °C and r = 0.98 in30 °C; for Ba: 0.90 and 0.57; for V: 0.99 and 0.81. In non-polluted soils highest correlation coefficients are for Pb: r = 0.70 in 15 °C; Fe: 0.60 and 0.72; Al: 0.68 and0.64; Mn: 0.51 and 0.66; Ba: 0.63 and 0.61; Cr: 0.94 and0.70; Ni: 0.64 and 0.65; Cu: 0.69 and 0.48; as well as V: 0.62in 15 °C; and Cd: 0.69 in 15 °C.This way the soil respiration could be a good indicator of the soil pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006105329210
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