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  • morphology  (55)
  • Springer  (55)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 2000-2004  (55)
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  • Springer  (55)
  • American Chemical Society
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Submersible observations of Equatorial Atlantic mantle: The St. Paul Fracture Zone region (2000)
    Springer
    Marine geophysical researches 21 (2000), S. 529-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Structure ; morphology ; petrology ; peridotite-basalt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The St. Paul F.Z. is a large structural domain made up of multiple transform faults interrupted by several Intra-Transform Ridge (ITR) spreading segments. Two regions were studied in details by submersible: (1) The ITR short (〈20 km in length) segment near 0° 37′N–25° 27′W and 1° N–27° 42′W and (2) The St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks (SPPR) massif located at 29° 25′W (¡3700 m depth). (1) The short ITR segments consist of a magma starved rift valley with recent volcanic activities at 4700 m depth. A geological profile made along the rift valley wall showed localized volcanics (basalts and dykes) which are believed to overlay and intrude the ultramafics. The geological setting and the high ultramafic/volcanic ratio suggest an extremely low magmatic supply and crustal-mantle uplift during lithospheric stretching and denudation. (2) The St. Peter and St. Paul's Rocks (SPPR) massif consists of a sigmoidal ridge within the active transform zone. The SPPR is divided into two different geological domains called the North and the South Ridges. The North Ridge consists of strongly tectonized fault scarps composed of banded and mylonitized peridotite, sporadic gabbros (3900–2500 m) and metabasalts (2700–1700 m). The South Ridge is less tectonized with undeformed, serpentinized spinel lherzolite (2000–1400 m) and basalts. Extensional motion and denudation accompanied by diapirism affected the South Ridge within a transform domain. Instead, the North Ridge was formed during an important strike-slip and faulting motion resulting in the uplifted portion of the St. Paul F.Z. transverse ridge. There is a regional compositional variation of the volcanics where E-MORBs and alkali basalts are produced on the SPPR massif and are comparable to the adjacent northern segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. On the other hand, N and T- MORBs collected from the eastern part of the St. Paul F.Z. (25° 27′ W IRT) are similar to the volcanics from the southern segments of the MAR. The peridotites exposed in these provinces (SPPR and ITR) are similar in their REE and trace element distribution. Different degrees (3–15%) of partial melting of a mixed composite mantle consisting of spinel and amphibole bearing lherzolite veined with 5–40% clinopyroxenite gave rise to the observed MORBs and alkali basalts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004819701870
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T.H. Huxley's Criticism of German Cell Theory: An Epigenetic and Physiological Interpretation of Cell Structure (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 247-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cell theory ; morphology ; Thomas Henry Huxley ; physiology ; Schleiden-Schwann cell theory ; Romantic biology ; scientific zoology ; cytology ; preformationism ; natural history ; epigenesis ; Kernmonopol ; histology ; Albert von Kölliker ; embryology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In 1853, the young Thomas Henry Huxley published a long review of German cell theory in which he roundly criticized the basic tenets of the Schleiden-Schwann model of the cell. Although historians of cytology have dismissed Huxley’s criticism as based on an erroneous interpretation of cell physiology, the review is better understood as a contribution to embryology. “The Cell-theory” presents Huxley’s “epigenetic” interpretation of histological organization emerging from changes in the protoplasm to replace the “preformationist” cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann (as modified by Albert vonKölliker), which posited the nucleus as the seat of organic vitality. Huxley’s views influenced a number of British biologists, who continued to oppose German cell theory well into the twentieth century. Yet Huxley was pivotal in introducing the new German program of “scientific zoology” to Britain in the early 1850s,championing its empiricist methodology as a means to enact broad disciplinary and institutional reforms in British natural history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004881730937
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TMDSC and Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Morphology and Recrystallization in Polyesters Including Oriented Films (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 227-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM) ; morphology ; polyester ; recrystallization ; TMDSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal and crystal morphological properties of poly[ethylene teraphthalate] (PET) and poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate) (PEN) biaxially oriented films were compared to amorphous and other isotropic semi-crystalline samples. Crystal melting as a function of temperature was characterized by temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) and found to begin just above the glass transition for both oriented films. About 75°C above the glass transitions, substantial exothermic recrystallization begins and continues through the final melting region in oriented films. The maximum in the non-reversing TMDSC signal for the oriented films signifies the maximum recrystallization exothermic activity with peaks at 248°C and 258°C for PET and PEN, respectively. The final melting endotherm detected was 260°C and 270°C for PET and PEN, and is shown by the TMDSC data and by independent rapid heating rate melting point determinations to be due to the melting of species recrystallized during the heating scan. The results are compared with TMDSC data for initially amorphous and melt crystallized samples. The volume fraction of rigid species (Frigid=total crystal fraction plus ‘rigid amorphous or non-crystalline species’) were measured by TMDSC glass transition data, and contrasted with the area fraction of rigid species at the oriented film surface characterized with very high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase data. The data suggest that the 11 nm wide hard domains in PET, and 21 nm wide domains in PEN film detected by AFM consist of both crystal and high stiffness interphase species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010148331705
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polypropylene Crystallization in an Ethylene-propylene-diene Rubber Matrix (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 437-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystallization ; EPDM ; kinetics ; morphology ; PP ; rubber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the incorporation of an amorphous immiscible polymer (ethylene-propylene-diene- terpolymer) on the PP crystallization kinetics and thermodynamics is investigated by thermal analysis. The results of the investigation have shown that EPDM acts as a nucleant agent. A marked decrease of the half time of PP crystallization, τ1/2 , as well as a sensible increase of the overall crystallization rate, K n , has been observed in the presence of EPDM. Moreover, at any crystallization temperature, a minimum of τ1/2 , is obtained at 25% EPDM content in the blend. The Avrami model has been successfully applied to describe the crystallization kinetics of the blend. The kinetic curves obtained under non-isothermal conditions confirm the results obtained under isothermal conditions and demonstrate the nucleant action of the EPDM phase on the PP crystallization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010165317028
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic (2000)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 7 (2000), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: flax fibres ; natural fibres ; thermoplastics ; tensile properties ; impact properties ; anisotropy ; electron microscopy ; morphology ; compression moulding ; processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The use of natural fibres instead of man made fibres, as reinforcements in thermoplastics, gives interesting alternatives for production of low cost and ecologically friendly composites. In this work different commercially available semi-finished natural fibre mat reinforced thermoplastics (NMT) composites have been studied. Mechanical properties and microstructure of different NMT composites were investigated and compared to conventional GMT (glass fibre mat reinforced thermoplastic) composites and pure polypropylene (PP). The study included also NMT composites manufacturing processing parameters as processing temperatures and pressure during compression moulding. The results showed that NMT composites have a high stiffness compared to pure polymer and the NMT with a high fibre content (50% by weight) showed even better stiffness than the GMT. The GMT composites had superior strength and impact properties compared to the NMT which might be due to the relatively low strength of the natural fibres but also to poor adhesion to the PP matrix. The NMT materials showed a large dependence on direction and are therefore believed to have more fibres oriented in one direction. The stronger direction (0°) of the NMT was in some cases as much as 45% better than the 90° direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026546426764
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MoSx Thin Films by Thermolysis of a Single-Source Precursor (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 19 (2000), S. 821-824 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: MoS x ; thin film ; liquid film coating ; thermolysis ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thin films of MoS x have been prepared on silicon substrates by spin coating and thermolysis of 0.5 M solutions of alkyldiammonium tetrathiomolybdates in 1,2-ethanediamine (EDA) and 1,2-propanediamine (12PDA). The films have been heat treated in air at temperatures between 80 and 250°C and under N2 atmosphere at temperatures between 300 and 800°C. X-ray diffraction shows a restricted crystallisation and amorphous residues in both kind of films. EDA-based films exhibit a high tendency to crystallise whereas 12PDA-based films form associated structures with the solvent preventing precursor crystallisation. An insight into the processes occurring in film formation is gained by infrared spectroscopy which indicates a beginning of the decomposition of the 12PDA-based film at temperatures as low as 80°C with incorporation of the diamine solvent. In contrast, the EDA-based films show first signs of a decomposition at 150°C. The decomposition of the intermediate MoS3 in both cases starts between 250 and 300°C. By means of SNMS depth profiles carbon contents up to 21 and 32 atom-% were found in EDA- and 12PDA-based films, respectively. The films show a significant deficit of sulphur which is compensated by the carbon. Near the surface of the coatings a loss of carbon is observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008728604305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the Layer Morphology on the Electrical Properties of Sol Gel Transparent Conducting Oxide Coatings (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 19 (2000), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: morphology ; electrical properties ; transparent conductive coatings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tranparent conducting coatings have been prepared by sol gel methods either by a conventional sol-gel process (Antimony doped Tin Oxide—ATO, Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide—AZO) or a new wet chemical process using fully dispersed crystalline nanoparticles (ATO, Indium Tin Oxide—ITO). The dip coating technique has been used as deposition technique with single coating thickness varying from a few nanometer to ca. 400 nm. The layers have been fired in a furnace. Structural properties have been determined by x-ray diffraction and TEM analysis and the electrical properties by the van der Pauw/Hall measurement. Three different coating procedures have been used to investigate the effect on the structure, morphology and the electrical properties of the coatings. It is shown that the individual layer thickness in multilayer coatings influences dramatically the mentioned properties. Very thin individual layers favour a heterogeneous nucleation with dense columnar growth of the crystallites leading to low electrical resistivity (ρ ≈ 10−3Ω cm), while thick individual layers result in a porous morphology made of small crystallites leading to resistivities in the 10−2Ω cm range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008747429862
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The First Finding of the Actinia Synandwakia hozawai in the Sea of Okhotsk (2000)
    Springer
    Russian journal of marine biology 26 (2000), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1608-3377
    Keywords: actinia ; Synandwakia hozawai ; Sea of Okhotsk ; morphology ; nematocysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The finding of the actinia Synandwakia hozawai in the coastal waters of northern Sakhalin (Sea of Okhotsk) suggests a wider range of this species, which was previously only known to inhabit the coastal waters of eastern Japan. Data are presented on the morphology of the S. hozawai specimen from the Sea of Okhotsk and the types of its nematocysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009455007047
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A newLeptographium species associated withTomicus piniperda in south-western China (2000)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 41 (2000), S. 573-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: China ; Leptographium ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Tomicus piniperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomicus species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are serious pests of pines with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia and America. In Yunnan, south-western China,T. piniperda has destroyed more than 0.5 million ha ofPinus yunnanensis in the past 15 years. A blue stain fungus belonging to the genusLeptographium is associated with both the shoot-feeding and trunk-attacking stages of the beetle's life cycle. The fungus is morphologically similar to the anamorph ofOphiostoma crassivaginatum and toL. pyrinum, which are both characterised by short robust conidiophores and hyphae covered by a granular layer. Both these species have been isolated from conifers and are associated with insects. After comparing the fungus fromT. piniperda with similarLeptographium species, using light and scanning electron microscopy, we concluded that it represents a new taxon, which is described here asL. yunnanense sp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460923
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny ofCyclamen L. (Primulaceae): Evidence from morphology and sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 220 (2000), S. 147-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; phylogeny ; rDNA sequences ; ITS ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A molecular phylogenetic study of the genusCyclamen L. (Primulaceae) has been undertaken, based on sequence data from the 5.8S gene in the ribosomal nuclear DNA and its flanking internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2. Sequence data from 15 species ofCyclamen and seven outgroup taxa selected from Primulaceae and Myrsinaceae were analyzed phylogenetically. A second analysis based on a combined morphological and molecular dataset was performed to evaluate earlier hypotheses of character evolution in the genus. The results indicate that four monophyletic subgroups may be recognized in the genus, viz.Cyclamen, Psilanthum Schwarz,Eucosme Schwarz andGyrophoebe Schwarz. Each of the four subgenera is diagnosed by distinct basic chromosome number, as well as by morphological and molecular characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985043
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative morphological variation inTetramolopium (Asteraceae) in Hawaii and the Cook Islands (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Tetramolopium ; morphology ; systematics ; Hawaii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analyses of quantitative characters were undertaken to examine the pattern of variation resulting from adaptive radiation ofTetramolopium in Hawaii and to investigate the systematics of an undescribed species in the Cook Islands and a group of populations of uncertain affinity on Kalaupapa Peninsula in Hawaii. Taxa differentiated on quantitative characters in the absence of qualitative characters. Differentiation was observed in multiple characters which could be organized into a few principal components. The analyses supported the species rank of the Cook Islands plants. The relationship of the Kalaupapa Peninsula populations to the rest of the taxa needs further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01086376
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A search for the phylogenetic position of the seven-son flower (Heptacodium, Dipsacales): Combining molecular and morphological evidence (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 225 (2000), S. 185-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cladistic analyses ; Dipsacales ; Heptacodium ; morphology ; ndhF ; phylogeny ; rbcL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first report on the problematic phylogenetic position ofHeptacodium (2 spp.; China) using molecular data from chloroplast DNA is presented. Amplification of ORF2280 homolog region was executed in a number of representative taxa in order to determine ifHeptacodium shows similar structural rearrangements as other Dipsacales. DNA sequences ofndhF were generated to clarify the phylogenetic position ofHeptacodium among Caprifoliaceae (s.l.). Six outgroup taxa and fifteen representatives of Dipsacales were sampled and more than 2100 basepairs ofndhF sequence were used in a cladistic analysis. Parsimony analysis produced two shortest trees and showedHeptacodium as sister to all members of Caprifoliaceae (s.str.), although weakly supported. Additionally, trees were constructed withndhF data supplemented with availablerbcL sequences and a morphological data set. Results of all analyses support an unresolved basal position forHeptacodium among Caprifoliaceae (s.l.), which in part explains the difficulty experienced previously in classifying the genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985467
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman Light Scattering in System of Oriented Wires in Porous Silicon (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 7 (2000), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: porous silicon ; Raman spectroscopy ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Raman-light scattering in porous silicon samples with oriented quantum wires was studied. It was shown, that the experimental data depends on the type of organization of wire system. The explanation of observed effect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009632114501
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards the Morphology Control of Stain Etched Porous Silicon (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 7 (2000), S. 407-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: porous silicon ; stain etching ; morphology ; HREM ; reflectance spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Porous silicon films, nearly 100 nm thick, were produced by stain etching of n+-type silicon substrates. The films were studied by a non-destructive technique: dielectric function profiles were deduced by spectral reflectance via a finite difference model, and porosity was computed by the Effective Medium Approximation. The obtained information, combined with High Resolution Electron Microscopy observations,provided a deeper insight on the relations among technological process, morphology and reflective properties. Our preliminary results outline the possibility to control the porosity profile as well the reflectance of the porous films via the oxidising species concentration in the stain etching solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009607725830
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Location of genes involved in ear compactness in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by means of molecular markers (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: mapping ; morphology ; QTL ; RFLP ; spike density ; Triticeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for three traits related to ear morphology (spike length, number of spikelets, and compactness as the ratio between number of spikelets and spike length) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were mapped in a doubled-haploid (DH) population derived from the cross between the cultivars Courtot and Chinese Spring. A molecular marker linkage map of this cross that had previously been constructed based on 187 DH lines and 380 markers was used for QTL mapping. The genome was well covered (85%) except chromosomes 1D and 4D and a set of anchor loci regularly spaced (one marker each 15.5 cM) were chosen for marker regression analysis. The presence of a QTL was declared at a significance threshold α = 0.001. The population was grown in one location under field conditions during three years (1994, 1995 and 1998). For each trait, 4 to 6 QTLs were identified with individual effects ranging between 6.9% and 21.8% of total phenotypic variation. Several QTLs were detected that affected more than one trait. Of the QTLs 50% were detected in more than one year and two of them (number of spikelets on chromosome 2B, and compactness on chromosome 2D) emerged from the data from the three years. Only one QTL co-segregated with the gene Q known to be involved in ear morphology, namely the speltoid phenotype. However, this chromosome region explained only a minor part of the variation (7.5–11%). Other regions had a stronger effect, especially two previously unidentified regions located on chromosomes 1A and 2B. The region on the long arm of chromosome 1A was close to the locus XksuG34-1A and explained 12% of variation in spike length and 10% for compactness. On chromosome 2B, the QTL was detected for the three traits near the locus Xfbb121-2B. This QTL explained 9% to 22% of variation for the traits and was located in the same region as the gene involved in photoperiod response (Ppd2). Other regions were located at homoeologous positions on chromosomes 2A and 2D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009688011563
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  • 16
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    Morphological and Biomechanical Studies of Pedicle Screw Fixation for the Lower Cervical Spine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of systems integration 10 (2000), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: biomechanics ; morphology ; cervical spine ; pedicle screw fixation ; finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Based on eight specimens removedfrom fresh cadavers, the morphology of the pedicles of the C3–7cervical vertebrae was determined. Three preliminary designsof pedicle screw and finite element models of the screw withcervical vertebra were developed. The feasibility of pediclescrew fixation for the lower cervical spine is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026559301696
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution in Porous Media: Current State of Knowledge and Research Needs (2000)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 38 (2000), S. 3-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: NAPL ; dissolution ; mass transfer ; morphology ; multicomponent ; up‐scaling ; inverse modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Our understanding of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) dissolution in the subsurface environment has been increasing rapidly over the past decade. This knowledge has provided the basis for recent developments in the area of NAPL recovery, including cosolvent and surfactant flushing. Despite these advances toward feasible remediation technologies, there remain a number of unresolved issues to motivate environmental researchers in this area. For example, the lack of an effective NAPL‐location methodology precludes effective deployment of NAPL recovery technologies. The objectives of this paper are to critically review the state of knowledge in the area of stationary NAPL dissolution in porous media and to identify specific research needs. The review first compares NAPL dissolution‐based mass transfer correlations reported for environmental systems with more fundamental results from the literature involving model systems. This comparison suggests that our current understanding of NAPL dissolution in small‐scale (on the order of cm) systems is reasonably consistent with fundamental mass transfer theory. The discussion then expands to encompass several issues currently under investigation in NAPL dissolution research, including: characterizing NAPL morphology (i.e. effective size and surface area); multicomponent mixtures; scale-related issues (dispersion, flow by-passing); locating NAPL in the subsurface and enhanced NAPL recovery. Research needs and potential approaches are discussed throughout the paper. This review supports the following conclusions: (1) Our knowledge related to local dissolution and remediation issues is maturing, but should be brought to closure with respect to the link between NAPL emplacement theory (as it impacts NAPL morphology) and NAPL dissolution; (2) The role of nonideal NAPL mixtures, and intra-NAPL mass transfer processes must be clarified; (3) Valid models for quantifying and designing NAPL recovery schemes with chemical additives need to be refined with respect to chemical equilibria, mass transfer and chemical delivery issues; (4) Computational and large-scale experimental studies should begin to address parameter up-scaling issues in support of model application at the field scale; and (5) Inverse modeling efforts aimed at exploiting the previous developments should be expanded to support field-scale characterization of NAPL location and strength as a dissolving source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006667318234
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Intraspecific Variation in the Vocalizations and Hand Pad Morphology of Southern Lesser Bush Babies (Galago moholi): A Comparison with G. senegalensis (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 537-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: galago ; taxonomy ; vocalization ; morphology ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown the taxonomic value of vocal repertoires and hand (volar) pad characteristics in the classification of cryptic nocturnal primates such as bush babies. However, no study included quantitative comparisons within the geographical range of any one species. We investigated levels of intraspecific variation in calls and hand pad characteristics of the southern lesser bush baby (Galago moholi), using the northern lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis) for interspecific comparisons. Examination of calls recorded from different regions along a transect of 1500 km across southern Africa revealed low levels of intraspecific variation in Galago moholi, whereas comparisons with homologous call-types in G. senegalensis revealed them to be significantly different. Volar pad measurements across the ranges of both species also showed low levels of intraspecific variation and relatively high interspecific variation. These findings demonstrate that vocal and volar pad characteristics can be used as consistent measures of difference between species that look almost identical. These methods provide a practical means of distinguishing between cryptic species, whether in the field, in captivity, or, in the case of volar pads, of preserved specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005400205038
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  • 19
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    Penile Morphology and Classification of Bush Babies (Subfamily Galagoninae) (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 815-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Galago ; bush baby ; classification ; penis ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The penile morphologies of nocturnal prosimians are complex and vary considerably between genera and species. Accordingly, comparative morphology can be useful in taxonomic studies, particularly when assessing the status of newly discovered species. I measured features of penile morphology—surface area of the glans penis; shape and size of the keratinized spines on the glans—for populations representing 14 species within the subfamily Galagoninae. Intraspecific variations in penile morphology were relatively minor. By contrast, there are significant differences in several morphological features among closely related, sympatric species, e.g., in the greater bush babies (Otolemur crassicaudatus and O. garnettii) and lesser bush babies (Galago senegalensis and Galago moholi). Assessment of glans area resulted in the recognition of a second needle-clawed form: Euoticus pallidus. Similar divisions exist in the dwarf and greater bush babies with respect to proportional spiny area and characteristics of spine size. I constructed a key based on the presence/absence of certain features—penile spines, dermal markings on the glans, penile lappets—as well as the shape of the baculum and possession of different spinal morphotypes. This key may be used to identify all 14 species of bush babies. Penile morphologies provide a useful guide to specific identity in the Galagoninae, which may be true also for other groups of nocturnal mammals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005542609002
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    Increasing the efficiency of reed plantations on stressed lake and river shores by using special clones of Phragmites australis (2000)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 415-424 
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    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: expansion ; morphology ; nitrogen content ; Phragmites australis ; planting design ; shore restoration ; stand structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an investigation aimed at comparing the variationin growth and expansion of different reed clones, 10reed clones were planted in spring of 1995 on sixexperimental fields on the River Dahme and the RiverHavel in Berlin. Their sites of origin differed innutrient supply, substrate quality and shoreexposition. The main aim of this large-scaleexperiment was to search for reed clones that would beable to colonize lake shores rapidly and to expandinto deeper water. Two years after planting thedeveloping reed stands differed significantly inmorphology and stand structure, both among clones andamong sites. This indicates that the development ofreed stands depended on the environment as well as onthe genotype. The differences in development impliedthat some of the clones would be more suited thanothers for restoration purposes, so that successfulrestoration of a degraded river or lake shores mightdepend on the selection of the best suited clones.The nitrogen contents in the aboveground biomass oftwo clones differing in nitrogen dynamics at theiroriginal sites (described as `assimilation' and`translocation' types in the literature) did notdiffer in this experiment, even though the two clonesdid differ in some morphological traits. These resultsmight be influenced by the fact that stands were stilldeveloping and that possibly clones had reached adifferent degree of maturity. Nevertheless, theysuggest that nitrogen content depends more on siteconditions, with only little genetically determineddifference, and that morphological variation isdetermined by factors other than variation in nitrogenuptake.
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    Crystallization of Lactose from Carbopol Gels (2000)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 17 (2000), S. 879-886 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: lactose ; crystallization ; Carbopol gels ; morphology ; crystal form ; crystal habit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To crystallize lactose under static conditions with a view topreparing crystals of well-defined morphology. Methods. α-Lactose monohydrate was crystallized from neutralizedCarbopol 934 gels. When the majority of crystals had grown to maturity,the gels were acidified using diluted hydrochloric acid and the crystalswere harvested by filtration or centrifugation and washed with ethanol-watermixtures. Results. Crystals prepared from the gel had a consistently narrowersize distribution than control crystals, prepared from solution underconstant stirring. If crystallization was effected in the gel withoutsedimentation of the crystals, then the resultant crystals had smoothsurfaces without visually detectable surface roughness or asperitiesviewed by optical microscopy. The crystals from Carbopol gels alsoexhibited the uniform shape of an elongated tomahawk regardless of thecrystallization conditions, in contrast to crystallization under constantstirring, where the crystal shape of lactose changed with crystallizationconditions especially as a function of the initial concentration of lactose.All batches of lactose crystals prepared from Carbopol gels existedas α-lactose monohydrate, which showed better flowability than thecontrols of a similar particle size. Conclusions. Crystallization from Carbopol gel produces lactose crystalsof uniform size, regular shape, smooth surface, and improvedflowability.
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    Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) based on morphological andndhF sequence data (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 220 (2000), S. 223-239 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Scrophulariaceae ; Antirrhineae ; morphology ; ndhF ; phylogeny ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) are analysed and discussed on the basis of parsimony analyses of morphological andndhF gene sequence data. The results indicate that the tribe Antirrhineae consists of four major groups of genera, theAnarrhinum clade, theGambelia clade, theMaurandya clade, and theAntirrhinum clade. TheAnarrhinum clade, consisting of the Old World bee-pollinated generaAnarrhinum andKickxia, is sister to the rest of the tribe. TheGambelia clade consists of the New World generaGambelia andGalvezia, which are very closely related and pollinated by hummingbirds. TheMaurandya clade consists of one subclade includingMaurandya and a number of related bee- or hummingbird-pollinated New World genera and another subclade with the Old World bee-pollinated generaAsarina andCymbalaria. TheAntirrhinum clade consists mainly of bee-pollinated Old World genera, such asAntirrhinum, Linaria, Chaenorhinum, and their segregates, but also includes the New World generaMohavea andHowelliella, of which the latter is known to be partly pollinated by hummingbirds. It is concluded that hummingbirdpollination has evolved independently within Antirrhineae at least three times from bee-pollinated ancestors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985047
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    Implications of morphological phylogenetics for the placement of the generaAdenocaulon andEriachaenium (Asteraceae) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 223 (2000), S. 229-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Cichorioideae ; Adenocaulon ; Eriachaenium ; problematic genera ; morphology ; phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adenocaulon andEriachaenium are two problematic genera because their tribal and subfamilial placement in Asteraceae is uncertain. Previous cladistic analyses based on molecular data undertaken to analyze the relationships within Asteraceae, placeAdenocaulon in the tribe Mutisieae (Cichorioideae). This paper investigates cladistic relationships amongAdenocaulon andEriachaenium and tribes of subfamilies Cichorioideae and Asteroideae using morphological data. Thirty-eight characters were scored across 52 genera selected as exemplar taxa to represent the current classification system. In the analysis (one tree, length = 86, c.i. = 0.55, r.i. = 0.64)Adenocaulon andEriachaenium are sister taxa and appear as an isolated clade nested in Cichorioideae. A new, tentative position among the tribes of the paraphyletic Cichorioideae is proposed for these two isolated genera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985282
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    Software dependent phenetic relationships of non-nodulating African species ofAcacia (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 220 (2000), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Acacia ; classification ; Leguminosae ; morphology ; phenetics ; RAPD ; software ; taxonomy ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic analysis of non-nodulatingAcacia species by Harrier et al. (1997) was repeated to illustrate how different computer programs may generate alternative UPGMA trees for the very same data, even in the absence of data input order effects (ties). For example, all Harrier et al.'s UPGMA dendrograms produced by software from the Scottish Agricultural Statistics Service differed from those obtained by the packages NTSYS and MVSP87. Particularly, the positions ofA. albida, A. rovumae, andA. pentagona, as well as the relationships betweenDiacanthae andTriacanthae were affected by this phenomenon. Hence, whenever clustering techniques are used, care should be taken to consider possible software-dependent caveats and artefacts. Nevertheless, all programs provided clusterings that largely coincided with the subgeneric and sectional groupings proposed by Vassal (1972) although the positions of some species varied depending on whether morphological or molecular data were considered (e.g.A. albida andA. rovumae).
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    Phylogenetic signal common to three data sets: Combining data which initially appear heterogeneous (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 221 (2000), S. 179-198 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gesneriaceae ; congruence ; morphology ; ndhF ; rbcL ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study makes use of three sources of data, morphology and two chloroplast DNA sequences,ndhF andrbcL, to resolve relationships in Gesneriaceae. Cladograms from each of the three data sets separately are not topologically congruent. Statistical indices suggest that each data set is congruent with thendhF data althoughrbcL and morphology are themselves incongruent. Consensus methods provide no resolution of taxonomic relationships when trees from the different data sets are combined. Combining data sets generally results in cladograms that are more fully resolved than each of the data sets analyzed separately and support for the clades increases based on higher decay index and bootstrap values. These results indicate that there is a phylogenetic signal common to each of the data sets, however, the noise (errors due to homoplasy, mis-scoring, etc.) unique to each data source masks this signal. In combining the data, the evidence for the common evolutionary history in each data set overcomes the noise and is apparent in the resulting trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089293
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    Mycelium of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from different genera: form, function and detection (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 131-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizas ; ecological function ; isozymes ; morphology ; mycelium architecture ; molecular probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is often assumed that all species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the same function because of the ubiquity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and the fact that all AMF occupy the same plant/soil niche. Despite apparent differences in the timing of evolutionary divergence and the morphological characteristics of AMF from the different genera, the majority of studies on these fungi use only species of Glomus. There is increasing evidence, however, that the mechanisms involved in the establishment of a mycorrhiza may differ for species and genera of AMF and influence their subsequent function. The aim of this paper is to highlight the diversity in the form and function of AMF from different genera, knowledge of which is vital in understanding their ecological roles. Potential use of biochemical and molecular approaches to detect AMF in planta and ex planta is also discussed.
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    Morphological relationships among 15 species of Trifolium occurring in Poland (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 267-272 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: morphology ; numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; Trifolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Populations of 15 Trifolium species were morphologically assayed to elucidate species relationships and taxonomic arrangements in the genus. Twenty-one characters were scored and analyzed by numerical methods. All species proved to be heterogenous. The levels of dissimilarity among populations of the same species ranged from around 0.05 to around 0.6. Cluster analysis divided all taxa into two major groups of species which were joined at D (Euclidean Distance) around 0.9. Within the first group three major sub-groups were revealed, comprising T. hybridum L., T. repens L., T. strepens Cr., T. dubium Sibth., T. campestre Schreb., T. patens Schreb. and T. fragiferum L. The second major group consisted of T. pannonicum L., T. arvense L., T. montanum L., T. incarnatum L., T. alpestre L., T. rubens L., T. pratense L. and T. medium L. The present results proved that the genus is very heterogenous, and support the hypothesis that the section Lotoidea was probably the stock from which other sections derived. Morphological relationships among 15 Trifolium species support their taxonomic arrangements proposed by Zohary & Heller (1984), with some exceptions. Sectional positions of T. montanum and T. strepens should be reexamined. Conspecific ranks for three species of section Chronosemum – T. dubium, T. campestre and T. patens – should be considered.
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    Diversity of the Sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) in Ghana (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 293-304 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: clinal trends ; isozymes ; morphology ; population variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) is highly valued for oil obtained from its seeds and frequently maintained in the semi-arid parklands of sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Uganda. Although variation has been noted for V. paradoxa subsp. paradoxa, few studies have been undertaken on patterns of phenotypic or genotypic diversity. Results are presented from 294 accessions collected in Ghana, using easily quantifiable morphological parameters. Productive mature trees varied from shrubby multi-stemmed individuals (height 〈5 m) to 30-m straight-boled trees with high compact canopies. The leaf lamina (tree mean ±% coefficient of variation of total mean) varied from 9.2 to 22.5 cm (±15.0%); seed length from 1.74 to 3.74 cm (±11.7%); and fat content from 29.1 to 61.9% of dry kernel weight (±9.4%). Clinal trends significantly correlated with location parameters that in turn related to environmental variation. Population variation of seed characteristics increased to the Northeast, perpendicular to the annual movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone. It is proposed that this is a consequence of past climatic changes, coupled with a lack of methodical selection for seed type when trees are maintained on agricultural land. Isozyme analysis revealed moderate to high levels of heterozygosity (He 0.2142) and high geneflow (Fst = 0.0124, Nm = 19.9), supporting results obtained from morphological studies. Isozyme and multivariate morphology analyses showed similar but weak geographical separation patterns.
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    A phenetic analysis of morphological variation in Citrullus lanatus in Namibia (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 385-393 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Citrullus lanatus ; cluster analysis ; evolution ; morphology ; watermelon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological data recorded from field trials using Citrullus lanatus germplasm collected in Namibia were used to analyse and compare the various morphotypes of this species. The experiment comprised wild types and local landraces as well as commercial cultivars. Cluster analysis supported the indigenous classification system used in Namibia, in which Citrullus types are distinguished based on gross morphology, ecology and usage and grouped into seed, cooking and fresh-eating (watermelon) types. Commercial watermelon cultivars formed a distinct cluster. Wide variation was found within the local types whereas the genetic basis of the commercial type appears to be narrow. The commercial cultivars were most closely related to local watermelon types and more distantly related to the wild types, whereas the cooking melons form an intermediate group.
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    The ontogeny of the cypridid ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820) (Crustacea, Ostracoda) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 419 (2000), S. 31-63 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; ontogeny ; Ostracoda ; evolution ; fifth limb ; crustacean phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chaetotaxy (shape, structure and distribution of setae) of appendages and valve allometry during the post embryonic ontogeny of the cyprididine ostracod Eucypris virens are described. It is shown that the basic ontogenetic development of E. virens is very similar to that of other species of the family Cyprididae. During ontogeny, the chaetotaxy shows continual development on all podomeres of the limbs with the exception of the last podomere on the antennulae. The long setae on the exopodite and protopodite of the antennae have a natatory function until the actual natatory setae develop in later instars. Aesthetascs (presumed chemoreceptors) ya and y3 are the first to develop and may have an important function in the first instars. Cyprididae require a pediform limb in the posterior of the body presumably to help them to attach to substrates and this is reflected by the pediform nature of one limb at all times throughout all instars. This study has also shown that the fifth limb is most probably of thoracic origin and hence ostracods have only one pair of maxillae.
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    Differences in the apportionment of molecular and morphological variation in North American strawberry and the consequences for genetic resource management (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 647-657 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Fragaria chiloensis ; Fragaria virginiana ; genetic resources ; morphology ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variation for 24 morphological traits measured in a greenhouse environment and 36 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was assessed among 318 wild octoploid strawberry (Fragariaspp.) genotypes from diverse habitats across the northern USA. RAPD marker frequencies and certain leaf and flower morphology traits (petiole color, leaf mass/area ratio, leaflet length and width, flower and receptacle diameter, petal width, flowers/inflorescence) were significantly different between the F. chiloensis-platypetala and F. virginiana-glauca species complexes. The proportion of variation accounted for by provenance effects was lower for the RAPD markers than for most morphological traits, especially in the F. virginiana-glauca species complex. Morphological traits of potential adaptive importance group the collection into provenances within each species-complex, and reflect the significant habitat and geographic differences across the region from which the germplasm was collected. Variation among populations within provenances was low for the molecular and most morphological traits, with a much larger amount of variability among plants within populations. Most of the variation for the presumably more selectively-neutral RAPD data was among plants within populations and populations within provenances rather than among the provenances that were recognized based on morphological traits, especially in the F. virginiana-glauca complex. Patterns of diversity for morphological traits must be considered, along with more selectively-neutral molecular characters such as RAPDs, to formulate effective sampling strategies and to properly estimate the quantity and apportionment of diversity within this germplasm.
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    Preface: Ostracoda and the four pillars of evolutionary wisdom (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 419 (2000), S. 7-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: morphology ; palaeontology ; ecology ; genetics ; Ostracoda ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphology, palaeontology, genetics and ecology are the main scientific domains contributing theories, concepts and new data to evolutionary biology. Ostracods are potentially very good model organisms for evolutionary studies because they combine an excellent fossil record with a wide extant distribution and, therefore, allow studies on both patterns and processes leading to extant diversity. This preface provides an overview of the 15 contributions to the present volume and concludes that this set of papers supports the claim that ostracod studies are situated in all main evolutionary domains.
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    Redescription and assignment of the chydorid Indialona ganapati Petkovski, 1966 (Branchiopoda: Anomopoda: Aloninae) to Indialonini, new tribus (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 439 (2000), S. 161-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; Anomopoda ; Chydoridae ; Indialona ; morphology ; systematics ; Indialonini n. trib. ; evolutionary relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chydorid Indialona ganapati Petkovski, 1966 is redescribed based on material from the sublittoral plankton of Ajwa Reservoir, Ahmedabad, India, and a neotype is selected. Lateral head pores are recorded, and all thoracic limbs are studied in detail. Gamogenetic specimens are described for the first time. Evolutionarily relationships of Indialona and other Aloninae are discussed. A new tribe Indialonini n. trib. is proposed for the sole genus Indialona, while all other genera of Aloninae, as far as is known, compose the tribe Alonini s. str. A diagnosis of both tribes and a key for their discrimination is proposed. Sharp differences between these tribes are found in some characters of the thoracic limbs. The limbs of the Indialonini are more oligomerized than those of the Alonini, and a strong oligomerization is characteristic of limbs I–II.
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    Phylogenetic implications of the Crustacean nauplius (2000)
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    Hydrobiologia 417 (2000), S. 91-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; phylogeny ; larval characters ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The plesiomorphic mode of crustacean development is widely accepted to be via a larva called the nauplius. Extant taxa like the Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Mystacocarida, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Ascothoracida, Facetotecta, Euphausiacea and Penaeidea hatch from an egg as a free-living nauplius. Other crustaceans show an embryonic phase of development suggestive of a naupliar organization. Several features of the nauplius larva have been proposed as diagnostic characters for the Crustacea: a median (nauplius) eye; at least three pairs of head appendages (antennules, antennae, mandibles); a posteriorly directed fold (the labrum) extending over the mouth and a cephalic (nauplius) shield. The relationship between trilobite protaspis with at least four appendages and the crustacean nauplius remains unclear, but reports of a copepod orthonauplius with four appendages are rejected. Swimming is suggested to represent the underived mode of locomotion for the crustacean nauplius, and that naupliar swimming directly results in naupliar feeding which also is underived.
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    The dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 418 (2000), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dinoflagellates ; Prorocentrum ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Mexican Pacific ; red tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We surveyed the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in Mexican Pacific waters, where it is rather common and sometimes causes red tides in coastal areas or shrimp farms. Material collected from Baja California and the Gulf of California was analyzed. Thirteen species were identified, all of them planktonic (although P. mexicanum is also epiphytic). All species are described by light microscopy, and most are also described by scanning electron microscopy; comments on morphology, taxonomy and distribution are made. Red tides were caused by P. dentatum, P. minimum and P. triestinum. Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. minimum were suspected of being toxic. Four species, previously reported in the Gulf of California, were not found. A total of 18 species, including the new records P. dactylum and P. lebourae have been to date reported from the Mexican Pacific.
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    Redescription of Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 (Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda: Sididae), and description of a new, related species (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 441 (2000), S. 73-92 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Diaphanosoma dubium ; D. pseudodubium sp.nov. ; morphology ; taxonomy ; geographical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The poorly known D. dubium Manuilova is redescribed on extensive material from more than 80 populations from the Russian Far East, Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Its morphological variability and geographical distribution are analysed and supplemented by notes on biology. The conspecificity of morphologically different distant populations is discussed. In the northern part of its range, D. dubium was long confused with D. brachyurum or D. leuchtenbergianum, and in the south with D. modigliani. It seems that the recent appearance of D. dubium in fish ponds of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan was an introduction, together with Far Eastern fish. D. pseudodubium sp.nov., close to but markedly different, is described from two lakes in the lower Amur river system. D. dubium, D. pseudodubium, D. tropicum and D. modigliani s. str. form a group of related species, widely distributed in Eastern and Southern Asia.
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    A new Ceratium species (Dinophyceae) from Lake Doïrani, Macedonia, Greece (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 424 (2000), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ceratium ; freshwater ; ecology ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new taxon of Ceratium is described from Lake Doïrani, Greece. It is proposed as a new species and named Ceratium monoceras. It differs morphologically from known species of Ceratium by having only one horn, the apical horn. Accordingly, the vegetative cells form cysts that have only one spine. Details of its ecology and occurence are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003957129071
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    Redescription of Ilyocryptus tuberculatus Brehm, 1913 (Anomopoda, Branchiopoda) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 428 (2000), S. 115-128 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: `Cladocera' ; Anomopoda ; Ilyocryptus tuberculatus ; morphology ; redescription ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of Ilyocryptus tuberculatus Brehm, 1913 is redescribed, based on material from the Niger basin, Africa. The species name was given by Brehm erroneously, because under an optical microscope he mistook internal structures (the columns between the outer and inner walls of the valves) for the tubercules on the valve surface. But this species is undoubtedly valid, and `incorrect' species names must be conserved. Differences between I. tuberculatus and the most similar I. agilis (probably absent from the majority of African waters), I. spinifer (common in Africa), and some other species are discussed. Currently, I. tuberculatus is known for the Central African Republic, Mali and Niger.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003933430624
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    Lithoglyptes cornutus, new species (Cirripedia: Acrothoracica), a boring barnacle from the Seychelles, with some data on its ultrastructure (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: systematics ; morphology ; organ ; relationship ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the Lithoglyptes from the Seychelles is described. The external morphology of the mantle sac and the body were examined under SEM. The position of a new species within Lithoglyptes and the ultrastructural characters of different species of this genus are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004102926964
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    External morphology of the burrowing barnacle shape Lithoglyptes bicornis (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Acrothoracica) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 193-203 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cirripedia ; Acrothoracica ; morphology ; organs ; trophi ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The external morphology of female and male Lithoglyptes bicornis was examined under SEM. The structure of the mantle, the thorax and, especially, the trophi were thoroughly examined. The data on the mantle and the thorax structures were compared with the previous data on the acrothoracican ultrastructure. The data on the structure and the character of trophi setation allow to speculate about a relationship with other cirripede taxa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004150806491
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    Morphological characterization of new populations of the copepod Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg, 1853) (Calanoida, Temoridae) found in Austria and Hungary (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 205-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eurytemora velox ; morphology ; distribution ; Austria ; Hungary ; Danube River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The calanoid copepod Eurytemora velox (Lilljeborg, 1853) was found in the backwater system of the Danube River upstream of Vienna (km 1948) in 1994. Since that time, the species has invaded the side arms of the river between kms 1897 and 1988, as confirmed by findings from 10 different localities. In Hungary, the species has been known since 1992. In the present article, we report 15 new sites in the westernmost part of this country. A brief diagnosis of the morphology of male and female of the Austrian specimens is presented, including detailed illustrations of the structures used in this paper for taxonomic analysis. Females show morphological variability mainly on the structure of the fifth leg pair. Right and left legs frequently have a different spinulation pattern. Males show less morphological variability, particularly in the structure of the basis and the distal section of exopod 2 of the fifth left leg. Morphological variation within E. veloxwas determined by comparing specimens from Austria, Hungary and Rumania. The geographic distribution of the species in the Palearctic region, Austria and Hungary is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004173704289
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    Absorption of glucose, amino acids, and dipeptides by the intestines of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diffusion ; everted sleeve method ; morphology ; nutrients ; pyloric ceca ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of glucose, amino acid and dipeptide absorption by the intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were measured in vitro at 10 °C as functions of concentration and region using intact tissues (everted sleeve method). Salmon (weight range 300–1300 g) fed a commercial, extruded salmon feed, were kept at 12–13 °C in freshwater. Maximum rates (V max) of glucose and dipeptide transport were low compared to most amino acid V max values. There was a declining proximal-to-distal gradient of absorption along the post-gastric intestinal tract. A saturable component of absorption was not evident for proline and glycyl-proline in the distal intestine, and glycyl-sarcosine in any region. `Apparent diffusion', which may include low affinity, high capacity carrier systems and carrier-independent influx, appears to account for the majority of total uptake at higher concentrations of amino acids and dipeptides. There was competition between the dipeptides for transporter sites in the pyloric ceca and mid intestine, suggesting a common carrier. There was also indication of hydrolysis of these dipeptides by brush border membrane enzymes.
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    Tight Junctions of the Blood–Brain Barrier (2000)
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 20 (2000), S. 57-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: tight junction ; blood–brain barrier ; morphology ; freeze–fracture ; cadherins ; catenins ; occludin ; cytoskeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The blood–brain barrier is essential for the maintainance and regulation of the neural microenvironment. The blood–brain barrier endothelial cells comprise an extremely low rate of transcytotic vesicles and a restrictive paracellular diffusion barrier. The latter is realized by the tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the brain microvasculature, which are subject of this review. Morphologically, blood–brain barrier-tight junctions are more similar to epithelial tight junctions than to endothelial tight junctions in peripheral blood vessels. 2. Although blood–brain barrier-tight junctions share many characteristics with epithelial tight junctions, there are also essential differences. However, in contrast to tight junctions in epithelial systems, structural and functional characteristics of tight junctions in endothelial cells are highly sensitive to ambient factors. 3. Many ubiquitous molecular constituents of tight junctions have been identified and characterized including claudins, occludin, ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, cingulin, and 7H6. Signaling pathways involved in tight junction regulation comprise, among others, G-proteins, serine, threonine, and tyrosine kinases, extra- and intracellular calcium levels, cAMP levels, proteases, and TNFα. Common to most of these pathways is the modulation of cytoskeletal elements which may define blood–brain barrier characteristics. Additionally, cross-talk between components of the tight junction– and the cadherin–catenin system suggests a close functional interdependence of the two cell–cell contact systems. 4. Recent studies were able to elucidate crucial aspects of the molecular basis of tight junction regulation. An integration of new results into previous morphological work is the central intention of this review.
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    Morphological and biochemical characterization of the exocellular investments of polysaccharide-producing Nostoc strains from the Pasteur Culture Collection (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 655-661 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Exocellular investments ; exopolysaccharide ; morphology ; Nostoc ; Pasteur Culture Collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 40 Nostoc strains, belonging to the Pasteur Culture Collection and originally isolated from different habitats, were photoautotrophically grown in liquid cultures and tested for the presence of exocellular polysaccharidic investments surrounding the trichomes. However, 25 of them showed a significant presence of these structures, coupled with the release of polysaccharidic material (RPS) into the medium. A rather large number of different morphological forms was observed in the cultures during growth, but at the time of harvesting the predominant morphological form was, in most cases, the vegetative trichome. With regard to the exocellular mucilaginous investments, three main types of morphologies were observed: (i) capsules surrounded by an external pellicle, (ii) capsules with sharp outlines but without an external pellicle, (iii) slimy investments that either loosely surrounded the trichomes without following their shape or were organized in large globular lumps. Among the twenty-five strains that released polysaccharides into the culture medium, three showed mean daily productivities ranging from 30 to 50 mg (RPS) l−1 d−1, values comparable with those of the most productive cyanobacterial strains so far described. The morphological characteristics of the polysaccharidic investments produced by the Nostoc strains seem not to be related to their original habitats. Furthermore, the differences in RPS productivities observed among the strains seem not to be related to the shape of the mucilaginous exocellular investments. Chemical analysis of purified samples of the polysaccharides demonstrated that all the polymers possess an acidic nature, due to the presence of uronic acids, and that they are characterized by the presence of a peptidic moiety and of amino sugars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008985722388
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    Photosynthetic acclimation of shade-grown red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings to a high light environment (2000)
    Springer
    New forests 19 (2000), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; competition ; morphology ; photosynthesis ; red pine ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic light acclimation in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings was examined in a greenhouse study to better understand the physiological response of this species to increased light intensity following release from competition. Seedlings grown in a high (HL), medium (ML) or low (LL) light environment for 12 weeks were transferred to high light. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of ML and LL seedlings were measured prior to and following transfer and compared with the HL control treatment. Photosynthetic characteristics were related to initial light treatment and time after transfer. Acclimation of gas exchange features to high light in shade formed ML and LL foliage was relatively rapid, with similar values among light treatments within 57 days of transfer. Acclimation of net photosynthetic rate was similar in ML and LL seedlings, and was associated primarily with increased mesophyll conductance to CO2. The ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) decreased initially after transfer, especially in LL seedlings, but recovered to normal values after 57 days. Red pine seedlings appear to be well adapted for photosynthetic acclimation to high light intensity, consistent with that reported for other early successional tree species.
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    Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick 1882 (Anomopoda, Branchiopoda): a redescription based on North American material and designation of a neotype from Minnesota (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 428 (2000), S. 67-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anomopoda ; Ilyocryptidae ; Ilyocryptus spinifer ; morphology ; North America ; neotype ; redescription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882 is redescribed based on material from USA and Canada with special attention to features, regarded now as important for Ilyocryptidae taxonomy. Morphological variability is analysed, and a neotype of this species is designated from Lake Alice Bog, MN, USA. Scanning electron microscopy is used to illustrate fine morphological details. Males, ephippial females and ephippia are described for the first time for North American populations. Historical descriptions of well-known previous North American authors are critically discussed. Only a single species from I. spinifer s. lat. species group is present in USA and Canada, Ilyocryptus longiremis Sars 1888 is a junior synonym of I. spinifer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003983723896
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    Analysis of the Ilyocryptus spinifer-species group (Anomopoda, Branchiopoda), with description of a new species (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 428 (2000), S. 85-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anomopoda ; `Cladocera' ; Ilyocryptus ; morphology ; variability ; systematics ; world fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the morphology and variability of Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882 from different parts of the world using optical microscopy and SEM, re-examining type material wherever possible. Morphometric analysis failed to reveal significant regional differences between populations. The following species names for members of Ilyocryptus spinifer group, I. halyi Brady, 1886; I. longiremis Sars, 1888; I. immundus F. Mueller in Ihering, 1895; I. verrucosus Daday, 1905; and I. tetraspinatus Berganim, 1939, are junior synonyms of I. spinifer. A new species from this group is described from Queensland, Australia. Ilyocryptus timmsi n. sp. shows unique morphological characters in the armature of the lateral swimming setae of the antennal endopod, its apical segment and the postabdominal claws.
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    Taxonomic re-evaluation of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5 based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Aphanizomenon ; Cyanobacteria ; 16S rRNA ; morphology ; sequences ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae strain NH-5, a producer of cyanotoxins, was re-evaluated by comparison with six other Aphanizomenon strains using morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain NH-5 was concluded to be improperly identified as Aph. flos-aquae based upon (1) lack of bundle formation in the trichomes, (2) location of akinetes next to heterocytes, (3) lower similarities (less than 97.5%) in the 16S rRNA gene sequences relative to Aph. flos-aquae strains, and (4) comparison within a phylogenetic tree constructed from 16S rRNA gene sequences. The Aphanizomenon strains investigated in this study are classified to four morphological groups as described by the classical taxonomy of Komárek & Kovácik (1989). This classification was supported from the phylogenetic results of 16S rRNA gene sequences. This study also discusses the generic boundaries between Aphanizomenon and Anabaena.
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    Taxonomic studies of planktic species of Anabaena based on morphological characteristics in cultured strains (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 438 (2000), S. 117-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anabaena ; cyanobacteria ; identification ; morphology ; planktic ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty (50) strains of planktic species of Anabaena (cyanobacteria), including collections from Japan and China and from different culture collections, were induced to form akinetes at low temperature (15 °C). Their morphologies were then observed and described. Fourty seven strains successfully formed akinetes and these were classified into 20 species comprising seven with straight trichomes and 13 with coiled trichomes. Three strains, which did not form akinetes, were separated into two taxonomic groups, but could not be identified to any described species. In addition, a key to the planktic species of Anabaena described in the study is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004170230774
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    A eukaryotic alga from picoplankton of Lake Baikal: morphology, ultrastructure and rDNA sequence data (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 435 (2000), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Lake Baikal ; picoplankton ; Choricystis minor ; morphology ; ultrastructure ; rDNA sequence data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An eukaryotic alga (strain BAC 9708) from the picoplankton of Lake Baikal (Eastern Siberia) has been cultivated in order to investigate its morphology, ultrastructure, growth requirements, pigment composition and nuclear-encoded 18S and chloroplast-encoded 16S rDNA sequences. Cells of strain BAC 9708 contain a nucleus, a single chloroplast without a pyrenoid, one mitochondrion, a poorly visible dictyosome, a large vacuole and a cell wall with an outer sporopollenin-containing layer. Ellipsoidal cells, 1.5–2.0 × 1.0–1.5 μm in size, propagate usually by two, or infrequently by four autospores. Sequence analysis of nuclear-encoded rDNA showed that all 581 nucleotides of the 5′-end of the 18S rDNA were identical to that of Choricystis minor (Skuja) Fott (Chlorococcales, Chlorophyta) obtained earlier (Krienitz et al., 1996). The chloroplast-encoded rDNA sequence of this strain showed identity with one of three chloroplast sequences, selected by PCR-amplification with 16S rDNA specific primers from total picoplanktonic DNA, obtained previously.
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    Apoptosis evaluation in epithelial cells exposed to different chemicals: relevance of floating cells (2000)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 16 (2000), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: apoptosis ; cell adhesion ; cytotoxicity tests ; epithelial cells ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The recent increase in understanding of cell death has promoted new approaches in toxicological studies, mainly those dealing within vitro systems where the evaluation of cell death has been the most widely adopted end-point in measuring the effects of chemical toxicants. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving the traditional cytotoxicity test protocols in order to produce more specific information on the type of cell death induced by exposure to toxicants. In particular, we characterized the mode of cell death in an established epithelial cell line, HEp-2 cells, which is frequently used in cytotoxicity testing owing to its easy handling and standardization of culture conditions. Reference chemicals for apoptosis and necrosis were selected as controls, together with other molecules that have been shown, in preliminary studies, to induce various morphological and structural modifications in relation to cell death. The results obtained show that: (a) the floating fraction of treated cells gives the clearest picture of the necrotic/apoptotic distribution; (b) morphological analysis is crucial for characterization of apoptosis; (c) more than one cytotoxic end-point is necessary to clearly identify the type of cell death.
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    Investigation of Morphology of Porous Silicon Formed on N+ Type Silicon (2000)
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    Journal of porous materials 7 (2000), S. 23-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: porous silicon ; morphology ; mechanism of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of porous silicon (PS) are closely connected to its morphology, much investigation has been done in order to correlate the morphological characteristics of PS with the anodisation parameters. In this paper the results of morphological analysis of PS formed on N+type substrates of 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 1〉 orientation are presented. The dependences of the porosity, thickness of PS, density of pores and of the effective surface on the current density are obtained. Interpretation of these results in terms of diffusion layer and energy levels is given, with special attention given to the low current density case.
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    The taxonomic relationships within the genus Excoecaria L. (Euphorbiaceae) based on leaf morphology and rDNA sequence data (2000)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Excoecaria ; ITS sequence ; morphology ; phylogeny ; rDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tropical Indo-Pacific genus Excoecaria L. (Euphorbiaceae) has several closely related species in Australia whose taxonomic relationships are unclear. The most widely reported species in Australia is the mangrove species Excoecaria agallocha L. (type species), whose taxonomic and geographic limits are difficult to define from its closely related species or sub-species. Two additional taxa have also been described but not clearly differentiated from the type species: Excoecaria dallachyana Baillon and Excoecaria ovalis Endl. This project aimed to determine the taxonomic relationships of the Australian Excoecaria species using both leaf morphological data and DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal genes. The nucleotide differences in the examined ITS1 region show that E. agallocha from eastern Australia and E. ovalis from Western Australia respectively, are genetically uniform within species but differ from each other consistently, thus supporting species status. The leaf morphological data also support this view: single factor analysis of variance consistently separated E. ovalis from E. agallocha on the basis of leaf width, leaf length and length of petiole. In contrast, E. ovalis from the Gulf of Carpentaria differs only slightly from E. ovalis in Western Australia, but no evidence was found to suggest any leaf morphological differentiation within this species. The analysis also suggests that E. dallachyana is not closely related to either mangrove species E. agallocha or E. ovalis, despite superficial morphological similarities.
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    Characteristics of Pestalotiopsis Associated with Hardy Ornamental Plants in the UK (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 77-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pestalotiopsis sydowiana ; morphology ; pathogenicity ; ericaceous plants ; conifers ; temperature ; pH ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem-base and roots of hardy ornamentals grown on commercial nurseries in the UK were identified and characterised according to pathogenicity and colony morphology. All 18 isolates were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana on the basis of conidia morphology, and confirmation of identification was made by experts at CABI Bioscience. Isolates were pathogenic on the host from which originally isolated. Typical symptoms included foliar browning of foliage and stems, and the presence of black or greenish-black acervuli on diseased tissue. Isolates were not host specific and infected other species of hardy ornamentals. Three colony types on potato dextrose agar were distinguished according to colour and production of acervuli by individual isolates. Three selected isolates of P. sydowiana were characterised by examining the effects of growth media, temperature, pH, and water potential on hyphal extension. Isolates grew well on commonly used growth media, including PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), V8 juice agar (V8), malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was in the range 20–25°C, with little or no growth occurring below 5°C or above 30°C. Hyphal extension occurred over a pH range between 2.6–8.6, with optimum values occurring at pH 5.5. In general, decreases in osmotic and matric potential caused a reduction in growth. Hyphal extension on media adjusted osmotically as NaCl ceased between −9.9 and −10.5 MPa. Isolates were more tolerant of osmotic than matric potential, with no growth occurring at −6.5 MPa on media adjusted with polyethylene glycol.
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    Water velocity shapes juvenile salmonids (2000)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 14 (2000), S. 721-730 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; brown trout ; environmental effect ; morphology ; phenotypic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenotypic plasticity in morphology is often considered adaptive. Stream-living fish encounter considerable spatial and temporal environmental variation in their native habitats, and the ability to adapt to this variation is of utmost importance. We studied experimentally whether water velocity affects the body shape of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago Girard) and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.). The fish were reared in slow and fast water flow, and their morphology was studied by measuring a number of morphometric characters. We studied which characters differed between the environments in each species, and found that water velocity caused morphological differentiation in both salmon and brown trout. The differences occurred especially in body height as well as in fin sizes, characters that are very likely to be of functional importance for life in the stream environment. Salmon in fast flow became more robust, whereas brown trout in fast flow became slightly more streamlined. The observed variation in body morphology of salmon and brown trout indicates phenotypic plasticity, but the species differed in their response to environmental variation, which may be due to different energetics and cost reduction strategies. Morphological differentiation caused by water flow occurred very rapidly, within 1-month exposure to the different water flows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011691810801
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