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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earthquake risk management pilot project in Quito, Ecuador (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: earthquake ; Ecuador ; Quito ; risk mitigation ; seismic scenario ; vulnerability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract An earthquake risk management project was conducted in Quito (Ecuador), consisting of evaluating the consequences of destructive earthquakes on the city. After choosing seismogenic sources that can affect the city, on historical and seismotectonics bases, intensities produced by these events were calculated, in order to estimate damages to the buildings and city networks. The scientific and technical studies were completed by interviews of the directors of the main city services in order to produce a vivid nontechnical description of the events during and at various time scales after the occurrence of one of the chosen earthquakes. Finally, recommendations were proposed to minimize the consequences of the next major earthquake on the city.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007079403225
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outline of the Great Hanshin earthquake, Japan 1995 (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 39-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: earthquake ; intensity ; acceleration ; epicenter ; fault ; liquefaction ; slope failures ; Japan ; seismology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract On 17 January 1995, a big earthquake, registering magnitude 7.2 on the Richter scale hit the western part of Japan, claiming 6,048 lives, injuring at least 34 900 people, and destroying properties and infrastructures, causing an estimated damage of between 95 to 140 billion U.S. dollars. This paper gives a detailed description of the disaster and attempts to provide a scientific explanation to the disaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229911
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reliability of Lifeline Networks with Multiple Sources under Seismic Hazard (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: system reliability ; network ; lifelines ; pipelines ; earthquake ; seismic hazard analysis ; path set enumeration method ; scale of fluctuation ; spatial correlation ; water distribution system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lifelines are networks extending spatiallyover large areas. Transportation systems, pipelines,communication and power transmission systems areexamples of lifelines. The performance of a lifelineafter a major earthquake is particularly vital for acommunity because of the emergency services that areusually required after such events. Performancemeasures are usually expressed in terms of quantitiesthat are assessed based on statistical andprobabilistic methodologies. The major performancemeasure is the probability of reaching from aspecified point to another one successfully after acatastrophic event, such as an earthquake. Evaluationof this performance measure requires a seismic hazardmethodology, capacity determination techniques andnetwork reliability assessment methods. By combiningthese three aspects in one model, it is possible tocalculate the reliability of any lifeline system underseismic danger. The aim of this paper is to present aprobabilistic model for the evaluation of the seismicreliability of lifeline networks having multiplesources. The seismic reliability of a waterdistribution system located in Bursa, Turkey isassessed in order to show the implementation of theproposed model. The numerical calculations are carriedout by the LIFEPACK software, which is developed forthis purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008146906319
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos gulf, eastern Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1984), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Tsunami ; earthquake ; allvial coasts ; Malliakos Gulf ; flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In 427 BC, a major earthquake occurred in ancient Greece. In particular, Attica, Boeotia, and the island of Euboea were the areas where seismic activity was most frequent. The fact that these events happened in conjuction with the Peloponnesian war provides us with an account made by historians of the war. Such an account is the one made by Thucydides. During the spring and summer of 426 BC shocks continued to take place. This time, the sea area between the island of Euboea and the mainland (Maliakos gulf) was also affected and as a result, a seismic sea-wave of considerable size formed. The tsunami, as it is better known, swept the surrounding coastal area. Major topographic alteration of the area occurred, resulting in a huge loss of life and the destruction of cities. In this paper, the author attempts to describe this event and to explain scientifically how it happened, and how this affected the shape of the area and human life. All the evidence used in this paper has been cross-referenced with at least one other historic or scientific source. Although it was extremely difficult to uncover hidden detail about an event so far in the past, any facts that could not be verified have not been included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127141
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic hazard monitoring in Kamchatka and its applications to the M = 6.6 earthquake of 6 October 1987 (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 51-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; seismic monitoring ; earthquake ; Kamchatka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The earthquake of 6 October 1987 (M = 6.6), which occurred near the Shipunsky Cape, Kamchatka, was the largest crustal event in the vicinity of the main city of Kamchatka — Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky — during the last three decades. It was followed by numerous aftershocks. This earthquake allowed us to test the effectiveness of the seismic hazard monitoring in Kamchatka, including the seismological, geodetic and hydrogeochemical surveys. The seismic survey provided the location and source nature of the main shock and aftershocks and the seismic environment of the main shock. The geodetic and hydrogeochemical surveys have yielded data on the response to earthquakes of the Earth's surface deformations, water level, and chemical elements concentration in the underground water. As a result, the following data were obtained: u The earthquake of 6 October had a seismic moment 4–10 E18 Nm, thrust type of faulting and the source volume of 20 × 20 × 10 km3. The maximum intensity was VI–VII (MSK-64 scale) and maximum acceleration 88 cm/s2. Before this event, a relative increase in the number of the upper mantle (depth more than 100 km) moderate magnitude earthquakes during 5 years and a one-year period of seismic quiescence for small shallow earthquakes, were recognized. Significant anomalies in HCO3 and H3BO3 concentrations in the underground waters were observed in the wells a week before the main shock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162099
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The connection of geodynamics with seismicity patterns (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Geodynamics ; seismicity ; earthquake ; geomorphology ; China ; Colombia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract When a study is to be made of seismic risks, the present-day geodynamic conditions are of fundamental importance: Earthquakes do not happen by themselves, they do have a cause. The cause of earthquakes is that the tectonic stresses exceed a critical limit. The build-up of these stresses is conditioned by the geodynamic processes occurring in the region in question. A knowledge of the geodynamics characteristic of a region is therefore fundamental for seismic risk studies. The general methodology for making such a geodynamic study is based on the entire set of manifestations of the plate-tectonic conditions of that region: these include the mechanism of earthquakes, the stresses observed in mines, the orientation of surface joints and even the direction of river valleys. Examples of geodynamic studies and their bearing on seismic risks are shown from various areas of the world, notably from China, India, and Colombia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00168218
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and application of data collection forms for post-earthquake surveys of structural damage and human casualties (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 13 (1996), S. 17-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: earthquake ; epidemiology ; casualties and injuries ; emergency management ; damage assessment methodology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To reduce loss of life and injury resulting from earthquakes, the relationship between earthquake-induced building failure and injury severity and distribution needs to be clarified. For this purpose, a series of data collection forms were developed to collect pertinent data for post-event analysis and to provide a basis for structural triage in the field shortly following an earthquake for search and rescue purposes. A companion paper described the identification of variables affecting the outcome of an occupant of a damaged building and the classification of these variables into three levels of priority for data collection. This paper continues the development by describing the design of the data collection forms and the application of the forms to damaged buildings from past earthquakes. These forms represent a significant departure from existing forms in that they consider both casualties and building damage jointly, and in a consistent format.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00156504
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic isoseismals of two Californian earthquakes (1996)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 14 (1996), S. 23-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: synthetic isoseismals ; asymptotic approach ; isoseismal ; seismic hazard ; earthquake ; California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Comparison between the observed and the synthesized isoseismals of the relatively small earthquake of Sierra Madre (1991) and of the big one in San Francisco (1906), California, suggests that sometimes the areal shapes of the territories damaged by earthquakes might be synthetically traced out with a simple kinematic function which, following the asymptotic approach, takes into account some gross features of the sources. The rather good fits presented herein may indicate the possibility of substituting in some regions the so-called empirical ‘attenuation relations’, which are currently used in regional seismic hazard studies, by new more source-dependent algorithms. Conversely, the technique could help in retrieving information about sources of earthquakes from the pre-instrumental era, (i) in areas where it could be proved that the effects due to the travel paths and to local site conditions are negligible, (ii) when the detailed modelling techniques nowadays available are inapplicable due to lack of data, or (iii) for saving time and money. It seems that the algorithm gives rather stable results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229910
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arias Intensity Assessment of Liquefaction Test Sites on the East Side of San Francisco Bay Affected by the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of 17 October 1989 (1997)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 16 (1997), S. 243-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: acceleration ; arias intensity ; earthquake ; geotechnical ; liquefaction ; field test ; penetration resistance ; seismometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Uncompacted artificial-fill deposits on the east side of San Francisco Bay suffered severe levels of soil liquefaction during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Damaged areas included maritime-port facilities, office buildings, and shoreline transportation arteries, ranging from 65 to 85 km from the north end of the Loma Prieta rupture zone. Typical of all these sites, which represent occurrences of liquefaction-induced damage farthest from the rupture zone, are low cone penetration test and Standard Penetration Test resistances in zones of cohesionless silty and sandy hydraulic fill, and underlying soft cohesive Holocene and Pleistocene sediment that strongly amplified ground motions. Postearthquake investigations at five study sites using standard penetration tests and cone penetration tests provide a basis for evaluation of the Arias intensity-based methodology for assessment of liquefaction susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007942325031
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Global Seismic Loss Based on Macroeconomic Indicators (1998)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 17 (1998), S. 269-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: earthquake ; seismic loss ; GDP ; macroeconomic indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Most earthquake loss studies use a probabilistic approach in which predicted damages in various categories of structure and facilities in the region in concern are estimated and added together to obtain a total loss for particular intensity ranges. Such an approach requires a detailed inventory database of the structures and facilities in the region, which is not always readily available in many regions of the world. We have used an alternative means of estimating earthquake losses based on several macroeconomic indices such as the gross domestic product and population. Using published earthquake loss data for 1980–1995, the relations between GDP and earthquake loss have been formulated empirically for several intensity ranges. The world's land surface was divided into unit cells 0.5° lat. × 0.5° long. in size. The GDP of each cell was apportioned based on its population and GDP, and the population of the region to which it belongs. The predicted seismic loss of the cell was then estimated from the seismic hazard probability function, its GDP, and the empirical relation between GDP and seismic loss. A global seismic loss map is then compiled both for the intensity at 10% probability of exceedance and the probable maximum intensity. Employing readily available socioeconomic data as the basis for the vulnerability analysis, the method enables us to obtain seismic loss estimates for regions without the need for a detailed inventory of exposed structures or collateral geological information. Since such statistics are frequently compiled by the world's leading political and financial institutions, the seismic loss estimates can also be upgraded easily for the fast developing areas of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008060510137
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