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  • Triticum aestivum  (853)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (734)
  • Springer  (1,587)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early signs of disruption of wheat anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by meiotic-stage water deficit (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Male sterility ; Starch ; Triticum aestivum ; Water stress ; Anther ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Water deficit during meiosis in microspore mother cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) induces male sterility, which reduces grain yield. In plants stressed during meiosis and then re-watered, division of microspore mother cells seems to proceed normally, but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Stress-affected anthers generally lack starch. We employed light microscopy in conjunction with histochemistry to compare the developmental anatomy of water-stress-affected and normal anthers. The earliest effects of stress, detectable between meiosis and young microspore stages, were the degeneration of meiocytes, loss of orientation of the reproductive cells, and abnormal vacuolization of tapetal cells. Other effects observed during subsequent developmental stages were deposition of starch in the connective tissue where it is normally not present, hypertrophy of the middle layer or endothecial cells, and deposition of sporopollenin-like substances in the anther loculus. The resulting pollen grains lacked both starch and intine. These results suggest that abnormal degeneration of the tapetum in water-stressed anthers coupled with a loss of orientation of the reproductive cells could be part of early events leading to abortion of microspores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050066
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230582
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1999), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Glomus intraradices ; Mycorrhiza-helper bacteria ; Secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Colonization of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Salome (barley)and Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caprimus (wheat) roots by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith leads to de novo synthesis of isoprenoid cyclohexenone derivatives with blumenin [9-O-(2′-O-β-glucuronosyl)-β-glucopyranoside of 6-(3-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,5-trimethyl-4-cyclohexen-3-one] as the major constituent and to transient accumulation of hydroxycinnamate amides (4-coumaroylagmatine and -putrescine). Accumulation of these compounds in mycorrhizal wheat roots started 2 weeks after sowing together with the onset of arbuscule formation and proceeded with mycorrhizal progression. Highest levels were reached in 3- to 4-week-old secondary roots (root branches of first and higher order) characterized by the formation of vesicles. In the final developmental stages, the fungus produced massive amounts of spores, enclosing the stele of older root parts (older than 5 weeks) characterized by cortical death. In these root parts, the secondary compounds were detected in trace amounts only, indicating that they were located in the cortical tissues. Some rhizosphere bacteria tested, i.e. Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Rhizobium leguminosarum, markedly stimulated both fungal root colonization and blumenin accumulation, thus, acting as mycorrhiza-helper bacteria (MHB). Application of blumenin itself strongly inhibited fungal colonization and arbuscule formation at early stages of mycorrhiza development. This was associated with a markedly reduced accumulation of the hydroxycinnamate amides 4-coumaroylputrescine and -agmatine. The results suggest that both the isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid metabolism are closely linked to the developmental stage and the extent of fungal colonization. Their possible involvement in the regulation of mycorrhiza development is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050240
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root respiratory quotient and nitrate uptake in hydroponically grown non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Hydroponics ; Nitrate uptake ; Root respiration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Oxygen and CO2 fluxes were measured in hydroponically grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano roots. The NO3 – uptake of the plants was used to estimate the amount of root respiration attributable to ion uptake. Plants were grown at 4 mM N and 10 μM P, where a total and viable mycorrhizal root colonisation of 48% and 18%, respectively, by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) was observed. The O2 consumption and NO3 – uptake rates were similar and the CO2 release was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal wheat. This resulted in a significantly higher respiratory quotient (RQ, mol CO2 mol–1 O2) in mycorrhizal (1.27±0.13) than in non-mycorrhizal (0.79±0.05) wheat. As the biomass and N and P concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat were the same, the higher RQ resulted from the mycorrhizal colonisation and not differences in nutrition per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050263
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of clathrin function in yeast (1990)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 116 (1990), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: clathrin ; genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; exocytosis ; endocytosis ; prohormone maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868668
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gating behaviors of a voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel of yeast vacuolar membrane incorporated into planar lipid bilayer (1988)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 106 (1988), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vacuole ; lipid bilayer ; K-channel ; single channel ; DIDS ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ca2+ activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel found in the vacuolar membrane of the yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was incorporated into planar lipid bilayer and its gating characteristics were studied at the macroscopic and single-channel levels. The open-channel probability at steady state, which was estimated by the macroscopic current measurement, gave a maximum value at −10 mV and decreased in a graded fashion as the voltage became more positive or more negative. The steady-state voltage dependence was explained by assuming two independent gates, which had different rate constants and opposite voltage dependence. The fast-responding gate opened when the voltage of thecis side (the side to which the vesicles were added) was made more negative and the slow-responding gate behaved in the opposite direction. Relatively high concentrations of Ca2+, about 1mm, were required on thecis side for opening the slow gate in a voltage-dependent manner. DIDS increased the open-channel probability of the fast gate when added to thecis side, but was ineffective on the slow gate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871766
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of ethidium bromide with yeast cells investigated by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (1983)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 73 (1983), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: electron probe X-ray microanalysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ethidium ; brontophenol blue ; cationic dye ; cytolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary K+ efflux provoked by ethidium proceeds partially as an all-or-none effect by which the diffusion barrier for K+ is disrupted and partially from still intact cells, presumably by exchange against ethidium. This is shown by the application of an electron probe microanalysis X-ray technique by which the K+ content of a number of individual cells is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870436
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryogenic cell suspensions of Triticum aestivum x Leymus angustus F1 hybrids: characterization and plant regeneration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Cell suspension ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Leymus angustus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from Triticum aestivum X Leymus angustus F1 hybrids, using compact nodular calli derived from inflorescence segments. Calli originating from leaf segments did not give rise to stable cell suspensions. Growth measurements of the cell suspensions revealed that they continued rapid growth up to 10 days after subculturing. Flow cytometric studies of the cell cycle over a 7 day culture period showed that the majority of cells were in G1 phase while the rest were either in S or G2. During the 7 days of culture, no significant differences in DNA distribution patterns were observed. The cells from suspension cultures produced somatic embryos when they were transferred to different solid media. The embryos germinated and gave rise to plantlets which were successfully rooted and transferred to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235258
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Plant regeneration from long term suspension culture-derived protoplasts of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; embryogenic suspension cultures ; protoplasts ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Highly regenerable callus cultures have been obtained from immature embryos of hexaploid wheat cv. Oderzo. Friable fast growing calli were induced at high frequency. Suspensions were initiated from the most friable callus lines: they became established in about two months. Suspensions consisted of cell aggregates of 30 to 1000 um in diameter. Upon plating on MS hormone-free medium, suspensions regenerated green plantlets, and their regenerative capability was maintained for at least 10 months. Protoplasts were isolated from 7–8 day old suspension cultures with a yield of 4–6×106 protoplasts/g fresh weight cells. Protoplast culture was either in liquid medium or in a bead-type system with agarose beads. First divisions were detected at day 5. At day 14 visible colonies were detected and the plating efficiency was evaluated between 2 and 8% over the initial number of protoplasts plated. Protoplast-derived calli were cultured in the presence of 1 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin and were used for reinitiating new suspension cultures. Upon plating onto MS hormone-free medium, with or without the addition of 0.1 mg/l GA3, calliclones were induced to differentiate. Regeneration of complete plantlets, with shoot and roots took about two months. Plantlets were grown in sterile conditions until 12–15 cm height, and were subsequently transplanted in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235078
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  • 10
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    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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  • 11
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    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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  • 12
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    In vitro development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from zygote to plant via ovule culture (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 663-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Embryogenesis ; Ovule culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ovules of the wheat breeding line Veery #5 were excised and transferred to culture within 24 h after pollination. When ovules were cultured on Phytagel-solidified medium, and the pericarp removed exclusively at the micropylar tip and the abaxial side, zygotes from up to 79.2% of the ovules underwent embryogenesis with the same developmental pattern as found in planta. Embryos from more than 50% of the cultured ovules germinated when transferred to regeneration medium. More than 100 plantlets were randomly chosen for transfer to soil, all of which developed to phenotypically normal and fertile plants. With this system, the entire process of zygotic embryogenesis can be studied using living material. Furthermore, the method could be used as an embryo rescue technique for plant breeding purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050298
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  • 13
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    Effects of light on the accumulation of abscisic acid and expression of an early cysteine-labeled metallothionein gene in microspores of Triticum aestivum during induced embryogenic development (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 458-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Abscisic acid ; Anther culture ; Light ; Metallothionein ; Pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cloned cDNA to the wheat (Triticum aestivum) early cysteine-labeled metallothionein has many characteristics of a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis in this plant. This transcript was not detected in uninucleate microspores at the time of culture or in pollen at any stage during normal ontogeny; its mRNA did begin to increase in embryogenic microspores within 6 h of culture, peaked at around 24 h, declined, then leveled off through the 21-day-old embryoid stage. Additionally, the accumulation of the embryoid-abundant EcMt gene transcript showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of ABA in embryogenic microspores and developing pollen embryoids. Irradiating cultures with high intensity white light or with far-red, or blue light, suppressed EcMt transcript accumulation and the ability of microspores to form embryoids; however, light did not affect ABA concentrations during the early stages of culture. These results suggest that although a promoter of pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat, ABA alone cannot maintain the sporophytic differentiation of microspores subjected to inhibitory regimes of light in vitro. Whether or not light acts directly or indirectly in suppressing EcMt gene expression and pollen embryogenesis remains unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092766
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  • 14
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    The pattern of amyloplast DNA accumulation during wheat endosperm development (1987)
    Springer
    Planta 171 (1987), S. 416-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Amyloplast DNA ; DNA accumulation ; Endosperm development ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of amyloplast DNA during endosperm development was studied in two cultivars of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) and ‘Spica’, small and relatively larger-grained cultivars, respectively. Endosperms were isolated between 9 and 45 days post anthesis (dpa) and the amyloplast DNA content of endosperm nucleic-acid extracts was measured by quantitative hybridisation with a homologous chloroplast-DNA probe. The endosperm cells of CS and Spica accumulated amyloplast DNA during development in a similar way. In both cultivars there was a large increase in the amount of plastid DNA (ptDNA) per endosperm between 9 and about 15 dpa, after which there was no further increase. Because nuclear DNA continued to accumulate until 24 dpa, the percentage contribution of amyloplast DNA to total DNA fluctuated in both cultivars during development, reaching maxima at 12 dpa of about 1.00% and 0.85%, and dropping to apparently constant levels of 0.60% and 0.52% in CS and Spica, respectively, by 24 dpa. In both cultivars, the average number of ptDNA copies per amyloplast was calculated to increase from about 10 copies at 9 dpa to about 50 copies in the mature amyloplasts at 31 dpa. However, the heavier endosperms of Spica contain more cells than those of CS and the varieties therefore differed in the amount of ptDNA that accumulated per endosperm: Spica endosperms accumulated 110 ng of ptDNA by 15 dpa, compared with only 85 ng in CS. The apparent accumulation of ptDNA copies in wheat amyloplasts during endosperm development contrasts with the decline in chloroplast-DNA copies in wheat chloroplasts during leaf development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398688
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  • 15
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    Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276260
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  • 16
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    Protein accumulation, RNA and soluble amino nitrogen content in developing endosperm of two varieties of Triticum aestivum with high and low protein seed (1977)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 50 (1977), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Endosperm ; Protein Synthesis ; RNA Level ; Amino Acid Translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of protein accumulation, the variation in RNA, the soluble amino nitrogen content of developing endosperm of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, with high and low protein content in the mature seed, suggest a possible relation between maintenance of the RNA content and the ability to synthesize protein. A sudden halt in protein accumulation is observed as the RNA starts to decrease. The hypothesis is also advanced that maintenance of the RNA content might, in turn, be dependent on the presence, in the endosperm of developing wheat seed, of a certain level of soluble amino nitrogen which could then play the role of limiting factor for protein synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277249
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  • 17
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    The peroxidase isozymes of the wheat kernel: tissue and substrate specificity and their chromosomal location (1987)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 701-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Peroxidases ; Tissue and substrate-specificity ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Peroxidase isozymes were studied in the Triticum aestivum L. kernel and in nullisomic-tetrasomic and ditelocentric combinations of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. Analyses were carried out on different parts of dry kernels (embryo plus scutellum and endosperm) using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis, different electrophoretic buffer systems and various staining methods. The peroxidase isozymes showed a low substrate-specificity and a high tissue-specificity. The embryo plus scutellum and the endosperm always presented different peroxidase patterns. Endosperm peroxidases were associated with chromosome arms 7DS, 4BL and 7AS; whereas the embryo plus scutellum isozymes were related to chromosome arms 3AL, 3BL and 3DS. The different results obtained using various electrophoretic techniques are due to the buffer system used. All staining procedures employed revealed the same peroxidase isozymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260779
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  • 18
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    Extent of genetic variability of endosperm esterases in Triticum aestivum L. 2n=6x=42 (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 728-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Esterases ; Genetic variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic variability of endosperm esterase has been studied in 42 cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. 2n=6x=42. Different techniques, including sequential electrophoresis and electrofocusing, have been used with various substrates and esterase inhibitors. The electrophoretic patterns in each cultivar are described. Chromosomal location using the nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines of Chinese Spring was carried out in order to relate and/or locate the esterase genes to specific chromosomes. Most of the esterase isozymes located were in the long arm of the chromosomes of the homoeology group 3; but we have found six located in the short arms, five of them in the chromosome 3AS and one in the 3DS. This location increases the number of esterase genes described, because no esterase genes had been described so far in short arms of chromosomes of the homoeology group 3. The genetic control is discussed and, according to our results, between 12 and 15 loci, organized in five “compound loci”, control the endosperm esterases in wheat. Also one “modifier” gene modifying the mobility of two esterase bands and present in all the cultivars studied is postulated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262570
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  • 19
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    Hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 312-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron michnoi ; Intergeneric hybrid ; Chromosome pairing ; Self-fertile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (2n=4x=28, PPPP) were obtained by embryo culture. Their spike characteristics were similar to those of common wheat but, unlike their parents, they were long-awned. The average meiotic chromosome pairing at MI of F1 hybrids was: 6.39 I +3.75 rodII+8.64 ringII+0.81 III+0.30 IV+0.04 V, the bivalent and multivalent formation of which was much higher than expected from the genomic formulae. It is especially worthwhile to note that the F1 hybrids were self-fertile, self set being 0.15%, and seeds were easily obtained from the backcross of f1 plants with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats; here the seed set was more than 20.0%. The polyploid taxa and the position of A. Michnoi in Agropyron are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228669
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  • 20
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    Determination of the transmission frequency of chromosome 4S l of Aegilops sharonensis in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis was observed in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Chromosome 4S l was transmitted at a very high frequency (at least 97.8%) in all crosses. The genetic background appears to only have a small effect on transmission. The frequency of transmission of chromosome 4S l was the same in each genetic background through both the male and female gametes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219443
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    Seed set after pollination with in-vitro-matured, isolated pollen of Triticum aestivum (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 576-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen culture ; Pollen maturation ; Pollination ; Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature pollen of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, at the stage right after the first pollen mitosis, was isolated from individual anthers and cultured in microcultures of microliter droplets. In a specifically designed medium, some of the pollen grains developed to maturity. These were applied to excised stigmas on agar, where they produced pollen tubes. Application to flowers in vivo led to seed set. Pollen was matured in vitro from a variety that produced a different protein banding pattern on SDS-PAGE as compared to the variety that was pollinated. The protein banding in the produced seeds showed the hybrid pattern, demonstrating that the seeds were not produced by self-pollination in this in-breeding species but by pollination with the in-vitro-matured pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226721
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  • 22
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    Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat background (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerale ; Alien gene expression ; Endosperm protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of hexaploid wheat lines containing zero, two or four doses of rye chromosome arm 1RS was used to investigate the response to changes in dosage by the rye genes when in a wheat background. The quantity of protein produced by the secalin protein genes contained on 1RS was directly related to the number of copies of 1RS present in the line. No response could be detected by representative wheat proteins suggesting that the increase in secalin protein observed was due to an increase in mRNA produced when four copies of the secalin gene was present. These results suggest that increasing the dosage of alien genes introgressed into wheat may be a useful tool for enhancing their expression. Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee, warranty or recommendation of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Missouri and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223973
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of BC1, BC2, and BC3 progenies of an intergeneric hybrid between Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell. and tetraploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 698-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Backcross derivatives ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ and Agropyron cristatum 4x (2n= 5x=35, ABDPP genomes) with a high level of homoeologous meiotic pairing between the wheat chromosomes were backcrossed 3 times to wheat. Pollination of the F1 hybrid with ‘Chinese Spring’ resulted in 22 BC1 seeds with an average seed set of 1.52%. Five BC1 plants with 39–41 chromosomes were raised using embryo rescue techniques. Chromosome pairing in the BC1 was characterized by a high frequency of multivalent associations, but in spite of this there was no evidence of homoeologous pairing between chromosomes of wheat and those of Agropyron. All of the plants were self sterile. The embryo rescue technique was again essential to produce 39 BC2 plants with chromosome numbers ranging from 37 to 67. The phenomenon of meiotic non-reduction was also observed in the BC3 progenies. In this generation male and female fertility greatly increased, and meiotic pairing was fairly regular. Some monosomic (2n=43) and double monosomic (2n=44) lines were produced. Analysis of these progenies should permit the extraction of the seven possible wheat-Agropyron disomic addition lines including those with the added chromosomes carrying the genes involved in meiotic non-reduction and in suppression of Ph activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224171
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    Differences in the heat-shock response between thermotolerant and thermosusceptible cultivars of hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 941-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genetic differences ; Heat-shock proteins ; Heat-shock response ; DNA polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heat-shock protein (HSP) gene expression in two wheat lines cv ‘Mustang’ (heat-tolerant) and cv ‘Sturdy’ (heat-susceptible) were analyzed to determine if wheat genotypes differing in heat tolerance also differ in in-vitro HSP synthesis (translatable HSP mRNAs) and steady-state levels of HSP mRNA. Several sets of mRNA were isolated from seedling leaf tissues which had been heat-stressed at 37 °C for various time intervals. These mRNAs were hybridized with HSP cDNA or genomic DNA probes (HSP17, 26, 70, 98, and ubiquitin). Protein profiles were compared using in-vitro translation and 2-D gels. The Northern slot-blot data from the heat-stress treatment provide evidence that the heat-tolerant cv ‘Mustang’ synthesized low molecular weight (LMW) HSP mRNA earlier during exposure to heat shock and at a higher level than did the heat-susceptible cv ‘Sturdy’. This was especially true for the chloroplast-localized HSP. The protein profiles shown by 2-D gel analysis revealed that there were not only quantitative differences of individual HSPs between the two wheat lines, but also some unique HSPs which were only found in the ‘Mustang’ HSP profiles. The high level of RFLP between the two wheat lines was revealed by Southern blot hybridization utilizing a HSP17 probe. These data provide a molecular basis for further genetic analysis of the role of HSP genes in thermal tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227407
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    Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks and genetic analysis of LMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins in wheats using these stocks (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Glu-3 loci ; Gli-1 loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A triple (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) and three double (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS, 1AL.1RS/1DL.1RS, 1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks were isolated from a segregating population using the Gli-1, Tri-1 and Sec-1 seed proteins as genetic markers. These stocks carried 42 chromosomes and formed the expected multivalents (frequency of 14–25%) at metaphase 1. They gave floret fertility ranging from 40–60%. These stocks were subsequently used to determine the genetic control of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits in ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Gabo’ by means of two-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. All of the B subunits and most of the C subunits of glutenin were shown to be controlled by genes on the short arms of group-1 chromosomes in these wheats. The other C subunits were not controlled by group-1 chromosomes. The triple translocation line served as a suitable third parent in producing test-cross seeds for studying the inheritance of the LMW glutenin subunits and gliadins in wheat cultivars, e.g. ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Orca’. The segregation patterns of the LMW glutenin subunits in these cultivars revealed that the subunits were inherited in clusters and that their controlling genes (Glu-3) were tightly linked with those controlling gliadins (Gli-1). The LMW glutenin patterns d, d and e in ‘Orca’ segregated as alternatives to the patterns a, a and a in ‘Chinese Spring’ controlled by Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS and 1DS, respectively, thus indicating that these patterns were controlled by allelic genes at these loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225011
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    Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of Dasypyvum villosum (L.) candargy and wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 44-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. durum ; Aegilops longissimum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; Endonuclease ; Cytoplasm donor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and cytoplasmic types, restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs isolated from two different accessions of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) candargy were compared with those of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf., PI265007), hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv Chinese Spring), Aegilops longissimum (S. and M., in Muschli) Bowden and Hordeum vulgare L. T. aestivum and T. durum had identical restriction patterns for their cp and mtDNAs in digestions with four different enzymes. Likewise, no differences were found between the restriction fragment patterns of two accessions of D. villosum. But, there were distinct differences in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns between D. villosum and tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. A. longissimum (G609) showed a similar pattern to those wheats for PstI digestion of cpDNA. Organellar DNA from Hordeum vulgare (cv Himalaya) showed a distinctly different restriction pattern from those of wheat and D. villosum. These results suggest that D. villosum is unlikely to be the donor of cytoplasm to wheats, and its cytoplasmic organelles were also different from those of A. longissimum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223742
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    Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles of the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 959-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mildew resistance ; Pm3 locus ; Near-isogenic lines ; RFLP marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Pm) in wheat using a series of ‘Chancellor’ near-isogenic-lines (NILs), each having one powdery mildew resistance gene. A total of 210 probes were screened for their ability to detect polymorphism between the NILs and the recurrent parent. One of these restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (Xwhs179) revealed polymorphism not only between the NILs for the Pm3 locus, but also among NILs possessing different alleles of the Pm3 locus. The location of the marker Xwhs179 was confirmed to be on homoeologous chromosome group 1 with the help of nullitetrasomic wheat lines. The linkage relationship between this probe and the Pm3 locus was estimated with double haploid lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs ‘Club’ and ‘Chul’ (Pm3b). The genetic distance was determined to be 3.3±1.9 cM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211048
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    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222400
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225138
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    Comparison of wheat physical maps with barley linkage maps for group 7 chromosomes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 618-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative maps ; Deletion lines ; Molecular-tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative genetic maps among the Triticeae or Gramineae provide the possibility for combining the genetics, mapping information and molecular-marker resources between different species. Dense genetic linkage maps of wheat and barley, which have a common array of molecular markers, along with deletion-based chromosome maps of Triticum aestivum L. will facilitate the construction of an integrated molecular marker-based map for the Triticeae. A set of 21 cDNA and genomic DNA clones, which had previously been used to map barley chromosome 1 (7H), were used to physically map wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. A comparative map was constructed to estimate the degree of linkage conservation and synteny of chromosome segments between the group 7 chromosomes of the two species. The results reveal extensive homoeologies between these chromosomes, and the first evidence for an interstitial inversion on the short arm of a barley chromosome compared to the wheat homoeologue has been obtained. In a cytogenetically-based physical map of group 7 chromosomes that contain restriction-fragment-length polymorphic DNA (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the marker density in the most distal third of the chromosome arms was two-times higher than in the proximal region. The recombination rate in the distal third of each arm appears to be 8–15 times greater than in the proximal third of each arm where recombination of wheat chromosomes is suppressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223288
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    Plant regeneration from immature embryos of 48 elite CIMMYT bread wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Culture medium ; Embryogenic callus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released cultivars and elite advanced lines were evaluated for their ability to produce embryogenic callus using three different media. Basal N6 medium supplemented with dicamba (E1), MS medium containing 2,4-D (E3) or MS medium containing 2,4-D plus different amino acids (E5) were used for callus initiation and maintenance. Plant regeneration was achieved on basal MS medium with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) and rooting on MS with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Percentage regeneration varied widely with both genotype and initiation medium, with values ranging from 2% to 94%. The number of plantlets produced per embryo ranged from 6 to 42. Thirteen genotypes showed at least 50% regeneration after culture on E5 medium; 3 genotypes after culture on E3 initiation medium and 1 after initiation on E1. After four subcultures, over a 16-week period, 41 genotypes (85%) lost their ability to regenerate plants while the remaining 7 lines (15%) retained plant regeneration potential but at reduced levels. E3 medium was found to be the best for maintaining regeneration potential after four subcultures.
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    Isolation and identification of Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. cv Chinese Spring-T. peregrinum Hackel disomic chromosome addition lines (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 591-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum peregrinum ; Chromosome addition lines ; RFLPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Analyses of RFLPs, isozymes, morphological markers and chromosome pairing were used to isolate 12 Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (genomes A, B, and D)-T. peregrinum (genomes Sv and Uv) disomic chromosome addition lines. The evidence obtained indicates that each of the 12 lines contains an intact pair of T. peregrinum chromosomes. One monosomic addition line, believed to contain an intact 6Sv chromosome, was also isolated. A CS-7Uv chromosome addition line was not obtained. Syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangement were found for five of the seven Sv genome chromosomes. The exceptions were 4Sv and 7Sv. A reciprocal translocation exists between 4Sl and 7Sl in T. longissimum and evidence was obtained that the same translocation exists in T. peregrinum. In contrast, evidence for syntenic relationships in common with the standard Triticeae arrangements were found for only one Uv chromosome of T. peregrinum; namely, chromosome 2Uv. All other Uv genome chromosomes are involved in at least one translocation, and the same translocations were found in the U genome of T. umbellulatum. Evidence was also obtained indicating that the centromeric regions of 4U and 4Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes, that the centromeric regions of 6U and 6Uv are homoeologous to the centromeric regions of group-4 chromosomes, and that 4U and 4Uv are more closely related overall to Triticeae homoeologous group-6 chromosomes than they are to group-4 chromosomes.
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    Characterization of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) forms by gel-electrophoretic analyses of seed storage proteins. III. Comparative analyses of spelt and Central European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1340-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum spelta ; Triticum aestivum ; SDS-PAGE ; Acid-PAGE ; Seed storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seed storage proteins of a few selected spelt forms and crosses have already been electrophoretically analysed by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE and compared with a few winter wheat cultivars. In the analyses presented here further important Central European spelt varieties were included, as well as modern winter wheat cultivars which were chosen as standards. In this study gliadin and glutenin band patterns of modern Central European winter wheat cultivars were analysed, in particular for a comparison with spelt varieties. An improved differentiation within and between the two species was obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051027
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    Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Thinopyrum intermedium-derived wheat germplasm specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Translocation ; WSMV resistance ; Thinopyrum intermedium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Thinopyrum intermedium is a promising source of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a devastating disease of wheat. Three wheat germplasm lines possessing resistance to WSMV, derived from Triticum aestivum×Th. intermedium crosses, are analyzed by C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to determine the amount and location of alien chromatin in the transfer lines. Line CI15092 was confirmed as a disomic substitution line in which wheat chromosome 4A was replaced by Th. intermedium chromosome 4Ai?2. The other two lines, CI17766 and A29-13-3, carry an identical Robertsonian translocation chromosome in which the complete short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 was transferred to the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ABD genomic DNA from wheat as a probe and S genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria stipifolia as the blocker, and vice versa, revealed that the entire short arm of the translocation was derived from the short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 and the breakpoint was located at the centromere. Chromosomal arm ratios (L/S) of 2.12 in CI17766 and 2.15 in A29-13-3 showed that the translocated chromosome is submetacentric. This translocated chromosome is designated as T4AL ⋅ 4Ai?2S as suggested by Friebe et al. (1991).
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    The application of wheat microsatellites to identify disomic Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition lines (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 138-146 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; Addition lines ; Chromosome markers ; Homoeology ; Wheat ; Wheat microsatellites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We describe the use of wheat microsatellites for the discrimination of Aegilops markgrafii chromosomes. Twenty out of eighty eight wheat microsatellites (WMS) tested were able to distinguish Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines. Six, three, three, one and six of 18 WMS can be used as markers for single Ae. markgrafii chromosomes B, C, D, F and G, respectively. Addition line A is not available but additional bands, appearing only in Ae. markgrafii and the T. aestivum-Ae. markgrafii amphiploid and not in any of the available addition lines, indicate that three WMS detect markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosomes A. Addition line E could not be detected by any of the WMS markers applied, although the 20 WMS represented all the homologous groups of wheat. All three WMS located on the short arm of group-2 chromosomes were located on Ae. markgrafii chromosome B; three of four WMS, located on the long arm of wheat group-2 chromosomes, were specific to Ae. markgrafii chromosome G and three of four WMS, specific to group-5 chromosomes, were markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosome C, indicating the homoeology of these wheat chromosome arms with the respective Ae. markgrafii chromosomes.
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    A high-density genetic linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 16-26 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular markers ; Agronomically important genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops tauschii is the diploid D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD). A genetic linkage map of the Ae. tauschii genome was constructed, composed of 546 loci. One hundred and thirty two loci (24%) gave distorted segregation ratios. Sixty nine probes (13%) detected multiple copies in the genome. One hundred and twenty three of the 157 markers shared between the Ae. tauschii genetic and T. aestivum physical maps were colinear. The discrepancy in the order of five markers on the Ae. tauschii 3DS genetic map versus the T. aestivum 3D physical map indicated a possible inversion. Further work is needed to verify the discrepancies in the order of markers on the 4D, 5D and 7D Ae. tauschii genetic maps versus the physical and genetic maps of T. aestivum. Using common markers, 164 agronomically important genes were assigned to specific regions on Ae. tauschii linkage, and T. aestivum physical, maps. This information may be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051204
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    Hessian fly-resistance gene transferred from chromosome 4Mv of Aegilops ventricosa to Triticum aestivum (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 858-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops ventricosa ; Triticum aestivum ; Mayetiola destructor ; Hessian fly ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A new Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) resistance gene from Aegilops ventricosa and its transfer to hexaploid wheat is described. The 4D(4Mv) substitution line H-93-33 derived from the cross [(Triticum turgidum H-1-1×Aegilops ventricosa no. 11)×Triticum aestivum H-10-15] was highly resistant to the Spanish population tested. Resistance seemed to be inherited as a single dominant factor in the F2 generation resulting from a cross of H-93-33 with its susceptible parent (H-10-15). Resistance in Ae. venticosa no. 10 was located on chromosome 4Mv using Mv wheat/Ae. ventricosa addition lines. The resistance gene transferred from Ae. ventricosa no. 11 to H-93-33 (H27) is allelic with respect to that of Ae. ventricosa no. 10 and is non-allelic with respect to the genes H3 and H6 from Monon and Caldwell respectively. The assignment of H27 gene to chromosome 4Mv is further supported by its linkage to a gene encoding isozyme Acph-Mv1, previously located on chromosome 4Mv in the line H-93-33. A new marker from homoeologous chromosome group 4 (Amp-Mv2) present in H-93-33 and the 4Mv addition line is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050487
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    RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of Aegilops markgrafii chromatin in addition and euploid introgression lines of hexaploid wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 934-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; RAPD ; Addition lines ; Leaf rust ; Powdery mildew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops markgrafii contains resistance genes to powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust, and also has high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. These important traits are localized on different chromosomes. Disomic Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines and euploid introgression lines showing leaf-rust and powdery mildew resistance were screened with RAPDs to detect chromosome-specific markers which can accelerate the breeding process. RAPD markers for all six available disomic addition lines were obtained. The additional chromosomes B, C, D, E, F and G were identified by three, three, three, two, one and seven primers, respectively. All three chromosome-B-specific RAPD markers demonstrated the presence of alien chromatin in the leaf-rust-resistant 42-chromosome introgression lines as well as in the segregating progeny. The three chromosome-C-identifying primers also demonstrated the presence of that chromosome in powdery mildew-resistant euploid introgression lines. The substitution lines (5A)5C and (5D)5C with different genetic backgrounds for both parents, in comparison to the lines mentioned above, showed the chromosome C-specific band with only two of the three primers. The chromosome F-specific primer and a primer evident on all the Ae. markgrafii chromosomes analysed did not generate the expected fragments on the chromosome Fdel addition line, indicating that the markers are located on the deleted part of chromosome F.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050498
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    The development of a nuclear male sterility system in wheat. Expression of the barnase gene under the control of tapetum specific promoters (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Transformation ; Nuclear male sterility ; DNA-integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Nuclear male sterility within Triticum aestivum is considered as the ideal basis for the development of a hybridization system for wheat. We engineered nuclear male sterility in wheat by introducing the barnase gene under the control of tapetum-specific promoters derived from corn and rice. A biolistic-mediated transformation method, based on the use of the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor niacinamide, was set up which enriched for low-copy integrations (1–3 copies). Most of these copies were not linked and segregated in the next generation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050540
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    A cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) resistance gene transferred from Aegilops triuncialis to hexaploid wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1135-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops triuncialis ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; Cereal cyst nematode ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is an important root parasite of common wheat. A high level of resistance was transferred to wheat from Aegilops triuncialis (TR lines) using the cross [(T. turgidum×Ae. triuncialis)×T. aestivum]. Low fertility (3–5 viable kernels per plant) was observed during the process but the surviving hybrid plants were highly vigorous. To obtain stable resistant lines further crosses to T. aestivum were performed. The resistance in TR lines seems to be transferred from the C genome of Ae. triuncialis (genomes CCUU). Ae. triuncialis was highly resistant to the two Spanish populations of H. avenae tested, as well as to four French races and two Swedish populations. The histological analysis showed a hypersensitive reaction in the roots of a resistant TR line inoculated with the Ha71 pathotype of H. avenae, whereas well-formed syncytia were observed in the roots of the susceptible control. Resistance to the H. avenae Ha71 pathotype seemed to be inherited as determined by a single dominant factor in the crosses between resistant TR lines and susceptible cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050849
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    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316948
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    Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 82-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plant disease ; Genetic diversity ; Frequency-dependence ; Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia striiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The direct and indirect effects of plant genetic diversity on epidemics and the influence of disease on plant competition were investigated using the wheat (Triticum aestivum)/stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) system. Replacement series consisting of a susceptible and a resistant wheat genotype or two wheat genotypes susceptible to different races of stripe rust were grown in the presence and absence of the pathogen. Stripe rust severity, number of seed heads, seed yield, and seed weight were determined separately for each wheat genotype in the mixtures and the pure stands. The frequency of susceptible genotypes in a mixture explained up to 67% of the variation in disease severity. However, competitive interactions among plant genotypes sometimes appeared to alter susceptibility and obscured the relationship. In pure stands of single genotypes, disease severity explained between 52 and 58% of the variation in seed yield. In mixtures, coefficients of determination were only 10 and 31%, suggesting a strong influence of plant-plant interactions on seed yield. These results suggest that host-parasite coevolutionary models need to account for the strong effect that specific plant genotype combinations may have on disease severity and plant reproduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317245
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    Plant competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 304-310 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multispecies canopy model ; Canopy photosynthesis model ; Triticum aestivum ; Avena fatua ; Ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Competition for light among species in a mixed canopy can be assessed quantitatively by a simulation model which evaluates the importance of different morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of each species. A model was developed that simulates how the foliage of all species attenuate radiation in the canopy and how much radiation is received by foliage of each species. The model can account for different kinds of foliage (leaf blades, stems, etc.) for each species. The photosynthesis and transpiration for sunlit and shaded foliage of each species is also computed for different layers in the canopy. The model is an extension of previously described single-species canopy photosynthesis simulation models. Model predictions of the fraction of foliage sunlit and interception of light by sunlit and shaded foliage for monoculture and mixed canopies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) in the field compared very well with measured values. The model was used to calculate light interception and canopy photosynthesis for both species of wheat/wild oat mixtures grown under normal solar and enhanced ultraviolet-B (290–320 nm) radiation (UV-B) in a glasshouse experiment with no root competition. In these experiments, measurements showed that the mixtures receiving enhanced UV-B radiation had a greater proportion of the total foliage area composed of wheat compared to mixtures in the control treatments. The difference in species foliage area and its position in the canopy resulted in a calculated increase in the portion of total canopy radiation interception and photosynthesis by wheat. This, in turn, is consistent with greater canopy biomass of wheat reported in canopies irradiated with supplemental UV-B.
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    Phylogenetic analysis of the thiolase family. Implications for the evolutionary origin of peroxisomes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 147-155 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Thiolase ; Peroxisome evolution ; Bootstrap analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The thiolase family is a widespread group of proteins present in prokaryotes and three cellular compartments of eukaryotes. This fact makes this family interesting in order to study the evolutionary process of eukaryotes. Using the sequence of peroxisomal thiolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae recently obtained by us and the other known thiolase sequences, a phylogenetic analysis has been carried out. It shows that all these proteins derived from a primitive enzyme, present in the common ancestor of eubacteria and eukaryotes, which evolved into different specialized thiolases confined to various cell compartments. The evolutionary tree obtained is compatible with the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of peroxisomes.
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    Chimeric evolution of the 2-μm genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2-μm circle ; DNA sequencing ; Horizontal transmission ; Site-specific recombination ; Selfish DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared the nucleotide substitution pattern over the entire genome of two unique variants of the 6,300-bp selfish DNA (2 μm) plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the left-unique region is identical among 2-μm variants, while the right-unique region shows substantial divergence. This chimeric pattern cannot be explained by neutral or Darwinian selection models. We propose that horizontal transmission of the 2-μm plasmid coupled with a directed, polarized gene conversion maintains the DNA sequence of the left-unique region, whereas the right-unique region is subject to random drift and Darwinian selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163153
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    Molecular mapping of the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm24 and marker validation for molecular breeding (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 407-414 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Keywords AFLPs ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Marker-assisted selection ; Microsatellites ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Molecular markers were identified in common wheat for the Pm24 locus conferring resistance to different isolates of the powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe graminis DM f. sp. tritici (Em. Marchal). Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and microsatellite markers linked to the gene Pm24 in an F2 progeny from the cross Chinese Spring (susceptible)× Chiyacao (resistant). Two AFLP markers XACA/CTA-407 and XACA/CCG-420, and three microsatellite markers Xgwm106, Xgwm337 and Xgwm458, were mapped in coupling phase to the Pm24 locus. The AFLP marker locus XACA/CTA-407 co-segregated with the Pm24 gene, and XACA/CCG-420 mapped 4.5 cM from this gene. Another AFLP marker locus XAAT/CCA-346 co- segregated in repulsion phase with the Pm24 locus. Pm24 was mapped close to the centromere on the short arm of chromosome 1D, contrary to the previously reported location on chromosome 6D. Pm24 segregated independently of gene Pm22, also located on chromosome 1D. An allele of microsatellite locus Xgwm337 located 2.4±1.2 cM from Pm24 was shown to be diagnostic and therefore potentially useful for pyramiding two or more genes for powdery mildew resistance in a single genotype.
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    Inhibition ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae division by 5-trifluoro-methyl-6-azauracil (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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    Genetic and molecular approaches to synthesis and action of the yeast killer toxin (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein toxin ; yeast toxin precursor ; protease processing ; lectin ; (1→6)-β-D-glucan ; receptor ; resistant mutants ; spheroplasts ; ion-permeable channels ; site-directed mutagenesis ; toxin functional domains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The K1 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a secreted, virally-coded protein lethal to sensitive yeasts. Killer yeasts are immune to the toxin they produce. This killer system has been extensively examined from genetic and molecular perspectives. Here we review the biology of killer yeasts, and examine the synthesis and action of the protein toxin and the immunity component. We summarise the structure of the toxin precursor gene and its protein products, outline the proteolytic processing of the toxin subunits from the precursor, and their passage through the yeast secretory pathway. We then discuss the mode of action of the toxin, its lectin-like interaction with a cell wall glucan, and its probable role in forming channels in the yeast plasma membrane. In addition we describe models of how a toxin precursor species functions as the immunity component, probably by interfering with channel formation. We conclude with a review of the functional domains of the toxin structural gene as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. This work has identified regions associated with glucan binding, toxin activity, and immunity.
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    Potentiation of antifungal activity of sesquiterpene dialdehydes againstCandida albicans and two other fungi (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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    Mitochondrial distribution and inheritance (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1111-1116 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; mitochondrial inheritance ; cytoskeleton ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; membrane proteins ; organelle movement ; mitochondrial morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mechanisms mediating the inheritance of mitochondria are poorly understood, but recent studies with the yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe have begun to identify components that facilitate this essential process. These components have been identified through the analysis of conditional yeast mutants that display aberrant mitochondrial distribution at restrictive conditions. The analysis of these mutants has uncovered several novel proteins that are localized either to cytoskeletal structures or to the mitochondria themselves. Many mitochondrial inheritance mutants also show altered mitochondrial morphology and defects in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome. Although some inheritance components and mechanisms appear to function specifically in certain types of cells, other conserved proteins are likely to mediate mitochondrial behavior in all eukaryotic cells.
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    Molecular genetics of the peptidyl transferase center and the unusual Var1 protein in yeast mitochondrial ribosomes (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1148-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial ribosomes ; peptidyl transferase ; Varl ribosomal protein ; gene relocation ; posttranscriptional rRNA modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria posses their own ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of a small number of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. In yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two ribosomal RNAs and a single ribosomal protein, Varl, are products of mitochondrial genes, and the remaining approximately 80 ribosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The mitochondrial translation system is dispensable in yeast, providing an excellent experimental model for the molecular genetic analysis of the fundamental properties of ribosomes in general as well as adaptations required for the specialized role of ribosomes in mitochondria. Recent studies of the peptidyl transferase center, one of the most highly conserved functional centers of the ribosome, and the Varl protein, an unusual yet essential protein in the small ribosomal subunit, have provided new insight into conserved and divergent features of the mitochondrial ribosome.
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    Occurrence of thiaminase II inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 888-890 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiaminase ; thiamine ; thiamine antagonist ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was found that cell-free extracts ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae contain thiaminase II which hydrolyzes thiamine and thiamine analogs. The possible involvement of this enzyme and thiamine-synthesizing enzymes in thiamine production from thiamine antagonists is discussed.
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    Kinetic analysis and simulation of glucose transport in plasma membrane vesicles of glucose-repressed and derepressedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 1018-1023 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; growth conditions ; kinaseless mutant ; plasma membrane vesicles ; glucose transport ; kinetics and computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study experimental data on the kinetic parameters investigated by other authors1–5, 11 together with own data on plasma membrane vesicles, have been subjected to a computer simulation based on the equations describing facilitated diffusion. The simulation led to an ideal fit describing the above data. From this it can be concluded that glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion, and not by active transport as was postulated by Van Steveninck14, 15. The simulation method also demonstrates that the fast sampling technique used by these authors1–5,11 underestimates the fluxes. Thus, the parameters given do not contribute to the understanding of glucose transport under different metabolic conditions. The K value of plasma membrane vesicles prepared from glucose-repressed cells is around 7 mM. Derepression, particularly by galactose, causes a highly significant increase in affinity as shown by a decrease in the K value to 2 mM. The highest affinity was measured in a triple kinaseless mutant grown on glycerol with a K value of 1 mM. If seems, therefore, that the kinetic parameters derived from initial uptake rates of glucose in intact cells1–5,11 using single flux analysis, such as Eadie-Hofstee- or Lineweaver-Burk-plots, are in error.
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    Actin-, myosin- and ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1033-1041 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ubiquitin ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; cytoskeleton ; mutants ; endocytosis ; actin ; myosin ; calmodulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Endocytosis is a general term that is used to describe the internalization of external and plasma membrane molecules into the cell interior. In fact, several different mechanisms exist for the internalization step of this process. In this review we emphasize the work on the actin-dependent pathways, in particular in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, because several components of the molecular machinery are identified. In this yeast, the analysis of endocytosis in various mutants reveals a requirement for actin, calmodulin, a type I myosin, as well as a number of other proteins that affect actin dynamics. Some of these proteins have homology to proteins in animal cells that are believed to be involved in endocytosis. In addition, the demonstration that ubiquitination of some cell surface molecules is required for their efficient internalization is described. We compare the actin, myosin and ubiquitin requirements for endocytosis with recent results found studying these processes usingDictyostelium discoideum and animal cells.
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    Translational control of endogenous and recoded nuclear genes in yeast mitochondria: Regulation and membrane targeting (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 1130-1135 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; mRNA-specific translational activation ; synthetic genes ; gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial gene expression in yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, depends on translational activation of individual mRNAs by distinct proteins encoded in the nucleus. These nuclearly coded mRNA-specific translational activators are bound to the inner membrane and function to mediate the interaction between mRNAs and mitochondrial ribosomes. This complex system, found to date only in organelles, appears to be an adaptation for targeting the synthesis of mitochondrially coded integral membrane proteins to the membrane. In addition, mRNA-specific translational activation is a rate-limiting step used to modulate expression of at least one mitochondrial gene in response to environmental conditions. Direct study of mitochondrial gene regulation and the targeting of mitochondrially coded proteins in vivo will now be possible using synthetic genes inserted into mtDNA that encode soluble reporter/passenger proteins.
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    Protective effect of vitamins against trichothecene toxicity towardsSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 886-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; trichothecenes ; mycotoxins ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several trichothecene mycotoxins were shown to inhibit the growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This effect was most pronounced with the macrocyclic trichothecenes, especially verrucarin A. Much less growth inhibition was observed with T-2 toxin. Verrucarol, diacetoxyscirpenol, acetyl T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol were inactive at a concentration of 75 μg of toxin per disc. Incubation ofS. cerevisiae with verrucarin A together with vitamins resulted in a decrease in toxicity. Pyridoxine-HCl, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine-HCl and α-tocopheryl acetate were amongst the most potent of the vitamins tested which reversed growth inhibition, overcoming the inhibitory potential of the toxins.
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    Expression of HIV-1nefin yeast causes membrane perturbation and release of the myristylated Nef protein (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 203-210 
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    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Nef protein ; Myristylation ; Membrane permeabilisation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein is essential for AIDS pathogenesis, but its function remains highly controversial. During stresses such as growth in the presence of copper or at elevated temperature, myristylated Nef is released from yeast cells and, after extended culture in stationary phase, it accumulates in the supernatant as a dense membranous material that can be centrifuged into a discrete layer above the cell pellet. This material is unique to Nef-producing cells and represents a convenient source of Nef that may have application in further biological studies. Within the yeast cell, electron microscopic examination shows that Nef localises in novel, membrane-bound bodies. These data support the evidence for a role of Nef in membrane perturbation and suggest that there may be a similar localisation for myristylated Nef in HIV-1 infected cells.
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    Mating reaction in yeast protoplasts (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 110 (1976), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast protoplasts ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Conjugation ; Cell wall ; Morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts prepared from complementary haploid strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae were studied with regard to their ability of conjugating. Neither fresh protoplasts nor the growing protoplasts possessing fibrillar walls exhibited sex specific agglutination or fusion. However, they were capable of inducing sexual activation in normal cells of opposite mating type. After completing the regeneration of cell walls the protoplasts could conjugate either with each other or with cells of opposite sex. The frequency of conjugations was low, about 1%, and was largely dependent on the degree of completition of the wall during regeneration. From the results the following conclusions may be drawn: 1. The initiation of mating is dependent on the integrity of the cell wall. 2. The sex specific morphogenetic changes do not occur in wall-less protoplasts but may happen after the protoplasts have regenerated their cell walls. 3. The lysis of cell walls does not occur until the walls come into close contact. 4. The fusion of plasma membranes in sex-activated protoplasts cannot be induced by artefucial agglutination.
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    Mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides in synchronously growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 91-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell wall ; Glucan ; Mannan ; Synchronous culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of increase in cell wall polysaccharides of yeast (glucan and mannan) during cell cycle was analyzed using cell wall samples obtained from a synchronous culture. The increase in mannan and total glucan proceeded almost linearly throughout the cell cycle except for a short period of their leveling off at the time of cell division. However, the constituents of glucan behaved characteristically: Alkalisoluble glucan and insoluble glucan increased mainly in the former and the latter half of the cell cycle, respectively.
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    Inhibitory effect of ethanol on growth and solute accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae as affected by plasma-membrane lipid composition (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ethanol inhibition ; Solute accumulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Plasma membrane ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation of ethanol (1.0 or 1.25 M) into exponential-phase cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366 growing anaerobically in a medium supplemented with ergosterol and an unsaturated fatty acid caused a retardation in growth rate, which was greater when the medium contained oleic rather than linoleic acid. Ethanol incorporation led to an immediate drop in growth rate, and ethanol-containing cultures grew at the slower rate for at least 10 h. Incorporation of ethanol (0.5 M) into buffered (pH 4.5) cell suspensions containing d-[6-3H] glucose, d-[1-14C] glucosamine, l-[U-14C] lysine or arginine, or KH2 32PO4 lowered the rate of solute accumulation by cells. Rates of accumulation of glucose, lysine and arginine were retarded to a greater extent when cells had been grown in the presence of oleic rather than linoleic acid. This difference was not observed with accumulation of phosphate. Ethanol was extracted from exponential-phase cells by four different methods. Cells grown in the presence of linoleic acid contained a slightly, but consistently, lower concentration of ethanol than cells grown in oleic acid-containing medium. The ethanol concentration in cells was 5–7 times greater than that in the cell-free medium.
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    The use of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride in the study of catabolite inactivation and repression in intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 293-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catabolite repression and inactivation ; Inhibition of protease B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase in intact cells could be prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride added 40 min prior to the addition of glucose. Protein synthesis, fermentative and respiratory activity and catabolite repression were not affected. Elimination of catabolite inactivation by the addition of PMSF revealed that catabolite repression started at different times for different enzyme.
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    The structural organization of the Tibi grain as revealed by light, scanning and transmission microscopy (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus brevis ; Streptococcus lactis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Concanavalin A ; Symbiosis ; Tibi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tibi grains consist of a unique and very stable symbiotic association of Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae embedded in a dextran matrix. The structural organization of the grain was examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The grain was constituted of an outer compact layer and an inner spongy structure. The outer layer was more densely populated by the microorganisms than the inner layer but dextran, stained on frozen thin sections with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A, was more abundant in the inner layer.
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    Sex pheromone of α mating type in the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri and its synthetic analogues in relation to sex pheromones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula wingei (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 225-229 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: a Pheromone ; α Pheromone ; Hansenula wingei ; Inducible mutant ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sexual agglutinability ; Shmoo ; Synthetic analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three analogues of the peptidyl pheromone, α pheromone of Saccharomyces kluyveri, synthesized based on the amino acid sequence proposed by Sato et al. (Agric Biol Chem 45:1531–1533, 1981) were tested for both shmoo-inducing and agglutinability-inducing actions. Purified natural α pheromone of the yeast showed the highest activity among the peptides tested. When methionine in the peptides was oxidized, the activity decreased significatly. α Pheromone of S. kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability in a cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and shmoo in a cells of S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri. a Pheromone of S. kluyveri had no agglutinability-inducing action on α cells of S. cerevisiae. a Cells of S. kluyveri inactivated only α pheromone of the same species, but a cells of S. cerevisiae inactivated α pheromones of both S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri.
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    Temperature dependency of induction of sexual agglutinability by α pheromone in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 236-240 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cycloheximide ; Inducible a strain ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When α pheromone-pretreated cells of an inducible a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the inducible gene saa1 were incubated in a growth medium at 28°C, induction of sexual agglutinability began after a 10 min lag period. If the cells were incubated at 38°C during the lag period, no induction occurred even after incubation at 28°C. Contrary to this, if the cells were incubated at 28°C during the lag period, almost complete induction occurred, even after transfer to 38°C. Temperature shift experiments revealed that 5 min incubation at 28°C was necessary for the initiation of the temperature-sensitive period and further 5 min incubation for the completion of the period. The temperature-sensitive period was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
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    Inhibition of bud initiation by ethyl N-phenylcarbamate results in meiotic development in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate growth medium ; Anti-microtubule agent ; Bud initiation ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Meiosis ; Mitotic cell cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated in acetate growth media containing 2.5 mM ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC), bud initiation was inhibited preferentially, and eventually overgrown, unbudded cells accumulated. During subsequent incubation, meiosis and ascospore formation occurred at high frequencies. The behavior of EPC-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells transferred to a starvation sporulation medium. EPC thus has a pronounced effect on the mitotic growth of yeast cells, which leads to meiotic development. Our observations indicate that EPC has a decisive function in the initiation of meiosis in rich growth media.
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    Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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    A potassium transport mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 88-93 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Potassium transport mutant ; Rubidium transport ; Sodium transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required one hundred times more K+ than wild type for the same half maximal growth rate. Mutant cells and wild type cells grown at millimolar K+ did not show significant differences in Rb+ transport. In the mutant, a rapid K+ loss induced by azide or incubation (4 h) in K+-free medium decreased the Rb+ transport K m by one half; in the wild type, those treatments decreased the Rb+ K m twenty and one hundred times, respectively. Mutant and wild type did not show significant differences in Na+ transport and in the Na+ inhibition of Rb+ transport, either in normal-K+ cells or in K+-starved cells. The results suggest that either two systems or one system with two interacting sites mediate K+ transport in S. cerevisiae.
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    Effects of m-Cl-peroxy benzoic acid on glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 220-224 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Peroxy benzoic acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ATP ; Glycolysis ; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Colony forming capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of m-Cl-peroxy benzoic acid (CPBA) higher than 0.1 mM decrease the ATP-content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of glucose in 1 min to less than 10% of the initial value. In the absence of glucose, 1.0 mM CPBA is necessary for a similar effect. After the rapid loss of ATP in the first min in the presence of glucose caused by 0.2 mM CPBA, the ATP-content recovers to nearly the initial value after 10 min. Aerobic glucose consumption and ethanol formation from glucose are both completely inhibited by 1.0 mM CPBA. Assays of the activities of nine different enzymes of the glycolytic pathway as well as analysis of steady state concentrations of metabolites suggest that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is the most sensitive enzyme of glucose fermentation. Phosphofructokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase are slightly less sensitive. Incubation for 1 or 10 min with concentrations of 0.05 to 0.5 mM CPBA causes a) inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, b) decrease of the ATP-content and c) a decrease of the colony forming capacity. From these findings it is concluded that the disturbance of the ATP-producing glycolytic metabolism by inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may be an explanation for cell death caused by CPBA.
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    Die Bildung von Spuren von Kohlenmonoxid durch Saccharomyces cerevisiae und andere Mikroorganismen (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 243-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Carbon Monoxide Trace-Measurement ; 14C-Glucose ; CO Production ; Atmospheric Cycle of Trace Gases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Mit einer empfindlichen Analysenmethode, die auf die Reaktion CO+HgO→CO2+Hg basiert und den CO-Gehalt auf Grund der Absorption des freigesetzten Hg bei 2537 Å ermittelt, wurden im Gasraum über wachsenden Kulturen von Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. oviformis, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas spec. und Lactobacillus brevis 0.4–2.6 ppm CO nachgewiesen. Bei Lactobacillus arabinosus, Bacillus cereus var. mycoides und Aspergillus niger war eine CO-Bildung nicht meßbar. 2. Bei S. cerevisiae war die CO-Bildung bei Konzentrationen von 10–50 g Glucose pro Liter Medium am größten. Außerdem wurde die CO-Bildung proportional zum anfänglichen Sauerstoffgehalt im Gasraum über den Kulturen gefördert. 3. Mit 14C-markierter Glucose wurde nachgewiesen, daß CO aus Glucose entsteht. 4. Die CO-Bildung der untersuchten Mikroorganismen ist so gering, daß sie keine Bedeutung für den Kreislauf dieses Spurengases in der Atmosphäre hat.
    Notes: Summary 1. Growing cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. oviformis, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas spec. and Lactobacillus brevis produce trace amounts of CO (0.4–2.6 ppm) that can be detected in the gas space above the cultures using a sensitive analytical method based on the reaction CO+HgO→CO2+Hg. The liberated Hg is quantitatively measured by atomic absorption at 2537 Å. No CO could be detected above cultures of Lactobacillus arabinosus, Bacillus cereus var. mycoides and Aspergillus niger. 2. The maximum CO production by Saccharomyces was obtained with concentrations of 10–50 g glucose per liter medium. The amount of CO formed increased with the oxygen concentration in the gas space above the cultures. 3. Using 14C-glucose it was shown that S. cerevisiae forms CO from glucose. 4. The formation of CO by the microorganisms investigated is very small. The ratio of CO/CO2 produced is much smaller than in environmental air. Therefore it can be concluded that the production of CO by these microorganisms has probably no significance for the atmospheric cycle of this trace gas.
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    Dependence of the maximum temperature for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on nutrient concentration (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Chemostat ; Nutrient Concentration ; Thermal Death ; Thermal Association ; Optimum Temperature for Growth ; Maximum Temperature for Growth ; Microbial Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown in a chemostat under glucose limitation at three superoptimal temperatures. In each steady state the specific growth rate was the sum of the dilution rate and the specific death rate, exponential death concurring with exponential growth. The specific death rate was a function of the temperature while the specific growth rate was a function of both the temperature and the concentration of the limiting nutrient. Each superoptimal temperature was characterized by a critical glucose concentration below which net growth was not possible. The critical glucose concentration increased with the temperature. Consequently the maximum temperature for growth was a function of the concentration of the limiting nutrient and approached the optimum temperature for growth with decreasing glucose concentrations.
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    The isolation and characterization of peroxisomes (microbodies) from baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Peroxisomes (microbodies) ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catalase ; Urate oxidase ; Glyoxylate cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peroxisomes were isolated from derepressed (lactose grown) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells following homogenization with a “Merkenschlager” cell mill (at 0°C using glass beads). Catalase and urate oxidase, along with low activities of d-amino acid oxidase and l-α-hydroxyacid oxidase (glycollate oxidase), were associated with the peroxisomes. No catalase activity was present in glucose repressed cells. When protoplasts prepared from derepressed cells were used for peroxisome isolation, catalase activity was not sedimentable through gradients. Apparently peroxisomes were destroyed as the cells became fermentative during protoplast preparation. The distribution of glyoxylate cycle enzymes was examined. Isocitrate lyase was not sedimentable, suggesting that, if the enzyme is peroxisome-associated, it is either readily released or present in a labile second class of peroxisomes. Low activities of malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthetase were found in peroxisome fractions from gradients, but may represent mitochondrial contamination. Citrate synthetase was not found associated with a low-density particle as had been previously reported.
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    Accumulation and secretion of exoglucanase activity in yeast secretory mutants (1986)
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    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Exoglucanase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Secretory mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representative conditional yeast secretory mutants, blocked in transport of secretory and plasma membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (sec 18), from the Golgi body (sec 7) and in transport of secretory vesicles (sec 1), accumulated exoglucanase, a constitutive yeast activity, when incubated at the restrictive temperature (37°C). Different proportions of the accumulated activity were released by mutant cells under permissive conditions. The presence or absence of cycloheximide during the secretion period made no differences in the results. More than 90% of the internal activity was bound to membrane in wild type cells. However, only the soluble pool underwent changes during the accumulation or secretion periods. The bulk of secretory invertase accumulated by sec 1 was also soluble. By contrast sec 7 and sec 18 accumulated membrane-bound as well as soluble invertase forms and both were secreted in similar proportions in each mutant. More than 90% of the accumulated invertase was secreted at the permissive temperature in sec 18 cells. That percentage was significantly lower for exoglucanase (〈65%). Concomitantly, invertase accumulated by this mutant exited from the cells with a lower half time (t 1/2=150 min). These results may be interpreted assuming that exoglucanase is exported by a passive flow of the soluble pool.
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    Arachidonic and oleic acids stimulate zygote formation in the presence of mating pheromone in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 507-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Zygote formation ; Mating pheromone ; Fatty acid ; Arachidonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of exogenous fatty acids on zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Arachidonic and oleic acids considerably stimulated zygote formation, but other fatty acids tested, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids, did not. Pretreatment experiments with arachidonic acid showed that the stimulation of zygote formation by the fatty acid required the presence of mating pheromone.
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    Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, inhibits zygote formation in yeast (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 20-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating ; Zygote formation ; Chloroquine ; Lysosomotropic agent ; Plasma membrane ; Cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating culture containing chloroquine formed no “prezygote” suggesting that they were not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing chlorquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits zygote formaton by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.
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    Effects of nucleotides and divalent cations on phospholipase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 154-158 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Phospholipase B ; Lysophospholipase ; Enzyme inhibition ; AMP ; Unesterified fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Divalent cations activate the lysophospholipase and transacylase reactions catalyzed by the same enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The activation was observed at neutral pH, but not at the pH optimum of lysophospholipase/transacylase, near 3.5. Adenine nucleotides, especially AMP and ADP, are strong inhibitors of the same group of enzymes. Half maximal inhibition by AMP was found at a concentration of about 20 μM. The inhibition by nucleotides in low concentrations is enhanced by divalent cations.
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    Absence of glucose-induced cAMP signaling in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants cat1 and cat3 which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Cat mutants ; Glucose repression ; Glucose-induced ; Intracellular pH ; Ras ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Signal transduction ; Trehalase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of glucose to derepressed cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a transient, specific cAMP signal. Intracellular acidification in these cells, as caused by addition of protonophores like 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) causes a large, lasting increase in the cAMP level. The effect of glucose and DNP was investigated in glucose-repressed wild type cells and in cells of two mutants which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins, cat1 and cat3. Addition of glucose to cells of the cat3 mutant caused a transient increase in the cAMP level whereas cells of the cat1 mutant and in most cases also repressed wild type cells did not respond to glucose addition with a cAMP increase. The glucose-induced cAMP increase in cat3 cells and the cAMP increase occasionally present in repressed wild type cells however could be prevented completely by addition of a very low level of glucose in advance. In derepressed wild type cells this does not prevent the specific glucose-induced cAMP signal at all. These results indicate that repressed cells do not show a true glucose-induced cAMP signal. When DNP was added to glucose-repressed wild type cells or to cells of the cat1 and cat3 mutants no cAMP increase was observed. Addition of a very low level of glucose before the DNP restored the cAMP increase which points to lack of ATP as the cause for the absence of the DNP effect. These data show that intracellular acidification is able to enhance the cAMP level in repressed cells. The glucose-induced artefactual increase occasionally observed in repressed cells is probably caused by the fact that their low intracellular pH is only restored after the ATP level has increased to such an extent that it is no longer limiting for cAMP synthesis. It is unclear why the artefactual increases are not always observed. Measurement of glucose- and DNP-induced activation of trehalase confirmed the physiological validity of the changes observed in the cAMP level. Our results are consistent with the idea that the glucose-induced signaling pathway contains a glucose-repressible protein and that the protein is located before the point where intracellular acidification triggers activation of the pathway.
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    Genetic analysis of inducible sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 198-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sexual agglutination ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic regulation of the inducibility of sexual agglutination ability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Detailed analysis of the degree of sexual agglutination was carried out; it showed that a greater number of genes are involved in the regulation of inducible sexual agglutination in strain H1-0 than previously assumed. Although dominancy of inducible phenotype over constitutive was confirmed, the effectiveness of one gene changing the constitutive phenotype to the inducible seemed to be somewhat low. Quantity per cell of agglutination substances responsible for sexual agglutination increased as the agglutination ability became greater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413130
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    The influence of Congo red on the cell wall and (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan microfibril biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast cells ; Yeast protoplasts ; Cell wall ; Congo red ; (1 » 3)-β-d-glucan microfibrils ; Cytokinesis ; Reversion of walled protoplasts to cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Congo red was applied to growing yeast cells and regenerating protoplasts in order to study its effects on wall biogenesis and cell morphogenesis. In the presence of the dye, the whole yeast cells grew and divided to form chains of connected cells showing aberrant wall structures on both sides of the septum. The wall-less protoplasts in solid medium with the dye exhibited an abnormal increase in volume, regeneration of aberrant cell walls and inability to carry out cytokinesis or protoplast reversion to cells. In liquid medium, the protoplasts synthesized glucan nets composed mainly of thin fibrils orientated at random, whereas normally, in the absence of dye, the nets consist of rather thick fibrils, 10 to 20 nm in width, assembled into broad ribbons. These fibrils are known to consist of triple 6/1 helical strands of (1 » 3)-β-d-glucan aggregated laterally in crystalline packing. The thin fibrils (c. 4 to 8 nm wide) can contain only a few triple helical strands (c. 1.6 nm wide) and are supposed to be prevented from further aggregation and crystallization by complexing with Congo red on their surfaces. Some loose triple 6/1 helical strands (native elementary fibrils) are also discernible. They represent the first native (1 » 3)-β-d-glucan elementary fibrils depicted by electron microscopy. The effects of Congo red on growth and the wall structure in normal cells and regenerating protoplasts in solid medium can be explained by the presence of a complex which the dye forms with (helical) chain parts of the glucan network and which results in a loss of rigidity by a blocked lateral interaction between the helices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245214
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    Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Toxin binding ; Cell wall receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A recently described new method for determination of killer toxin activity was used for kinetic measurenments of K1 toxin binding. The cells of the killer sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S6 were shown to carry two classes of toxin binding sites differing widely in their half-saturation constants and maximum binding rates. The low-affinity and high-velocity binding component (K T1=2.6x109 L.U./ml, V max1=0.19 s-1) probably reflects diffusion-limited binding to cell wall receptors; the high-affinity and low-velocity component (K T2=3.2x107 L.U./ml, V max2=0.03 s-1) presumably indicates the binding of the toxin to plasma membrane receptors. Adsorption of most of the killer toxin K1 to the surface of sensitive cells occured within 1 min and was virtually complete within 5 min. The amount of toxin that saturated practically all cell receptors was about 600 lethal units (L.U.) per cell of S. cerevisiae S6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314477
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    Induction of pyruvate decarboxylase in glycolysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlates with the concentrations of three-carbon glycolytic metabolites (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 324-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Pyruvate kinase ; Signalling ; Glycolysis mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pyruvate decarboxylase, PDCase, activity in wild-type yeast cells growing on ethanol is quite low but increases up to tenfold upon addition of glucose, less with galactose and only slightly with glycerol. PDCase levels in glycolysis mutant strains growing on ethanol or acetate were higher than in the wild-type strain. These levels correlated with the sum of the concentrations of three-carbon glycolytic metabolites. The highest accumulation was observed in a fructose bisphosphate aldolase deletion mutant concomintant with the highest PDCase activity wild-type level. On the other hand, the PDCase levels in the different mutants again correlated with the sum of the concentrations of the three-carbon glycolytic metabolites. This was interpreted to mean that full induction of PDCase activity requires the accumulation of hexose-and triosephosphates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292085
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    Nuclear mutations affecting the stability of the mitochondrial genome inS. cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear mutations ; Mitochondrial DNA stability ; Uncoupling of phenotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied a pleiotropic mutationpetD inS. cerevisiae which both confers the inability to grow on glycerol (Gly−) and greatly increases the frequency of cytoplasmic petites (Het). The first phenotype, Gly−, is recessive, whereas the second, Het, is dominant. Genetic and biochemical analysis showed that the majority of the petites inpetD strains are not of therho° type (completely lacking mit-DNA),but of therho − type (containing partially deleted mit-DNA). This finding and the fact that the phenotype Het is dominant argue in favour of the involvement of thepetD product in the excision process of the mit-DNA. Another nuclear mutation,mod, was shown to exhibit a dominant epistasy with respect to the Het phenotype of the mutationpetD. Two types of Gly+ revertants frompetD mutants were isolated:rpa revertants, which restore completely the wild-type phenotype, andrpb revertants, which restore only the growth on glycerol, but still allow the production of high frequencies of cytoplasmic petites. Thus the mutationsmod andrpb permit the genetic uncoupling of two phenotypes induced by the mutationpetD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00798746
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (1985)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 187-195 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inorganic mercury ; Catabolite regulation ; Sugar uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains sensitive to inorganic mercury (Ono and Sakamoto 1985) did not grow well on the medium rich in glucose and poor in peptone. This growth inhibition, like growth inhibition caused by inorganic mercury, was relieved by exogenous tyrosine. Sugars such as fructose and mannose were as inhibitory as glucose, but glycerol was not at all. Galactose was inhibitory but not so much as glucose. Agal2l mutation (defective in galactose uptake) partly relieved growth inhibition caused by excess galactose. Moreover, it was found that some of revertants which gained ability to grow well in the presence of excess glucose were defective in the glucose uptake. From these observations, we conclude that growth inhibition of the inorganic mercury sensitive strains by excess sugar is a consequence of the catabolite regulation. In other words, the inorganic mercury sensitive strains are hyper-sensitive to the catabolite regulation due to the presence of theHGS2-1 allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00798748
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    Conserved and non-conserved features among the yeast T-y elements (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ty elements ; Transposable elements ; Retroviruses ; tRNA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated and characterized a Ty element from a yeast cosmid library which exhibits several unsual features: it is flanked by non-homologous delta elements and directly associated with a singular delta element. A tRNA(Glu3) gene and tRNA(Cys) gene are found in conjunction with this element, located in opposite orientation on either end of it. The sequence information now available for several Ty elements has been used in a detailed comparative analysis to determine conserved features among the Ty elements, preferably between class I elements and a class II element. Highly conserved sequence motifs appear to be located at the borders of particular segments that correspond to the putative protein domains of the Tys. Furthermore, we include a comparison of the best-conserved amino acid homologies for these putative proteins of Ty elements, transposable elements from other organisms and several retroviral proviruses to confirm their close structural resemblance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420606
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    Isolation and characterization of a conditional mutant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing rho° petites at the non-permissive temperature (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 201-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Rho°-petites ; Lycorine ; Mitochondrial DNA replication ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the isolation and characterization of mutants affected in the maintenance of the mitochondrial (mt) genome. The rationale of the screening procedure is based on the observation that the alkaloid lycorine inhibits growth of rho −-mutants, whereas rho°-mutants, devoid of mt DNA, are resistant to this drug (Del Giudice et al. 1984). Fourteen temperature sensitive mutants have been isolated that display the following phenotype: -Growth on fermentable medium at 23°C and 35°C (exclusion of general temperature-sensitive mutants). -no growth at 23°C and growth at 35°C on fermentable medium containing lycorine (selection for mutants producing rho°-petites). -growth at 23°C and no growth an 35°C on non-fermentable medium (selection for temperature-dependent loss of respiratory competence). These mutants were termed tmm (for temperature sensitive maintenance of mt genome). Mutant tmm1-1 was analyzed genetically and biochemically. It carries a recessive nuclear mutation which gives rise to 90–95% cytoplasmic petites at the non-permissive temperature. The population of petites consists of more than 95% rho°-petites as shown by their resistance to lycorine, by staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and by Southern hybridization with mt DNA probes. Wild-type control cultures produced approximately 1% petites with less than 10% rho°-mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420607
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    Induced cellular resistance to ultraviolet light in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not accompanied by increased repair of plasmid DNA (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 321-326 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible repair ; Plasmid transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many reports show that resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a large UV dose can be enhanced by pre-induction with a smaller one given some hours before. This work tests if such increased cell survival is associated with increased DNA repair on UV damaged plasmid transformed into yeast. There was no change in transformation efficiency of UV-damaged plasmid DNA under conditions where RAD cell survival increased 5-fold, and where rad1-1 and rad6-1 survival increased 2-fold. It is concluded that DNA repair activity involving the RAD6 and RAD3 pathways is either not inducible or is unable to work on plasmid DNA. It is suggested that the enhancement of cellular survival detected may be based on changes in cell-cycle behaviour which permit cells generally proficient in repair a greater chance to recover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355407
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    Isolation and genetical and biochemical characterization of mutants resistant to the alkaloid lycorine (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 247-249 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondrial status ; Dominant lycorine resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants resistant to 200 µg/ml of the alkaloid lycorine (LYC R) in non-fermentable substrate were isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. Tetrad analysis and growth of heterozygous (LYC R/lyc s) diploids from two different mutants revealed that a single nuclear and dominant mutation is responsible for the resistant phenotype. In the wild type total protein synthesis is only slightly inhibited, whereas DNA and RNA synthesis is lowered to about 30% of the control. In the lycorine resistant mutants all macromolecular syntheses are unaffected by the drug.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420614
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    Phenotypic differences between induced and spontaneous 2μ-plasmid-free segregants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 415-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μ plasmids ; Plasmid free segregants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maximum specific growth rates (μmax) of 2 μ-plasmid-free ([cir°]) segregants of three haploid and one diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined and compared with the μmax of their 2 μ-plasmid-containing ([cir +]) progenitors. Two classes of [cir°] strains have been examined: those induced by transformation with a 2 μ-based recombinant plasmid according to the method of Dobson et al. (1980) and those isolated as spontaneous [cir°] segregants from glucose-limited continuous cultures. The μmax of the spontaneous [cir°] segregants was not found to differ significantly from that of their [cir +] parents. In all cases, however, the induced [cir°] strains had a μmax which was significantly less than that of their [cir +] counterparts. This effect was particularly marked in the case of the diploid strain where a 34% reduction in μmax was observed. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the effect of the transformation process on host yeast cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378186
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    Sequence and transcription of the β-glucosidase gene of Kluyveromyces fragilis cloned in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 175-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: β-glucosidase ; Kluyveromyces fragilis ; DNA sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the β-glucosidase gene of Kluyveromyces fragilis has been determined. This sequence contains an open reading frame of 2535 base pairs encoding a protein of 845 amino acids. Analysis of the transcription products revealed only one transcript of about 3 kb identical in both Kluyveromyces fragilis and in the expression host Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein molecular weight of 93,811 Kd deduced from the sequence is consistent with the 90,000 Kd determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the purified protein. Mapping of the starts of transcription shows that two starting points are used in the natural host Kluyveromyces fragilis. A comparison of the amino acid sequence with that of other β-glucosidases revealed three regions of homology. One of these regions contains an amino acid sequence very similar to a peptide isolated from the active site of β-glucosidase A3 from Aspergillus wentii and could be implicated in the catalytic mechanism of these glucolytic enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436876
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    Extensive mitochondrial DNA variation in somatic tissue cultures initiated from wheat immature embryos (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 369-376 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Tissue culture ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Genomic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat mitochondria) DNA has been isolated from callus cultures initiated from both immature embryos and the corresponding parental cultivar. A Sall restriction pattern study has shown that the organization of callus culture mitochondria) DNA underwent extensive change, characterized by either the disappearance or the decrease in the relative stoichiometry of several restriction bands. Hybridization of labelled mitochondrial fragments obtained from a recombinant cosmid library to Southern blots of callus and parental line restricted mitochondria) DNAs has shown that a fraction of the mitochondria) genome was lost in callus cultures. Data from a Sall + HindIII restriction map of a defined part of the wheat mitochondria) genome concerned with some of these variations strongly suggest that the observed variations correspond to the disappearance of at least one mitochondria) DNA subgenomic molecule in callus cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405759
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    Construction of brewer's yeasts secreting fungal endo-ß-glucanase (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 413-420 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucanolytic brewer's yeast ; Endo-β-1,4-glucanase ; Chromosomal integration ; Transformation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Barley β-glucans present in wort reduce beer filtrability and cause hazes and precipitates in the finished beer. The endo-β-1,4-glucanase enzyme, EGI, found in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei, is capable of efficiently hydrolyzing these β-glucans. The cDNA copy of the eg11 gene, which codes for the EGI enzyme, was coupled to yeast regulatory sequences and transferred to a brewer's yeast using the yeast copper chelatin gene CUP1 as a selection marker in the transformation. The eg11 gene was transferred to the yeast both on a multicopy plasmid and on an integrating plasmid. In both cases, highly glycosylated, active EGI enzyme was secreted into the medium. Barley β-glucans present in wort were efficiently hydrolyzed by the recombinant brewer's yeast.
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    Hybridization and cytoduction among yeast cells of the same mating type (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 511-517 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mating-type switching ; Cytoduction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Use of a selective system for cytoduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae allowed us to monitor hybrid formation and to clone the haploid nuclei of cells which have participated in illegitimate matings: a × a, α × α. Our approach has made it possible to select nuclei with mating-type switches and mutations within the MAT locus. It was shown that matings in α × α crosses often proceed through nonheritable genetic changes located within chromosome III. We suggest that these non-heritable genetic changes are due to premutational lesions, expressed phenotypically as transient α-matingtype. After a mating event these lesions are either repaired or converted to true mutations within the MAT locus.
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    One member of the tRNA(Glu) gene family in yeast codes for a minor GAGtRNA(Glu) species and is associated with several short transposable elements (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Minor tRNAs ; Codon usage ; Transposable elements ; Delta ; Tau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During characterization of the whole tRNA(Glu) family from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we isolated one cosmid clone bearing a tRNA(Glu) gene copy that is deviant from the major tRNA(Glu3) gene members in only five positions. This divergent tRNA(Glu) is a minor species and is represented by a single gene copy. One of the nucleotide exchanges concerns the anticodon which is modified from T-T-C in the tRNA(Glu3) gene to C-T-C which implies that this tRNA serves the codon triplet G-A-G. Two other minor yeast tRNA species have been reported which appear to be particularly designed for the translation of those codons that have a G in its third (Wobble) position. The low abundance of such minor tRNA species correlates positively to the low occurrence of most of the N-N-G codons in yeast. Furthermore, the GAGtRNA(Glu) locus represents another case of the general phenomenon in which the majority of the tRNA genes in yeast are associated with one or several transposable elements forming complex patterns. In this particular case, divergent segments of delta and tau are present in the 5′ flanking region of the tRNA gene and arranged in a novel configuration. The sequence data lend support to the view that tau is not an evolutionary young element as was earlier anticipated.
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    The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for yeast adenylate kinase (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 405-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Adenylate kinase ; Nucleotide sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structural gene for yeast adenylate kinase (AKY) has been isolated and analyzed with respect to its nucleotide sequence. Southern and northern analyses imply that the gene is single copy and is transcribed into an mRNA of about 1,100 bases. The flanking regions of the gene contain the canonical elements typical for initiation and termination of transcription of yeast protein coding genes. The amino acid primary structure deduced from the open reading frame is identical with the protein sequence reported for yeast adenylate kinase (Tomasselli et al. 1986) with the exception of an extension of two amino acids (Met-Ser) at the N-terminus and aspartic acid instead of asparagine at the carboxyl end. Yeast adenylate kinase reveals a striking homology with both the mammalian cytosolic and, particularly, with the mitochondrial isozyme. It has an insertion of 31 amino acids in the middle segment of the protein, when compared to the cytosolic version of the mammalian enzyme. A strikingly conserved insert sequence of the same length and at exactly the same position is present in the mammalian mitochondria) isozyme. The question of the subcellular location of the yeast enzyme is discussed.
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    Two new loci that give rise to dominant omnipotent suppressors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 323-330 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nonsense suppression ; Omnipotent suppressors ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten dominant omnipotent suppressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were previously shown to be different from SUP46, have been examined. Nine are mapped in a region between lys5 and cyh2 on the left arm of chromosome VII. These suppressors, like SUP46, manifest sensitivity to increased temperature and the antibiotics paromomycin and hygromycin B. In addition, they have an identical action spectrum. These results strongly suggest that they are allelic to each other and they are designated SUP138. The tenth is mapped to a position between his1 and arg6 on the right arm of chromosome V. This suppressor, named SUP139, does not manifest temperature sensitivity nor antibiotic sensitivity. SUP139 and SUP138, which are clearly distinguished by means of action spectrum, act on much fewer nonsense mutations than SUP46. It is now clear that dominant omnipotent suppressors arising at a single locus are homogeneous and that their efficiency is locus-dependent. The order of efficiency is SUP46〉SUP138〉SUP139.
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    A colony procedure for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 21-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid ; Colony ; Polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple yeast transformation procedure has been developed using colonies on agar plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHY3 cells were picked up from colonies on YPD plates grown freshly or stored at 4 °C and incubated with M13RK9-T DNA at 30 °C for 1–2 h in a solution of Li+, Ca2+, Mg2+, triacetin and polyethylene glycol. About 3,500 transformants were obtained per µg of double stranded M13RK9-T DNA. Unlike the existing spheroplast techniques, single stranded M13RK9-T DNA transformed intact cells below one-hundredth frequency of the duplex form.
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    Nucleotide sequence and determination of the extremities of the 26S ribosomal RNA gene in wheat mitochondria: evidence for sequence rearrangements in the ribosomal genes of higher plants (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Plant mitochondrial DNA ; Ribosomal genes ; Sequence rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the wheat mitochondrial 26S ribosomal RNA gene and flanking regions was determined and compared with mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes from maize and Oenothera. All three genes exhibit a high degree of homology except within two variable regions. When the plant mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes are compared with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA and chloroplast 23S and 4.5S rRNA genes, a third variable region is apparent close to the 3′ end of the gene. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the wheat mitochondrial gene were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. Computer analysis of the wheat mitochondrial gene revealed several small sequences present either in the 5′ region of the 26S rRNA gene or in the 18S rRNA gene.
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    A yeast strain producing lys2 deletions at a high frequency after sporulation (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis ; Deletion mutations ; Sequence dissimilarities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid yeast strain with extensive sequence dissimilarity in homologous regions near the LYS2 locus was sporulated, and spontaneous lys2 and lys5 mutant spores, selected on α-amino adipate, were analyzed. As many as 50% of the mutant spores contained a deletion in LYS2. These deletions occurred at a frequency of 5.0 × 10−7. While deletions of various sizes and endpoints were obtained, all the deletions recovered in this study included the border between homologous and non-homologous sequences located 4 kb upstream of LYS2. Large lys2 deletions that extended into an adjacent CYH2 duplication occurred at a frequency of 2.0 × 10−7, more than 1,000 times the frequency of the CYH2-LYS2 deletions found in a related haploid strain. This high frequency of CYH2-LYS2 deletions was observed only after sporulation of the diploid strain, and was dependent upon extensive sequence dissimilarity near the LYS2 locus.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding argininosuccinate lyase (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419996
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The allosuppressor gene SAL4 encodes a protein important for maintaining translational fidelity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 537-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Allosuppressor ; Translation ; Fidelity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Allosuppressor (sal) mutations enhance the efficiency of the yeast ochre suppressor SUQ5 and define five unlinked loci, SALT-SALS. A number of sal4 mutants were isolated and found to have pleiotropic, allele;specific phenotypes, including hypersensitivity in vivo to paromomycin and other antibiotics that stimulate translational errors in yeast. To examine further the nature of the SAL4 gene product, the wild type SAL4 gene was isolated by complementation of a conditional lethal allele sal4-2, and demonstrated to be a single copy gene encoding a single 1.6 kb transcript. Restriction mapping and DNA hybridisation analysis were used to demonstrate that the SAL4 gene is identical to the previously identified omnipotent suppressor gene SUP45 (SUPT). Our results implicate the SAL4 gene product as playing a major role in maintaining translational accuracy in yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434078
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and characterization of a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that completely lacks all genomic CYH2 sequences (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419989
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