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  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,189)
  • 1975-1979  (1,189)
  • 1
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    Use of piezoelectric multicomponent force measuring devices in fluid mechanics (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The characterisitics of piezoelectric multicomponent transducers are discussed, giving attention to the advantages of quartz over other materials. The main advantage of piezoelectric devices in aerodynamic studies is their ability to indicate rapid changes in the values of physical parameters. Problems in the accuracy of measurments by piezoelectric devices can be overcome by suitable design approaches. A practical example is given of how such can be utilized to measure rapid fluctuations of fluid forces exerted on a circular cylinder mounted in a water channel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75444
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  • 2
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    Spectral transformation in the SOFI complex for processing photographic images on the ES computer, part 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A description is given of three programs catalogued in the form of object modules in the library of a system for processing photographic images computer. PFT is the subprogram of the multi-dimensional BPF of real-valued information, in the operative computer memory. INRECO is a subprogram-interface between the real and complex formats for representing two-dimensional spectra and images. FFT2 is a subprogram for calculating the correlation functions of the image using the previous subprograms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75632-PT-1 , PR-394
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  • 3
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    NASA's present and future sensor technology developments (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA's overall sensing, data acquisition, and instrumentation programs are reviewed. The review shows that the trends in advanced sensor technology involve increased use of solid-state sensors, multiapplication sensors, standardized instrumentation, and miniaturized detectors. Examples are given of several new technologies, showing how improvements in sensor operational capability (such as enhanced sensitivity and spectral range) derived from these advances have resulted in relaxed spacecraft stability requirements, mission time savings, and savings in weight, size, and power. The introduction of multiapplication sensors and standardized instrumentation will result in measurement cost reduction and improved compatibility with standardized spacecraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 76-977 , Systems Design Driven by Sensors; Oct 18, 1976 - Oct 20, 1976; Pasadena, CA
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  • 4
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    Heyman wins third IR-100 award (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-147 , P78-10152
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  • 5
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    Analytical and test equipment: A compilation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A compilation is presented of innovations in testing and measuring technology for both the laboratory and industry. Topics discussed include spectrometers, radiometers, and descriptions of analytical and test equipment in several areas including thermodynamics, fluid flow, electronics, and materials testing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-SP-5972(03)
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  • 6
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    Semiconductor millimeter and centimeter wave radiometer for the study of the radiation of an underlying surface (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A theoretical and experimental investigation of a superheterodyne radiometer system with input frequency converter and intermediate frequency modulation is presented. Conditions are found, at which the temperature sensitivity of the device does not deteriorate. A sensitivity function to external parameters (temperature, heterodyne power) of a radiometer system with intermediate frequency modulation and a Schottky diode frequency converter is presented and calculated. Use of a frequency converter at the second harmonic of the heterodyne permitted simplication of the radiometer design and the use of a semiconductor heterodyne. A 3 cm range intermediate frequency amplifier permitted the use of centimeter wave radiometer signals. Fluctuation sensitivity of radiometers with a 1 sec time constant is 0.3 K at 3.4 mm and 0.06 K at 3 cm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75671 , PR-321
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  • 7
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    Application of multispectral color photography to flame flow visualization (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: For flames of short duration and low intensity of radiation a spectroscopical flame diagnostics is difficult. In order to find some other means of extracting information about the flame structure from its radiation, the feasibility of using multispectral color photography was successfully evaluated. Since the flame photographs are close-ups, there is a considerable parallax between the single images, when several cameras are used, and additive color viewing is not possible. Each image must be analyzed individually, it is advisable to use color film in all cameras. One can either use color films of different spectral sensitivities or color films of the same type with different color filters. Sharp cutting filters are recommended.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75382 , DLR-MITT-74-23
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  • 8
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    Use of computers to exclude the influence of radiometer instability upon measurement results (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A radiometer, practically insensitive to great fluctuations in the equipment amplification coefficient, was developed by dividing the useful signal by a reference signal and modulating the two signals at different frequencies. The signals are simultaneously separated by corresponding synchronous detectors and recorded over two channels. The operation is simplified by replacing the continuous signals by a sampling of discrete values, and using a digital computer. The four steps involved in the process are described and a block diagram is included. This technique not only directly connects the radiometer with the computer, but also records all data provided by the control and signal channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75374
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  • 9
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    Differential laser absorption monitoring of the atmosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In the airborne detection system of atmospheric constituents and pollutants described, double-ended differential absorption measurement is accomplished by rapidly current tuning the wavelength of a PbSSe diode laser across a single line of the species under consideration. As the laser wavelength sweeps periodically across the absorption line, the laser beam is amplitude modulated and is then synchronously detected. With this technique, a minimum detectable differential transmission of 0.02 percent is obtained for a 1-sec integration time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 10
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    Space Photography 1977 Index (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An index is provided to representative photographs and transparencies available from NASA. Subjects include spacecraft, astronauts, lunar surface, planets and outer space phenomena, earth observations, and aviation. High altitude aircraft infrared photographs are included along with artists' conceptions of space shuttle and space colonies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74628
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  • 11
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    Space Research Leads to Handheld X-Ray Device (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-77-238 , P77-10237
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  • 12
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    System of Programmed Modules for Measuring Photographs with a Gamma-Telescope (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Physical experiments using tracking cameras resulted in hundreds of thousands of stereo photographs of events being received. To process such a large volume of information, automatic and semiautomatic measuring systems are required. At the Institute of Space Research of the Academy of Science of the USSR, a system for processing film information from the spark gamma-telescope was developed. The system is based on a BPS-75 projector in line with the minicomputer Elektronika 1001. The report describes this system. The various computer programs available to the operators are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75560 , PR-386
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  • 13
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    Synchronized flash photolysis and pulse deposition in matrix isolation experiments (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: An apparatus is described which permits flash photolysis of a pulse-deposited gas mixture in a matrix isolation experiment. This technique obviates the limitations of in situ photolysis imposed by the cage effect and by secondary photolysis. The matrix is deposited in pulses at 30-s intervals and photolyzed sequentially by four synchronized flashlamps approximately 1 ms before the pulse strikes the cold surface. Pulsed deposition maintains adequate isolation and causes line narrowing, which enhances spectral sensitivity. The efficacy of flash photolysis combined with pulsed deposition for producing and trapping transient species was demonstrated by infrated detection of CF3 (from photolysis of CF3I/Ar mixtures) and of ClCO (from photolysis of Cl2/CO/Ar mixtures). The apparatus was used to study the photolytic decomposition of gaseous tricarbonylironcyclobutadiene, C4H4Fe(CO)3. The results indicate that the primary photolytic step is not elimination of C4H4, as suggested earlier, but rather of CO.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 49; 7; p. 913-918
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  • 14
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    Experimental study of the vidicon system for information recording using the wide-gap spark chamber of gamma - telescope gamma-I (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The development of the gamma ray telescope is investigated. The wide gap spark chambers, used to identify the gamma quanta and to determine the directions of their arrival, are examined. Two systems of information recording with the spark chambers photographic and vidicon system are compared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75644 , PR-436
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  • 15
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    Hot-wire and hot-film anemometry (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The circuit techniques, electronics, dynamic properties, and the applications of the anemometers are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-75413
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  • 16
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    The nuclear radiation monitor for the Spacelab/Shuttle (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A 5 inch by 5 inch diameter sodium iodide scintillation crystal, viewed by a 5 inch photomultiplier was designed to be mounted near the center of the shuttle payload bay to quantitatively measure the neutron and gamma ray environment during the second Spacelab mission. The expected energy resolution is 8% FWHM at 662 keV. The detector will operate in an energy range from 0.1 to 20 MeV. A charged anticoincidence shield consisting of a 1 cm thick plastic scintillator viewed by three 2 inch photomultiplier tubes, covers the crystal detector which has nearly omnidirectional response.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 479-483
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  • 17
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    Hygroscopic Properties of Magnetic Recording Tape (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Relative humidity has been recognized as an important environmental factor in many head-tape interface phenomena such as headwear, friction, staining, and tape shed. Accordingly, the relative humidity is usually specified in many applications of tape use, especially when tape recorders are enclosed in hermetically sealed cases. Normally, the relative humidity is believed regulated by humidification of the fill gas to the specification relative humidity. This study demonstrates that the internal relative humidity in a sealed case is completely controlled by the time-dpendence of the hygroscopic properties of the pack of magnetic recording tape. Differences are found in the hygroscopic properties of the same brand of tape, which apparently result from aging, and which may have an effect on the long-term humidity-regulating behavior in a sealed case, and on the occurrence of head-tape interface phenomena from the long-term use of the tape. Results are presented on the basic hygroscopic properties of magnetic tape, its humidity-regulating behavior in a sealed case, and a theoretical commentary on the relative humidity dependence of head-wear by tape, is included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-12; 126-135
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  • 18
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    Applications of Microwaves to Remote Sensing of Terrain (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A survey and study was conducted to define the role that microwaves may play in the measurement of a variety of terrain-related parameters. The survey consisted of discussions with many users and researchers in the field of remote sensing. In addition, a survey questionnaire was prepared and replies were solicited from these and other users and researchers. The results of the survey, and associated bibliography, were studied and conclusions were drawn as to the usefulness of radiometric systems for remote sensing of terrain.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-2581
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  • 19
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    An overview of the NASA technology utilization program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The NASA technology utilization program is described. The transfer of that technology is described along with the publications which distribute the technological information.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Preliminary Appl. and Evaluation Results. Lixiscope; p 67-77
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  • 20
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    Optical design of the ATMOS Fourier transform spectrometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The optical system design of the ATMOS Fourier transform spectrometer to be operated from Spacelab for the measurement of stratospheric trace molecules is described. The design contains features which can achieve the required fringe contrast of 80% and spectral resolution of 0.02/cm over a spectral range of 2-16 microns. In particular, the design is based on the following features which alleviate the usual requirements for alignment precision: (1) 'cat's eye' mirror configuration in the two arms of the interferometer for retroreflection stability, (2) tilt-compensated system of beamsplitter, compensator, and fold mirrors for wavefront directional stability, (3) paraboloidal 'cat's eye' primary mirror for wavefront stability against shear, (4) rotatable compensator for matching chromatic dispersion, and (5) wedged refractive components to avoid channel spectra due to the Fabry-Perot effect.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical systems engineering; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 21
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    The charge injection device /CID/ as a stellar tracking sensor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A 128 x 128 element CID imager was operated in a simulated stellar trackling environment and evaluated for temporal and pattern noise and spectral response over a temperature range of -40 C to +25 C. The test devices were fabricated on long-lifetime bulk silicon material and utilized very thin upper-level polysilicon electrodes for enhanced spectral response. A standard microcomputer was used to generate all control signals and to collect and process performance data. The results of this program were used to predict the performance of a 400 x 400 CID array designed specifically for stellar-tracking.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Recent advances in TV sensors and systems; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 22
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    Making real-time sun reflectance measurements with a microprocessor-based spectroradiometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A standard high-speed, field-portable spectroradiometric measurement system built around a programmable microprocessor has been adapted to the form of a Reflectometer/Comparator. In this configuration, the instrument makes passive measurements of the absolute reflectance of agricultural plant canopies over a spectral range of 0.4 to 2.5 micrometers. Real-time absolute measurements are made possible by an optical chopper which constantly compares the target with the sun, and makes extensive measurements of solar reflectance from a variety of these targets. The paper describes the instrumentation and measurement procedures, reviews the software programming and discusses the results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Real-time signal processing II; April 19, 20, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 23
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    A fast sampling device for the mass spectrometric analysis of liquid rocket engine exhaust (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The design of a device to obtain compositional data on rocket exhaust by direct sampling of reactive flow exhausts into a mass spectrometer is presented. Sampling at three stages differing in pressure and orifice angle and diameter is possible. Results of calibration with pure gases and gas mixtures are erratic and of unknown accuracy for H2, limiting the usefulness of the apparatus for determining oxidizer/fuel ratios from combustion product analysis. Deposition effects are discussed, and data obtained from rocket exhaust spectra are analyzed to give O/F ratios and mixture ratio distribution. The O/F ratio determined spectrometrically is insufficiently accurate for quantitative comparison with cold flow data. However, a criterion for operating conditions with improved mixing of fuel and oxidizer which is consistent with cold flow results may be obtained by inspection of contour plots. A chemical inefficiency in the combustion process when oxidizer is in excess is observed from reactive flow measurements. Present results were obtained with N2O4/N2H4 propellants.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 75-1270
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  • 24
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    Electronic heterodyne recording of interference patterns (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An electronic heterodyne technique is being investigated for video (i.e., television rate and format) recording of interference patterns. In the heterodyne technique electro-optic modulation is used to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the beams of an interferometer. For phase modulation frequencies between 0.1 and 15 MHz an image dissector camera may be used to scan the resulting temporally modulated interference pattern. Heterodyne detection of the camera output is used to selectively record the interference pattern. An advantage of such synchronous recording is that it permits recording of low-contrast fringes in high ambient light conditions. The application of this technique to the recording of holograms is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Interferometry; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 25
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    Space Telescope Digicon (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Digicon, chosen by NASA as the detector for the High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) and the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) is a 512 parallel output channel vacuum photodetector. There are two HRS Digicons with spectral sensitivity ranges from 1050 A to 1800 A and 1150 A to 3000 A respectively, and two FOS Digicons, which have spectral ranges extending to 7000 A. The significant requirements for these devices are 0.01 counts per second background count rate per diode, state-of-the-art Digicon pulse height resolution (typical 15%) and a high degree of imaging precision and stability. The results of a manufacturing and test program to develop the Digicons coupled with extensive prior work has shown that these requirements can be met. The Digicon because of its inherent ruggedness is particularly well suited to space applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Recent advances in TV sensors and systems; August 27, 28, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 26
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    Electronic recording of holograms with applications to holographic displays (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper describes an electronic heterodyne recording which uses electrooptic modulation to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the object and reference wave. The resulting temporally modulated holographic interference pattern is scanned by a commercial image dissector camera, and the rejection of the self-interference terms is accomplished by heterodyne detection at the camera output. The electrical signal representing this processed hologram can then be used to modify the properties of a liquid crystal light valve or a similar device. Such display devices transform the displayed interference pattern into a phase modulated wave front rendering a three-dimensional image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Advances in display technology; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 27
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    Narrow-field radiometry in a quasi-isotropic atmosphere (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: If a radiometer having a narrow field of view is used to measure the radiance of a source such as a quasi-isotropic atmosphere, a knowledge of the out-of-field responsivity is critical. For example, if a radiometer with a field of view of 5 deg (full-angle) has a relative responsivity of 0.0001 for the out-of-field radiation, the contribution of the out-of-field radiation (assuming an isotropic source subtending 2 steradians) is 10.5% of the total signal. Either the stray light suppression of the radiometer must be extremely high or methods of determining the out-of-field response must be developed. A description of one method of determining the effect of out-of-field response and its application to a planetary atmospheric radiometer is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 28
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    Multiband radiometer for field research (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A multiband radiometer for field research with 8 bands between 0.4 and 12.5 micrometers is described. The data acquisition system will record the results from the radiometer, a precision radiation thermometer, and ancillary sources. The radiometer and data handling systems will be adaptable to helicopter, truck, to tripod platforms; the system will also be suitable for portable hand-held operation. The general characteristics of this system are that it will be (1) inexpensive to acquire, maintain, and operate, (2) simple to calibrate, (3) complete with data handling hardware and software, and (4) well-documented for use by researchers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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  • 29
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    Image processing via ultrasonics - Status and promise (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Acousto-electric devices for electronic imaging of light are discussed. These devices are more versatile than line scan imaging devices in current use. They have the capability of presenting the image information in a variety of modes. The image can be read out in the conventional line scan mode. It can be read out in the form of the Fourier, Hadamard, or other transform. One can take the transform along one direction of the image and line scan in the other direction, or perform other combinations of image processing functions. This is accomplished by applying the appropriate electrical input signals to the device. Since the electrical output signal of these devices can be detected in a synchronous mode, substantial noise reduction is possible
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical processing systems; May 22, 23, 1979; Huntsville, AL.
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  • 30
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    Focus compensation techniques for reconnaissance (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: To maintain optimum resolution under varying environmental conditions, a focusing compensation system has been developed. The system is capable of detecting not only changes in pressure (altitude) and the general lens temperature but also the radial thermal gradients in the lens. Theoretical considerations show that the lens is most affected by these factors. The developed system uses a laser measurement system with environmental sensors to generate a focus correction for environment and range changes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne reconnaissance IV; April 17, 18, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 31
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    Proposed smart integrated-optical preprocessor using holographic subtraction (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper presents a proposed integrated-optical preprocessor with a holographic subtraction. It is based on an optical analog of a set of N analog voltages formed by passing an optical plane wave, confined in an electrooptic waveguide, under a set of N electrodes to which the voltages are applied; in the limit in which diffraction is ignored, the wavefront of the emerging guided wave will have superimposed upon it N discrete phase shifts. Processors which operate upon voltages encoded in this manner are being fabricated; they include a comparator in which incoming data are compared to a holographic record of the optical analog of a reference set, and a 'smart' system based upon holographic self-subtraction, in which the processor can independently adapt to changes in background information. The preprocessor operation is described in the screening, identification, and the self-subtraction modes, and implementation of devices in an integrated optical configuration is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Smart sensors; April 17, 18, 1979; Washington, D. C.
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  • 32
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    Thin-film scintillators for extended ultraviolet /UV/ response silicon detectors (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The preparation and radiometric properties of silicon detectors coated with fluorescent thin films are described. The films are deposited from solutions of clear plastics, such as acrylic resins, polyvinyl toluene or polystyrene, and of organic laser dyes in a common solvent. They are optically clear, mechanically and chemically stable, yet easily applied and removed. Multiple doped films of a few microns thickness exhibit broad-band absorption from less than 250 nm to about 450 nm and narrow band emissions with peaks ranging from 380 nm to 600 nm. Internal quantum efficiencies are close to 100 percent and fluorescence decay times are in the nanosecond range. When deposited on optically denser media, a large fraction of the fluorescent emission is trapped in the substrate. Silicon photodiodes coated with multiple doped films exhibit high external quantum efficiencies and virtually flat photon response in the near UV.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Measurements of optical radiations; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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    Laboratory simulation of tropospheric pollution sensing with a pressure modulator radiometer /PMR/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The optical properties of carbon monoxide gas uniformly distributed in the atmosphere have been simulated in a 20.48 cm long cell in the laboratory. The altitude of the peak of the weighting function for several concentrations was found using a Pressure Modulator Radiometer (PMR). The effect of a fluctuating background radiance and gaseous nitrous oxide on the carbon monoxide signals were examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric effects on radiative transfer; August 29, 30, 1979; San Diego, CA
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    A rocket-borne faint object spectrograph with a codacon detector (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A rocket payload, consisting of a Rowland circle spectrograph with a multi-anode, microchannel plate detector, located at the focus of a 40 cm mirror, has been constructed to observe faint astronomical objects in the 900 to 1800 A spectral region. It can obtain the spectrum of an unreddened, V = 10m OB star with 3 A resolution and + or 3% precision in a 60 second observation.
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    Electrographic instrumentation for ultraviolet imaging and spectrography (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The latest results in the NRL program of far-UV electrographic camera development, and application of these cameras to astrophysical and upper-atmospheric investigations, are presented. A new large electrographic Schmidt camera, of 15 cm aperture and f/2 focal ratio, has been successfully used in two sounding rocket flights, one for direct imagery in the 1230-2000 A wavelength range and the second for objective spectrography in the 950-2000 A range, of stars and nebulae in the Cygnus region of the sky. The camera has an 11 deg field of view and better than 30 arcsec resolution (2 A spectral resolution with 600 line/mm objective grating). A nebular spectrograph, based on a microchannel-intensified electrographic Schmidt camera, is the payload of a May 1979 rocket flight. It will reach emission line features as faint as 5 Rayleighs in 100 second exposures in the 1050-2000 A range, with 5 A spectral resolution.
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    Wide-field electrographic cameras for imagery and spectrography at visual and middle-UV wavelengths (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The use of a Kron electrographic detector for wide-field, narrow-band imagery of faint emission nebulosity in the near-UV and visual (3100-6000 A) wavelength interval is described. As an example of the photometric quality of the imagery and of the sensitivity of the instrumentation to diffuse, low-contrast objects, imagery of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant in the high excitation forbidden line of Ne V 3426 A is presented. In addition, a program to develop electrographic detectors which use cesium telluride photocathodes for broad-band imagery and spectrography in the middle-UV (1650-3100 A) wavelength range is described.
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    Two-dimensional ultraviolet imagery with a microchannel-plate/resistive-anode detector (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An imaging ultraviolet detector has been designed for use with a precision pointed telescope flown on a sounding rocket. Resolution of better than 80 microns over a field of 5 mm has been achieved. The ultraviolet image is converted to electrons at the front surface of a CsI coated chevron microchannel-plate electron multiplier. For each photoelectron, the multiplier produces a burst of about 3,000,000 electrons, which impinges on a tellurium-coated resistive anode with four evaporated hyperbolic readout electrodes. The sizes of the four resulting output pulses are digitized to 10 bit accuracy and telemetered to the ground, where they are divided in pairs to give the x and y coordinates of the photoelectron event. The coordinates are used to generate a picture in real time, and are recorded for computer processing later. The detector was successfully flown in December 1978. Good images of Jupiter and Capella in hydrogen Lyman alpha emission were obtained.
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    The International Ultraviolet Explorer spectral image processing system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The International Ultraviolet Explorer spectral image processing system is an on-line interactive system which provides data on the UV spectra of astronomical objects in the wavelength range 1000 to 3200 A. In operation for one year, the image processing system accepts two-dimensional images transmitted digitally from the satellite's SEC vidicon cameras. The system extracts spectral intensity as a function of wavelength and removes background, scattered light, halation and echelle effects.
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    Tests of low background photo conductors (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: In support of two infrared astronomy space projects, the IRAS satellite and the IRT on Spacelab 2, low-background tests were carried out on the performance and characterization of Si:Ga, Si:As, Si:Sb and Ge:Ga photoconductive detectors. These test results represent a useful appraisal of this family of detectors when operated at 1.8-4.2 K and at background power levels of 10 to the -14th to 10 to the -13th W. In addition to detector performance data, results are also presented on cryogenically cooled MOSFET amplifiers operated in the source follower and in the balanced-dc-TIA configurations.
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    Germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2K, 2.0K, 1.2K, 0.3K and 0.1K (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The design, construction, and performance of state of the art germanium and germanium-diamond bolometers operated at 4.2, 2.0, 1.2, and 0.3 K are discussed. These detectors have a broad range of applications, and are particularly important for the long wavelength (far infrared to millimeter) regions. Current results may be extrapolated to lower temperatures and higher levels of performance. A system which will operate at 0.1 K using a He-4-He-3 dilution refrigerator is under development.
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    An airborne remote sensing 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz stepped frequency microwave radiometer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A microwave stepped frequency radiometer operating from 4.5 to 7.2 gigahertz has been designed, fabricated and flight tested in an airborne remote sensing mission by NASA Langley Research Center. This paper describes the design of this precision microwave Dicke-switched noise feedback radiometer, calibration techniques and presents typical results from remote sensing mission employing this radiometer.
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    Earth observation from geostationary orbit (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The paper describes a number of satellite-borne infrared spin-scan sensors and discusses the operational requirements for which they were designed. The sensors considered are the spin scan cloud cameras of ATS 1 and 3, the SMS/GOES visible-infrared spin-scan radiometer, and the VISSR atmospheric sounder.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Modern utilization of infrared technology: Civilian and military; August 19, 20, 1975; San Diego, CA
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    Instrumentation for measurements of solar irradiance and atmospheric optical properties (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR), an accurate absolute pyrheliometer, has been developed for measurements of total solar irradiance. It has been used to discover a -2.2% error in the International Pyrheliometric Scale and to make measurements in balloon flight experiments yielding a solar constant value of 136.6 (+ or - 0.7) mW/sq cm. New ACRs are being developed to monitor the total output of solar optical radiation in balloon, satellite and space shuttle experiments with long-term absolute uncertainty of + or - 0.1% or less. In a separate program, instrumentation for the measurement of the scattering and extinction of solar radiation by the atmosphere is being constructed to provide data for modeling atmospheric aerosol content. The aerosol models will facilitate computation of radiative transfer effects yielding quantitative net fluxes useful in evaluating the climatological impact of aerosols.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics in solar energy utilization; August 21, 22, 1975; San Diego, CA
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    Image recording requirements for earth observation applications in the next decade (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Future requirements for satellite-borne image recording systems are examined from the standpoints of system performance, system operation, product type, and product quality. Emphasis is on total system design while keeping in mind that the image recorder or scanner is the most crucial element which will affect the end product quality more than any other element within the system. Consideration of total system design and implementation for sustained operational usage must encompass the requirements for flexibility of input data and recording speed, pixel density, aspect ratio, and format size. To produce this type of system requires solution of challenging problems in interfacing the data source with the recorder, maintaining synchronization between the data source and the recorder, and maintaining a consistent level of quality. Film products of better quality than is currently achieved in a routine manner are needed. A 0.1 pixel geometric accuracy and 0.0001 d.u. radiometric accuracy on standard (240 mm) size format should be accepted as a goal to be reached in the near future.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Laser recording and information handling technology; August 21, 22, 1974; San Diego, CA
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    Measurement of flow fields in a large transonic wind tunnel using a laser velocimeter (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An investigation to determine the feasibility of using a laser velocimeter for measuring the mean flow velocities about airplane models in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel has recently been completed. The laser velocimeter was a two-component fringe-type used in the back scatter mode. The tunnel airflow was seeded with oil droplets to provide scattering sources for the laser velocimeter. Measurements of the tunnel free-stream velocity were in good agreement with the tunnel calibration, and measurements of the velocity along the stagnating streamline of a hemisphere model, when adjusted for particle lag, were in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The study showed that the laser, optics, and electronics system operated satisfactorily, but that further development is required to reduce scattering particle size and substance accumulation in the tunnel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 75-1425 , General Aviation Technologyfest; Nov. 13, 14, 1975; Wichita, Kan.
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  • 46
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    Visible infrared spin-scan radiometers (VISSR) for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) B and C application (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Two visible infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) instruments provided for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite B and C (GOES B and C) spacecrafts are described. The instruments are identical to those supplied previously are summarized. A significant number of changes primarily involving corrections of drawing errors and omissions were also performed. All electrical changes were breadboarded (where complexity required this), were incorporated into the test module, and subjected to verification of proper operation throughout fall instrument temperature range. Evaluation of the changes also included design operating safety margins to account for component variations and life.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-170434 , NAS 1.26:170434
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    Conditional replenishment using motion prediction (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Conditional replenishment is an interframe video compression method that uses correlation in time to reduce video transmission rates. This method works by detecting and sending only the changing portions of the image and by having the receiver use the video data from the previous frame for the non-changing portion. The amount of compression that can be achieved through this technique depends to a large extent on the rate of change within the image, and can vary from 10 to 1 to less than 2 to 1. An additional 3 to 1 reduction in rate is obtained by the intraframe coding of data blocks using a 2-dimensional variable rate Hadamard transform coder. A further additional 2 to 1 rate reduction is achieved by using motion prediction. Motion prediction works by measuring the relative displacements of a subpicture from one frame to the next. The subpicture can then be transmitted by sending only the value of the 2-dimensional displacement. Computer simulations have demonstrated that data rates of 2 to 4 Mega-bits/second can be achieved while still retaining good fidelity in the image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applications of digital image processing III; Aug 27, 1979 - Aug 29, 1979; San Diego, CA
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    Multi-anode microchannel arrays (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Multi-Anode Microchannel Arrays (MAMA's) are a family of photoelectric, photon-counting array detectors being developed for use in instruments on both ground-based and space-borne telescopes. These detectors combine high sensitivity and photometric stability with a high-resolution imaging capability. MAMA detectors can be operated in a windowless configuration at extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths or in a sealed configuration at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Prototype MAMA detectors with up to 512 x 512 pixels are now being tested in the laboratory and telescope operation of a simple (10 x 10)-pixel visible-light detector has been initiated. The construction and modes-of-operation of the MAMA detectors are briefly described and performance data are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Los Alamos Conference on Optics; May 23, 1979 - May 25, 1979; Los Alamos, NM
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    A parametric model for multispectral scanners (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A set of test statistics are specified and the corresponding output quantities computed by the characteristic function. Two sets of classification accuracies, one at the input and one at the output are estimated. The scanner's instantaneous field of view is changed and the variation of the output classification performance is monitored.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Machine processing of remotely sensed data; Jun 27, 1979 - Jun 29, 1979; West Lafayette, IN
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    Cryogenic wind tunnel force instrumentation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper outlines the work that has been accomplished at Langley Research Center (NASA) while investigating the effects of cryogenic environment on one-place multicomponent strain-gage balances. Particular emphasis is placed on cryogenic balances for use in the National Transonic Facility (NTF).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Symposium on Cryogenic Wind Tunnels; Apr 03, 1979 - Apr 05, 1979; Southampton
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    Improved microwave radiometry for remote sensing (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Significant improvements in the gain stability and overall performance of microwave radiometers have been achieved with the use of a self-balancing gain modulation technique. This technique, in combination with automatic thermal calibration, is particularly well suited for remote sensing radiometric applications. The essential features of such a radiometer, including typical data obtained from a spaceborne satellite, is presented to show the instrument's utility.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: European Microwave Conference; Sep 04, 1978 - Sep 08, 1978; Paris; France
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    Thermographic measurement of fatigue damage (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a thermographic technique developed to measure the extent of fatigue damage in composite materials during fatigue loading. It is noted that heat generated by cyclic loading of fatigue damaged material raises the surface temperature. These temperatures were measured with an infrared camera and were used as boundary conditions in a finite element heat transfer program, which has been developed especially to calculate the extent of the heat generation zone, and thereby to define the fatigue damage zone. It is reported that the finite element program was verified by comparing calculated heat generation with the actual heat generation for a simple heat transfer problem that had a closed form solution. Damage zones are calculated for several boron/epoxy fatigue specimens from thermograms of specimens. The calculated damage zones were compared with damage detected by C-scan, X-ray, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. It is concluded that the analysis was effective in locating the boundaries of the fatigue damage zones.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Composite materials: Testing and design; Mar 20, 1978 - Mar 22, 1978; New Orleans, LA
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    Progress on millimeter wave Josephson junction mixers (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Preset, recyclable Nb point contacts are tested as low-noise Josephson mixers at a signal frequency of 115 GHz. The best result achieved is a mixer noise temperature (single sideband) of 120 K with unity conversion efficiency (SSB) for a junction at 6 K. Variation of mixer properties with temperature and other parameters is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Future trends in superconductive electronics; Mar 23, 1978 - Mar 25, 1978; Charlottesville, VA
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    Signal detection in l/f noise of SQUID magnetometers (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is shown that the variance on the SQUID power spectrum in the l/f low frequency region is well behaved, i.e., any small frequency band may be treated as white noise in standard power spectrum estimation theory. Specifically a calibration signal is examined at 0.017 Hz with an equivalent energy referred to the SQUID input coil of 1 times 10 to the -30th J and a digitally recorded and analyzed record of 140 hr duration obtained an optimum S/N better than 400. The results are in good agreement with theory. In addition no deviation from the l/f dependence of the noise energy spectrum is seen down to frequencies below 10 to the -5th Hz. A commercially available SQUID and electronics system were used.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Future trends in superconductive electronics; Mar 23, 1978 - Mar 25, 1978; Charlottesville, VA
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    Development of a London moment readout for a superconducting gyroscope (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A gyroscope for verifying certain predictions of General Relativity is under development at Stanford. A method of measuring the gyroscope orientation based on the use of the London moment and a SQUID magnetometer is described. It is estimated that the required sensitivity of 1 milliarc-sec can be achieved in a bandwidth of 2.5 times 10 to the -6th Hz.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Future trends in superconductive electronics; Mar 23, 1978 - Mar 25, 1978; Charlottesville, VA
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    VLSI system for synthetic aperture radar /SAR/ processing (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper discusses an SAR problem based on actual requirements set forth by NASA for a spaceborne application. The requirements for high resolution and high quality necessitate a data sampling rate of 7.5 MHz. For each data value 1,025 4-bit complex multiply + add operations are needed, which is equivalent to 7.7 GHz complex multiply + add operation rate. Since this rate is much too high for general purpose systems, a special-purpose device was sought. This paper discusses two architectures based on parallel operation of 1,025 identical cells, each of which is capable of performing arithmetic, storage, and several control operations. The operation rate in each device is only 7.5 MHz, which is quite manageable, especially with the help of a substantial degree of pipelining. A computational-mathematical analysis is used as a primary tool for evaluating the design and some of its tradeoffs. Two different approaches are discussed and compared; both are based on having 1,025 identical cells working in parallel, but differ in their dual approaches to the flow of data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Digital processing of aerial images; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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    Imaging proportional counter for X-ray astronomy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A position-sensitive proportional counter capable of imaging X-rays (0.1-3 keV) over a 10 cm x 10 cm aperture has been constructed. Positioning is obtained by sensing the signals induced by an X-ray event on the two orthogonal sets of cathode wires. Each cathode is divided into a series of cathode strips, each 0.5 cm wide. An X-ray event induces signals on several adjacent strips. Signals from each cathode strip are amplified separately and then added in an equally weighted and an unequally weighted summing amplifier. The position in each direction is obtained by dividing the output of the unequally weighted summer by that of the equally weighted summer. At 0.94 keV, the accuracy of the position sensing is 190 microns. At the same energy, the energy resolution is approximately 65% (FWHM). The proportional counter system is currently being incorporated into a sounding rocket payload having metal mirror optics, which is being constructed by the X-ray astronomy group at the California Institute of Technology.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics: Imaging X-ray optics workshop; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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    Thematic mapper design description and performance prediction (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The new generation of satellite-borne earth resources scanners, the Thematic Mapper, is being built for launch on the Landsat-D spacecraft. It will gather data for applications such as crop inventory, land use planning, forest management, and geology. This paper gives an overall design description, further discussion of principal design features, performance achievements where data are available, and system performance predictions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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    Multispectral Resource Sampler - An experimental satellite sensor for the mid-1980s (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An experimental pushbroom scan sensor, the Multispectral Resource Sampler (MRS), being developed by NASA for a future earth orbiting flight is presented. This sensor will provide new earth survey capabilities beyond those of current sensor systems, with a ground resolution of 15 m over a swath width of 15 km in four bands. The four arrays are aligned on a common focal surface requiring no beamsplitters, thus causing a spatial separation on the ground which requires computer processing to register the bands. Along track pointing permits stereo coverage at variable base/height ratios and atmospheric correction experiments, while across track pointing will provide repeat coverage, from a Landsat-type orbit, of every 1 to 3 days. The MRS can be used for experiments in crop discrimination and status, rock discrimination, land use classification, and forestry.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space optics; May 22, 1979 - May 24, 1979; Huntsville, AL
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    Selenium immersed thermistor bolometer study (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The noise characteristics of thermistor bolometers immersed in layers of arsenic/selenium glass uniform in composition were examined. Using a controlled deposition technique, layers of glass were deposited, thermistor bolometers immersed, and their electrical characteristics measured after various thermal treatments. Markedly improved stability of the detector noise was observed using this new technique.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-160013 , BEC-2774
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    Efficient laser anemometer for intra-rotor flow mapping in turbomachinery (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A fringe type laser anemometer is described. Features of the anemometer include; a rapid and efficient data acquisition process; a detailed real time graphic display of the data being accumulated; and input laser beam positioning that maximizes the size of the intrarotor region being mapped. Results are presented that demonstrate the anemometer's capability in flow mapping within a transonic axial flow compressor rotor. A velocity profile, derived from 30,000 measurements along 1000 sequential circumferential positions covering 20 blade passages, was obtained in 30 seconds. The use of fluorescent seed particles allowed flow measurements near the rotor hub and the casing window.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-79320 , E-276 , ASME 25th Ann. Intern. Gas Turbine Conf.; Mar 09, 1980 - Mar 13, 1980; New Orleans
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    Development of improved lithium tantalate pyroelectric detectors (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A program was undertaken to increase the detectivity of LiTaO3 pyroelectric detectors to meet a performance requirement of D star (500 K, 15 Hz)=4x10 to the 9th power cm Hz1/2W-1. Emphasis was placed on reduction of the thermal conductance of the detector element to its surroundings, thinning the detector wafer to a thickness less than 3 micrometers, and increasing the absorptivity of the standard metallic film coatings. During the program, thermal conductance was reduced 41 percent through the use of reticulated (slotted) structures. Self-supported detector wafers less than 2 micrometers thick were fabricated. Multiple layer coatings, including an AR coating, with 16 percent more absorptance, were designed and fabricated. Later refinements in the multilayer design program have absorptivities of 75-80 percent, but detectors with these coatings had to be more than 2 micrometers thick because of a mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients with LiTaO3.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-158982 , TR-78-49
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    A study of digital holographic filters generation. Phase 2: Digital data communication system, volume 1 (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An empirical study of the performance of the Viterbi decoders in bursty channels was carried out and an improved algebraic decoder for nonsystematic codes was developed. The hybrid algorithm was simulated for the (2,1), k = 7 code on a computer using 20 channels having various error statistics, ranging from pure random error to pure bursty channels. The hybrid system outperformed both the algebraic and the Viterbi decoders in every case, except the 1% random error channel where the Viterbi decoder had one bit less decoding error.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-150864 , MSSU-EIRS-EE-79-1-VOL-1
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  • 64
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    Precision gravity detection - Gradiometry and/or radiometry (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Current knowledge concerning the earth's gravity field is limited to about 1500-2000 km resolution. However, the resolution of gravity anomalies having a spatial extent of 100-1000 km over the entire globe is needed for important geophysical and geodetic applications. In the near future satellite altimetry will be used to determine the ocean geoid at the 10 cm - 1 m level. In order to provide a similar level of resolutions over the land regions, there exists a need for utilizing new promising techniques such as gravity gradiometry and new radiometric measurements, viz., satellite-to-satellite tracking. Satellite-to-satellite tracking techniques have shown potential for improving the medium wavelength component of the gravity field. The gravity gradiometer has not yet been tested on board a satellite. The reported analysis includes a simplified theoretical model to compare the effectiveness of the gradiometer measurements and radiometric measurements for high resolution gravity field determination, and the direct estimation of local gravity anomalies represented by point masses using a simulated gravity gradiometer and satellite-to-satellite tracking data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Symposium on Space Technology and Science; May 16, 1977 - May 20, 1977; Tokyo; Japan
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  • 65
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    A technique for measuring in situ size distribution of aerosols (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A multistage cascade impactor instrument employing piezoelectric crystals for real-time aerosol size distribution measurements is described in this paper. The instrument measures the aerosol mass concentration as a function of particle size in 10 size intervals ranging from 0.05 micrometers to 25 micrometers in diameter. The particles are then analyzed for elemental composition and morphology by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examples of particle size distributions in rocket motor exhaust plumes measured with the instrument are presented together with the elemental composition and morphology obtained by SEM.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Annual Convention; Aug 02, 1978 - Aug 05, 1978; New York, NY
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  • 66
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    Processing laser velocimeter high-speed burst counter data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The statistical calculations of the mean and potential bias errors are considered with respect to their applicability to the randomly sampled velocity data obtained from a laser velocimeter. Techniques for displaying the resulting data in the form of arrow plots, flow streamline plots, and contour maps are also discussed. A description is presented of the operation of a new hardware interface between the signal processing electronics and the computer. The interface has been constructed to make it possible to use recently developed data processing techniques for obtaining turbulent power spectra from laser velocimeter data. Additional capabilities which were built into the interface allow the measurement of the velocity vector for each particle passing through the laser velocimeter sample window. By processing the data with extended versions of the turbulent power spectra techniques, cross spectra, interactions between velocity magnitude fluctuations, and flow angle fluctuations may be investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Workshop on Laser Velocimetry; Jul 11, 1978 - Jul 13, 1978; West Lafayette, IN
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  • 67
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    Obstacle detection by rapid estimation scheme with data scaling (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A data scaling technique is proposed to improve the performance of a rapid estimation scheme for analyzing rover rangefinder data in the specific area of obstacle outline characterization. The scaling transformation involves multiplying the measured beam length times a scale factor and taking the logarithm in a certain base. Although analysis shows that introducing the scaling transformation has no primary effect on the detection ability and that there is no apparent signal-to-noise ratio improvement, computer simulations show a reduction in the number of false jumps. In the 40-m range the use of data scaling cleared the foreground of obstacles of noise and obtained definition of the near edge of a crater.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Annual Pittsburgh Conference; Apr 21, 1977 - Apr 22, 1977; Pittsburgh, PA
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  • 68
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    Detection of upper atmospheric constituents using submillimeter wave /SMMW/ heterodyne radiometry (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Submillimeter wave heterodyne radiometry has been applied to the detection and sounding of upper atmospheric constituents. The use of room-temperature Schottky-diode mixers for the receivers has yielded measurements of 70,000 K noise temperature. Coupling losses into the diode and matching of the IF output limit are observed to limit noise temperature. The technique is evaluated by calculating spectra with assumed temperature and constituent profiles. Vertical integrations are made with a multilayer atmosphere and the direct summation of absorption coefficients for the individual spectral lines is used. Results are presented for tangent path parameters for a mid-latitude summer model and the fractional parts of upper atmospheric constituents as a function of altitude.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Far infrared/submillimeter wave: Technology/applications; Apr 18, 1977 - Apr 21, 1977; Reston, VA
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  • 69
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    Aperture and detector cavity considerations for wide and medium field-of-view radiometers (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is anticipated that comparison ground calibration radiometers for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) may well incorporate a receiver cavity to facilitate the electrical substitution calibration capability. The radiometers were specifically developed for direct solar measurements and incorporate narrow fields of view with total included angles of not more than 15 degrees. Special cavity design characteristics are required to achieve the potential accuracy of this type of radiometer. Adequate conical cavity designs have been developed to assure the five reflections which an entering photon must experience before it is allowed to exit the radiometer. Attention is given to the proposed hemispherical aperture configuration, typical paths of unwanted incoming radiation, a resolution of a skew ray into axial components, and aspects of cavity design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 70
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    Instrumentation for propulsion systems development (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Various types of instrumentation for the development of propulsion systems are discussed. For the steady-state measurement of local temperature, pressure and flow velocity in gases the devices include: a multielement probe, calibrated thermocouple probes, thermocouple probes designed for low gas velocities, pressure measuring devices for high-speed rotors, and instruments for data pickup from rotating members. For the dynamic measurements of the same factors attention is given to 2-mm diameter pressure transducers, flush-diaphragm transducers, resistance thermometers or thermocouples, and miniature transducers for velocity measurements. Instruments for compressor and turbine-blade instrumentation are described with reference to a pyrometer for mapping turbine-blade surface temperature, a capacitance method for making rotor clearance measurements, and optical detection procedures for blade vibration amplitude.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SAE PAPER 780076 , Congress and Exposition; Feb 27, 1978 - Mar 03, 1978; Detroit, MI
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  • 71
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    Wake flow measurements with a mobile laser Doppler velocimeter system (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Wake flow measurements were conducted with a mobile laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The measurements included surveys of aircraft wake vortices behind a B-747 aircraft, aircraft carrier wake measurements from aboard the U.S.S. Nimitz, and tower wake measurements for a 100 kW wind turbine. Results of these tests demonstrated that a mobile ground-based LDV is a versatile and useful tool for the measurement of full-scale three-dimensional wake flows. The potential is demonstrated for utilization of this system to study complex wakes for a variety of applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-823 , Aerodynamic Testing Conference; Apr 19, 1978 - Apr 21, 1978; San Diego, CA
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  • 72
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    Buried wire gage for wall shear stress measurements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A buried wire gage for measuring wall shear stress in fluid flow was studied and further developed. Several methods of making this relatively new type of gage were examined to arrive at a successful technique that is well-suited for wind-tunnel testing. A series of measurements was made to demonstrate the adequacy of a two-point calibration procedure for these gages. The buried wire gage is also demonstrated to be ideally suited for quantitative measurement of wall shear stress in wind-tunnel testing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-798 , Aerodynamic Testing Conference; Apr 19, 1978 - Apr 21, 1978; San Diego, CA
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  • 73
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    Measurement of flow angle and mass flow rate in an unknown flow field using hot film and hot wire probes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A data reduction technique applicable to constant temperature hot film and hot wire probes is presented which is used to determine flow angle and mass flow rate in an unknown flow field over a wide range of flow conditions at supersonic and hypersonic velocities. The technique virtually eliminates the effect of Reynolds number on a probe's flow angle sensitivity. Methods for extrapolating a limited amount of mass flow rate calibration data to include the range of mass flow rate encountered in an experiment are also given. This technique has been applied to data obtained using a hot film probe during surveys in the leeside flow field of a space shuttle orbiter configuration.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-794 , Aerodynamic Testing Conference; Apr 19, 1978 - Apr 21, 1978; San Diego, CA
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  • 74
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    Future timing accuracy requirements and procedures for data processing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Timing accuracy requirements for satellite experiment data are discussed. Although time accuracies of 100 milliseconds were sufficient when OSO-3, 4, 5 were launched in the mid-60s, time accuracies of 100 microseconds are necessary for OSO-8, HEAO-A, and Seasat, and it is thought likely that accuracies of 10 microseconds will become routine in the 1980s. An approach to the problem of identifying the sources of spacecraft timing errors - from the onboard counters to the final tagging of data - is considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Data Management Symposium; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 19, 1977; Huntsville, AL
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  • 75
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    High data volume and transfer rate techniques used at NASA's image processing facility (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data storage and transfer operations at a new image processing facility are described. The equipment includes high density digital magnetic tape drives and specially designed controllers to provide an interface between the tape drives and computerized image processing systems. The controller performs the functions necessary to convert the continuous serial data stream from the tape drive to a word-parallel blocked data stream which then goes to the computer-based system. With regard to the tape packing density, 1.8 times 10 to the tenth data bits are stored on a reel of one-inch tape. System components and their operation are surveyed, and studies on advanced storage techniques are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Data Management Symposium; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 19, 1977; Huntsville, AL
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  • 76
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    Nuclear Science Symposium, 4th, and Nuclear Power Systems Symposium, 9th, San Francisco, Calif., October 19-21, 1977, Proceedings (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Consideration is given to the following types of high energy physics instrumentation: drift chambers, multiwire proportional chambers, calorimeters, optical detectors, ionization and scintillation detectors, solid state detectors, and electronic and digital subsystems. Attention is also paid to reactor instrumentation, nuclear medicine instrumentation, data acquisition systems for nuclear instrumentation, microprocessor applications in nuclear science, environmental instrumentation, control and instrumentation of nuclear power generating stations, and radiation monitoring. Papers are also presented on instrumentation for the High Energy Astronomy Observatory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Science Symposium; Oct 19, 1977 - Oct 21, 1977; San Francisco, CA; US
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  • 77
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    Miniature drag force anemometer (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A miniature drag force anemometer is described which is capable of measuring dynamic velocity head and flow direction. The anemometer consists of a silicon cantilevered beam 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, and 0.25 mm thick with an integrated diffused strain gage bridge, located at the base of the beam, as the force measuring element. The dynamics of the beam are like that of a second order system with a natural frequency of about 42 kHz and a damping coefficient of 0.007. The anemometer can be used in both forward and reversed flow. Measured flow characteristics up to Mach 0.6 are presented along with application examples including turbulence measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Instrumentation Symposium; May 01, 1977 - May 05, 1977; Las Vegas, NV
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  • 78
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    Comparison of two different raindrop disdrometers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Different types of impact sensors, used for the measurement of drop size distribution, are described and compared. All of them generate an electrical output which is to a first order a function of the velocity and mass of impacting drops within the size range of 0.25 to 5.0 mm. The disdrometers discussed include an active styrofoam disdrometer, a passive plexiglass sensor, and a cast epoxy disdrometer sensor. The sensors are calibrated by dropping water drops of known size on the sensor, and using an oscilloscope to measure peak amplitude. Similar response characteristics are observed for the active styrofoam disdrometer and the passive plexiglass and brass sensors. The cast epoxy impact sensor is noted to have a faster response and to be more sturdy than the styrofoam or plexiglass sensors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Conference on Radar Meteorology; Oct 26, 1976 - Oct 29, 1976; Seattle, WA
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  • 79
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    Simultaneous velocity and particle size measurement in two phase flows by Laser Anemometry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A technique for particle size measurement by using Laser Doppler Anemometry is discussed. An additional gate photomultiplier has been introduced at right angles to the optical axis in order to select only those particles passing through the central region of the measurement control volume. Particle sizing measurements have been made in sprays of glass particles using the modified Laser Anemometry system. Measurements in fuel sprays are also reported and compared with the results obtained by a photographic technique. The application of the particle sizing technique to opaque particles is investigated and suitable optical arrangements are suggested. Light scattering characteristics of Laser Anemometry systems for different optical geometries are calculated to select the optimum optical arrangement for the particle sizing measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-74 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 16, 1978 - Jan 18, 1978; Huntsville, AL
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  • 80
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    Photographic image enhancement and processing (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Scientists using aerial imagery frequently desire image processing or enhancement of that imagery to aid them in data analysis. Sophisticated digital image processing techniques are currently employed in many applications where the data is recorded in digital format, where processing hardware and programs are available. Aerial photographic imagery poses a problem in the magnitude of the digitization processing. Photographic image processing analogous to many available digital techniques is being employed by scientific investigators. Those techniques which may be applied in a cost effective manner to processing of aerial photographic imagery are described here.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Biennial Workshop on Color aerial photography in the plant sciences and related fields; Aug 19, 1975 - Aug 21, 1975; Sioux Falls, SD
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  • 81
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    Measurement of control system response using an analog operational circuit (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ten basic steps are established for an analog method that measures control system response parameters. An example shows how these steps were used on a speed control portion of an auxiliary power unit. The equations and calculations necessary to describe this subsystem are given. The mechanization schematic and simulation diagram for obtaining the measured response parameters of the control system using an analog circuit are explained. Methods for investigating the various effects of the control parameters are described. It is concluded that the optimum system should be underdamped enough to be slightly oscillatory during transients.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-78937 , E-9680 , Elec./Electron. Conf. and Exposition; May 09, 1978 - May 11, 1978; Cleveland
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  • 82
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    Class of near-perfect coded apertures (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Coded aperture imaging of gamma ray sources has long promised an improvement in the sensitivity of various detector systems. The promise has remained largely unfulfilled, however, for either one of two reasons. First, the encoding/decoding method produces artifacts, which even in the absence of quantum noise, restrict the quality of the reconstructed image. This is true of most correlation-type methods. Second, if the decoding procedure is of the deconvolution variety, small terms in the transfer function of the aperture can lead to excessive noise in the reconstructed image. It is proposed to circumvent both of these problems by use of a uniformly redundant array (URA) as the coded aperture in conjunction with a special correlation decoding method.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-157632 , LA-UR-77-2369 , CONF-771023-4 , Nucl. Sci. Symp.; Oct 19, 1977; San Francisco
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  • 83
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    Proceedings of the 8th Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Proceedings contain the papers presented at the Eight Annual Precise Time and Tme Interval PTTI Applications and Planning Meeting. The edited record of the discussions following the papers and the panel discussions are also included. This meeting provided a forum for the exchange of information on precise time and frequency technology among members of the scientific community and persons with program applications. The 282 registered attendees came from various U.S. Government agencies, private industry, universities and a number of foreign countries were represented. In this meeting, papers were presented that emphasized: (1) definitions and international regulations of precise time sources and users, (2) the scientific foundations of Hydrogen Maser standards, the current developments in this field and the application experience, and (3) how to measure the stability performance properties of precise standards. As in the previous meetings, update and new papers were presented on system applications with past, present and future requirements identified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-79451 , AD-A043856 , X-814-77-149 , Nov 30, 1976 - Dec 02, 1976; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 84
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    Advanced very high resolution radiometer (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The program covered the design, construction, and test of a Breadboard Model, Engineering Model, Protoflight Model, Mechanical/Structural Model, and a Life Test Model. Special bench test and calibration equipment was also developed for use on the program. Initially, the instrument was to operate from a 906 n.mi. orbit and be thermally isolated from the spacecraft. The Breadboard Model and the Mechanical/Structural Model were designed and built to these requirements. The spacecraft altitude was changed to 450 n.mi., IFOVs and spectral characteristics were modified, and spacecraft interfaces were changed. The final spacecraft design provided a temperature-controlled Instrument Mounting Platform (IMP) to carry the AVHRR and other instruments. The design of the AVHRR was modified to these new requirements and the modifications were incorporated in the Engineering Model. The Protoflight Model and the Flight Models conform to this design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156764
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  • 85
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    Research directed toward improved echelles for the ultraviolet (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Low frequency gratings obtainable with present technology, can meet the grating-efficiency design goals for potential space telescope spectrographs. Gratings made with changes in the three specific parameters: the ruling tool profile, the coating material, and the lubricants used during the ruling process were compared. A series of coatings and test gratings were fabricated and were examined for surface smoothness with a Nomarski differential interference microscope and an electron microsocope. Photomicrographs were obtained to show the difference in smoothness of the various coatings and rulings. Efficiency measurements were made for those test rulings that showed good groove characteristics: smoothness, proper ruling depth, and absence of defects (e.g., streaks, feathered edges and rough sides). Higher grating efficiency should be correlated with the degree of smoothness of both the coating and the grating groove.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-156732
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  • 86
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    Strapdown gyro test program (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The power spectral noise characteristic performance of the Teledyne two-degree-of-freedom dry tuned gimbal gyroscope was determined. Tests were conducted using a current configuration SDG-5 gyro in conjunction with test equipment with minor modification. Long term bias stability tests were conducted as well as some first difference performance tests. The gyro, test equipment, and the tests performed are described. Results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-150458
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  • 87
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    NASA atomic hydrogen standards program - An update (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Some of the design features of NASA hydrogen masers are discussed including the large hydrogen source bulb, the palladium purified, the state selector, the replaceable pumps, the small entrance stem, magnetic shields, the elongated storage bulb, the aluminum cavity, the electronics package, and the autotuner. Attention is also given to the reliability and operating life of these hydrogen atomic standards.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Annual Frequency Control Symposium; Jun 02, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Atlantic City, NJ
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  • 88
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    Optical vs. electronic enhancement of remote sensing imagery (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Basic aspects of remote sensing are considered and a description is provided of the methods which are employed in connection with the optical or electronic enhancement of remote sensing imagery. The advantages and limitations of various image enhancement methods and techniques are evaluated. It is pointed out that optical enhancement methods and techniques are currently superior to electronic ones with respect to spatial resolution and equipment cost considerations. Advantages of electronic procedures, on the other hand, are related to a greater flexibility regarding the presentation of the information as an aid for the interpretation by the image analyst.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Seminar on Image processing; Feb 24, 1976 - Feb 26, 1976; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 89
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    Multiplexor and sensor system tradeoff study (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The influence of certain sensor parameters on the accuracy of information extracted from satellite image data is studied, using a digital processing flow to simulate the effects of the sensor parameters. The method employed was to select representative images; scan and digitize them; process the digital data to simulate the effects of presampling filters, instantaneous field of view (IFOV) size and shape, sampling rates, noise, and word length; record the processed data on film; evaluate the film images; and draw conclusions from the evaluations. The study showed that presampling filters are not required to suppress aliasing, that the choice of square and circular IFOV shapes is not important, and that increased horizontal and vertical sampling rates produce an increase in apparent resolution. Work with low-contrast targets revealed a definite maximum in the tradeoff between IFOV size and SNR.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Seminar on Image processing; Feb 24, 1976 - Feb 26, 1976; Pacific Grove, CA
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  • 90
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    Particle size and velocity measurement by laser anemometry (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of a forward scattering Laser Anemometer system for the measurement of particle diameters larger than the fringe spacing is investigated. A systematic calibration experiment demonstrates a direct relationship between signal amplitude and particle diameter for transparent particles between 30 microns and 240 microns in diameter. A light scattering analysis confirms these measurements and indicates how the range of particles which can be measured using the peak (mean) signal depends on the optical arrangement and particle properties. On the basis of this work a real time Laser Anemometer signal processor is modified so that the peak of the mean of each signal can be measured. A method of correcting data for the effect of particles which do not go through the center of the measurement volume is derived. Good agreement is found between particle size distributions measured in sprays by using the Laser Anemometer and size distributions measured by collecting the particles on a slide and using an image analysis computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 77-214 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 24, 1977 - Jan 26, 1977; Los Angeles, CA
    Format: text
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  • 91
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    A large imaging array CCD program (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Test results on charge coupled device (CCD) imaging arrays (100 x 160 pixel and 400 x 400 pixel) employed as imaging detectors are reported, along with expected low light level (LLL) performance. Reasons for selection of a thinned backside-illuminated buried-channel three-phase CCD variant are indicated. The LLL performance and long storage time capability of the CCD imaging array recommend it for stellar photometry, detection and tracking of faint objects, and other astronomical applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Seminar on Low light level devices for science and technology; Mar 22, 1976 - Mar 23, 1976; Reston, VA
    Format: text
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  • 92
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    A technique for measurement of material damping in metals (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper outlines the theory, design, and application of an apparatus based on the single beam resonant dwell technique to determine the damping capacity of metallic materials by measuring the response of a structural element to excitation at a modal frequency. In this apparatus, a cantilever beam specimen of a test material is clamped to a bar which is connected at one end to an electromagnetic shaker and at the other to a heavy base. The thickness of the bar at the base end is reduced by two saw cuts to provide a pivot around which the remainder of the bar can rotate when excited by the shaker which is connected to the bar by a rod passing through a hole in the base. The response of the supporting system to shaker excitation is measured with an accelerometer mounted on the bar at the root of the specimen. Specimen response is measured optically with a low-power microscope with a reticle. Specimen loss factor is determined in terms of acceleration at the beam root, beam tip displacement, and the beam natural frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Annual Meeting of Acoustical Society of America; Apr 05, 1976 - Apr 09, 1976; Washington, DC
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  • 93
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    Intensified charge coupled devices for ultra low light level imaging (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Development of a sensor incorporating a CCD and photocathode for operation in the electron bombarded mode in both a magnetic and an electrostatic focussed, gated configuration is described. Initial format size is 100 x 160 pixels with eventual growth to 400 x 400 pixels. The sensor is part of a digital camera system which includes the low level video conditioning electronics, a camera controller, a high speed buffer memory, and digital recording and display electronics. The memory uses CMOS/SOS and has a capacity of 1.6 Mbits with operating rates of 48 Mbits/sec. Individual frames are co-added to provide wide dynamic range and photometric precision better than 1%. A 4-bit video quantization is used to increase the photon counting detection rate before coincidence losses become serious.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Seminar on Low light level devices for science and technology; Mar 22, 1976 - Mar 23, 1976; Reston, VA
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  • 94
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    An earth and ocean SAR for Space Shuttle - User requirements and data handling implications (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A brief summary is presented of user requirements for the Shuttle synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to be flown on a sortie mission of 7 to 10 days in duration, based on information collected from survey of the literature and direct user contacts. This information suggests selection of a dual frequency (L and X band) dual polarization SAR capable of meeting most user requirements. Particular attention is given to the SAR system specifications and the data handling capability expected to be available during the 1980s for the tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS). The data link requirements of the majority of Shuttle experiments will eventually determine whether the necessary high-capacity Shuttle-TDRSS return link will be part of the intrinsic Shuttle capability or will be part of the SAR payload.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: National Telecommunications Conference; Dec 01, 1975 - Dec 03, 1975; New Orleans, LA
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  • 95
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    The evolution of the SEASAT imaging radar (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper describes the design parameters and development of a synthetic aperture radar for use on the SEASAT spacecraft. This imaging radar is designed to operate at altitudes of 800 km with an orbital inclination of 108 deg, a nominal resolution of 25 m, and a swath width of 100 km. The design evolved from planetary imaging radar studies conducted over many years where an L-band imaging radar was developed and tested on aircraft flights as a prototype system to map the surface of Venus. A solid-state transmitter is used where the pulse repetition frequency is a function of altitude and will be about 2kHz for a 12-m long antenna. The receiver consists of the receiver protector, input filters, the gain control, and the RF amplifier. The ground station uses the standard NASA receiver with a 10-m antenna. The correlator, either optical or digital, must be able to compensate for the pitch and yaw variations of the spacecraft as well as the inherent effective yaw caused by the rotation of the earth, and extract the range curvature and range walk effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: National Telecommunications Conference; Dec 01, 1975 - Dec 03, 1975; New Orleans, LA
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  • 96
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    Magnetostrictive ultrasonic probes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The principles underlying the design and use of magnetostrictive ultrasonic probes is illustrated by oscillograms and sketches. Attention is given to such concepts as magnetostrictive transduction, broadband pulse shaping, guided wave propagation, wave impedance, reflection, transmission, and attenuation coefficients, coupling methods, and impulse-induced resonance. A number of applications of such probes are discussed including the measurement of elastic moduli, temperature, and acoustic emission and resonance studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SESA PAPER 2491 , Spring Meeting of Society for Experimental Stress Analysis; May 09, 1976 - May 14, 1976; Silver Spring, MD
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  • 97
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    A chromatographic analysis of the response of polymeric fire-detection devices to combustion products (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Polymer responses to a variety of smouldering sources, including cellulose, acrylic, urethane, polyvinyl chloride, and wool were investigated. A suitable trapping system for combustion products was developed and a charge flow transistor was fabricated to monitor the transverse or sheet resistance of a thin film.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-154845
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Feasibility investigation of integrated optics Fourier transform devices (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The possibility of producing an integrated optics data processing device based upon Fourier transformations or other parallel processing techniques, and the ways in which such techniques may be used to upgrade the performance of present and projected NASA systems were investigated. Activities toward this goal include; (1) production of near-diffraction-limited geodesic lenses in glass waveguides; (2) development of grinding and polishing techniques for the production of geodesic lenses in LiNbO3 waveguides; (3) development of a characterization technique for waveguide lenses; and (4) development of a theory for corrected aspheric geodesic lenses. A holographic subtraction system was devised which should be capable of rapid on-board preprocessing of a large number of parallel data channels. The principle involved is validated in three demonstrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-2869
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    A study for hypergolic vapor sensor development (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of an electrochemical technique for MMH and N02 measurement was investigated. Specific MMH and N02 electrochemical sensors were developed. Experimental techniques for preparation, handling, and analysis of hydrazine's vapor mixtures at ppb and ppm levels were developed. Two approaches to N02 instrument design were evaluated including specific adsorption and specific electrochemical reduction. Two approaches to hydrazines monitoring were evaluated including catalytic conversion to N0 with subsequent N0 detection and direct specific electrochemical oxidation. Two engineering prototype MMH/N02 monitors were designed and constructed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-153048
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  • 100
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    Research instrumentation for tornado electromagnetics emissions detection (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Instrumentation for receiving, processing, and recording HF/VHF electromagnetic emissions from severe weather activity is described. Both airborne and ground-based instrumentation units are described on system and subsystem levels. Design considerations, design decisions, and the rationale behind the decisions are given. Performance characteristics are summarized and recommendations for improvements are given. The objectives, procedures, and test results of the following are presented: (1) airborne flight test in the Midwest U.S.A. (Spring 1975) and at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida (Summer 1975); (2) ground-based data collected in North Georgia (Summer/Fall 1975); and (3) airborne flight test in the Midwest (late Spring 1976) and at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida (Summer 1976). The Midwest tests concentrated on severe weather with tornadic activity; the Florida and Georgia tests monitored air mass convective thunderstorm characteristics. Supporting ground truth data from weather radars and sferics DF nets are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-152472
    Format: application/pdf
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