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  • Chemistry  (33,715)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (4,318)
  • Fisheries
  • 1980-1984  (33,717)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Grass carp ; Biological control ; Nuisance aquatic weeds ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Reproductive requirements ; Arkansas management plan ; Sterile hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) were introduced into the United States in 1963 as potential biological control agents for nuisance aquatic weeds. Since that time an oftentimes bitter controversy has raged over its effects on sportfishing, and its possible natural reproduction and naturalization in North America. This review considers the history, ecology, and present status of grass carp in the United States in light of the voluminous scientific research conducted since its importation. Particular attention is given to the role of grass carp in the fisheries management plans of Arkansas. Recent development of a sterile, triploid grass carp hybrid may lead to widespread use of grass carp to control nuisance aquatic weeds in culturally eutrophicated waters of the United States.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 7 (1982), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Temperature ; Behavior ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Fish ; Marine juveniles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Sixteen yearling winter flounder, tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes, voluntarily occupied an 8–27°C range of temperature, with a modal final thermal preferendum of 18.5°C (mean 18.7°C, median 19°C, midpoint 17.5°C, s.d. 1.9°C, S k + 0.33). The locomotor activity pattern of the yearling fish in the laboratory was markedly nocturnal, with mean hourly nocturnal activity exceeding mean hourly diurnal activity by a factor of 3.4. Maximum activity occurred at 0300 EST, minimum activity at 1400 EST. While activity generally increased with temperature, a local activity minimum occurred at 18.7°C, coinciding with the 24-hour mean final thermal preferendum. Comparison of these laboratory data with previously published field data suggest that behavioral responses to temperature and light play significant roles in determining age- and size-specific differences in seasonal depth stratification and onshore-offshore distributions in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Material Stressing under Rolling Contact - Influence of Friction and Residual StressesMaterial stressing of parts in rolling contact is in the main made up by the normal load to be transmitted, by surface friction due to slippage of the body in rolling contact and by residual stresses. The effects of varying slippage rates are described as well as the additional influence of residual stresses on magnitude, position and direction of load.By the aid of mere mechanical reflections the formation of flat and steep White Bands can be interpreted which are observed in long-lived ball bearings subjected to high stresses. The report shows that residual stresses and friction must not be neglected when describing the material stressing by rolling contact. This especially applies to residual stresses originating from rolling contact.
    Notes: Die Werkstoffanstrengung bei Wälzkontakt ist im wesentlichen gegeben durch die zu übertragenden Normalkräfte, die Reibung an der Oberfläche (durch das Gleiten der beiden Wälzpartner) und durch die Eigenspannungen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlich großer Gleitanteile wird dargestellt und der zusätzliche Einfluß von Eigenspannungen auf die Höhe, Lage und Richtung der Beanspruchung ausgewiesen.Anhand rein mechanischer Betrachtungen läßt sich die Entstehung von flachen und steilen Weißen Bändern deuten, die in langlebigen, hochbeanspruchten Kugellagern beobachtet werden. Der Bericht zeigt, daß Eigenspannungen und Reibung keinesfalls bei der Beschreibung der Werkstoffanstrengung durch Wälzbeanspruchung vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenspannungen, die durch die Wälzbeanspruchung entstehen.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Plain Carbon Steels by Means of Acoustic-EmissionCrack initiation and propagation has been studied during fatigue tests with ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic and pearlitic specimens by means of acoustic emission (A.E.) instrumentation. The ferrite and the ferrite-pearlite showed acoustic emission only in connection with fast yielding of large volumes. Early steps of crack initiation showed no detectable acoustic emission because of very small yielded volumes and small amounts of crack surface friction. Gapping of the cracks inhibited A.E. due to friction during the early steps of crack propagation. Pearlitic specimens showed strong A.E. prior to microscopic detection of cracks, ascribed to fast fracture modes.Cracks in ferritic and ferritic-pearlitic CT-specimens are only detectable by crack surface friction. The increase of yielded volume with the propagating crack is too small to be distinguished from friction noise. Pearlitic specimens showed strong burst-signal activity ascribed to cleavage fracture and fast fracture modes.Great differences in A.E. of specimens with the same microstructure are in most cases the result of differing crack surface topography and therefore very differing friction areas. Friction noise depends clearly upon loading conditions and crack surface geometry.
    Notes: An drei unlegierten Kohlenstoffstählen mit ferritischer, ferritischperlitischer und rein perlitischer Gefügestruktur wurden Untersuchungen über den Rißbeginn und den Rißfortschritt bei schwingender Beanspruchung mit Hilfe von Schallemissionsmessungen durchgeführt.Bei den Untersuchungen des Rißbeginnes konnten in den ferritischen und den ferritisch-perlitischen Werkstoffen nur rasch ablaufende Verformungsvorgänge mit ausreichendem Verformungsvolumen über die Schallemission registriert werden. Durch die örtlich begrenzten plastischen Verformungen und die geringen Flächenanteile der Rißuferreibung waren die Rißkeimbildungen nicht erfaßbar. Die ersten Stadien der Rißausbreitung ergaben ebenfalls, aufgrund des Klaffens der gebildeten Risse, keine registrierbare Schallemission durch Reibung. Bei perlitischen Werkstoffen kam es vor Erkennung eines mikroskopischen Risses zu starker Schallemission, die offensichtlich mit energiereichen Ereignissen, wie rasch ablaufenden Bruchmoden, im Zusammenhang stehen.Ein Riß ist bei Schwingungsbeanspruchung in ferritischen und ferritisch-perlitischen CT-Proben bei ausreichender Größe der Rißflächen nur über Reibung feststellbar. Der eigentliche Rißfortschritt konnte durch die geringe Volumenzunahme der plastischen Zone pro Lastwechsel nicht registriert werden. Bei perlitischen Proben trat vor allem bei grob lamellarer Ausbildung des Zementits eine starke Schallemission meist in Form von Burstsignalen auf, die vorwiegend auf die Bildung von Bruchmoden hoher Energie, wie z. B. Spaltbruch, zurückzuführen sein dürften.Die vielfach sehr starken Unterschiede der Schallemission beim Rißfortschritt in Proben gleicher Gefügeausbildung sind überwiegend der verschieden großen Rißflächenreibung durch die oft sehr unterschiedliche Topographie der Rißbruchflächen zuzuschreiben. Bei Änderung der Mittellast oder der Lastamplitude ist eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibungsgeräusches aus den Rißflächen von den Rißöffnungsverhältnissen hinter der Rißfront festzustellen. Nach einzelnen Überlasten während des Rißfortschrittes kann die Schallemission in gleicher Weise mit Veränderungen der Reibungsverhältnisse hinter der Rißspitze interpretiert werden.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of the Potential Drop Technique for Crack Growth InvestigationsA potential drop method, based on the compensation concept is described; technical parameters and capability are discussed.Selected examples with metallic alloys for high temperature and heat resistant application demonstrate the applicability of the method for fatigue and creep crack growth investigations in the temperature range up to 1173 K and 1223 K, respectively. At room temperature and at 1173 K the results of the potential drop method are verified by optical means.
    Notes: Es wird eine Potentialsondenmethode nach dem Kompensationsprinzip vorgestellt; ihre technischen Merkmale sowie ihr Leistungsvermögen werden diskutiert.Anhand ausgesuchter Beispiele an metallischen Legierungen für den warmfesten und hitzebeständigen Anwendungsbereich wird ihr Einsatz in Versuchen zum Ermüdungs- bzw. 1223 K demonstriert. Bei Raumtemperatur sowie 1173 K wurden die Meßergebnisse durch Vergleichsmessungen mit optischen Mitteln verifiziert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hardening Behaviour of Steels by Cold WorkingContrary to common opinion work hardening increases with higher initial hardness (strength) of steel. This is proved by analysing stressstrain curves of tensile tests at overeleastic load carried out with normalized, hardened and tempered steel. Test results taken from literature are supported by own experiments. Practical application of this fact is discussed very shortly.
    Notes: Bei Stählen steigt im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Meinung die Kaltverfestigung (Aufhärtung) mit steigender Ausgangshärte oder -festigkeit an. Dies wird nachgewiesen an Ergebnissen aus Zugversuchen mit normalisierten und vergüteten Stählen. Ergebnisse der Literatur werden durch eigene Versuche ergänzt. Die praktische Nutzanwendung dieses Tatbestandes wird knapp andiskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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