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  • Arctic Ocean  (20)
  • American Geophysical Union  (20)
  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1
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    Storm-driven mixing and potential impact on the Arctic Ocean (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C04008, doi:10.1029/2001JC001248.
    Description: Observations of the ocean, atmosphere, and ice made by Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoys indicate that mixing events reaching the depth of the halocline have occurred in various regions in the Arctic Ocean. Our analysis suggests that these mixing events were mechanically forced by intense storms moving across the buoy sites. In this study, we analyzed these mixing events in the context of storm developments that occurred in the Beaufort Sea and in the general area just north of Fram Strait, two areas with quite different hydrographic structures. The Beaufort Sea is strongly influenced by inflow of Pacific water through Bering Strait, while the area north of Fram Strait is directly affected by the inflow of warm and salty North Atlantic water. Our analyses of the basin-wide evolution of the surface pressure and geostrophic wind fields indicate that the characteristics of the storms could be very different. The buoy-observed mixing occurred only in the spring and winter seasons when the stratification was relatively weak. This indicates the importance of stratification, although the mixing itself was mechanically driven. We also analyze the distribution of storms, both the long-term climatology and the patterns for each year in the past 2 decades. The frequency of storms is also shown to be correlated (but not strongly) to Arctic Oscillation indices. This study indicates that the formation of new ice that leads to brine rejection is unlikely the mechanism that results in the type of mixing that could overturn the halocline. On the other hand, synoptic-scale storms can force mixing deep enough to the halocline and thermocline layer. Despite a very stable stratification associated with the Arctic halocline, the warm subsurface thermocline water is not always insulated from the mixed layer.
    Description: This study has been supported by the NASA Cryospheric Science Program and the International Arctic Reseach Center. We benefited from discussion with Dr. A. Proshutinsky. D. Walsh wishes to thank the Frontier Research System for Global Change for their support. The IOEB program was supported by ONR High-Latitude Dynamics Program and Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC).
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Mixing ; Storm ; Upper ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Surface freshening in the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin : an apparent consequence of recent change in the wind-driven circulation (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C00D03, doi:10.1029/2011JC006975.
    Description: Data collected by an autonomous ice-based observatory that drifted into the Eurasian Basin between April and November 2010 indicate that the upper ocean was appreciably fresher than in 2007 and 2008. Sea ice and snowmelt over the course of the 2010 drift amounted to an input of less than 0.5 m of liquid freshwater to the ocean (comparable to the freshening by melting estimated for those previous years), while the observed change in upper-ocean salinity over the melt period implies a freshwater gain of about 0.7 m. Results of a wind-driven ocean model corroborate the observations of freshening and suggest that unusually fresh surface waters observed in parts of the Eurasian Basin in 2010 may have been due to the spreading of anomalously fresh water previously residing in the Beaufort Gyre. This flux is likely associated with a 2009 shift in the large-scale atmospheric circulation to a significant reduction in strength of the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift Stream.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Arctic Sciences Section under awards ARC‐0519899, ARC‐0856479, and ARC‐ 0806306.
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Circulation ; Fresh water
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  • 3
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    Pathways of Pacific water across the Chukchi Sea : a numerical model study (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C03002, doi:10.1029/2003JC001962.
    Description: Pathways of Pacific Water flowing from the North Pacific Ocean through Bering Strait and across the Chukchi Sea are investigated using a two-dimensional barotropic model. In the no-wind case, the flow is driven only by a prescribed steady northward flow of 0.8 Sv through Bering Strait. The resulting steady state circulation consists of a broad northeasterly flow, basically following the topography, with a few areas of intensified currents. About half of the inflow travels northwest through Hope Valley, while the other half turns somewhat toward the northeast along the Alaskan coast. The flow through Hope Valley is intensified as it passes through Herald Canyon, but much of this flow escapes the canyon to move eastward, joining the flow in the broad valley between Herald and Hanna Shoals, another area of slightly intensified currents. There is a confluence of nearly all of the flow along the Alaskan coast west of Pt. Barrow to create a very strong and narrow coastal jet that follows the shelf topography eastward onto the Beaufort shelf. Thus in this no-wind case, nearly all of the Pacific Water entering the Chukchi Sea eventually ends up flowing eastward along the narrow Beaufort shelf, with no discernable flow across the shelf edge toward the interior Canada Basin. Travel times for water parcels to move from Bering Strait to Pt. Barrow vary tremendously according to the path taken; e.g., less than 6 months along the Alaskan coast, but about 30 months along the westernmost path through Herald Canyon. This flow field is relatively insensitive to idealized wind-forcing when the winds are from the south, west or north, in which cases the shelf transports tend to be intensified. However, strong northeasterly to easterly winds are able to completely reverse the flows along the Beaufort shelf and the Alaskan coast, and force most of the throughflow in a more northerly direction across the Chukchi Sea shelf edge, potentially supplying the surface waters of the interior Canada Basin with Pacific Water. The entire shelf circulation reacts promptly to changing wind conditions, with a response time of ~2–3 days. The intense coastal jet between Icy Cape and Pt. Barrow implies that dense water formed here from winter coastal polynyas may be quickly swept away along the coast. In contrast, there is a relatively quiet nearshore region to the west, between Cape Lisburne and Icy Cape, where dense water may accumulate much longer and continue to become denser before it is carried across the shelf.
    Description: Financial support was provided to PW by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), and the J. Seward Johnson Fund. Funding for DCC came through a grant from the Coastal Ocean Institute at WHOI.
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Pacific Water ; Chukchi Sea
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  • 4
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    Preface to special section on Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) Studies and Results (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C04S01, doi:10.1029/2006JC004017.
    Description: This research is supported by the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs under cooperative agreements (OPP-0002239 and OPP-0327664) with the International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
    Keywords: Modeling ; Arctic Ocean ; Dynamics
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  • 5
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    An unstructured-grid, finite-volume sea ice model : development, validation, and application (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C00D04, doi:10.1029/2010JC006688.
    Description: A sea ice model was developed by converting the Community Ice Code (CICE) into an unstructured-grid, finite-volume version (named UG-CICE). The governing equations were discretized with flux forms over control volumes in the computational domain configured with nonoverlapped triangular meshes in the horizontal and solved using a second-order accurate finite-volume solver. Implementing UG-CICE into the Arctic Ocean finite-volume community ocean model provides a new unstructured-grid, MPI-parallelized model system to resolve the ice-ocean interaction dynamics that frequently occur over complex irregular coastal geometries and steep bottom slopes. UG-CICE was first validated for three benchmark test problems to ensure its capability of repeating the ice dynamics features found in CICE and then for sea ice simulation in the Arctic Ocean under climatologic forcing conditions. The model-data comparison results demonstrate that UG-CICE is robust enough to simulate the seasonal variability of the sea ice concentration, ice coverage, and ice drifting in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent coastal regions.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF Arctic Program for projects with grant numbers of ARC0712903, ARC0732084, and ARC0804029. The Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) has provided an important guidance for model improvements and ocean studies under coordinated experiments activities. We would like to thank AOMIP PI Proshutinsky for his valuable suggestions and comments on the ice dynamics. His contribution is supported by ARC0800400 and ARC0712848. The development of FVCOM was supported by the Massachusetts Marine Fisheries Institute NOAA grants DOC/NOAA/ NA04NMF4720332 and DOC/NOAA/NA05NMF4721131; the NSF Ocean Science Program for projects of OCE‐0234545, OCE‐0227679, OCE‐ 0606928, OCE‐0712903, OCE‐0726851, and OCE‐0814505; MIT Sea Grant funds (2006‐RC‐103 and 2010‐R/RC‐116); and NOAA NERACOOS Program for the UMASS team. G. Gao was also supported by the Chinese NSF Arctic Ocean grant under contract 40476007. C. Chen’s contribution was also supported by Shanghai Ocean University International Cooperation Program (A‐2302‐10‐0003), the Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (09320503700), the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (J50702), and Zhi jiang Scholar and 111 project funds of the State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University (ECNU).
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; Finite-volume ; Sea ice modeling ; Unstructured-grid
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  • 6
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    Melt pond conditions on declining arctic sea ice over 1979-2016: Model development, validation, and results (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123(11), (2018): 7983-8003. doi:10.1029/2018JC014298.
    Description: A melt pond (MP) distribution equation has been developed and incorporated into the Marginal Ice‐Zone Modeling and Assimilation System to simulate Arctic MPs and sea ice over 1979–2016. The equation differs from previous MP models and yet benefits from previous studies for MP parameterizations as well as a range of observations for model calibration. Model results show higher magnitude of MP volume per unit ice area and area fraction in most of the Canada Basin and the East Siberian Sea and lower magnitude in the central Arctic. This is consistent with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations, evaluated with Measurements of Earth Data for Environmental Analysis (MEDEA) data, and closely related to top ice melt per unit ice area. The model simulates a decrease in the total Arctic sea ice volume and area, owing to a strong increase in bottom and lateral ice melt. The sea ice decline leads to a strong decrease in the total MP volume and area. However, the Arctic‐averaged MP volume per unit ice area and area fraction show weak, statistically insignificant downward trends, which is linked to the fact that MP water drainage per unit ice area is increasing. It is also linked to the fact that MP volume and area decrease relatively faster than ice area. This suggests that overall the actual MP conditions on ice have changed little in the past decades as the ice cover is retreating in response to Arctic warming, thus consistent with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations that show no clear trend in MP area fraction over 2000–2011.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the NASA Cryosphere Program (grants NNX15AG68G, NNX17AD27G, and NNX14AH61G), the Office of Naval Research (N00014‐12‐1‐0112), the NSF Office of Polar Programs (PLR‐1416920, PLR‐1603259, PLR‐1602521, and ARC‐1203425), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS, 2014‐ST‐061‐ML‐0002). The DHS grant is coordinated through the Arctic Domain Awareness Center (ADAC), a DHS Center of Excellence, which conducts maritime research and development for the Arctic region. The views and conclusions in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the DHS. MODIS‐derived MP area data are available at https://icdc.cen.uni‐hamburg.de/1/daten/cryosphere/arctic‐meltponds.html. MP area fraction statistics derived from MEDEA images are available from http://psc.apl.uw.edu/melt‐pond‐data/. Sea ice thickness and snow observations are available at http://psc.apl.washington.edu/sea_ice_cdr. CFS forcing data used to drive MIZMAS are available at https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data‐access/model‐data/model‐datasets/climate‐forecast‐system‐version2‐cfsv2.
    Description: 2019-04-18
    Keywords: Arctic Ocean ; sea ice ; melt ponds ; numerical modeling ; climate variability
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  • 7
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    Sediments in sea ice drive the Canada Basin surface Mn maximum: insights from an Arctic Mn Ocean model (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007320.
    Description: Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of this supply mechanism due to the spatial heterogeneity of sea ice content. Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient and tracer which integrates source fluctuations in space and time while retaining seasonal variability. The Arctic Ocean surface Mn maximum is attributed to freshwater, but studies struggle to distinguish sea ice and river contributions. Informed by observations from 2009 IPY and 2015 Canadian GEOTRACES cruises, we developed a three-dimensional dissolved Mn model within a 1/12° coupled ocean-ice model centered on the Canada Basin and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Simulations from 2002 to 2019 indicate that annually, 87%–93% of Mn contributed to the Canada Basin upper ocean is released by sea ice, while rivers, although locally significant, contribute only 2.2%–8.5%. Downstream, sea ice provides 34% of Mn transported from Parry Channel into Baffin Bay. While rivers are often considered the main source of Mn, our findings suggest that in the Canada Basin they are less important than sea ice. However, within the shelf-dominated CAA, both rivers and sediment resuspension are important. Climate-induced disruption of the transpolar drift may reduce the Canada Basin Mn maximum and supply downstream. Other micronutrients found in sediments, such as Fe, may be similarly affected. These results highlight the vulnerability of the biogeochemical supply mechanisms in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas to climatic changes.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Grant: GEOTRACES (RGPCC 433848-12) and VITALS (RGPCC 433898), an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2016-03865) to SEA, and by the University of British Columbia through a four year fellowship to BR. Computing resources were provided by Compute Canada (RRG 2648 RAC 2019, RRG 2969 RAC 2020, and RRG 1541 RAC 2021).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Arctic Ocean ; Trace elements ; Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; Ocean modeling ; Micronutrients
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  • 8
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    Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bullock, E., Kipp, L., Moore, W., Brown, K., Mann, P., Vonk, J., Zimov, N., & Charette, M. Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(9), (2022): e2022JC018964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018964.
    Description: Radium isotopes have been used to trace nutrient, carbon, and trace metal fluxes inputs from ocean margins. However, these approaches require a full accounting of radium sources to the coastal ocean including rivers. Here, we aim to quantify river radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean for the first time for 226Ra and to refine the estimates for 228Ra. Using new and existing data, we find that the estimated combined (dissolved plus desorbed) annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes to the Arctic Ocean are [7.0–9.4] × 1014 dpm y−1 and [15–18] × 1014 dpm y−1, respectively. Of these totals, 44% and 60% of the river 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively are from suspended sediment desorption, which were estimated from laboratory incubation experiments. Using Ra isotope data from 20 major rivers around the world, we derived global annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes of [7.4–17] × 1015 and [15–27] × 1015 dpm y−1, respectively. As climate change spurs rapid Arctic warming, hydrological cycles are intensifying and coastal ice cover and permafrost are diminishing. These river radium inputs to the Arctic Ocean will serve as a valuable baseline as we attempt to understand the changes that warming temperatures are having on fluxes of biogeochemically important elements to the Arctic coastal zone.
    Description: This study was a broad, collaborative effort that would not have been possible without contributions from numerous funding sources, including the National Science Foundation (NSF-0751525, NSF-1736277, NSF-1458305, NSF-1938873, NSF-2048067, NSF-2134865), the NERC-BMBF project CACOON [NE/R012806/1] (UKRI NERC) and BMBF-03F0806A, and an EU Starting Grant (THAWSOME-676982).
    Keywords: Radium isotopes ; Arctic Ocean ; River fluxes
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  • 9
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    Inorganic carbon and pCO(2) variability during ice formation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Canada Basin. (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in DeGrandpre, M. D., Lai, C., Timmermans, M., Krishfield, R. A., Proshutinsky, A., & Torres, D. Inorganic carbon and pCO(2) variability during ice formation in the Beaufort Gyre of the Canada Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(6), (2019): 4017-4028, doi:10.1029/2019JC015109.
    Description: Solute exclusion during sea ice formation is a potentially important contributor to the Arctic Ocean inorganic carbon cycle that could increase as ice cover diminishes. When ice forms, solutes are excluded from the ice matrix, creating a brine that includes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (AT). The brine sinks, potentially exporting DIC and AT to deeper water. This phenomenon has rarely been observed, however. In this manuscript, we examine a ~1 year pCO2 mooring time series where a ~35‐μatm increase in pCO2 was observed in the mixed layer during the ice formation period, corresponding to a simultaneous increase in salinity from 27.2 to 28.5. Using salinity and ice based mass balances, we show that most of the observed increases can be attributed to solute exclusion during ice formation. The resulting pCO2 is sensitive to the ratio of AT and DIC retained in the ice and the mixed layer depth, which controls dilution of the ice‐derived AT and DIC. In the Canada Basin, of the ~92 μmol/kg increase in DIC, 17 μmol/kg was taken up by biological production and the remainder was trapped between the halocline and the summer stratified surface layer. Although not observed before the mooring was recovered, this inorganic carbon was likely later entrained with surface water, increasing the pCO2 at the surface. It is probable that inorganic carbon exclusion during ice formation will have an increasingly important influence on DIC and pCO2 in the surface of the Arctic Ocean as seasonal ice production and wind‐driven mixing increase with diminishing ice cover.
    Description: Research Associate Cory Beatty (University of Montana) prepared the CO2 instruments and helped with the mooring deployments and data processing. Pierce Fix (undergraduate intern, University of Montana) helped with the mass balance modeling. The moorings were designed and deployed by personnel at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Michiyo Yamamoto‐Kawai (University of Tokyo) and Marty Davelaar (Institute of Ocean Sciences; IOS) provided the alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon data. We thank the captain, officers, crew, and chief scientists (Bill Williams and Sarah Zimmerman, IOS) of the CCGS Louis S. St. Laurent. The data used in this study are available through the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Data Center (https://arcticdata.io). This research was made possible by grants from the NSF Arctic Observing Network program (ARC‐1107346, PLR‐1302884, PLR‐1504410, and PLR‐1723308).
    Keywords: Sea ice ; Dissolved inorganic carbon ; Carbon cycle ; Solute exclusion ; Partial pressure of CO2 ; Arctic Ocean
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  • 10
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    Analysis of the Beaufort Gyre freshwater content in 2003-2018 (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Proshutinsky, A., Krishfield, R., Toole, J. M., Timmermans, M-L., Williams, W. J., Zimmermann, S., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Armitage, T. W. K., Dukhovskoy, D., Golubeva, E., Manucharyan, G. E., Platov, G., Watanabe, E., Kikuchi, T., Nishino, S., Itoh, M., Kang, S-H., Cho, K-H., Tateyama, K., & Zhao, J. Analysis of the Beaufort Gyre freshwater content in 2003-2018. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 124(12), (2019): 9658-9689, doi:10.1029/2019JC015281.
    Description: Hydrographic data collected from research cruises, bottom‐anchored moorings, drifting Ice‐Tethered Profilers, and satellite altimetry in the Beaufort Gyre region of the Arctic Ocean document an increase of more than 6,400 km3 of liquid freshwater content from 2003 to 2018: a 40% growth relative to the climatology of the 1970s. This fresh water accumulation is shown to result from persistent anticyclonic atmospheric wind forcing (1997–2018) accompanied by sea ice melt, a wind‐forced redirection of Mackenzie River discharge from predominantly eastward to westward flow, and a contribution of low salinity waters of Pacific Ocean origin via Bering Strait. Despite significant uncertainties in the different observations, this study has demonstrated the synergistic value of having multiple diverse datasets to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of Beaufort Gyre freshwater content variability. For example, Beaufort Gyre Observational System (BGOS) surveys clearly show the interannual increase in freshwater content, but without satellite or Ice‐Tethered Profiler measurements, it is not possible to resolve the seasonal cycle of freshwater content, which in fact is larger than the year‐to‐year variability, or the more subtle interannual variations.
    Description: National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: PLR‐1302884,OPP‐1719280, and OPP‐1845877, PLR‐1303644 and OPP‐1756100, OPP‐1756100, PLR‐1303644, OPP‐1845877, OPP‐1719280, PLR‐1302884 Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China. Grant Number: 41330960 Global Change Research Program of China. Grant Number: 2015CB953900 Ministry of Education, Korea Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) /Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Grant Number: 17‐05‐00382 Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences HYCOM NOPP. Grant Number: N00014‐15‐1‐2594 DOE. Grant Number: DE‐SC0014378 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Keywords: Beaufort Gyre ; Arctic Ocean ; Freshwater balance ; Circulation ; Modeling ; Climate change
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