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  • AERODYNAMICS  (12,790)
  • 1
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    Astronautics and aeronautics, 1969 Chronology on science, technology, and policy (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Statistical mechanics for wall shear turbulence in Couette flow based on Brownian motion and comparison with stochastic theory based on Navier-Stokes equation
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-4014
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  • 2
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    Aeronautical Engineering A special bibliography with indexes, supplement 7 (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Annotated bibliography and indexes on aeronautical engineering and aerodynamics - July 1971
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(07)
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  • 3
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    Analytic Methods in Aircraft Aerodynamics (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Analyses of aircraft aerodynamic characteristics
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-228 , A Symposium Held at Ames Research Center; Oct 28, 1969 - Oct 30, 1969; MOFFETT FIELD, CA; United States
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  • 4
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    Aeronautical Engineering - A special bibliography with indexes /supplement 1/ (1971)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Annotated reference bibliography on aeronautical engineering documents
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(01)
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  • 5
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    The National and International Significance of the Lunar Exploration Program (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Review of steps taken by nasa toward landing a man on the moon
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advancees in the Astronautical Sciences: Manned Lunar Flight; 10; 11-20
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  • 6
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    Aeronautical engineering - A special bibliography, supplement 2 (1971)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Annotated bibliography and indexes on aeronautical engineering and aerodynamics - Jan. 1971
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(02)
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  • 7
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    Hypersonic aerodynamics test facility using the external propulsion accelerator (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of the External propulsion Accelerator (EPA) for launching models of hypersonic aerodynamic configurations into an instrumented ballistic range is discussed. The aerodynamic model is encased inside an axisymmetric projectile designed to be accelerated to high speed in the EPA. Accelerator lengths required to achieve hypersonic speeds are estimated to vary from 10 meters for Mach 7, 40 meters for Mach 10, 150 meters for Mach 15, and 700 meters for Mach 30, assuming a limit of 50,000 g's acceleration. For a model span of 10 cm to 25 cm, the launch tube diameters are 40 cm and 100 cm, respectively. Using this EPA launcher will enable exact simulation of hypersonic flight in ground facilities where both the gas composition and pressure can be controlled in the ballistic range.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 95-6138 , AIAA, Aerospace Planes and Hypersonics Technologies Conference; Apr 03, 1995 - Apr 07, 1995; Chattanooga, TN; United States|; 5 p.
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  • 8
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    Overview of supersonic laminar flow control research on the F-16XL ships 1 and 2 (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: NASA is directing research to develop technology for a high-speed civil transport. Supersonic laminar flow control has been identified as a program element, since it offers significant drag-reduction benefits and is one of the more promising technologies for producing an economically viable aircraft design. NASA is using two prototype F-16XL aircraft to research supersonic laminar flow control. The F-16XL planform is similar to design planforms of high-speed civil transports. The planform makes the aircraft ideally suited for developing technology pertinent to high-speed transports. The supersonic laminar flow control research programs for both aircraft are described. Some general results of the ship-1 program demonstrate that significant laminar flow was obtained using laminar flow control on a highly swept wing at supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: SAE PAPER 921994 , ; 14 p.|SAE, Aerotech ''92 Conference; Oct 05, 1992 - Oct 08, 1992; Anaheim, CA; United States
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  • 9
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    Perspectives on hypersonic viscous flow research (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Issues and advances in current hypersonic flow research perceived to be of interest in theoretical fluid/gas dynamics are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the hypersonic aircraft as waverider, computational methods and theoretical development in the study of viscous interaction, and boundary-layer instability and transition studies. In the present framework the study of viscous hypersonic flow faces transition problems of two kinds which represent the two major areas of current research: the turbulence transition in the high Re range and the transition to the free-molecule limit.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Annual review of fluid mechanics. Vol. 25 (A94-10885 01-34); p. 455-484.
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  • 10
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    Identification of aerodynamic coefficients using computational neural networks (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 16; 6; p. 1018-1025.
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  • 11
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    Development of the wake behind a circular cylinder impulsively started into rotatory and rectilinear motion (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The temporal development of a 2D viscous incompressible flow generated by a circular cylinder started impulsively into steady rotatory and rectilinear motion is studied by integration of a velocity/vorticity formulation of the governing equations, using an explicit finite-difference/pseudo-spectral technique and an implementation of the Biot-Savart law. Results are presented for a Reynolds number of 200 (based on the cylinder diameter 2a and the magnitude U of the rectilinear velocity) for several values of the angular/rectilinear speed ratio alpha = omega(a)/U (where omega is the angular speed) up to 3.25. Several aspects of the kinematics and dynamics of the flow not considered earlier are discussed. For higher values of alpha, the results indicate that for Re = 200, vortex shedding does indeed occur for alpha = 3.25. However, consecutive vortices shed by the body can be shed from the same side and be of the same sense, in contrast to the nonrotating case, in which mirror-image vortices of opposite sense are shed alternately on opposite sides of the body. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the possibility of suppressing vortex shedding by open or closed-loop control of the rotation rate.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); p. 449-484.
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  • 12
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    A time-accurate high-resolution TVD scheme for solving the Navier-Stokes equations (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme has been developed and incorporated into an existing time-accurate high-resolution Navier-Stokes code. The accuracy and the robustness of the resulting solution procedure have been assessed by performing many calculations in four different areas: shock tube flows, regular shock reflection, supersonic boundary layer, and shock boundary layer interactions. These numerical results compare well with corresponding exact solutions or experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computers & Fluids (ISSN 0045-7930); 22; 5-Apr; p. 517-528.
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  • 13
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    Viscous and inviscid instabilities of a trailing vortex (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The linear stability of the trailing line vortex model of Batchelor (1964) is studied using a spectral collocation and matrix eigenvalue method. The entire unstable region in the swirl/axial wavenumber parameter space is mapped out for various azimuthal wavenumbers for both the inviscid and viscous stability problem. The results of the study provide a direct numerical validation of the large-azimuthal-wavenumber asymptotic analysis of Leibovich and Stewartson (1983). It is shown that accurate results are obtained up to azimuthal wavenumbers of 10,000 and greater, and the agreement with the asymptotic theory is excellent.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); p. 91-114.
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  • 14
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    Exploratory study of wall pressure fluctuations in a Mach 5, sharp fin-induced turbulent interaction (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 9 Se; 2188-219
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  • 15
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    A new approach for the calculation of transitional flows (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In spite of many attempts at modeling natural transition, it has not been possible to predict the streamwise intensities. A procedure is developed which incorporates some results of linear stability theory into one-equation and stress model formulations. The stresses resulting from fluctuations in the transitional region have turbulent, laminar (nonturbulent) and large eddy components. Comparison with Schubauer and Klebanoff's experiments have shown that the nonturbulent and large eddy components have a large influence on the streamwise intensities and little influence on the shear stress. Finally, predictions of the one-equation model were as good as those obtained by the stress model.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-2669 , AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference; Jun 22, 1992 - Jun 24, 1992; Palo Alto, CA; United States
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  • 16
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    Numerical simulations of upstream blocking, columnar disturbances, and bores in stably stratified shear flows over an obstacle (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A two-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, elastic numerical model has been used to study the generation of gravity waves for a stably stratified shear flow over an obstacle. When a low-level wind shear is included in the simulation, we find that the predictions for noticeable upstream effects based on Froude number for a uniform flow are no longer accurate. Upstream effects are encountered in the form of upstream propagating columnar disturbances and internal bores away from the obstacle. The limited parameter space studies conducted in this study suggest that the ratio of the shear depth to the obstacle heigh (d/H), the obstacle aspect ratio (H/L), and the Froude number (U/NH) are instrumental in determining the strength and the existence of these upstream disturbances. Thus, the present theoretical and empirical understanding of the importance of the Froude number for determining the nature of upstream effects should be modified substantially to include additional nondimensional parameters when shear is present.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 122; 11; p. 2506-2529
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  • 17
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    Aerothermodynamic heating due to shock wave/laminar boundary-layer interactions in high-enthalpy hypersonic flow (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The interaction between a swept shock wave and a laminar boundary layer was investigated experimentally in high-enthalpy hypersonic flow. The effect of high-temperature, real gas physics on the interaction was examined by conducting tests in air and helium. Heat transfer measurements were made on the surface of a flat plate and a shock-generating fin using thin-film resistance sensors for fin incidence angles of 0, 5, and 10 deg at Mach numbers of 6.9 in air and 7.2 in helium. The experiments were conducted in the NASA HYPULSE expansion tube, an impulse-type facility capable of generating high-enthalpy, high-velocity flow with freestream levels of dissociated species that are particularly low. The measurements indicate that the swept shock wave creates high local heat transfer levels in the interaction region, with the highest heating found in the strongest interaction. The maximum measured heating rates in the interaction are order of magnitude greater than laminar flat plate boundary layer heating levels at the same location.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3135 , AIAA, Fluid Dynamics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States|; 12 p.
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  • 18
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    Flow field measurements in a crossing shockwave turbulent boundary layer interaction at Mach 3 (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An experimental study has been conducted to examine the flow field of the 3D crossing shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction. A symmetric pair of 9-deg fins were used to generate the crossing shocks. The incoming boundary layer was developed on the tunnel sidewall and thus was relatively thick, 0.49 arcsec, and suited for pitot probe surveys. The test conditions were a nominal Mach number of 3 and unit Reynolds number of 1.2 x 10 exp 7/ft. The measurements obtained included surface oil flow visualizations, surface static pressures, and boundary layer pitot pressure profiles. The results showed that downstream of the crossing shock intersection, the stagnation pressure losses were significant and the stagnation pressure profiles were highly nonuniform. Despite the severe shock disturbances, the law of the wall and the law of the wake were found to give relatively good agreement with the experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3434 , In: AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 11th, Monterey, CA, Aug. 9-11, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A93-47201 19-02); p. 290-300.
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  • 19
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    Nonequilibrium effects on the aerothermodynamics of transatmospheric and aerobraking vehicles (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A 3D CFD algorithm is used to study the effect of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium on slender and blunt body aerothermodynamics. Both perfect gas and reacting gas air models are used to compute the flow over a generic transatmospheric vehicle and a proposed lunar transfer vehicle. The reacting air is characterized by a translational-rotational temperature and a vibrational-electron-electronic temperature and includes eight chemical species. The effects of chemical reaction, vibrational excitation, and ionization on lift-to-drag ratio and trim angle are investigated. Results for the NASA Ames All-body Configuration show a significant difference in center of gravity location for a reacting gas flight case when compared to a perfect gas wind tunnel case at the same Mach number, Reynolds number, and angle of attack. For the same center of gravity location, the wind tunnel model trims at lower angle of attack than the full-scale flight case. Nonionized and ionized results for a proposed lunar transfer vehicle compare well to computational results obtained from a previously validated reacting gas algorithm. Under the conditions investigated, effects of weak ionization on the heat transfer and aerodynamic coefficients were minimal.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-2837 , AIAA, Thermophysics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States|; 11 p.
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  • 20
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    Monte Carlo simulation of radiating reentry flows (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied to a radiating, hypersonic, axisymmetric flow over a blunt body in the near continuum regime. The ability of the method to predict the flowfield radiation and the radiative heating is investigated for flow over the Project Fire II configuration at 11.36 kilometers per second at an altitude of 76.42 kilometers. Two methods that differ in the manner in which they treat ionization and estimate electronic excitation are employed. The calculated results are presented and compared with both experimental data and solutions where radiation effects were not included. Differences in the results are discussed. Both methods ignore self absorption and, as a result, overpredict measured radiative heating.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-2809 , AIAA, Thermophysics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States|; 13 p.
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  • 21
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    Line relaxation methods for the solution of 2D and 3D compressible flows (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An implicit finite element based algorithm for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is outlined, and the solution of the resulting equation by a line relaxation on general meshes of triangles or tetrahedra is described. The problem of generating and adapting unstructured meshes for viscous flows is reexamined, and an approach for both 2D and 3D simulations is proposed. An efficient approach appears to be the use of an implicit/explicit procedure, with the implicit treatment being restricted to those regions of the mesh where viscous effects are known to be dominant. Numerical examples demonstrating the computational performance of the proposed techniques are given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3366 , In: AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, 11th, Orlando, FL, July 6-9, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 2 (A93-44994 18-34); p. 743-750.
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  • 22
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    It's time to go supersonic (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview is presented of the most compelling technological and economic arguments for NASA's agressive coordination of an SST-development program that would enlist all available U.S. aerospace industry resources. Attention is given to the minimization of upper atmosphere pollution through the use of low-NO(x) emission combustors and the reduction of sonic boom through wing/fuselage optimization. It is projected that a successful SST program would boost U.S. civil aircraft market share to nearly 80 percent; this represents the creation of 140,000 new jobs.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Air & Space (ISSN 0886-2257); 8; 2; p. 54, 55.
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  • 23
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    Effect of nose shape on three-dimensional streamlines and heating rates (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 30; 1; p. 69-78.
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  • 24
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    Effects of Goertler vortices, wall cooling and gas dissociation on the Rayleigh instability in a hypersonic boundary layer (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In a hypersonic boundary layer over a wall of variable curvature, the region most susceptible to Goertler vortices is the temperature adjustment layer sitting at the edge of the boundary layer. This temperature adjustment layer is also the most dangerous site for Reyleigh instability. We investigate how the existence of large amplitude Goertler vortices affects the growth rate of Rayleigh instability. The effects of wall cooling and gas dissociation on this instability are also studied. We find that all these mechanisms increase the growth rate of Rayleigh instability and are therefore destabilizing.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); p. 503-525.
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  • 25
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    Monte Carlo simulation of entry in the Martian atmosphere (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 7; 2; p. 228-232.
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  • 26
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    New approach for the calculation of transitional flows (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 31; 4; p. 629-636.
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  • 27
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    Interaction strength and model geometry effects on the structure of crossing-shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The flowfield structure of a range of symmetric crossing-shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions of varying strength is presented. The test geometry, consisting of a symmetric pair of opposing sharp fins at angle of attack, alpha, mounted to a flat plate, is studied experimentally for a range of alpha from 7 to 15 degrees at Mach numbers of 3 and 4. Results reveal that the basic flowfield shock structure remains similar in nature over the range of interaction strengths examined, with the only changes being in the scale and location of the various features present. The separated flow regions are classified as being either completely or partially separated, the completely separated case being the one in which the entire incoming boundary layer separates from the plate surface. For the current experiments, all but the weakest of the interactions exhibited complete boundary layer separation. Finally, the effects of model geometry are analyzed by comparing data for shock generators of varying lengths, with the results showing no evidence of upstream influence due to the shock generator trailing edges.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-0780 , AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; Jan 11, 1993 - Jan 14, 1993; Reno, NV; United States|; 13 p.
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  • 28
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    Estimation of unsteady lift on a pitching airfoil from wake velocity surveys (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The results of a joint experimental and computational study on the flowfield over a periodically pitched NACA0012 airfoil, and the resultant lift variation, are reported in this paper. The lift variation over a cycle of oscillation, and hence the lift hysteresis loop, is estimated from the velocity distribution in the wake measured or computed for successive phases of the cycle. Experimentally, the estimated lift hysteresis loops are compared with available data from the literature as well as with limited force balance measurements. Computationally, the estimated lift variations are compared with the corresponding variation obtained from the surface pressure distribution. Four analytical formulations for the lift estimation from wake surveys are considered and relative successes of the four are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-0437 , AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; Jan 11, 1993 - Jan 14, 1993; Reno, NV; United States|; 15 p.
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  • 29
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    Adaptive remeshing for three-dimensional compressible flow computations (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A practical solution algorithm for steady 3D Euler flows is presented. This algorithm employs coupling of a surface triangulator, an automatic tetrahedral mesh generator, an unstructured grid flow solver, and an error estimation procedure. The performance of the method is illustrated using a shock interaction problem in high Mach number flow over a swept circular cylinder.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 103; 2; p. 269-285.
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  • 30
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    Experimental investigation of an axisymmetric hypersonic scramjet inlet for laser propulsion (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 8; 6; p. 1232-1238.
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  • 31
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    Evaluation and application of the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model in two-dimensional, unsteady, compressible boundary layers with and without separation in engine inlets (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Baldwin-Lomax model is used in many CFD codes because it is quick and easy to implement. In this paper, we discuss implementing the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model for both steady and unsteady compressible flows. In addition, these flows may be either separated or attached. In order to apply this turbulence model to flows which may be subjected to these conditions, certain modifications should be made to the original Baldwin-Lomax model. We discuss these modifications and determine whether the Baldwin-Lomax model is a viable turbulence model that produces reasonably accurate results for high speed flows that can be found in engine inlets.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-3676 , ; 10 p.|AIAA, SAE, ASME, and ASEE, Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit; Jul 06, 1992 - Jul 08, 1992; Nashville, TN; United States
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  • 32
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    An effective multigrid method for high-speed flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use is considered of a multigrid method with central differencing to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for high speed flows. The time dependent form of the equations is integrated with a Runge-Kutta scheme accelerated by local time stepping and variable coefficient implicit residual smoothing. Of particular importance are the details of the numerical dissipation formulation, especially the switch between the second and fourth difference terms. Solutions are given for 2-D laminar flow over a circular cylinder and a 15 deg compression ramp.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Communications in Applied Numerical Methods (ISSN 0748-8025); 8; 9; p. 671-681.
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  • 33
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    A general explicit or semi-explicit algorithm for compressible and incompressible flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A unified finite element algorithm is developed which is applicable to a wide range of problems of fluid mechanics without recourse to artificial, empirically determined factors. In its explicit form, the algorithm is similar to the Taylor-Galerkin scheme and is easily adopted to standard codes. The scheme proposed here possesses sufficient natural balancing diffusion and thus reduces and sometimes eliminates the need for special 'shock capturing' diffusion. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated using several examples ranging from incompressible through transonic regions to supersonic flows.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 35; 3 Au; 457-479
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    Computation of turbulent, separated, unswept compression ramp interactions (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Examination of the literature shows that the comparison between experiment and computation for highly separated unswept compression ramp flows is generally poor, irrespective of the turbulence model used. In general, the upstream influence is not correct, the wall pressure rise through separation is too steep, and the pressures under the separated shear layer are too high. In the current study, the objective is to determine if these discrepancies might be attributed more to other factors such as flowfield unsteadiness or three-dimensionality, rather than to inadequate turbulence modeling. To examine this possibility, multichannel wall pressure fluctuations were measured under the unsteady separation shock wave in a 28-deg unswept compression ramp flow at Mach 5. The results show that the large scale, low frequency separation shock unsteadiness controls the distribution of time-averaged surface properties and that neglect of the unsteadiness is probably the primary cause of the discrepancy between experiment and computation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 8 Au; 2056-206
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    Full Navier-Stokes analysis of an axisymmetric scramjet inlet (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 9; 6; p. 827-833.
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  • 36
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    Adaptive wall technology for three-dimensional models at high subsonic speeds and aerofoil testing through the speed of sound (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Adaptive wall research at the University of Southampton has been directed towards the development of testing techniques for use in nonporous test sections where two flexible walls are profiled in single curvature. This paper highlights the recent advances that have been made in the testing of 2D airfoils through the speed of sound and the testing of 3D models at high subsonic speeds. Techniques have been developed to accommodate the variety of flow regimes encountered in near sonic airfoil tests. The experimental evidence to date suggests that the new techniques coupled with established procedures allow airfoil data, free from top and bottom wall interference, to be gathered from adaptive flexible walled test sections throughout the entire subsonic, transonic and supersonic speed ranges. Techniques applicable to the testing of 3D models have evolved primarily from experience gained by testing sidewall mounted half-wings. Emphasis has been placed upon models with planforms similar to those of current transport wings. Techniques for high subsonic speeds have now been developed to the point where the residual levels of interference are low.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Wind tunnels and wind tunnel test techniques; Proceedings of the Conference, Southampton, United Kingdom, Sept. 14-17, 1992 (A94-10401 01-09); p. 42.1-42.12.
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    Vortex developments over steady and accelerated airfoils incorporating a trailing edge jet (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Computational and experimental studies are conducted to investigate the influence of a trailing edge jet on flow separation and subsequent vortex formation over steady and accelerated airfoils at high angles of attack. A computer code, employing the stream function-vorticity approach, is developed and utilized to conduct numerical experiments on the flow problem. To verify and economize such efforts, an experimental system is developed and incorporated into a subsonic wind tunnel where streamline and vortex flow visualization experiments are conducted. The study demonstrates the role of the trailing edge jet in controlling flow separation and subsequent vortex development for steady and accelerating flow at angles past the static stall angle of attack. The results suggest that the concept of the trailing edge jet may be utilized to control the characteristics of unsteady separated flows over lifting surfaces. This control possibility seems to be quite effective and could have a significant role in controlling unsteady separated flows.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3008 , ; 13 p.|AIAA, Fluid Dynamics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States
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    A new flux splitting scheme (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A new flux splitting scheme is proposed. The scheme is remarkably simple and yet its accuracy rivals and in some cases surpasses that of Roe's solver in the Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions performed in this study. The scheme is robust and converges as fast as the Roe splitting. An approximately defined cell-face advection Mach number is proposed using values from the two straddling cells via associated characteristic speeds. This interface Mach number is then used to determine the upwind extrapolation for the convective quantities. Accordingly, the name of the scheme is coined as Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM). A new pressure splitting is introduced which is shown to behave successfully, yielding much smoother results than other existing pressure splittings. Of particular interest is the supersonic blunt body problem in which the Roe scheme gives anomalous solutions. The AUSM produces correct solutions without difficulty for a wide range of flow conditions as well as grids.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 107; 1; p. 23-39.
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    Strong vortex/boundary layer interactions. II - Vortices low (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This is the second of two papers on the interaction between a longitudinal vortex pair, produced by a delta-wing at angle of attack, and a turbulent boundary layer developing on a flat plate. In the first paper only the outer parts of the vortices entered the boundary layer whereas in this paper the vortices merge with it. In the resultant interaction, the boundary layer between the vortices is kept thin by lateral divergence and a three-dimensional separation line is formed outboard of each vortex. Turbulent, momentum-deficient fluid containing longitudinal vorticity is entrained from the boundary layer along these lines and wrapped around the vortices. As a consequence, the turbulent region of the vortices increases in size and the circulation slowly decreases. It is shown that the flow near the separation line and in the vortices is complicated, and this interaction is expected to be more difficult to calculate than the first. Detailed mean flow and turbulence measurements are reported.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 14; 6; p. 393-401.
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  • 40
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    Comparisons between DSMC and the Navier-Stokes equations for reentry flows (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A detailed comparison is made between Navier-Stokes and DSMC calculations for flows near the continuum limit to assess the accuracy of the continuum equations in this regime. Meaningful comparisons require the use of similar physical models. This necessitates the inclusion of a separate rotational energy equation and use of slip boundary conditions. Inclusion of slip boundary conditions resulted in improved agreement between surface properties. Moreover, good agreement was obtained for the various temperatures in the nonequilibrium portion of the flow field that does not contain the shock region. Departures are noted in the shock region and in regions where thermal diffusion effects are important.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-2810 , ; 14 p.|AIAA, Thermophysics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 41
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    Aerodynamic heating in the vicinity of hypersonic, axisymmetric, shock-wave boundary-layer interactions (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Aerodynamic heating rates are calculated from time-dependent temperature measurements in the vicinity of shock-wave boundary-layer interactions due to conical compression ramps on an axisymmetric body. The data were acquired at the Ohio State University Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory and at the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory at Mach numbers of 6 and 10. The model is a cylindrical body with a 10 deg conical nose. Conical ramps with half-angles of 10, 20, 25, 30, and 35 deg serve as shock-wave generators. Flowfield surveys are made in the vicinity of the ramp vertices, separation points, and reattachment points. Experimental results quantify temperature response and the resulting heat transfer rates as a function of ramp angle, Reynolds number and freestream Mach number. The temperature responses within the flowfield appear to be steady-state for all angles and all Reynolds numbers, and hence, the heat transfer rates appear to be steady-state.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-2766 , AIAA, Thermophysics Conference; Jul 06, 1993 - Jul 09, 1993; Orlando, FL; United States|; 10 p.
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  • 42
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    A coarse-grid correction/nonlinear relaxation algorithm for the three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A combined coarse-grid correction/upwind relaxation strategy to provide rapid convergence for 3D high-speed viscous flowfields is discussed an evaluated. The construction and analysis of a simple two-grid acceleration procedure based on 'hyperbolic' multigrid concepts is presented. Numerical simulations of a 2D compression-corner flowfield, a 3D crossing shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, and a 3D scramjet inlet flowfield are presented to illustrate the benefits of the approach. Results indicate that the procedure generally converges two or more times faster than the baseline algorithm.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3317 , In: AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, 11th, Orlando, FL, July 6-9, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A93-44994 18-34); p. 223-233.
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    A study of hypersonic swept shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions using a conical Navier-Stokes code (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A computational study has been performed of sharp fin-induced swept shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions at low hypersonic Mach numbers. The objective was to determine if results obtained using a conical Navier-Stokes code, particularly the peak heating and pressure, are adequate for engineering predictions. The advantage of the conical approach is that the problem becomes two-dimensional and requires much less computational effort than a fully three-dimensional calculation. In this code, the standard Baldwin-Lomax model is used for turbulent closure and its performance is studied in some detail. To assess the approach interactive flowfields generated by unswept sharp fins at two angles of attack at each of three hyprsonic freestream Mach numbers (5, 6, 11) have been calculated and the results compared with experimental wall pressure and heat transfer data. Although the conical Navier-Stokes/Baldwin-Lomax approach is reasonably successful at Mach numbers up to 5, the performance deteriorates as the Mach number is increased. Nevertheless, the approach could be a valuable tool in preliminary parametric design studies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-5050 , AIAA, International Aerospace Planes Conference; Dec 01, 1992 - Dec 04, 1992; Orlando, FL; United States|; 17 p.
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    Comparative study of turbulence models in predicting hypersonic inlet flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A numerical study was conducted to analyze the performance of different turbulence models when applied to the hypersonic NASA P8 inlet. Computational results from the PARC2D code, which solves the full two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation, were compared with experimental data. The zero-equation models considered for the study were the Baldwin-Lomax model, the Thomas model, and a combination of the Baldwin-Lomax and Thomas models; the two-equation models considered were the Chien model, the Speziale model (both low Reynolds number), and the Launder and Spalding model (high Reynolds number). The Thomas model performed best among the zero-equation models, and predicted good pressure distributions. The Chien and Speziale models compared wery well with the experimental data, and performed better than the Thomas model near the walls.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-3098
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    Numerical simulations using a dynamic solution-adaptive grid algorithm, with applications to unsteady internal flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An investigation into the numerical simulation of unsteady flows is undertaken using a two-stage Runge-Kutta scheme coupled with the dynamic solution-adaptive grid algorithm developed by the authors. The inviscid fluxes are described by a modified Advective Upwind Split Method to eliminate the need for artificial dissipation. A well-documented numerical example containing moving discontinuities is presented that demonstrates the ability of the coupled grid/solver scheme to accurately capture unsteady flowfield phenomena. Applications are to a typical inlet diffuser configuration at Mach 3.0 with excessive back pressure inducing inlet unstart.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-2719 , AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference; Jun 22, 1992 - Jun 24, 1992; Palo Alto, CA; United States
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    Direct simulation of re-entry flows with ionization (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 6; 3 Ju; 400-404
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    Scramjet thrust measurement in a shock tunnel (1995)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This note reports tests in a shock tunnel in which a fully integrated scamjet configuration produced net thrust. The experiments not only showed that impluse facilities can be used for assessing thrust performance, but also were a demonstration of the application of a new technique to the measurement of thrust on scramjet configurations in shock tunnels. These two developments are of significance because scramjets are expected to operate at speeds well in excess of 2 km/s, and shock tunnels offer a means of generating high Mach number flows at such speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Journal (ISSN 0001-9240); 99; 984; p. 161-163
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    Hypersonic flow past open cavities (1994)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The hypersonic flow over a cavity is investigated. The time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved. An implicit algorithm, with a subiteration procedure to recover time accuracy, is used to perform the time-accurate computations. The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of Reynolds number and cavity dimensions. The comparsion of the computations with available experimental data, in terms of time mean static pressure, heat transfer, and Mach number, show good agreement. In the computations large vortex structures, which adversely affect the cavity flow characteristics, are observed at the rear of the cavity. A self-sustained oscillatory motion occurs within the cavity over a range of Reynolds number and cavity dimensions. The frequency spectra of the oscillations show good agreement with a modified semiempirical relation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 32; 12; p. 2387-2393
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    Scientific Balloons (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This video discusses how NASA uses large helium-filled balloons to take payloads up 25 miles to the edge of space to gather data. Balloons provide a cost effective approach to reach these heights.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-109907 , NONP-NASA-VT-94-23149 , ASR-258
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    A summary of the forebody high-angle-of-attack aerodynamics research on the F-18 and the X-29A aircraft (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: High-angle-of-attack aerodynamic studies have been conducted on both the F18 High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV) and the X-29A aircraft. Data obtained include on- and off-surface flow visualization and static pressure measurements on the forebody. Comparisons of similar results are made between the two aircraft where possible. The forebody shapes of the two aircraft are different and the X-29A forebody flow is affected by the addition of nose strakes and a flight test noseboom. The forebody flow field of the F-18 HARV is fairly symmetric at zero sideslip and has distinct, well-defined vortices. The X-29A forebody vortices are more diffuse and are sometimes asymmetric at zero sideslip. These asymmetries correlate with observed zero-sideslip aircraft yawing moments.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: SAE PAPER 921996 , SAE, Aerotech ''92 Conference; Oct 05, 1992 - Oct 08, 1992; Anaheim, CA; United States|; 19 p.
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    On the aerodynamics and performance of active vortex generators (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: As a building block in the development of smart lift-enhancement devices, a new concept for flow control using active vortex generators (AVGs) is presented. Ramp, wedge, and doublet wedge (Wheeler) VG configurations are investigated. The AVGs are designed to conform to the surface of the wing section at low alpha. As the section approaches the stall, they are deployed and accordingly, alpha(stall) and C(lmax) are increased. A qualitative analysis of the flow around the various VG configurations was conducted in a low speed wind tunnel at 1.6 ft/s and a Reynolds number of approximately 3400. The results demonstrate that ramp VGs produce vortices that have the longest distance at breakdown. The VGs were also applied to a 25-in. span, 8-in. chord NACA 4415 wing section. Optimization studies were conducted on the spanwise spacing, chordwise position, and size of statically deployed VGs. The test results demonstrate a 14-percent increase in C(lmax) while increasing alpha (stall) by up to 3.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3447 , In: AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 11th, Monterey, CA, Aug. 9-11, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A93-47201 19-02); p. 376-386.
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    Laser holographic interferometric measurements of the flow behind a rearward facing step (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A holographic interferometer has been designed, constructed, and evaluated in an experimental study of the supersonic flow over a rearward facing step. The nominal Mach number at the corner was 2.05 +/- 0.04 and the Reynolds number per inch was 11.9 x 10 exp 6. The holographic interferometric measurements were supplemented by classical measurements of surface pressure, oil flow, and schlieren visualization. The effects of step height and step width were examined. A method to determine the reattachment point from the interferograms was examined and found to be in good agreement with the other measurement techniques. The reattachment point moved closer to the step as the step height was decreased, but its location did not change with varying step width. In addition to providing surface data for the flow over a rearward facing step, this study provides quantitative off-surface density data and Mach number data throughout the flow, obtained from the holographic interferometry measurements, which are suited for code validation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 93-3515 , In: AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 11th, Monterey, CA, Aug. 9-11, 1993, Technical Papers. Pt. 2 (A93-47201 19-02); p. 894-902.
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    Uniform high-order spectral methods for one- and two-dimensional Euler equations (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Uniform high order spectral methods to solve multi-dimensional Euler equations for gas dynamics are discussed. Uniform high order spectral approximations with spectral accuracy in smooth regions of solutions are constructed by introducing the idea of the Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ENO) polynomial interpolations into the spectral methods. The authors present numerical results for the inviscid Burgers' equation, and for the one-dimensional Euler equations including the interactions between a shock wave and density disturbance, Sod's and Lax's shock tube problems, and the blast wave problem. The interaction between a Mach 3 two-dimensional shock wave and a rotating vortex is simulated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 104; 2; p. 427-443.
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    Nonlinear relaxation/quasi-Newton algorithm for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 31; 1; p. 57-60.
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    Reynolds number and cowl position effects for a generic sidewall compression scramjet inlet at Mach 10 - A computational and experimental investigation (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Reynolds number and cowl position effects on the internal shock structure and the resulting performance of a generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlet with a leading edge sweep of 45 degrees at Mach 10 have been examined both computationally and experimentally. Prior to the experiment, a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code was adapted to perform preliminary parametric studies leading to the design of the present configuration. Following this design phase, the code was then utilized as an analysis tool to provide a better understanding of the flow field and the experimental static pressure data for the final experimental configuration. The wind tunnel model possessed 240 static pressure orifices distributed on the forebody plane, sidewalls, and cowl and was tested in the NASA Langley 31 Inch Mach 10 Tunnel.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-4026
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    Time domain numerical calculations of unsteady vortical flows about a flat plate airfoil (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A time domain numerical scheme is developed to solve for the unsteady flow about a flat plate airfoil due to imposed upstream, small amplitude, transverse velocity perturbations. The governing equation for the resulting unsteady potential is a homogeneous, constant coefficient, convective wave equation. Accurate solution of the problem requires the development of approximate boundary conditions which correctly model the physics of the unsteady flow in the far field. A uniformly valid far field boundary condition is developed, and numerical results are presented using this condition. The stability of the scheme is discussed, and the stability restriction for the scheme is established as a function of the Mach number. Finally, comparisons are made with the frequency domain calculation by Scott and Atassi, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach are assessed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 101; 2 Au; 419-430
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    Unstructured and adaptive mesh generation for high Reynolds number viscous flows (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A method for generating and adaptively refining a highly stretched unstructured mesh suitable for the computation of high-Reynolds-number viscous flows about arbitrary two-dimensional geometries was developed. The method is based on the Delaunay triangulation of a predetermined set of points and employs a local mapping in order to achieve the high stretching rates required in the boundary-layer and wake regions. The initial mesh-point distribution is determined in a geometry-adaptive manner which clusters points in regions of high curvature and sharp corners. Adaptive mesh refinement is achieved by adding new points in regions of large flow gradients, and locally retriangulating; thus, obviating the need for global mesh regeneration. Initial and adapted meshes about complex multi-element airfoil geometries are shown and compressible flow solutions are computed on these meshes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Conference on Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Related Fields; Jun 03, 1991 - Jun 07, 1991; Barcelona; Spain
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    Waves and thermodynamics in high Mach number propulsive ducts (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The propulsive effects of waves in ducts, especially at high Mach numbers, are investigated, focusing on drag and thrust and on the conversion of heat into waves which produce thrust. It is shown that essentially all of the work done by an expanding fluid passing through a duct at high Mach number is delivered in the form of waves, and that duct surface angles exist that are optimum for the production of thrust from a wave. The effects of wave phenomena on drag and thrust are considered by extending the concept of a Busemann biplane into that of a 'Busemann scramjet, taking 'off-design' performance into account. An idealized model of a streamtube with heat addition is developed, and flow mechanisms involved in generating thrust by the expansion of this streamtube in an exhaust nozzle are examined.
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    Comparison between computational and experimental data for a hypersonic laser propelled vehicle (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A 3-D axisymmetric hypersonic engine inlet was investigated using PARC2D, an ideal gas Computational Fluid Dynamics code. The code was used to predict the results of tests conducted in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Hypersonic Shock Tunnel which measured surface and pitot pressures, and shock positions (through Schlieren photography) at freestream Mach numbers of 10, 13, and 15. A strong viscous/shock interaction was observed in both the experiment and the CFD results, due to the model's parabolic compression ramp. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and the CFD solution both for surface pressures and shock positions. Agreement between pitot pressures was less reliable.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-3808
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    Analysis of hypersonic nozzles including vibrational nonequilibrium and intermolecular force effects (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics algorithm is developed for the study of high-pressure axisymmetric hypersonic nozzle flows. The effects of intermolecular forces and vibrational nonequilibrium are included in the analysis. The numerical simulation of gases with an arbitrary equation of state is discussed. Simulations for a high pressure nozzle (p(0) = 138 MPa) demonstrate that both intermolecular forces and vibrational nonequilibrium have a significant affect on the flow. These nonideal effects tend to increase the Mach number at the nozzle exit plane. Thus, they must be included in the design and analysis of high pressure hypersonic nozzles.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-0330
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    A ballistic investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a blunt vehicle at hypersonic speeds in carbon dioxide and air (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Missions to Mars require the successful development of aerobraking technology, and therefore a blunt cone representative of aerobrake shapes is investigated. Ballistic tests of the Pioneer Venus configuration are conducted in carbon dioxide and air at Mach numbers from 7 to 20 and Reynolds numbers from 0.1 x 10 exp 5 to 4 x 10 exp 6. Experimental results show that for defined conditions aerodynamic research can be conducted in air rather than carbon dioxide, providing savings in time and money. In addition, the results offer a prediction of flight aerodynamics during entry into the Martian atmosphere. Also discussed is a comparison of results from two data-reduction techniques showing that a five-degree-of-freedom routine employing weighted least-squares with differential corrections analyzes ballistic data more accurately.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-0328
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    Aerodynamics of the advanced launch system (ALS) propulsion and avionics (P/A) module (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This paper discusses the design and testing of candidate Advanced Launch System (ALS) Propulsion and Avionics (P/A) Module configurations. The P/A Module is a key element of future launch systems because it is essential to the recovery and reuse of high-value propulsion and avionics hardware. The ALS approach involves landing of first stage (booster) and/or second stage (core) P/A modules near the launch site to minimize logistics and refurbishment cost. The key issue addressed herein is the aerodynamic design of the P/A module, including the stability characteristics and the lift-to-drag (L/D) performance required to achieve the necessary landing guidance accuracy. The reference P/A module configuration was found to be statically stable for the desired flight regime, to provide adequate L/D for targeting, and to have effective modulation of the L/D performance using a body flap. The hypersonic aerodynamic trends for nose corner radius, boattail angle and body flap deflections were consistent with pretest predictions. However, the levels for the L/D and axial force for hypersonic Mach numbers were overpredicted by impact theories.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 92-0154
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  • 63
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    Application of a semianalytical technique for sensitivity analysis of unsteady aerodynamic computations (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A semianalytical approach is developed for the sensitivity analysis of linear unsteady aerodynamic loads. The semianalytical approach is easier to implement than the analytical approach. It is also computationally less expensive than the finite difference approach when used with panel methods which require a large number of panels. The semianalytical approach is applied to an isolated airfoil in a two-dimensional flow and rotating propfan blades in three-dimensional flow. Sensitivity coefficients with respect to nonshape-dependent variables are shown for some cases.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 88-2377 , Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference; Apr 18, 1988 - Apr 20, 1988; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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  • 64
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    Some numerical calculations by using linear classical sonic theories approached from sub- or supersonic speeds (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The unsteady aerodynamics of a two-dimensional wing at sonic speed are studied by using so-called classical sonic theories (linear), approached from supersonic flow (M=1+0) or subsonic flow (M=1-0). In the former approach, the exact expressions of lift and lift distribution are obtained in terms of Fresnel integrals, while in the latter approach an integral equation must be solved, the kernel function of which is obtained from the subsonic Possio's equation and has a root singularity. The discrete analysis is adopted on the basis of the semicircle method (SCM) and the weighting function for subsonic-flow-Gauss-quadrature, as well as modified characteristics obtained from both approaches agree quite well with each other. The results obtained by the present computations are compared with those of DLM-C (subsonic 2D code) developed by ANDO et al, and are found to give a reasonable outer boundary for subsonic unsteady aerodynamics.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20112 , NAS 1.77:20112
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  • 65
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    The Aerodynamic Optimization of Wings at Subsonic Speeds and the Influence of Wingtip Design (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Some of the objectives of modern aircraft development are related to the achievement of reduced fuel consumption and aircraft noise. This investigation is mainly concerned with the aerodynamic aspects of aircraft development, i.e., reduction of induced drag. New studies of wing design, and in particular wing tips, are considered. Induced drag is important since, in cruising flight, it accounts for approximately one-third of the entire drag for the aircraft, and one-half while climbing. A survey is presented for the wing geometries and wing tip designs studied, and theoretical investigations of different planar wings with systematically varied wing tip forms are conducted. Attention is also paid to a theoretical study of some planar and nonplanar wings and their comparison with experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-88534 , NAS 1.15:88534
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  • 66
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    Multidomain approach for calculating compressible flows (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A multidomain approach for calculating compressible flows by using unsteady or pseudo-unsteady methods is presented. This approach is based on a general technique of connecting together two domains in which hyperbolic systems (that may differ) are solved with the aid of compatibility relations associated with these systems. Some examples of this approach's application to calculating transonic flows in ideal fluids are shown, particularly the adjustment of shock waves. The approach is then applied to treating a shock/boundary layer interaction problem in a transonic channel.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76692 , NAS 1.15:76692
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  • 67
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    Current developments lighter than air systems (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Lighter than air aircraft (LTA) developments and research in the United States and other countries are reviewed. The emphasis in the U.S. is on VTOL airships capable of heavy lift, and on long endurance types for coastal maritime patrol. Design concepts include hybrids which combine heavier than air and LTA components and characteristics. Research programs are concentrated on aerodynamics, flight dynamics, and control of hybrid types.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-84744 , NAS 1.15:84744
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  • 68
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    Experimental investigation of the flow on the suction side of a thin Delta wing (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Surface oil flow patterns were photographed and pressure distribution measurements were carried out on a sharp edged delta wing of aspect ratio lambda = 1.0 in order to determine the influence of Reynolds number and of vortex breakdown on the flow on the suction side of the wing. The formation of the secondary vortex occurs due to separation of a laminar boundary layer in the front part of the wing and due to separation of a turbulent boundary layer in the rear part of the wing. In the case of turbulent separation, the secondary separation line is closer to the wing leading edge than in the laminar case. The position of the transition depends on the Reynolds number and on the angle of incidence. The breakdown of a vortex above the wing leads to a kink in the secondary separation line.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75897
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  • 69
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    The influence of a high pressure gradient on unsteady velocity perturbations in the case of a turbulent supersonic flow (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The amplification or reduction of unsteady velocity perturbations under the influence of strong flow acceleration or deceleration was studied. Supersonic flows with large velocity, pressure gradients, and the conditions in which the velocity fluctuations depend on the action of the average gradients of pressure and velocity rather than turbulence, are described. Results are analyzed statistically and interpreted as a return to laminar process. It is shown that this return to laminar implies negative values in the turbulence production terms for kinetic energy. A simple geometrical representation of the Reynolds stress production is given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75236 , AAF-NT-79-10 , Colloq. d''Aerodynamique Appl.; Nov 07, 1978 - Nov 09, 1978; Marseille; France|Jul 01, 1979
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  • 70
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    Unsteady effects of a control surface in two dimensional subsonic and transonic flow (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The experimental results of steady and unsteady pressure measurements, carried out in subsonic and transonic flow on a 16 percent relative thickness supercritical aerofoil, equipped with a trailing edge flap involving 25 percent of the chord, in a sinusoidal motion are given. These experimental results are compared with those obtained by various methods of steady and unsteady inviscid flow calculations. Some calculation results in which viscous effects have been taken into account, for both steady and unsteady flows, are also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75775 , AGARD-CP-262
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  • 71
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    On the swelling of rolled up vortex surfaces and the breakdown of the vortex core for slender wings (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Simplified models of the vortex distribution over cylindrical surfaces are developed. The effect of a change of vortex strength was analyzed quantitatively by menas of potential theory. The considerable bulging of the cylindrical vortex sheet as a consequence of the change of the vortex strength is discussed. The coiling-up of the vortices rotation in opposite directions over the cylindrical surface renders the condition for instability and the subsequent large spreading of the vortex core. These processes occur without a positive pressure gradient being necessary in the field of flow surrounding the coiled up vortex sheet.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75862
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  • 72
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    Investigations regarding the drag characteristics of flow-disturbing bodies which are arranged in line and attached to the wall (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The flow characteristics of rectangular bodies mounted on the base area of a rectangular closed wind tunnel are investigated. As many as four bodies are mounted in line with equal distances between successive bodies. The Mach number of the flowing air is in the range from 0.1 to 0.5. Total and individual drag values could be charged within a wide range by a suitable selection of the distance between successive bodies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75788
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  • 73
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    On wings of circular design (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Prandtl's method of sources and sinks for air foils is used to investigate the aerodynamics of circular wings in constant flow. Lift distribution, total lift, and pitching moment are investigated as well as the influence of changes in the angle of attack.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75505
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  • 74
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    Solution of a few nonlinear problems in aerodynamics by the finite elements and functional least squares methods (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The numerical simulation of the transonic flows of idealized fluids and of incompressible viscous fluids, by the nonlinear least squares methods is presented. The nonlinear equations, the boundary conditions, and the various constraints controlling the two types of flow are described. The standard iterative methods for solving a quasi elliptical nonlinear equation with partial derivatives are reviewed with emphasis placed on two examples: the fixed point method applied to the Gelder functional in the case of compressible subsonic flows and the Newton method used in the technique of decomposition of the lifting potential. The new abstract least squares method is discussed. It consists of substituting the nonlinear equation by a problem of minimization in a H to the minus 1 type Sobolev functional space.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75732
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  • 75
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    Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 225) (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 429 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in March, 1988.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(225) , NAS 1.21:7037(225)
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  • 76
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    Finite element calculations for aerodynamic coefficients of a 3-dimensional body in subsonic flow using Green's function method (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An accurate method for evaluating the derivatives along circular paths on the surface is proposed. Calculations are made on various practical configurations such as wing-body combinations, tandem wings, wings with dihedral angles at sideslip, ground effects, interference between a sphere and wind tunnel, etc. Comparisons with experiment show good agreement.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20208 , NAS 1.77:20208
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  • 77
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    Calculation of non-stationary aerodynamic forces in the near sonic range (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The development of a mathematical method for calculating nonstationary supersonic flow in the near-sonic range is described. A perturbation formula is derived based on the exact stationary values; it is applicable to the equation for potential. The problem can thus be divided into stationary and nonstationary fields. The pressure distribution in an oscillating profile is determined, based on hyperbolic differential equations. It is shown that there are important corollaries concerning the application of linear theory. With suitable extrapolations, linear theory can be used up to about Mach 0.8. Linear theory is not applicable, however, when determining the moment coefficients; for this case, a special technique is described.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20310 , NAS 1.77:20310
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  • 78
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    Aeronautical engineering: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 219) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 586 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in October, 1987.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-SP-7037(219) , NAS 1.21:7037(219)
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  • 79
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    Calculation of aerodynamic heat transfer for blunt-nosed thin wings at different angles of attack at supersonic speeds (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A method for calculating aerodynamic heat transfer on thin wings at angles of attack is provided, based on the assumption of small cross flow and the calculation of an infinite cylinder. It is valid in the range of supersonic and hypersonic speeds. The method does not require calculation of the details of the stream lines and can be used for various swept wings at moderate angle of attack or yaw angle. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results is given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TT-20127 , NAS 1.77:20127
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  • 80
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    Aerodynamics on a transport aircraft type wing-body model (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The DFLR-F4 wing-body combination is studied. The 1/38 model is formed by a 9.5 aspect ratio transonic wing and an Airbus A 310 fuselage. The F4 wing geometrical characteristics are described and the main experimental results obtained in the S2MA wind tunnel are discussed. Both wing-fuselage interferences and viscous effects, which are important on the wing due to a high rear loading, are investigated by performing 3D calculations. An attempt is made to find their limitations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76878 , NAS 1.15:76878
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  • 81
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    NASA/HAA Advanced Rotorcraft Technology and Tilt Rotor Workshops. Volume 3: Aerodynamics and Structures Session (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Advanced rotorcraft technology and tilt rotor aircraft were discussed. Rotorcraft performance, acoustics, and vibrations were discussed, as was the use of composite materials in rotorcraft structures. Rotorcraft aerodynamics, specifically the aerodynamic phenomena of a rotating and the aerodynamics of fuselages, was discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-84147 , Dec 02, 1980 - Dec 05, 1980; Palo Alto, CA; United States
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  • 82
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    The aerodynamics of small Reynolds numbers (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Aerodynamic characteristics of wing model gliders and bird wings in particular are discussed. Wind tunnel measurements and aerodynamics of small Reynolds numbers are enumerated. Airfoil behavior in the critical transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer, which is more important to bird wing models than to large airplanes, was observed. Experimental results are provided, and an artificial bird wing is described.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75816 , Jahrbuch 1953 der Wiss. Ges. fuer Luftfahrt E. V. mit den Vortraegen der WGL-Tagung in Goettingen; May 26, 1953 - May 29, 1953; Braunschweig; Germany
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  • 83
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    Rain and deicing experiments in a wind tunnel (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Comments on films of tests simulating rain and ice conditions in a wind tunnel are presented, with the aim of studying efficient methods of overcoming the adverse effects of rain and ice on aircraft. In the experiments, lifesize models and models of the Mirave 4 aircraft were used. The equipment used to simulate rain and ice is described. Different configurations of landing and takeoff under conditions of moderate or heavy rain at variable angles of incidence and of skipping and at velocities varying from 30 to 130 m/sec are reproduced in the wind tunnel. The risks of erosion of supersonic aircraft by the rain during the loitering and approach phases are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77077 , NAS 1.15:77077 , May 29, 1967 - May 31, 1967; Paris
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  • 84
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    Separation behavior of boundary layers on three-dimensional wings (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An inverse boundary layer procedure for calculating separated, turbulent boundary layers at infinitely long, crabbing wing was developed. The procedure was developed for calculating three dimensional, incompressible turbulent boundary layers was expanded to adiabatic, compressible flows. Example calculations with transsonic wings were made including viscose effects. In this case an approximated calculation method described for areas of separated, turbulent boundary layers, permitting calculation of this displacement thickness. The laminar boundary layer development was calculated with inclined ellipsoids.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75877
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  • 85
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    Study of the vortex conditions of wings with large sweepback by extrapolation of the Jones method (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The pockets of separation originating on the leading edges are surrounded by vortex sheets. Their configuration and intensity were determined by four conditions with the JONES approximation, which is itself corrected by a simple logic. Field pressures and stresses were computed for different cases and are compared with test results (pure deltas, swallow tails, truncations, strakes, ducks, fuselage).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75863 , Symp. of Appl. Aerodynamics; Nov 13, 1979 - Nov 15, 1979; Lille; France
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  • 86
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    A study of dirigibles for use in the Peruvian Selva Central region (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The potential for dirigibles as transports in the Selva Central region of Peru was evaluated by means of a mission and economic analysis. A total requirement to transport over 19 million tons (t) of agricultural produce, lumber and meat was projected by the year 2004. A primary route involving zones for loading and delivering this carbo was identified. Although dirigibles are capable of short field operation, all existing airfields must be enlarged in width to allow for all conditions of wind and weather and to provide space for overnight mooring. A maintenance base and operations headquarters, complete with hangar and other service facilities would be required. The quantities of cargo capacities of 5 to 100 tons were identified. Fleet sizes up to 106 dirigibles (in 20 t capacities) would be required. Dirigibles were assumed to be of the nonrigid type except in the 100 t category for which rigid characteristics were assumed. A method of determining dirigible costs was developed. The values derived were then applied to an economic analysis to determine initial investment and operating costs. It was found that larger dirigibles of approximately 20 t capacities or higher could offer significant cost benefits over airplanes, provided cruise speeds were higher than 100km/hr.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-85634 , NAS 1.15:85634
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  • 87
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    Some characteristic quantities of Karman-Trefftz profiles (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: For von Karman-Trefftz profiles, the characteristics which determine profile shape (profile nose dimensions, maximum thickness and position: tail slope and curvature) are stated as a function of transformation variables using the Timman method. The profile is obtained by iterative deformation of a von Karman profile with known transformation, corresponding as well as possible to the desired profile. The figures and relations which enable a good choice of the required profile are given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-77013 , NAS 1.15:77013
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  • 88
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    The calculation of separated flow at helicopter bodies (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: For abstract see A81-47555.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-76715 , NAS 1.15:76715
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  • 89
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    Lee side flow for slender delta wings of finite thickness (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An experimental and theoretical investigation carried out to determine the lee side flow field over delta wings at supersonic speeds is presented. A theoretical method to described the flow field is described, where boundary conditions as a result of the experimental study are needed. The computed flow field with shock induced separation is satisfactory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75753 , ILR-23
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  • 90
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    A finite element method for the computation of transonic flow past airfoils (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A finite element method for the computation of the transonic flow with shocks past airfoils is presented using the artificial viscosity concept for the local supersonic regime. Generally, the classic element types do not meet the accuracy requirements of advanced numerical aerodynamics requiring special attention to the choice of an appropriate element. A series of computed pressure distributions exhibits the usefulness of the method.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75749 , MBB-UFE-1352-0
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  • 91
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    Application of a numerically generated orthogonal coordinate system to the solution of inviscid axisymmetric supersonic flow over blunt bodies (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A numerically generated orthogonal coordinate system (with the body surface and shock wave as opposite boundaries) was applied with a time asymptotic method to obtain steady flow solutions for axisymmetric inviscid flow over several blunt bodies including spheres, paraboloids, ellipsoids, hyperboloids, hemisphere cylinders, spherically blunted cones, and a body with a concavity in the stagnation region. Comparisons with experimental data and with the results of other computational methods are discussed. The numerically generated orthogonal coordinate system is described and applications of the method to complex body shapes, particularly those with concave regions, are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1619 , L-13353
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  • 92
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    Aircraft icing: Introduction (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The objectives of the Workshop were as follows: (1) to assess the current understanding of fixed wing and rotorcraft operational icing environments and problems (2) to evaluate facilities requirements for R&D and certification purposes (3) to examine means of improving icing forecasts (4) to identify shortcomings in aeronautical icing knowledge which can be alleviated by new research and instrumentation development.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; 3 p
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  • 93
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    Practical calculation of laminar and turbulent bled-off boundary layers (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Bleed-off of boundary layer material is shown to be an effective means for reducing drag by conserving the laminar boundary layer and preventing separation of the turbulent boundary layer. The case in which the two effects of bleed-off overlap is examined. Empirical methods are extended to the case of bleed-off. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are treated simultaneously and the approximation differential equations are solved without an uncertain error. The case without bleed-off is also treated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75328
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  • 94
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    Effect of the properties of a porous coating on boundary layer stability (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Drawing off gas from the boundary layer is a well-known method for increasing the stability of boundary layers. The increase in stability is primarily connected with a change in the velocity profile form in the case of suction. On the basis of the assumption that the velocity perturbations on a porous slate do not equal zero, the influence of the properties of a permeable surface upon the boundary layer stability were studied.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75235
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    Experimental studies on the influence of the degree of turbulence and of a turbulence thread on the compressible subsonic flow through flat compressor cascades (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The measurements revealed that at low Reynolds numbers the profile loss is considerably reduced both by the increased degree of turbulence and by a turbulence thread, while it is somewhat increased at high Reynolds numbers, and that a profile loss reduction is connected with an increase in deflection and in pressure shift. The turbulence generator is most effective on the one hand in the middle of the operating range of the cascades, and on the other at very high Mach numbers together with a large angle of incidence.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75276
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    A finite volume method for calculating transonic potential flow around wings from the pressure minimum integral (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Analysis of the pressure minimum integral in the calculation of three-dimensional potential flow around wings makes it possible to use non-rectangular mesh networks for distributing the three-dimensional potential into discrete points. The method is comparatively easily expanded to the treatment of realistic airplane configurations. Shock-pressure affected pressure distributions on any wings are determined with accuracy using this method.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75324
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Measurement of the turbulence intensity behind a two-dimensional cascade and in a three-stage axial blower (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Turbulence intensity (Tu) measurements were made in two-dimensional and rotating cascades of blades in a low-speed cascade wind tunnel using hot-wire probes as sensors. The local Tu at Re = 1.6x100000 was determined in the wake zone behind a two-dimensional cascade. Then the values were recomputed for a rotating cascade, giving a mean turbulence intensity of 6.5% at 1/10 chord downstream and 2.9% at one chord. Fans were used for measurements on the rotating cascade. Re was equal to 7x100000. Frequency analysis was employed to separate the actual Tu of the entry flow from the effects caused by interaction with the rotor blades, showing that the true Tu increased from a few tenths of a percent to 6.6% in the 1st rotor, and from 7.2 to 9.3% in the 2d rotor. The Tu behind the 3d rotor was equal to 8.9%.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75275
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Methods and results of boundary layer measurements on a glider (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Boundary layer measurements were carried out on a glider under natural conditions. Two effects are investigated: the effect of inconstancy of the development of static pressure within the boundary layer and the effect of the negative pressure difference in a sublaminar boundary layer. The results obtained by means of an ion probe in parallel connection confirm those results obtained by means of a pressure probe. Additional effects which have occurred during these measurements are briefly dealt with.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75294
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Summary of experimentally determined facts concerning the behavior of the boundary layer and performance of boundary layer measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A summary report of boundary layer studies is presented. Preliminary results of experimental measurements show that: (1) A very thin layer (approximately 0.4 mm) of the boundary layer seems to be accelerated; (2) the static pressure of the outer flow does not remain exactly constant through the boundary layer; and (3) an oncoming boundary layer which is already turbulent at the suction point can again become laminar behind this point without being completely sucked off.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75270
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Airfoil profile in a nonuniform flow (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A theory of airfoil section past two dimensional nonuniform flow is developed. The theory is based on representation of airfoil section by vortex and source distributions and it can be used for calculation of aircraft wings in homogeneous and inhomogeneous flow, as well as for calculation of straight and radial blade and vane-cascades.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75272
    Format: application/pdf
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