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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 231-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.10 ; 81
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystallinity of silica glass fused from Brasilian quartz is demonstrated by positron annihilation lineshape measurements using a high resolution Ge(Li)-detector as well as by positron lifetime measurement.
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 20 (1979), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 71.60 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The technique of the coincidence count rate at the peak of the angular correlation curve (CCR) in positron annihilation has been applied to the investigation of vacancy formation energies in thermal equilibrium in nickel, cobalt, and iron. The monovacancy formation energyE 1v/F has been determined to (1.55±0.05) eV and (1.34±0.07) eV for nickel and cobalt, and (1.60±0.10) eV for α-iron, and (1.40±0.15) eV for γ-iron, respectively. The structural phase transformations in cobalt (693 K) and iron (1183 K, 1663 K) are exhibited by discontinuities of the CCR. In the case of cobalt the CCR follows exactly the change of the thermal expansion at the transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the CCR in the prevacancy region is found to be proportional to the thermal expansion for all metals investigated.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The S-parameter, introduced by MacKenzie et al., is now widely used to describe annihilation gamma-ray lineshapes recorded with Ge(Li) spectrometers. This paper discusses four descriptive parameters, their statistical properties and their sensitivity to positron trapping.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06.60 ; 78.70 ; 71.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method using ion-implantation of Na22 to produce source-sample systems applicable to positron annihilation lifetime experiments at elevated temperatures in metals is presented.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 66.30 F
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The activation energy for self-diffusion in chromium is found to be 3.51±0.13 eV from positron trapping measurements. The 4.51 eV activation energy seen in tracer diffusion work is therefore ascribed to divacancies, theQ 2/Q 1 ratio being typical of the bcc refractory group. The positron data give 0.55 for the ratioH 1v M /H 1v F of vacancy migration and formation energies, in agreement with quenching data for tungsten.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 247-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 82.65 ; 79.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made on a low-energy positron beam apparatus in an attempt to increase the efficiency of the slow positron yield from radioisotopes. A study was made to sweep thermalized positrons to the surface of a silicon wafer with an applied electric field at 298 and 140 K. Temperature studies were also made on more conventional Pt and Pt+MgO powder moderators and the results are discussed. The role of the MgO powder has been clarified, though fundamental questions remain. The positron apparatus beam and relevant information regarding sources, temperature and magnetic fields are discussed in sufficient detail so that such a slow positron beam utilizing a “conventional” slow positron moderator could be easily duplicated for use in solid state studies.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 35-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime and Doppler broadening measurements have been carried out on GeS1.375 and GeS1.5 glasses. A pronounced decrease of the mean lifetime was observed at crystallization of GeS1.375 glass into the GeS structure. Also the Doppler-broadened curves are strongly sensitive to this solid-solid phase transition. Unlike the situation for many metals, the positron annihilation parameters were found non-sensitive to fast neutron irradiation doses as high as 1019 n/cm2. No difference between positron annihilation parameters measured on GeS1.375 and GeS1.5 glasses was found. The state of the positron in the GeS glasses is discussed on the basis of these results. The idea is put forward, that the GeS-GeS2 system provides possibilities of sample parameter variations that might prove useful in the understanding of the positron state in non-metallic solids.
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The isothermal recovery rates of vacancy-impurity complexes in an aluminium-1% magnesium alloy are measured in situ at eight temperatures from variations of colinear annihilation γ-rays versus time. These data analysed in terms of a time dependant β+-trapping model yield two apparent migration energies of 0.8 eV±0.1 eV and 0.9 eV±0.05 eV. The nature of the complexes is discussed and their binding energy is estimated.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 95-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 78.70 ; 29.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A Monte-Carlo simulation technique based on the screened Rutherford differential cross section for the elastic scattering and Gryzinski's semiempirical expression for the inelastic core and valence electron excitation is used to describe electrons and positrons slowing down in solids. The theoretical results are compared with the experimental backscattering, absorption and transmission results for aluminum, silicon, copper, and gold thin film and semi-infinite targets and good agreement is observed. The simulated stopping profiles are fitted with a simple analytic expression. The profiles are Laplace-transformed to give a useful data base for analyzing phenomena associated with slow positron re-emission from solids.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 29 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of backscattered, 1.27-MeVγ quanta to the coincidence counts in positron-annihilation lifetime measurements has been investigated. Depending on the energy window settings and geometry, as much as 20% of the coincidence counts was found to arise from backscattered events. Computer analysis of such spectra leads to erroneous results. Analysis of computer-generated lifetime spectra shows that good statistics is more important than good resolution power for the quality of the analysis.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime measurements have been performed for molybdenum samples containing different densities of voids and dislocation loops. The samples consisted of single crystal molybdenum exposed to 2.7×1018 fast neutrons/cm2 at 60°C, and subsequently annealed at 650°, 725°, 800°, and 875°C in vacuum (p〈10−7 Torr). After each annealing, where the densities of voids and loops were changed, positron lifetime measurements were performed in the temperature interval [−194°, 285°C]. In two-term fits of the measured spectra the longer lifetime, τe2-460 ps corresponds to an intensityI e2 increasing with sample temperature. The shorter lifetime τe1 decreases with increasing temperature. A three-state trapping model with and without detrapping is discussed, and appears to be incapable of explaining the observed temperature dependences. A four-state positron trapping model including detrapping is necessary and satisfactory. It describes positron trapping to voids and trapping to dislocation loops, which is followed by a competition between detrapping and positron transition to jogs or other dislocation-bound defects. Mathematical expressions of the four-state trapping model including detrapping are worked out and calculations of the intensityI e2 are compared with the experimental values ofI e2. By use of special models for the temperature dependence of trapping rates, numerical values can be determined for the positron-dislocation-binding energy and for specific positron trapping rates.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 51-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 78.70 ; 29.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An improved Monte-Carlo simulation technique has been used to investigate positron and electron slowing down in solid matter. Elastic scattering is based on exact cross sections of effective crystalline potentials and inelastic processes are described by Gryzinski's semiempirical expression for each core and valence electron excitation. Calculations with normal and oblique angles of incidence have been made for positrons and electrons impinging on semi-infinite aluminium, copper, tungsten, and gold. Interesting differences have been found between positron and electron penetration and backscattering features.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.80 ; 71.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The positron annihilation technique (P.A.T.) has been used in a study of interactions between gas impurities and crystal defects (vacancy loops and voids) in molybdenum. P.A.T. measurements were found to be very effective for this purpose. We propose that the observed effects are due to decoration of the void surface with nitrogen and vacancy loop decoration with hydrogen and nitrogen.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 34.90 ; 36.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Applications of LINAC-based positron beams in atomic physics are described. The following broad subject areas are treated; e+ mobility and momentum transfer cross section determinations, angularly resolved and integral cross sections for e+-atomic processes plus charge transfer (Ps formation) type experiments, experiments with tunable positronium beams and experiments with thermal Ps sources. In addition, some discussion is given concerning the use of channel electron multiplier arrays (CEMAs) in conjunction with charge coupled devices (CCDs) as position sensitive detectors.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 269-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 07.77
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Properties and performance of a magnetically-guided, high-intensity, ultra-high-vacuum slow-positron beam are reviewed. Basic positron behaviour in solids is briefly described. Results from various58Coβ + sources in conjunction with a backscattering W(110) moderator are presented. We discuss research applications to probe depth distribution of open-volume lattice defects. Two experimental methods capable of yielding information on defects within ∼500 Å and ∼1 μm from the surface, respectively, are considered. Results are shown on defect distribution in ion implanted metals and semiconductors.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.77 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the production of a beam of antihydrogen atoms through the capture of positrons by antiprotons in an arrangement of merged parallel beams is considered. The achievable luminosity is estimated on the basis of available antiproton and positron intensities. The scaling of the luminosity with various parameters is investigated. It is argued that an intense beam of antihydrogen can be obtained if antiprotons and positrons are stored, recirculated and cooled. While the number of stored antiprotons which can be achieved at present is already high, schemes for the accumulation of slow and cooled positrons have to be developed. Possible ways are pointed out. The fact that a high number of both species of charged particles can be accumulated, stored, and recirculated, compensates largely for the low capture cross-section.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 42 (1987), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron-lifetime measurements have been used to study the annealing of vacancies in neutron-irradiated GaAs. The vacancies which are interpreted as defects in the Ga sublattice disappear in a single annealing stage (at 500°C in GaAs doped with Si or Zn, and at 600°C in Cr-doped GaAs).
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron annihilation measurements of the coincidence count rate at the peak of the angular correlation curve (CCR) have been performed as a function of temperature for the alloy systemFeTi in a concentration range up to about 1.3 at. %. The concentration dependence of the effective vacancy formation enthalpy (H 1V F )eff suggests the existence of an attractive interaction between vacancies and the impurity atoms. It will be shown that the description of the vacancy concentration in an alloy according to the Lomer model is not valid in this case, because it neglects binding of vacancies to solute atom pairs and to higher agglomerates. The application of a model proposed by Dorn and Mitchell gives evidence that beyond the binding of a vacancy to a single solute atom in the concentration range investigated also aggregates of a vacancy bound to two and three foreign atoms must be taken into account. The analysis of the measurements according to the method of Hehenkamp and Sander gives values for the respective vacancy-solute-atom(s) binding enthalpies H 1 B =0.25eV, H 2 B =0.53eV and H 3 B =0.91eV. The discussion of the temperature and solute-atoms concentration dependence of the vacancy concentration suggests a much more complicated behaviour than for pure metals even at low solute-atom concentrations.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; 61.80 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of ion implanted silicon induced by a repetitive excimer laser working in liquid phase regime has been monitored by a simple in situ technique. It consists to follow the optical reflectivity at the wavelength 633 nm of the silicon samples under irradiation. The influence of implantation and laser irradiation conditions on the oxidation process has been investigated by this technique. The results obtained have been compared using infrared absorption data. The role of the Si/SiO2 interface roughness on the oxide film quality has been studied.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 81.40 ; 07.77
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results are reported on the performance of single crystal W foils as positron moderators. A simple annealing technique has been developed which gives efficiencies comparable to those obtained by in situ heating under high vacuum conditions.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 52 (1991), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 36.10 ; 71.60 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The electron density at the positron is a relevant quantity for characterizing a positron-electron correlated pair in matter, since both the intrinsic decay rates in triplet and singlet state and the fine structure interval depend on it. Information about this quantity is generally obtained through magnetic quenching experiments. In the present work we discuss other techniques, based on the lifetime as well as on three-gamma spectroscopy, which do not involve the Zeeman effect in positronium.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied MBE grown amorphous silicon, which was recrystallized at different temperatures for one hour, with a pulsed positron beam. A positron lifetime of 538±10 ps in the as-grown state is attributed to microvoids containing at least 10 vacancies. An incompletely recrystallized sample annealed at 500°C shows an additional long lifetime from ortho-positronium (o-Ps) pick-off annihilation. The o-Ps component disappears for samples, recrystallized at 700°C and above, and the defect lifetime steadily decreases with higher annealing temperature until a value of 310 ps is reached for the layer annealed at 1200°C. This value is explained by positron trapping at dislocations or small vacancy defects stabilized by dislocations or impurities.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reports on positron lifetime measurements on atomic defects in SiC after low-temperature (80 K) electron irradiation of low (0.47 MeV) and high (2.5 MeV) electron energies and doses from 1.8×1017 to 1.9×1019 e/cm2 as well as after subsequent isochronal annealing up to 1900 K. For these studies the single crystals of nitrogen doped (2–3×1018 cm−3) SiC grown by a modified Lely technique with hexagonal structure (6H polytype) were used. According to the positron lifetime measurements, very different types of vacancy-like positron traps are introducted after irradiation with electrons of either low or high energy. The formation of defect agglomerates and their decay at high temperatures is studied during isochronal annealing and related to earlier studies.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 61.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have measured positron lifetime and Two Dimensional Angular Correlation of Annihilation Radiation (2D-ACAR) distributions of Floating-Zone grown (FZ) Si specimens containing divacancies (V2) with the definite charge states, V 2 0 , V 2 −1 or V 2 −2 from room temperature to about 10 K. These charge states are accomplished by an appropriate combination of dopant species, their concentration and irradiation doses of 15 MeV electrons. with reference to the currently accepted ionization level of divacancies. The positron lifetime of the negatively charged divacancy increases with temperature, while that of the neutral divacancy shows little change with temperature. The positron trapping rate, obtained from lifetime and 2D-ACAR measurements, increases markedly with decreasing temperature. This is found not only for the negative divacancies but also for the neutral divacancy. We need a model which explains this temperature dependence. The 2D-ACAR distribution from positrons trapped at divacancies shows nearly the same distribution for the different charge states, which differs considerably from the case of As vacancies in GaAs studied by Ambigapathy et al. We have observed a small but definite anisotropy in the distribution of trapped positrons in V 2 − using a specimen containing oriented divacancies.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 68.55 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Indium Phosphide layers grown by gas source Molecular Beam Epitaxy, (MBE) have been studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy using the recently modified pulsed positron beam in Munich. The as-grown samples are known to be phosphorous rich and contain a high concentration of vacancy-type defects. On annealing, phosphorous precipitates are formed and the concentration of free volume defects increases. Positron lifetime spectroscopy has identified the grown in defects to be indium vacancies at a concentration around 1018cm−3. The dominant defects after annealing exhibit a positron lifetime characteristic of divacancies and are present at concentrations in excess of 5×1019cm−3.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime and optical absorption techniques were employed to track the microstructural evolution of polycrystalline ZnS grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). As grown material and material treated with Hot Isostatic Pressure (HIP) was sintered at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000°C for 2–18 h. A 290 ps defect lifetime could be resolved in all samples, while an additional longer lifetime (τ=430 ps) was found only in samples annealed at low temperatures. This component gradually disappeared during annealing at 800°C. Associated with the disappearance of the long-lived component, the apparent bulk lifetime of the material changed from 235 to 215 ps. A 215±2 ps bulk parameter was also found for HIP-treated material annealed at temperatures greater than 400°C and hence is taken to represent the delocalized state of the positrons in ZnS. Optical absorption measurements showed that annealing at 800°C also caused the absorption profiles of the CVD and HIP samples to converge. The rate of the bulk lifetime transition correlates with the absorption changes. The observed sharpening of the absorption profile is attributed to a decrease in scattering from grain boundaries and voids, and a decrease in absorption from point defects. The 430 ps lifetime is believed to be due to trapping at voids and grain boundaries, while the 290 ps lifetime likely is due to a monovacancy stabilized as a small complex.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 203-206 
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    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Monte-Carlo simulations of positron diffusion are carried out for powders consisting of spherical and ellipsoidal particles with and without defects. Following Bergersen et al. [1], elastic positron-phonon interaction is considered to be dominant for scattering processes in positron diffusion. The central question is which fraction of the positrons would be able to reach the particle boundaries. Hence, we calculate the Fraction of Positrons reaching particle Surface (FPS). The presence of defects in the particles can drastically reduce FPS depending on the defect concentration and capture rate. We demonstrate that for small-grained materials the grain surface can influence the lifetime signal significantly.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 78.70 ; 61.10
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The bonding characteristics between Rare-Earth (RE) elements and fluorine in fluorozirconate glasses doped with RE fluorides are studied by X-ray absorption near edge structure. The RE elements include La, Pr, Nd, Eu and Er. The intensities of the “White Lines” (WLs) at RE LII, and LIII absorption edges in these glasses increase as those in the corresponding fluorides. On the other hand, the WL intensity ratios of LIII to LII, in the studied materials deviate from the statistical value of two to one, but this deviation in the glasses is also larger than that in the corresponding fluorides. Besides, the changes of the WLs at RE LII, III edges between the glasses containing different RE fluorides and the corresponding fluorides are different for various REs. The reason for these differences is discussed.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 66.30 ; 61.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The time dependent diffusion trapping equations for positrons implanted into inhomogeneous solids are analyzed. This problem is of central importance in the study of polycrystalline materials and for the application of pulsed positron beams to defect studies in materials research. The main problem in previous investigations was the necessity to solve the time-dependent diffusion equation. It prevented analytical treatment in all but the simplest applications. For the first time this difficulty is eliminated by invoking a new concept, the observable local annihilation characteristics for local implantation of positrons into the thermalized ensemble. It will be shown that the local annihilation characteristics are governed by field equations which reduce to the well known quantities of the standard trapping model in the case of homogeneous defect distributions. Furthermore, inhomogeneous defect distributions are uniquely determined from the field equations provided the local annihilation characteristics are known. Analytical solutions are derived and applied successfully to recent experimental results for a selection of simple, but realistic problems. The formal procedure includes internal drift fields and could be extended to cover also the epithermal period of positron thermalization, if necessary.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
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    Notes: Abstract Two-Dimensional Angular Correlation of positron Annihilation Radiation (2D-ACAR) experiments have been performed on n-type GaAs. By combining these results with those from positron lifetime experiments, the momentum distribution of the arsenic vacancy in its neutral (V aAs 0 ) and negative (V As − ) charge states have been extracted. These distributions were all normalized to the respective positron lifetime that characterizes them. The first thing to be noticed is that the momentum distributions of the vacancies, as seen by the positron, are fairly isotropic and structureless. The distribution forV As 0 is more peaked than that ofV As − while the latter is more intense in the large momentum regions of the spectra. From this, it can be inferred that VA. has a smaller open volume thanV As 0 A closer look at the momentum distribution of the vacancies reveals that they are not entirely isotropic, but, in fact, have a bulk-like component. Finally, the experimental results for bulk GaAs andV As − compare well in a qualitative manner with the momentum distributions that result from an ab-initio molecular dynamics calculation.
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    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 227-229 
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    Notes: Abstract The angular correlation of annihilation photons for single crystals of 60% KCl-40% KBr solid solutions and X-irradiated NaBr crystals were measured. For 60% KCl-40% KBr samples the measurements of the angular correlation curves were carried out under an external magnetic field of 13.0 kG. The experimental data and theoretical estimations show that thermalized positrons, captured by free cation vacancies, form the positron centre of F4-type; if the positrons are localized near the complex defects, containing the cation vacancies, the formation of peculiar “positron-exciton complex” of the positronium-like type is realized.
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  • 32
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 197-199 
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    Notes: Abstract A technique to prepare metal specimens containing sealed positron sources which permit Doppler broadening and lifetime measurements up to high temperatures (close to the melting point in the investigated metals Cd, Au, Cu) is presented.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 217-218 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
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    Notes: Abstract Published data on positron annihilation lifetime in copper as a function of grain size have been analyzed to show that there is a linear relationship between the internal grain boundary surface area, per unit volume,S v, and the positron lifetime, τ. The analysis indicates that grain boundaries are important in the trapping of positrons. It is suggested that the slope of the resulting straight line,dS v/dτ, can be used to determine the annihilation rate of the grain boundaries.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 67-70 
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    Notes: Abstract The peak counting rate of the angular correlation curve was measured for Cu and Au in the temperature range between −196°C and 1200°C. The experimental data were analysed by means of the trapping model under consideration of positron trapping by mono-and divacancies and detrapping of positrons from monovacancies. Such an analysis leads to acceptable results for both monovacancy and divacancy parameters.
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  • 35
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    Notes: Abstract Total scattering cross-sections for positrons in the rare gases in the energy range of 2–960 eV have been measured using a time-of-flight system for which the uncertainty arising from forward scattering is substantially lower than in the 1974 experiment of Canter et al. A comparison of these cross-sections with current theoretical estimates is made.
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  • 36
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 119-120 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.10 ; 81
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    Notes: Abstract The crystallinity of silica glass fused from Brazilian quartz was studied by Doppler-broadening techniques after heat treatment in the temperature range between 1000°C and 1500°C.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 51-54 
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    Notes: Abstract The positron annihilation lineshape was measured in indium in the temperature range between 74 K and the melting point (430 K). A model based on self-trapping of positrons and trapping by vacancies was fitted through the data. A vacancy formation enthalpy of (0.48±0.03) eV was obtained.
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  • 38
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    Notes: Abstract The use of various methods processing Doppler broadened annihilation spectra taking into account the detector resolution function and the restoration of the electronpossitron pair momentum distribution is discussed. A statistic regularisation method is proposed. The method is found to be effective particularly for the study of electron momentum distribution in metals.
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 165-168 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of the instrumental time-resolution function and the source-surface spectrum on the lifetimes and intensities of positron lifetime spectra is studied by a computer simulation of such spectra. The prompt curve is described not by a sum of Gaussian curves but by the convolution of a Gaussian curve with a double-sided exponential. It is shown that the fitted lifetimes and intensities considerably depend on these parameters.
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  • 40
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 203-205 
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    Notes: Abstract The intensity of the τ2-component of positrons annihilated in polyethylene is found to increase with increasing electric field, while the formation probability of the positron state responsible for this component remains independent of the field.
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 19 (1979), S. 269-273 
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    Notes: Abstract The monovacancy formation energy of Co is measured as 1.91 eV from a trapping model analysis of theT-dependence of the lineshape parameter. Previously discussed linear relationships between trapping threshold temperature and monovacancy parameters are refined; these relationships can now be regarded as well-established.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 317-321 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of static electric field on the formation and annihilation of positronium in polyethylene, polystyrene, teflon, quartz, nylon and perspex has been investigated employing a fast timing spectrometer with prompt resolution (fwhm) ∼200 ps at the positron experimental settings. No significant variation in the lifetime of the long lived pick-off component with electric field has been observed. The intensity of the long-lived pick-off component decreases with increase of the field in all the cases investigated except in nylon and perspex where the intensity remains constant with the field. The results have been discussed in the frame work of the spur reaction model proposed by Mogensen and also in the light of the Ore gap model, as discussed by Brandt and Wilkenfeld. Another interesting correlation seems to exist between positronium formation and dielectric loss factor; in case of increasing loss factor there is a decrease in the effect of electric field.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 415-419 
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    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime in electron-irradiated undoped and doped silicon crystals is studied as a function of temperature between 90 and 300 K. We show that the temperature dependence of the two lifetime components does not arise from the escape, but from the trapping rate at defects. The temperature dependences of the capture cross sections are deduced. It is concluded that in undoped crystals the positrons interact with negatively charged and neutral defects, probably divacancies and vacancy-oxygen complexes, respectively. In strongly P-doped crystals positron trapping occurs preferably in negatively charged centers.
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  • 44
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    Notes: Abstract A method using ion implantation of58Co to produce source-sample systems applicable to positron-annihilation Doppler-broadening experiments at elevated temperatures in metals is presented. In addition, a crucible and furnace assembly is described which has been used to study the solid and liquid states of Ni in conjunction with the present source-sample system.
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 149-152 
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    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the prompt resolution curve of a positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer shows that the geometry of the source-detector set-up has great influence on its shape.
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  • 46
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    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of positrons to point defects created by the irradiation of V3Si with neutrons is demonstrated. We found no indication of thermal vacancies by thermal equilibrium measurement up to 1273 K which indicates that the monovacancy formation enthalpy for V3Si isH 1V F ≧(1.84±0.14) eV. Investigations within the range of homogeneity for excess vanadium suppot the idea that substitutional defects are the dominating defect type, whereas for excess silicon a direct confirmation of existing structural vacancies as the dominating defect type is given.
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    Notes: Abstract The temperature dependence of positron annihilation has been investigated for samples of the ordered β-CuZn alloy with different crystallographic orientations. The results obtained have been interpreted on the basis of the extended trapping model. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the peak coincidence count gives the values of the free energy of formation for vacant sites, left by Cu- and Zn atoms equal 0.58±0.02 eV and 0.77±0.04 eV, respectively. The dependence of the vacancy formation energy on the long-range order parameter has not been observed.
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  • 48
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    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime measurements have been made on graphite powders, grafoils, and pyrolytic graphite crystals with different surface areas in the temperature range between 25° and 600 °C. Three positron lifetimes were found in these systems: a short-lived component (∼0.2 ns) due to positrons in the bulk; a component (∼0.45 ns) due to surface-trapped positrons; and a long-lived component (∼2 ns) ofo-Ps in the voids or the interfacial spaces of powders. Both bulk and surface positron lifetimes increase as a function of temperature. Correlations between the intensity of surface-trapped positrons and the surface area and between Ps formation and the surface area of graphite are found. The Ps formation probability increases as a function of temperature. A thermal desorption model interprets the emission process of Ps atoms from the surface of graphite to the vacuum and gives an activation energy of 0.23±0.02 eV.
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    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 47-49 
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    Notes: Abstract A possibility to apply directional action of a metal-metal junction on positron diffusion motion has been shown to increase the slow positron reemission from a metallic moderator.
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 257-261 
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    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime was measured in cadmium in the temperature range between 80 K and 500 K. For the first time a plateau was observed by this method in polycrystalline samples. The obtained data are well explained by depletion of shallow traps forT≤180 K and by self-trapping in the prevacancy region.
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 119-122 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of theα-γ or bcc-fcc phase transition on the electron momentum distribution and Compton profiles of iron has been theoretically examined by a band structure calculation in the two phases. The calculated band Compton profile for the bcc phase shows a good agreement with the experimental results by Phillips and Weiss. The calculated directional Compton profiles show significant changes while going from the bcc to the fcc phase.
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  • 52
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    Notes: Abstract Results are reported on the performance of single crystal W foils as positron moderators. A simple annealing technique has been developed which gives efficiencies comparable to those obtained by in situ heating under high vacuum conditions.
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    Notes: Abstract The relative three-quantum yieldP 3 and the lifetime of ortho-positronium generated by alumina fine powders were studied as a function of temperature and of time. A strong variation in theP 3 value and a constant value of the long lifetime component are interpreted as the existence of two positronium states, one in the interparticle free volume, the second as positronium absorbed to the surface. The latter state is quenched by surface impurities.
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    Applied physics 50 (1990), S. 43-48 
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    Notes: Abstract We have carried out an investigation of the nature of the ≈1 ns intermediate component in the positron time annihilation spectra of five polymers (atactic and isotactic polypropylene, polymethylmethacrylate, teflon, and polyethylene), using the magnetic quenching technique at high fields (1.5–3 T), coupled to lifetime spectroscopy. The results indicate that this component comes from the decay of a positron-electron bound system, different from that associated with the longest lifetime component. Therefore, two different Ps-like systems must be considered in the investigated polymers.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Abstract Positron-annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadening measurements are used to investigate defects in silicon irradiated at 373 K with 6 MeV electrons to a dose of 1×l019e/cm2. In the unirradiated silicon sample (p type) a temperature-independent behaviour of the bulk-lifetime is observed in the temperature interval 110–500 K with a constant value of 220±1 ps. The slight effect observed on the S-parameter evolution is explained taking into account the thermal expansion of the lattice. The lifetime results obtained at 80 K and at 300 K after isochronal annealing as well as the behaviour of the intensity of the second lifetime componentI 2 during lifetime measurements below the irradiation temperature in the irradiated silicon sample (n type), clearly indicate the temperature dependent characteristics of the positron trapping cross section σt(T) ∝T n withn= −1.905±0.016. From isochronal annealing results, an annealing stage is observed in which di-vacancies agglomerate into quadri-vacancies. The mean positron lifetime in those quadri-vacancies is 350 ps.
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    Notes: Abstract A personal computer program has been developed for use in the interactive analysis of positron lifetime spectra with the aid of a graphic display. The multi-exponential function model is used to fit a spectrum by the linear least-squares method. The spectrum displayed on the screen is altered simultaneously as the lifetime components are stripped one by one from the longest-lived to the shortest. The merit of this code is that it provides the user with a visual feedback at any stage of the analysis. Moreover, the obtained model parameters of the spectrum can be used as initial estimates for the POSITRONFIT program used for final analysis.
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    Applied physics 54 (1992), S. 204-207 
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    Notes: Abstract The optical spectral response between 340–860 nm and electrical conductivity measurements were made on thermally evaporated gold films in the thickness range 50–130 Å in order to identify optimal properties for their use as the top layer of MIS solar cells. Films of lower evaporation rate and thickness range 70–100 Å were found to have high transmittance and low reflectance, which is desirable for the above purpose. Films thinner than 70 Å had poor electrical conductivity and thicker than 100 Å had poor solar transmittance, hence were rejected. Improved transmittance and conductivity were obtained upon annealing the film at 250°C for about two hours.
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 389-393 
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    Notes: Abstract The mixed ferrites Cu1+x Ti x Fe2−2x O4 with x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 were prepared by standard ceramic techniques. Both structural and IR investigations were carried out. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the prepared samples are pure spinels. It is also indicated that the system exists in two crystallographic forms, the tetragonal structure (for x=0, 0.1) and the cubic structure (for the rest of x). Some physical properties, such as density, porosity and shrinkage were also determined throughout this study. The IR spectra revealed two bands at 575 cm−1 and 400 cm−1. These bands were assigned as v 1 and v 2, respectively. v 1 and v 2 are associated with the vibrations of the tetrahedral and octahedral groups, respectively. The cation distribution (Cu t 2+ Fe 1−t 3+ ) [Cu 1+x−t 2+ Ti x 4+ −Fe 1−2x+t 3+ ]O4 is proposed and used to interpret and explain the obtained results.
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 335-337 
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    Notes: Abstract The neutron-irradiation effects on C60 fullerite powder were studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy. Below 0.5 ns, a single lifetime of 382±1 ps was found for the unirradiated annealed sample and two components were resolved after neutron irradiation with a dose of 2×1016 n/cm2. Possible origins of these components are briefly discussed.
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    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 67-79 
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    Notes: Abstract The theories regarding the formation of positronium in molecular substances are discussed. A modified theory based upon the “spur” theory is described. Theoretical derivation and experimental results suggest that the fraction of the long lifetime component due too-positronium annihilation has a complex origin. Initially, the electron of the positron-electron pair is likely to be separated from the positron by medium molecules even when the total kinetic energy of the pair is less than the potential energy between them. The formation of positronium depends on the mobilities of the positron and electron, the slowing down process and the potential energy between them. Positronium is formed in less than 10 ps. Then the positronium produced may react with the radicals created in the “spur” due to the positron. Only the fraction ofo-positronium able to escape the “spur” will have a long lifetime. Therefore, positronium formation is highly related to the fast reactions in the “spur” during the first 100 ps.
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  • 61
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    Notes: Abstract We have measured the lifetimes of positrons in an aluminum single crystal which was irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 1.5·1021 n/cm2 (〉0.18 MeV) at 50°C. These irradiation conditions produced 4.2·1014 voids/cm3 with a mean diameter of 330 Å, as determined by both small-angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The positron lifetime spectra were resolved into three lifetime components of 100, 300, and 500 ps. The short lifetime component is a result of fast trapping of positrons by the voids; the long lifetime components result from annihilations within the voids. The intensity of the long lifetime components increases with temperature in the range 80 to 300 K and supports the model of a positron state at the void surface. The positron diffusion coefficient appears to have aT 1/2-dependence. A magnetic quenching experiment shows no indication of positronium formation. Finally, an isochronal heat treating sequence shows that the voids anneal out between 200 and 300°C, and that the lifetime spectrum after annealing is described by a single component of 170 ps, the observed lifetime in unirradiated aluminum.
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 179-181 
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    Notes: Abstract The reverse martensitic transformations in Cu-23.5at-%Al, and Cu-25.3at-%Al have been studied by means of positron annihilation. The coincidence counting rates of angular correlation were measured as a function of the specimen temperature. The change of counting rates in heating run was rather different from that in cooling run due to the influence of tempering of martensitic structure. The results were interpreted by the change of the formation energy of a vacancy with phase transition. Influence of heating rate is also discussed.
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 187-189 
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    Notes: Abstract A number of molybdenum specimens, each containing a characteristic void size spectrum, have been subjected to positron lifetime measurements. Although the average void size varied in radius from 9 Å to 45 Å the long positron lifetime in the specimens was remarkably constant with τ2 = 465±5 ps. Therefore for the range of void sizes examined, this parameter appears to be independent of the void size.
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    Applied physics 13 (1977), S. 387-389 
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    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime method was used for studying the recovery and recrystallization processes occurring in deformed copper on isochronal annealing, the purity of the copper, the percentage of plastic deformation and the annealing treatment being varied. Comparisons were made with the results of resistivity measurements.
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    Applied physics 15 (1978), S. 65-71 
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of uncertainties and errors in various constraints used in the analysis of multi-component life-time spectra of positrons annihilating in metals containing defects have been investigated in detail using computer simulated decay spectra and subsequent analysis. It is found that the errors in the fitted values of the main components lifetimes and intensities introduced from incorrect values of the instrumental resolution function and of the source-surface components can easily exceed the statistical uncertainties. The effect of an incorrect resolution function may be reduced by excluding the peak regions of the spectra from the analysis. The influence of using incorrect source-surface components in the analysis may on the other hand be reduced by including the peak regions of the spectra. A main conclusion of the work is that extreme caution should be exercised to avoid introducing large errors through the constraints used in the analysis of experimental lifetime data.
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  • 66
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    Notes: Abstract The momentum spectrum of annihilating positron-electron pairs is normally analysed in terms of two or more momentum groups. If the medium is heterogeneous, or if it permits the formation of positronium, the annihilation time spectrum also becomes complex with as many as four resolvable exponential components. The interrelationship of these groups is difficult to establish because the usual measurements of time and momentum spectra are done with instruments of low absolute efficiency. We have made simultaneous measurements of time and energy spectra using a Ge(Li) spectrometer as a momentum analyser, obtaining an approximate hundredfold increase in data output at a cost of a factor of 3 in momentum resolution. The momentum spectrum of the intermediate lifetime component in a plastic scintillator is shown to be very similar to that of the long-lived orthopositronium. Recent developments in fast timing and in high purity Ge detectors should improve both the quality and quantity of data from these techniques, making them feasible for routine studies of polymers, chemical solutions and metallic voids.
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  • 67
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    Notes: Abstract Sizes of free volume were quantitatively calculated for 42 organic liquids by means of the Kincaid and Eyring method. The results were discussed in relation to the pick-off annihilation lifetime of ortho-positronium in molecular liquids. The presence of strong correlation was found between them, this fact made us conclude that the free volume size was the most essential physical parameter, which determines the pick-off annihilation rate of ortho-positronium. The problem that the calculated free volume was too small for the existence of ortho-positronium could be eliminated by the equilibristic formation of a bubble around ortho-positronium. Correlation was shown between the free volume radii and bubble radii. Our discussion will likely apply to a wider area for the analysis of empirical data on pick-off rate of ortho-positronium in organic liquids and to the experimental investigation of the pick-off process of ortho-positronium annihilation.
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  • 68
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 29-34 
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    Notes: Abstract The Doppler broadened lineshape is measured as a function of temperature for iron and vanadium; vacancies produce a strong trapping effect in γ-Fe, but a weak effect in V. Threshold temperaturesT t for trapping are 1280±25 and 1370±30 K. Empirical linear relationships betweenT t , self-diffusion energyQ SD and monovacancy formation energyH 1v F are discussed and used to determineH 1v F values for γ-Fe and V.
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  • 69
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 39-42 
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    Notes: Abstract We performed measurements of positron lifetimes and the lineshape parameter on molybdenum samples irradiated with neutrons at temperatures from 350° to 1000° C. The results show that the correlation between swelling and positron characteristics depends strongly on irradiation temperature. From 350° to 500° C, ΔS, and notI 2, correlates with sweelling; from 500° to 800° C, both ΔS andI 2 correlate with swelling; and at higher temperatures, none of them correlates with swelling.
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  • 70
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    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 433-434 
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    Notes: Abstract The solid-state behavior of MBBA has been studied by the technique of positron lifetime measurements. The positron data support the exitence of at least two metastable forms of MBBA, one of which may be glassy.
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  • 71
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 323-325 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 71.60
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    Notes: Abstract Low-energy positrons implanted into a crystal can diffuse to the surface where they may be detected, for instance, by observing the formation of positronium. We describe the positron motion by a one-dimensional diffusion equation, and discuss the measurement of vacancy activation energies, positron diffusion constants, and positron stopping profiles.
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  • 72
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 189-191 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 79.20
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    Notes: Abstract The brightness of slow positron beams can be enhanced significantly by repeated stages of moderation, acceleration and focusing. Presently available data suggest that the source spot area should decrease by 10−4 after each stage with only a modest loss of intensity. Beams with very small angular divergence, which could be made with this technique, would be useful for characterizing surfaces by positron diffraction and microscopy. Using such beams it is possible to envision the study of new exotic systems such as thee +-e − plasma and the positronium molecule.
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  • 73
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    Notes: Abstract In positron annihilation measurements it is often necessary to compare annihilation line shapes or angular distributions obtained from a single sample subjected to different experimental conditions, or from a range of samples subjected to different mechanical or metallurgical treatments. The difference of the normalised, distributions provides a convenient, easily visualised, and comprehensive summary of the experimental results. Changes in the shape of these difference curves can be shown to arise only when within the material under examination competition occurs between different types of positron trap. Some of the factors affecting the shape of these difference curves are discussed in terms of trapping model concepts. By using the running integrals of the difference curves (RID curves) a representation is obtained which is very little affected by the number of channels spanning the line, provided that there are enough, leads naturally to an optimised determination of the line shape parameterS, leads to the definition of a number of parameters related to the shape of the difference curve and has well defined statistical properties. Examples of RID curves show the range of shapes encountered, shape changes associated with competition between different types of positron trap, and artefact shapes associated with rate dependent effects in the detector and electronics.
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  • 74
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    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of the prompt resolution curve of a positron annihilation lifetime spectrometer shows that the isotope used as source has great influence on its shape.
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  • 75
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    Notes: Abstract Positron lifetime measurements were performed on amorphous Pd80Si20 and Cu50Ti50 alloys irradiated with 3MeV electrons at 20K. The irradiation was found to increase the mean positron lifetime in both specimens indicating the presence of vacancy-like radiation damage. Isochronal annealing between 77 K and 300 K resulted in a continuous reduction of the positron lifetime, which suggests a gradual recovery of the irradiation induced defects.
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  • 76
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    Applied physics 36 (1985), S. 97-101 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 79.40
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    Notes: Abstract We report on calculated slow-positron yields from μm thick W(110) and Cu(111) single crystals in a transmission geometry to be used in conjuction with a22Naβ + source. The fast to slow positron moderation efficiencies were found to be comparable (≳ 10−3 to the more conventional single-crystal moderators used in the backscattering geometry with a58Co source. This allows the construction of more simplified slow-positron beams. We also calculate the brightness enhancement and efficiency of ultrathin single-crystal metal foils used for remoderation of the slow-positron beam. The results are consistent with recent experiments, while they are smaller than previous theoretical estimates.
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  • 77
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 93-98 
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    Notes: Abstract Numerical results are presented for a one-dimensional diffusion model for freely diffusing positrons in thin films with an initial exponential positron profile. The results are for two boundary conditions which are experimentally realizable. Since thermalized positrons generally obey this diffusion model, it should be possible to extract the bulk diffusion constant by fitting experimental measurements to the model's predictions. Recently, a scheme has been proposed for the brightness enhancement of slow positron beams. We discuss experimental methods for implementing this scheme and the various problems that may arise.
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  • 78
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 99-103 
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    Notes: Abstract A method for measurement of the positron implantation profile in the geometry employed in most positron annihilation experiments is described. The method is applied to the case of Ni as absorber and22Na as positron emitter. The experimental accuracy is discussed and a proposal for its improvement is outlined. Since absorption studies of positrons is usually performed in geometries quite different from the present, we give a short discussion on the impact of these differences on the transmission curves obtained.
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  • 79
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 219-223 
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    Notes: Abstract Positron annihilation and Hall effect inn-InP crystals as a function of electron irradiation up to 1 · 1019 cm−2 and post-irradiated isochronal annealing up to 550 °C have been studied. It is concluded that in irradiatedn-InP samples positrons interact with negatively charged acceptor-type defect with level atE c −0.33 eV, probablyV In (primary defect). In post-irradiated isochronal annealed (up to 330 °C) samples ofn-InP positron trapping occurs preferably in secondary defects-vacancy clusters, which are formed in the temperature range (150–300 °C). Inn-InP crystals containing radiation induced defects the trapping rate was found to decrease with temperature in the range (300–77) K.
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  • 80
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    Notes: Abstract A new positron field-assisted (FA) moderator based on the drift of positrons across a cooled silicon crystal is proposed. Using estimates for both theβ + implantation profile and attainable drift velocities, the efficiency of drift to a slow e+ emitting surface is calculated using a diffusion equation which incorporates terms describing positron drift and annihilation. It is conjectured that efficiencies of up to 10% can be achieved. The use of epitaxially grown metallic suicide contacts to facilitate the application of the electric field is described and the consequences of using such contacts are fully discussed. Applications of the FA transmission mode moderator described here to produce timed brightness enhanced beams are briefly discussed.
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  • 81
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    Applied physics 43 (1987), S. 75-79 
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    Keywords: 68.55 ; 78.65 ; 78.70
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin-layer (AlAs) m (GaAs) m superlattices withm = 1, 2, and 3 were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence measurements. The appearance of distinct satellite peaks around the Bragg reflections demonstrate the formation of high-quality layered crystals. The observed luminescence shows a maximum at 2.033 eV form = 3, and the emission energy decreases form = 2 andm = 1 as well as for them = 4 superlattice. This result for the monolayer superlattice is in good agreement with recent theoretical calculations, and it shows that the (AlAs)1(GaAs)1 superlattice represents a new artificial semiconductor material with novel electronic properties.
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  • 82
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    Notes: Abstract Thin films consisting of 3 or 4 Sb and Ge alternating layers are irradiated with single nanosecond laser pulses (12 ns, 193 nm). Real time reflectivity (RTR) measurements are performed during irradiation, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to obtain the concentration depth profiles before and after irradiation. Interdiffusion of the elements takes place at the layer interfaces within the liquid phase. The reflectivity transients allow to determine the laser energy thresholds both to induce and to saturate the process being both thresholds dependent on the multilayer configuration. It is found that the energy threshold to initiate the process is lower when Sb is at the surface while the saturation is reached at lower energy densities in those configurations with thinner layers.
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  • 83
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 567-572 
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    Notes: Abstract High-Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) is shown to be a very sensitive tool to investigate the space-charge regime of n-respectively p-type semiconductors. The most simple model we applied to fit experimental spectra is based on a step-like distribution of free carriers with the Drude dielectric response function. In this case, the dispersion of surface plasmon excitations is neglected, but it is considered in the Thomas-Fermi and the Debye-Hückel models. We use these models to fit HREELS-spectra, obtained from heavily Si-doped GaAs(100), which was grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). A comparison shown that the Drude model overestimates both the free-carrier concentration and the plasmon damping factor. The use of a more realistic smooth free-carrier profile, obtained by the self-consistent solution of the Schrödinger and Poisson equations, leads to plasmon excitations with lower frequencies. Besides Ohmic damping, the calculations show that Landau damping should be incorporated in order to obtain a better fit, particularly at intermediate frequencies.
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  • 84
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    Notes: Abstract The coupling of Cr to Fe in stacked Cr/Fe/Cr trilayers is studied by circular magnetic X-ray dichroism using fluorescence yield to monitor the absorption. From the dichroic spectra, we determine the thickness dependent average magnetic coupling of Cr to Fe for Cr layer thicknesses of 1, 2 and 3 ML. We compare our results to new calculated spectra. Additionally, all Cr spectra show significant contributions due to photon scattering processes at theL 2, 3 absorption edges depending on the degree of circular polarization.
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  • 85
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 299-301 
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    Notes: Abstract The transmission through Al foils of isotropically implanted positrons from a22Naβ + source has been measured. It is shown that the transmission is reasonably well-described using an exponential profile once backscattering is accounted for, except for thicknesses below approximately 7 mg/cm2. Below this thickness, the measured transmission is slightly less than that predicted by the exponential profile. Such a deviation has previously been observed for collimated positrons, suggesting that the implantation profile has no significant dependence on the spatial distribution of the incident positrons. This deviation is critical for the proper interpretation of positron lifetime experiments on thin films using a conventional positron lifetime spectrometer.
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    Applied physics 10 (1976), S. 121-123 
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    Notes: Abstract Positron annihilation measurements between 80 and 300 K indicate that in gallium positrons are not trapped in thermally induced vacancies. Also no clear evidence is obtained for self-trapping of positrons in gallium. The slight temperature dependence of the lineshape measurements is probably due to thermal expansion.
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  • 87
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    Notes: Abstract The transient and steady effects of positronium yield in polyethylene, due to the application and removal of an external electric field, have been studied. The time-dependent electric field effective in the Ps formation region was deduced from yield measurements.
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    Applied physics 11 (1976), S. 247-251 
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    Notes: Abstract Positron annihilation in nitrobenzene and manganese oleate solutions in benzene was studied in the liquid and solid states using both lifetime and angular correlation methods. It was found that a long lifetime component (τ2~1.3 ns) appeared in the lifetime spectrum for the solid state of a nitrobenzene solution in benzene but not in the liquid state. The results are briefly discussed.
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    Applied physics 12 (1977), S. 183-185 
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    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.80
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    Notes: Abstract Following the work of Thrane, Petersen and Evans which showed that positron lifetimes for voids in molybdenum were independent of void size, it seemed necessary to re-examine earlier results where larger positron lifetimes had been obtained during the annealing of specimens containing voids. This paper outlines the problem and presents the result of an experiment pointing strongly to impurity effects being responsible for the increased values of τ2.
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    Applied physics 17 (1978), S. 421-422 
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    Notes: Abstract From positron annihilation lifetime measurements on V3Si single crystals we estimated that about 17.2% of the positrons annihilate with core electrons.
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    Applied physics 18 (1979), S. 85-92 
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    Notes: Abstract Studies have been made on positron lifetimes in carbon blacks and carbon black filled polybutadiene. The results for the carbon blacks can be interpreted with the aid of the theoretical results of Brandt and Paulin: Phys. Rev. B5, 2430 (1972) and show that while positron annihilation occurs principally from a bound state, diffusion in the carbon black is extremely small. A numerical upper limit on the diffusion coefficient has been obtained. The data from the rubber is discussed with the aid of a specially developed extension of the previous theory. Here one finds that whereas the variations in the long-component intensity with carbon black loading can be very satisfactorily explained, there is again no evidence for any diffusion effects in the rubber, and an upper limit can be placed on the diffusion coefficient here also. Indeed the variation in the long-component intensity with particle size goes the opposite way to what one would expect if diffusion were dominant. This effect is attributed to the increase in the amount of bound rubber as the particle size is reduced, and the consequent increase in the number of annihilation sites.
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  • 92
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 19-24 
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    Notes: Abstract Errors caused by instrumental instabilities in annihilation photon energy spectrometers can be much larger than statistical errors. The performance of a typical spectrometer is investigated in detail and both empirical and theoretical approaches to correcting data for residual fluctuations are examined.
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  • 93
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    Notes: Abstract A slow positron beam time of flight system in which scattering is localised to a region of the flight path close to the slow positron source is described. Total cross-sections measured in helium, neon, and argon at intermediate energies are presented. The results for helium and neon are in agreement with the recent results of Brenton et al. While significant disagreement still exists in the argon data. The helium and neon data are in agreement with the sum rule predictions of Bransden et al.
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 51-57 
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    Notes: Abstract A new method for the study of small perturbations of positron annihilation characteristics is proposed. The method is based on the direct comparison of two lifetime spectra, leading to the determination of the mean life variationΔτ and of the difference spectrum. The combined knowledge ofΔτ and of a shape parameter of the difference spectrum is often sufficient for the complete quantitative and qualitative characterization of the observed spectral modifications. Specific examples are discussed.
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 163-167 
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    Notes: Abstract A well-annealed W(110) single crystal was used as a fast-to-slow positron moderator. The measured moderator efficiency at room temperature using a58Co positron source in the backscattering geometry isɛ =(3.2±0.4)×10−3, roughly a factor of three better thanɛ for the best previously reported Cu(111)+S moderator. We find a stable positron moderation efficiency over a period of several weeks when maintained at pressures around 10−9 Torr and an energy spreadΔE = 0.7 eV of the emitted slow positrons. An initial attempt was made to fabricate a hybrid Cu on W(110) moderator, which yieldedɛ of about 1.2×10−3 after annealing.
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    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 25-28 
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    Notes: Abstract The penetration of positrons from a22Na source into Ni foils sandwiched between different backscattering materials (Kapton, NaCl, Ni, and Mo) has been studied for the geometry commonly used in PAT experiments. Transmitted intensities and effective mass absorption coefficients have been found and the dependence on the backscattering material is discussed. General formulas for the effective mass absorption coefficients are derived. The large geometrical effects are stressed. Suggestions for source corrections are supplied.
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  • 97
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time the positron lifetimes in polycrystalline tin have been measured as a function of temperature in the whole range from 80 K to the melting point. The temperature dependence of the mean lifetime could be divided into four regions which can be attributed to the depletion of shallow traps, normal thermal expansion, prevacancy effects, and trapping by vacancies, respectively. In one of the samples the phase transition fromβ- toα-Sn clearly could be detected at 230 K by a sharp increase in the mean lifetime.
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Trapping of positrons at vacancy-type defects in magnesium was studied by positron lifetime and Doppler-broadening measurements. Vacancy defects were produced by quenching, electron irradiation and deformation at low temperatures as well as by thermal agitation at elevated temperatures. In the first three cases we observed trapping at multiple vacancies, which anneal out between 77...400 K. Thermal equilibrium measurements show S-shape behaviour originating from positron trapping at magnesium monovacancies. However, changes in the positron parameters were very small, which is due to the weakness of the positron-vacancy interaction. A detrapping analysis yielded a positron-vacancy binding energy of the order of 0.3...0.4 eV.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.70 ; 78.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positron-annihilation lineshape parameter measurements were performed during isothermal annealing of room temperature deformed iron. An isothermal annealing effect is seen in impure iron while in pure iron no effect is measured.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model is developed for the trapping of positrons at grain boundaries. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between any linear annihilation parameter and the inverse grain size. An effective grain boundary width is defined, which depends on the positron diffusion length and on the strength of the grain boundary for positrons. The effect of detrapping on this effective width is also considered. The model is tested by using the experimental results available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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