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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extractability of 2,4-D, Dicamba and MCPP from Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 155-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; extraction ; herbicide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of herbicides on soil colloids is a major factor determining their mobility, persistence, and activity in soils. Solvent extraction could be a viable option for removing sorbed contaminants in soils. This study evaluated the extractability of three herbicides: 2,4 dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropanoic acid (mecoprop acid or MCPP), and 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba). Three solvents (water, methanol, and iso-propanol) and three methods of extraction (column, batch, and soxhlet) were compared for their efficiencies in removing the herbicides from three soils (loamy sand, silt loam, and silty clay). Both linear and non-linear Freundlich isotherms were used to predict sorption intensity of herbicides on soils subjected to various extraction methods and conditions. High Kdand Kfr, and low N values were obtained for all herbicides in silty clay soil by batch extraction. Methanol was the best solvent removing approximately 97% of all added herbicides from the loamy sand either by column or soxhlet extraction method. Isopropanol ranked second by removing over 90% of all herbicides by soxhelet extraction from all three soils. However, water was ineffective in removing herbicides from any of the soils using any of the three extracting procedures used in this study. In general, the extent of herbicide removal depended on soil type, herbicide concentration, extraction procedure, solvent type and amount, and extraction time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005005122760
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Fluoride Pollution on pH AND Solubility of Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and Organic Matter in Soil from Årdal (Western Norway) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 375-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium fluoride complexes ; fluoride pollution ; organic matter ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluoride (F) on pH and solubility of organic matter (TOC), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in soil samples collected near an aluminium smelter in Norway was studied. Increased addition of F to the soil samples led to an increase in pH and concentrations of TOC, Al and Fe in solution. Most of the F and Al in solution were in the forms of ALFx-complexes. K solubility decreased in some soil samples, but there were no consistent effect on the solubility of Ca or Mg. The effect of NaF addition was significantly different from equimolar NaCl-treatments. The concentrations of Al, Fe, TOC and the pH-values were lower, while the concentrations of K, Mg and Ca were higher in the NaCl-treatments than in the NaF-treatments. The results from the experiment imply that F-pollution of soil induces breakdown of Al- and Fe-oxides/hydroxides and solubilize organic material in the soil. This may influence the availability of potentially toxic elements, such as AIFx-complexes, to microorganisms and plant roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004921600022
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Metals at Three Sites Near the Great Lakes (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 423-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particles ; air pollution ; arsenic ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; precipitation ; selenium ; vanadium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004905832617
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical Variations in Lead Fluxes in the Pyrenees (Northeast Spain) from a Dated Lake Sediment Core (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 439-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Lake Redó ; lake sediments ; lead ; metal pollution ; mining ; 210Pb-dating ; Pyrenees ; stable Pb isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations in Pb concentration in lake sediments reflect changes in the fluxes of this element in the past. A sediment core from a lake in the Pyrenees (Lake Redó at 2,240 m a.s.l., NE Spain) was studied, with the aim of reconstructing past environmental and climatic conditions in the lake and its catchment area. The core was dated using both 210Pb and 14C. A surface peak of Pb concentration, which was about 10 times higher than the background level, was found. This peak is attributed to mining activities since the beginning of this century. Although Pb pollution due to the combustion of gasoline is expected to be present, no evidence can be deduced from Pb isotope ratios of sediment due to the masking effect of Pb from mines. A second peak appeared in a deeper layer, with a maximum Pb concentration of about 17 times higher than the background level. The origin of this peak is unclear. All evidence suggests that the ancient peak is due to mining operations in the central Pyrenees area, which were not documented historically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005005625972
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal Pollution by Old Lead-Zinc Mines in Urumea River Valley (Basque Country, Spain). Soil, Biota and Sediment (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base metal mining ; biota ; metal pollution ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soil, aquatic biota (moss: Brachythecium rivulare; aquatic macrophytes: Juncus effusus, Potamogeton crispus; fish: Salmo trutta fario, Anguilla anguilla, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chelon labrosus) and sediment samples from the Urumea river valley were analysed for metals by acid digestion and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sediments show the presence of metal pollution (Cd: 2.5–24 mg kg-1; Pb: 125–1,150 mg kg-1; Zn: 125–2,500 mg kg-1) because mining and industrial wastes. A selective retention of dense minerals in dam sediments contributes to the load of metal, but interstitial water analysis (Cd: 〈0.02–0.1 mg L-1; Pb: 0.3–1.0 mg L-1; Zn: 〈0.05–0.6 mg L-1) shows that precipitation equilibrium controls their mobilisation. Biota samples show evidence of metal accumulation, moss reaching 1,100 mg kg-1 in lead and 6,800 mg kg-1 in zinc. Soil from the valley is polluted by both, river carried material and industrial sources (Cd: 1.0–4.0 mg kg-1; Pb: 26–1,120 mg kg-1; Zn: 105–1,390 mg kg-1/math〉), but they are used, indistinctly, for farming and pasture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004925922786
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical atmospheric deposition in a Swedish mining area traced by S isotope ratios in soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; mining area ; SO2 emission ; soil ; sulfur isotopes ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mining activities for almost thousand years have caused large S emissions in the Falun area, central Sweden. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the S deposition has decreased considerably. The soil S concentrations and S isotope compositions were analyzed for ΣS and adsorbed SO42- for three soil profiles close to the mining area in order to identify the soil S sources. The δ34S values were found to be different for ΣS and adsorbed SO42- and ranged from –3.7‰ to +2.6‰. In the B-horizon, the observed ΣS δ34S values (and hence calculated δ34S values for organic S) were mostly lower than those of the adsorbed SO42-. In the O-horizon, ΣS showed similar δ34S values as the adsorbed SO42- in the mineral soil. The adsorbed SO42- showed nearly constant δ34S values with depth. The δ34S values in the soils are interpreted to reflect a mixture of historical and modern deposition due to soil S circulation with no or negligible fractionation. The lower δ34S values of organic S in the B-horizon suggests preservation of acid deposition originating from mining activities back in time. The adsorbed SO42- in the mineral soil and the organic S in the O-horizon reflect a response to a new δ34S composition in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning during the 20th century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005007821230
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081525584
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of Phytotoxicity of Lead and Mercury from Germination and Early Seedling Growth Indices in Two Rice Cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biomonitoring indices ; germination ; heavy metals ; lead ; mercury ; rice ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Ratna and IR36) separately with 10-5and 10-4M PbCl2and HgCl2decreased germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot and root length, tolerance index (TI), vigour index (VI) and dry mass of shoot and root but increased percentage difference from control (% DFC) of germination and percentage phytotoxicity in both the cultivars. It was observed from these indices that the phytotoxic effect of mercury was greater than lead at identical concentrations and that IR36 appeared more tolerant than Ratna to these metals. Among the monitoring indices examined, TI, VI, and % phytotoxicity seemed to serve as good biological monitoring methods for evaluating the relative toxicity of lead and mercury to rice cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005135629433
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of Petrochemical Industry Waste Water for Agriculture (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: grain yield ; irrigation ; refinery waste water ; seed quality ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of petrochemical industry waste water on certain physico-chemical properties of soil and on growth, yield and quality of corn (Zea mays L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss). The pH of the waste water was near about neutral but it contained a higher amount of nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride, calcium, carbonates, bicarbonates and suspended and dissolved solids when compared with fresh water. Soil receiving the waste water showed no significant changes in water soluble salts, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, pH, total organic carbon etc. Moreover, waste water irrigation resulted in increased growth and yield of both the crops. Thus, it may be concluded that the petrochemical industry waste water may be used profitably for the cultivation of corn and mustard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005162613059
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Lead biogeochemistry in the littoral zones of south-central Ontario lakes, Canada, after the elimination of gasoline lead additives (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 179-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; bioaccumulation ; isotope ratios ; lead ; macrophytes ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable Pb isotope ratios were used to trace thesources and pathways of Pb between the atmosphere,surficial sediment fractions, the white water-lilyNymphaea odorata, and waters collected at 26littoral sites in 23 Ontario lakes in summer 1993,three years after alkyl Pb additives were finallyeliminated from Canadian gasoline. Based onsimilarities of isotopic composition, the exchange ofPb between lakewater and sediment 'carbonate', andsubsequently between 'carbonate', 'oxide' and othersediment fractions, was the most likely water-sedimentpathway of Pb movement. pH controlled Pb fractionationwithin surficial sediments, with the 'organic' poolcomprising 80–97% of total Pb in most acidic lakesand 15–60% in alkaline lakes. About 28% of the Pb inN. odorata shoots was accumulated directly fromwater, whereas there was no evidence of root uptake ofPb from sediments. The Pb in plant tissues wasisotopically homogeneous and dissimilar to thevariable composition exhibited in ambient waters andsediments. Plant Pb isotopes strongly resembled thehistorical Canadian atmospheric (alkyl Pb) signature.A possible explanation is that, like essential tracemetals, historically-accumulated Pb was highlyconserved during the annual growth cycle of thislong-lived, clonal macrophyte, being storedover-winter in underground rhizomes and recycled intospring growth. Given the low rate of 'new' Pb uptake,historical alkyl Pb may continue to dominate planttissues for some time, even though it was notdetectable in littoral waters and sediments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005194309413
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PAHs in the Soils of a Mature, Mixed-Deciduous (Quercus-Fraxinus) Woodland and the Surrounding Pasture (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 379-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: deciduous woodland ; Meathop Wood ; PAHs ; pasture ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A survey of PAHs in the soils of a mature,mixed-deciduous woodland and the surrounding pasturewas conducted along two transects. PAH `profiles'were not significantly different in the woodland soilcompared with the pasture. ΣPAH concentrations in thewoodland soil were significantly higher than soil fromthe surrounding pasture by a factor of 1.5–3 (P 〈 0.01), indicating enhanced deposition of PAHs to thesoil under the canopy via leaf litter, stemflow and/or through-fall. A deposition `edge effect' was onlyobserved at the windward edge of the canopy where thenumber and density of aerial and basal stems washighest (P 〈 0.05). The influence of predominantwest/south-westerly winds was observable in the lackof an edge effect at the leeward edges, and the higherΣPAH concentrations in the predominantly leewardpasture compared to the windward pasture (P 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238729571
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in Lead Bioavailability Between a Smelting and a Mining Area (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 203-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: housedust ; IEUBK model ; metals ; risk assessment ; scanning electron microscopy ; sequential extraction ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils and housedusts were collected from three areas of Pribram,an historic metal mining and smelting town in the Czech Republic. The main objectives of the study were: (i) to assessthe influence of physico-chemical form, particle size, soilproperties and contaminant source on Pb bioavailability andexposure risk; (ii) compare the Pb bioavailability data obtainedfrom the mining and smelting areas and assess whether anydifferences observed could be attributed to the factors thoughtto exert an influence. Lead concentrations were highest in thesmelter area. Mining area garden soils also contained elevatedPb concentrations. Solubility of housedust Pb in 0.12 M HCl (asurrogate for stomach acid) was similar in all study areas andwas similar to values reported in the literature. However, 0.12M HCl solubility of garden soil Pb was low in the mining areacompared to the other study areas and compared to other urbanareas. Blood Pb concentrations were also relatively low in themining area compared to the other study areas and the reducedsoil Pb solubility observed in this area was suspected as aninfluencing factor. However, exposure pathways may also beimportant in explaining the differences observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005251527946
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Removal of Lead from Calcareous Polluted Soils using the Ca-EDTA Salt (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 351-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated soil ; EDTA ; lead ; removal of lead ; treatment of calcareous soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract EDTA is a powerful chelating reagentwhich has been often proposed for the decontaminationof lead polluted soils. Despite the pronouncedselectivity of this reagent for Pb, a low degree ofutilisation is observed when treating calcareoussoils, due to the co-dissolution of calcite. Thisstudy demonstrates that it is possible to suppresscalcite dissolution and optimise the degree of EDTAutilisation, using the calcium salt of EDTA, insteadof the common sodium salts. Initial experiments, whichwere carried out mixing pure cerrusite (PbCO3)with a Na2CaEDTA solution, have shown that Pb isquantitatively solubilised, while calcium precipitatesin the form of aragonite. The performance of thisreagent in the decontamination of soils has beentested on a soil sample from Lavrion (Greece)containing 7.3–8.8% of Ca and heavily polluted withPb at levels up to 3.5%. The parameters which weretested include the reaction time, the stoichiometricexcess of Na2CaEDTA with respect to Pb and theeffect of successive treatment stages with freshNa2CaEDTA solutions. The experimental resultshave shown that long reaction times, exceeding 24 hr, are required in order to obtain sufficient Pbremoval and preserve the calcium content of the soil.Lead extraction increases from 27 to 40% prolongingthe reaction time from 1 to 24 hr atNa2CaEDTA/Pb = 1 mol/mol. Increasing theNa2CaEDTA/Pb molar ratio from 1 to 3.5 mol/mol,enhances the dissolution of Pb from 40 to 53%, whichis not proportional to the stoichiometric excesssupplied. The efficiency of Pb removal is maximized,up to 75%, applying three successive leaching stages.The major benefit of Na2CaEDTA in comparison withthe disodium EDTA salt is the preservation of soilcalcite. The initial calcium content of the soil wasfound to increase by 4% using the Ca salt; on thecontrary, the treatment with Na2H2EDTA undersimilar experimental conditions has resulted indissolving 27% of soil Ca.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005295119231
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  • 114
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    Microbial Degradation of Dimethylsilanediol in Soil (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: silicone ; silanol ; environmental ; biodegradation ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dimethylsilanediol (DMSD) is the ultimate hydrolysis product of silicone (polydimethylsiloxane = PDMS) polymer in soil. Our previous paper showed that it would volatilize from soil, and the present study investigates the importance of microbial degradation in removing DMSD from soil. DMSD (14C-labeled) was thus incubated (1 mg kg-1) for 30 wk at 25 °C in soils from a permanent grass field, a corn field, a deciduous woodland, and a pine woodland. Release of14 CO2 varied from 0.4 to 1.6% wk-1. For 3 of the soils, 14CO2 increased with higher microbial biomass, while organisms in the deciduous woodland soil were more active in degrading DMSD than organisms in the other soils. After 30 weeks, most of the remaining 14C in the soil had moved from freely available water extractable to less available acid and base extractable fractions. Similar incubations with 2% plant litter showed extensive transfer of the DMSD into the litter layer. Incubations with a microbial inhibitor showed less DMSD degradation, while cold storage of soils almost completely stopped degradation. These results suggest that microbial degradation is an important mechanism of DMSD loss from soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004933107104
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  • 115
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    Lead (Pb) in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Oligotrophic Alpine Lakes: Gills versus Digestive Tract (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alkalinity ; fish ; food ; gills ; lead ; metal uptake ; Pb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We studied Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from two oligotropic high mountain lakes in Northern Tyrol, Austria, that differed in pH (5.4 and 7.1) and alkalinity (1.3 and 100.3 µeq L-1). Concentrations of Pb in gills, liver, kidney, gut and contents of stomach and gut were investigated during winter and summer to elucidate pathways for Pb uptake in these fish. Our study illustrates ratios of Pb concentrations of gills to stomach or gills to intestine (G/S and G/l ratios) to be a valuable tool for evaluating the relative contributions of different pathways of metal uptake in fish. In both sampling periods (winter, summer) the gills appear to represent a major route pf Pb uptake in fish from low alkalinity lakes. However, during the ice-covered period the diet becomes an increasingly important additional source of Pb contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004973915619
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  • 116
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    Environmental Exposure to Cadmium and Lead in the Pediatric Age Group (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005068930889
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  • 117
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    Triazine Dispersion and Distribution in the Unsaturated Zone of Drained Soils in the Brie (France) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 129-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; leaching ; soil ; triazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate of triazines and their metabolites in the unsaturated zone in the field conditions during a period from the spring sowings to the autumn tillages. The study was performed upon two soils treated for corn culture during the year 1992. The investigations were presented after the wet weather by subsurface drainage and surface runoff. Throughout the 6 months survey, the relative importance of the triazines is by decreasing order: atrazine 〉 simazine 〉 desethylatrazine (DEA). After the application, the herbicides were only found in the first 40 cm of the soil during the dry period of the cultivation. They were dragged towards the depth by percolation water mainly during the first water infiltrations when the drains were set in again in autumn or winter. The losses of herbicides after the cultivation cycle (october) expressed as a ratio of the initial input ranged from 40 to 73% for the atrazine and from 40 to 44% for the simazine and depended on the importance of the application amount. In autumn and winter, the losses originating in percolation were higher than those due to volatilization and/or degradation (abiotic and biodegradation), as the soil conditions were unpropicious to the formation of non-extractable residues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005021014959
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  • 118
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    Chemical Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Soils, Clays and Rocks at Historical Lead Smelting Sites (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 391-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contamination ; lead ; migration ; partitioning ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical partitioning of lead and zinc is described in contaminated soils and underlying strata at historical lead smelting sites. Sections of soil-rock cores from eight sites of age 200 to c.1900 yr were analysed using a sequential extraction procedure. Of the total amount of lead and zinc present in soils, only a small proportion is in a readily mobile form. However, this proportion increases significantly as the pH falls below 5 and for lead reaches 37% in soils at Bole A. A high proportion of lead in soils appears to be associated with the carbonate and specifically adsorbed phase. It is suggested that this is partly due to the formation of cerussite (PbCO3) in soils contaminated with calcareous slag wastes. Lead present in the residual phase in contaminated soils may be related to the presence of the element in silicate slag particles. Rapid migration of lead to a depth of 5.6 m in sandstone at Bole A was related to its high solubility in the acidic soils and rock at this site. Comparable migration at Bole C proceeds by a different mechanism, possibly with lead in association with Fe-Mn oxides and slag particles. In clay infill in fractured sandstone at Bole A, anthropogenic lead present at a depth of 4.4 m was extracted predominantly in the fraction representing Fe-Mn oxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005029310495
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    Gypsum Application Reduces Selenium Uptake by Vegetation on a Coal Ash Landfill (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 421-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: calcium ; coal fly ash ; gypsum ; pH ; selenium ; soil ; sulfur ; trace element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Selenium, a potentially toxic trace element, is present in coal fly ash and is accumulated by plants growing on ash landfills. Application of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) can reduce Se accumulation. The persistence of this effect and the efficacy of repeated gypsum applications were investigated in forbs and grasses on a soil-capped, fly ash landfill near Lansing, New York. Gypsum was applied as a top-dressing at a rate of 0 or 11.2 t ha-1 in 1990 to three plots, and one-half of each of these plots received an additional top dressing of gypsum at 11.2 t ha-1 in 1991, producing four treatments – no gypsum, gypsum only in 1990, gypsum only in 1991, and gypsum in both years. Vegetation was harvested in July and October of 1991 and in July of 1992 and analyzed for Se, S, and Ca. Application of gypsum: (1) decreased Se accumulation by forbs and grasses harvested later in the season; (2) decreased Se accumulation in a subsequent year; (3) produced no further decrease when reapplied in a second year; and (4) did not decrease Se accumulation two years after a single application. The decrease in Se accumulation was not due to dilution caused by S fertilization. Variation in Se accumulation was not explained by variation in the pH and Se concentration of the soil and ash.
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  • 120
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    Permissible Concentrations of Arsenic and Lead in Soils Based on Risk Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; risk assessment ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Establishing permissible concentrations for As and Pb in soils is of practical importance because of toxicity of these metals, their widespread contamination, and limited resources available for remediation of contaminated soils. The USEPA pathway approach to risk assessment was used to assess an environmental hazard related to As and Pb in soils and to evaluate safe concentrations of these metals in contaminated soil. The results from large-scale field experiments with soil fly ash-biosolids blends were used as input data to analyze pathways of the most intense transfer of the contaminants to a target organism. A direct soil ingestion by children (the soil-human pathway) was considered the most important exposure route to soil As and Pb. A conservative risk analysis shows that As concentrations in soil can reach 40 μg g-1 without a hazard to exposed organisms. A Pb concentration in soil up to 300 μg g-1 does not cause an excessive intake of Pb by humans as evaluated by a direct soil ingestion exposure model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005028905396
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  • 121
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    Nitrate Depletion During Within-Stream Transport: Effects of Exchange Processes Between Streamwater, the Hyporheic and Riparian Zones (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 95-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: denitrification ; ferrous iron ; field test ; hypoheiczone ; nitrate removal ; riparian zone ; soil ; stream export
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In regions with intensive agriculture and shallow hydrological systems, headstreams are often polluted with nitrate even at the springs. In North-West France, nitrate concentration was seen to decrease downstream during baseflow conditions when the stream flows on granite, but this does not occur on schist. In order to explain this difference in behaviour, we analysed the groundwaters and surveyed the redox conditions (using a field test for ferrous iron) in near-bank wet meadows as well as in the hyporheic zone. We show that the wet meadow groundwater was denitrified and that oxygen and nitrate were presentaround the stream channel in a wide zone on granite,compared with a very restricted zone on schist. Ongranite, exchanges between the stream and the hyporheic zone are favoured by sandy or peaty material having high hydraulic conductivity. This gives rise to two processes (1) lateral inflow of denitrified water from wet meadows, (2) in the opposite direction, supply of stream nitrate to denitrification sites in the hyporheic zone. In the second case, a high hydraulic conductivity also reduces the water residence time and limits denitrification, resulting in high levels of oxygen and nitrate. On schist, the low hydraulic conductivity prevents an efficientconnection between surface and subsurface waters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005222513626
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  • 122
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    Wastewater Irrigation Effect on Soil, Crop and Environment: a Pilot Scale Study at Irbid, Jordan (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 425-445 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: crops ; crop-yield ; effect ; environment ; freshwater ; irrigation ; leachate ; salinity ; sodicity ; soil ; wastewater ; water-quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out at pilot scale to test the feasibility of using the effluent of a rotating biological contactors (RBC) unit treating wastewater generated from a university campus. The objective of the study was to cerefully monitor the impact of wastewater irrigation on the soil, percolating water, crop growth and the pathogenic condition within the immediate vicinity of wastewater application. Experimental plots with three crops: alfalfa, radish and tomato were irrigated with fresh and waste waters. The irrigation water was applied by sprinklers. Each crop was given two sub-treatments: with fertilizer and without fertilizer. The physical and chemical properties of the soil, the crop yields, and subsurface drainage were measured. In most of the cases, the yields resulted from the uses of wastewater with fertilizer were compatible with those of the uses of freshwater with fertilizer. The washings of tomato fruits grown with wastewater were analyzed for fecal coliforms. It appeared that the fruit skins were free of viable fecal coliforms 24 hours after the wastewater application. Subsurface drainage analyses did not show any alarming levels of constituents irrespective of the source of the water: wastewater or freshwater. The wastewater irrigation applied for a season had no significant effect on a silty loam soil. With wastewater irrigation, slught changes in the soil porosity and salinity were observed.
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    Bacterial Biodiversity in Soil with an Emphasis on Chemically-Contaminated Soils (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biodiversity ; chemically-contaminated ; ecology ; microorganisms ; molecular ; PCR ; soil ; toxic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Microorganisms isolated from soil are sources of known and new microorganisms and genetic material. This review examines general principles of soil bacterial biodiversity, limitations in sampling soils, and examples of bacterial diversity in chemically-contaminated soils. Both conventional and molecular methods used to assess microbial biodiversity in soils will be addressed as well as selected examples of the effects of organic and inorganic pollutants on soil microbial diversity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004953404594
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    Occurence of PAHs in Various Elements of Environment in Zabrze (Upper Silesia, Poland) (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particulate matter ; drinking water ; gas chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; industrial-urban area ; PAH occurrence ; sewage sludge ; soil ; solid phase extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution state of the chosen town (Zabrze) of Upper Silesia, the most industrialised region in Poland, was presented. Zabrze is a town of medium size, having population twenty times bigger than a medium town polulation in Poland. In this study we determined the qualitative and quantitative composition of PAHs fraction separated from the following elements of environment: suspended dust, drinking water, soil and sewage sludge. The following analytical techniques were used: Soxhlet Extraction, Solid Phase Extraction, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Capillary Gas Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The results confirmed the significant state of examined region pollution. They stated the exceed of contents B(a)P in suspended dust. The soils in that place were heavily polluted with PAHs, about 4000 µg · kg-1 for the sum of PAHs. The total contents of PAHs in sewage sludge of Zabrze did not exceed the analogous contents published for West European sewage sludge treatment plants and the level of determined PAHs in drinking water did not show any claims.
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    The Effect of Refure Incinerator Fumes on the Lead and Cadmium Content of Experimentally Exposed Corcicolous Lichens (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
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    A Comparison of Five Bioassays to Monitor Toxicity During Bioremediation of Pentachlorophenol-Contaminated Soil (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 157-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioassays ; bioremediation ; microbiology ; PCP ; soil ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Five bioassays were used to measure toxicity during bioremediation of a soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP; 335 ppm), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 1225 ppm) and petroleum hydrocarbons (19 125 ppm). Different bioremediation treatments were tested in soil microcosms including amendment with phosphorus and/or PCP-degrading Pseudomonas sp. UG30, either as free cells or encapsulated in κ-carrageenan. Soil toxicity was monitored using the solid-phase Microtox test, SOS-chromotest, lettuce seed germination, earthworm survival and sheep red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assays. PCP levels were reduced in all treatments after 210 days. The RBC lysis assay, Microtox test and SOS-chromotest indicated reduced toxicity in most of the microcosms by day 210. Trends depicted by lettuce seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 values varied with each treatment. For example, in soil amended with phosphorus, both the seed germination and earthworm survival LC50 data suggested increased soil toxicity. However, for soil treated with encapsulated Pseudomonas sp. UG30 cells, the earthworm survival LC50 data indicated reduced toxicity while seed germination LC50 values showed little change from values obtained prior to bioremediation. Our results show that toxicity trends in a contaminated soil during bioremediation differ according to the assay used.
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    Retention of Metals in Agricultural Soils After Amending with MSW and MSW-Biosolids Compost (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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    Review: Denitrification in temperate climate riparian zones (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 171-186 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: denitrification ; microorganisms ; nitrate ; riparian ; soil ; temperate ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Excess nitrate (NO3-) in lakes and streams has deleterious effects for environmental and human health. Nitrate concentrations have become problematic in agricultural watersheds due to increased use of fertilizers and improper management of livestock wastes. Research has indicated that the planting and/or preservation of riparian buffer zones can be an effective means of reducing pollution from agricultural fields (Osborne and Kovacic, 1993; Jordan et al., 1992; Simmons et al., 1992). Biological denitrification is the most desirable means of nitrate attenuation as the microbial conversion of NO3- removes nitrate from the watershed in the form of N gases. Despite the inherent value of biological denitrification, a comprehensive review discussing the role of this process in removing nitrate from riparian zones is lacking. In this paper we examine the results and conclusions of past research on the topic of denitrification in riparian zones and make recommendations for future research in this area. The need for subsurface denitrification assays in riparian zones is emphasized.
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    Comparibility of Results Obtained by the Use of Different Selective Extraction Schemer for the Determination of Element Forms in Soils (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 41-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: analysis ; phase ; selective ; sequential extraction ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two selective extraction schemes, that commonly known as Tessier's and that used by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), are compared. The nominal phases identified include: adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate, ‘AEC’; amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides (including Mn oxides), ‘amFeox’; organics and sulphides, ‘org/sul’; and residual (silicates and more resistant minerals). Three standard reference soil samples, SRMs 2709, 2710 and 2711, were analysed in triplicate for the elements Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. Results by both methods agree extremely well for Ca, Mn and Cd, and for Ni and V in SRMs 2709 and 2711. For other elements, there is a strong tendency for a higher percentage to be dissolved earlier in the GSC scheme (in the AEC, amFeox and org/sul phases). Consistently more Fe reports to the amFeox and org/sul phases by the GSC method, otherwise present in the residual phase by the Tessier scheme. Results for P do not compare well, with a much greater proportion of the element being extracted in the amFeox phase by the GSC procedure. Very little P appears to be labile by the Tessier protocol. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the nature of phases purportedly extracted by selective leaches.
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    Heavy Metals in Mangrove Sediments of the United ARAB Emirates Shoreline (Arabian Gulf) (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 523-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; cobalt ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; organic carbon ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels and distributions of eight heavy metals in the sediments of four mangrove areas, namely Abu Dhabi, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Khor Khuwair along the shoreline of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) were investigated. The metal levels, expressed as μg g−1 as well as organic carbon (%) in different mangrove areas were scattered in the ranges: 3.12–6.94 for cadmium (mean 4.82), 5.70–14.0 for cobalt (mean 10.2), 8.28–18.9 for chromium (mean 11.9), 5.31–29.4 for copper (mean 7.21), 28.8–169 for manganese (mean 84.1), 14.8–109 for nickel (mean 36.4), 13.2–49.8 for lead (mean 28.1), 4.59–22.4 for zinc (mean 11.3), and ND-2.13 for organic carbon (mean 0.63%). Significant variations in the levels of these metals were considered due to: 1) organic carbon content; 2) presence of well developed mangrove forests; and 3) anthropogenic inputs such as discarded automobiles, transformers, batteries, tires and spilled crude oil, atmospheric fallout as well as waste-waters disposal. In addition recreational activities cause negative effects. Concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead were significantly higher than the other metals. The high concentrations of Mn and Ni were due to non-anthropogenic sources (the geological nature formations and the presence of high mountains of basic igneous rocks), whereas the high levels of lead were due to inputs from oil spills, discarded solid wastes such as automobiles, batteries and the prior high rate of petrol combustion lead. Significant relationships were observed between several couples of metals in different mangrove regions, as well as between a number of heavy metals and organic carbon, indicating that complexation with organic materials may play an important role in the distribution patterns of these metals. Metals and organic carbon analyses for different grain-size fractions showed higher levels in the finest fraction (〈63 μm) specially for manganese and copper. Except for lead, comparison of metal levels in mangrove sediments with those of the Arabian Gulf indicated that the mangrove sediments along U.A.E. shorelines contained similar concentrations as other Arabian Gulf regions.
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    Cesium-137 in the environment of the Altay Region (Russia) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 395-406 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest litter ; mapping ; nuclear test ; radioactive contamination ; Russia ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The results of the extensive measurements ofCesium-137 (137Cs) in virgin soils, plants,forest litter and lake bottom sediments of AltayRegion in 1992–1995 are presented. Analyses of thevertical soil profiles indicate that 137Cs ispresent in the upper 5–20 cm of the soil. Crops andthe majority of wild plants show no signs ofcontamination with 137Cs even in areas where soilis contaminated. A regional map of 137Csconcentration is presented, which shows a highlyirregular pattern of radio-cesium deposition from thenuclear tests on the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Polygonbetween 1949 to 1962. This kind of lateraldistribution of 137Cs in Altay virgin topsoilscannot be accounted for only by the distance from thenuclear testing site, on the contrary, it seems to bepredominantly dependent on the weather conditions anda pattern of rainfall at the time of Semipalatinskexplosions. The article discusses the factors causingthe post-precipitation redistribution of 137Cs inthe soil column and demonstrates that forest litter,lichen and lake bottom sediments can be used assensitive indicators of the historical and currentradioactive contamination.
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    Lead Accumulation in Quercus Nigra and Q. Velutina near Smelting Facilities in Alabama, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; dendrochemistry ; lead ; tree rings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead is very toxic and if ingested cancause severe health problems to both animals andhumans. To determine if lead accumulation in treescould provide a direct pathway to enter the foodchain, oaks (Q. nigra or Q. velutina)growing near two lead smelting facilities in Alabama,U.S.A., were analyzed for lead in acorns, leaves and treecores. A relatively pristine site was used as acontrol. Lead was not detected in acorns collected atany site, and was only found in tree cores from thesites near smelters. Significant increases in treecore lead from 1975–1995 were detected at the activesmelter site. Results were different from the inactivesmelter site; lead increased in tree cores until thesmelter ceased operation, then decreased afterclosing. Soil lead decreased linearly with distancefrom both smelters. In addition, a significantpositive relationship was observed between leaf andsoil lead at the site with the active smelter, andmay be the result of both translocation via treeroots, and foliar absorption of deposited lead ionsinto the leaf structure.
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    Heavy Metal Pollution by Atmospheric Transport in Natural Soils from the Northern Part of Eastern Carpathians (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric pollution ; cadmium ; cobalt chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; Romania ; soil contamination ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present paper is a study of the heavy metal contamination ofnatural soils due to atmospheric transport in the northern partof Eastern Carpathians. The study area is located north of BaiaMare, the main Romanian centre for processing complex sulphideores. Ten undisturbed soil profiles of andosols and andic soilswere investigated. The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn,Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) was studied along the soil profile and atspecific distances from the pollution sources. In addition tothe total nitric acid soluble fraction of the metals, amounts oflead, copper, zinc and manganese extractable with 0.05 Mhydrochloric acid were determined to evaluate the fraction ofeach metal potentially available to plants. Surface soils in theIgnis Mountains (10 km from Baia Mare) were more polluted withlead (200–800 ppm), with the concentration decreasing withdistance from the processing plants. Lower lead concentrationswere observed in the deeper soil horizons. The fraction of leadextractable in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid was generally higher athigh total concentrations of lead. From its geographical andsoil profile distributions it is also evident that cadmium wasalso supplied in appreciable amounts to the topsoil from thesame polution sources, whereas the trend was weaker for zincand chromium and not evident for copper, manganese, nickel, orcobalt. The fraction extractable with 0.05 M hydrochloric acidgenerally followed the order Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Mn.
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    Distributions of Mercury and Phosphorous in Everglades Soils From Water Conservation Area 3A, Florida, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 133-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Everglades ; mercury ; mobility ; peat ; phosphorus ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils in the southern half of Water Conservation Area3A are mostly peats with some organic-rich marls. Mercury contents of 64 surface samples over a500 km2 area average 28.7 ng cc-1 (209 ppb drysediment), which is typical of organic-rich soils. High Hg contents in Everglades fish are therefore notcaused by anomalously high soil Hg. Hg contents showno systematic lateral variation, consistent withdeposition from well-mixed atmospheric sources ratherthan nearby point sources or runoff from canals.Cores from 9 sites contain more Hg and P at or nearthe surface than at 20–30 cm depth. Hg and P contentsof individual cores correlate well and define separatebackground and anomalous populations. The subsurfacedistribution of P is determined largely by uptake bysawgrass and other plants. The correlation between Pand Hg suggests that, although atmospheric Hgdeposition has undoubtedly increased in recentdecades, postdepositional mobilization of Hg may beimportant in Everglades soils. This finding, togetherwith recent direct measurements of atmospheric Hgdeposition, indicates that previous estimates of Hgdeposition rates based on Everglades peat cores, whichassumed that Hg is immobile in peat after deposition,have yielded large overestimates.
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    Modelling geochemistry and Lake pH since glaciation at Lake Gårdsjön (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 713-718 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Weathering ; mineral ; soil ; acidification ; geochemistry ; surface water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil acidification model SAFE was modified to calculate historical changes in geochemistry and runoff since the last glaciation ended at the Lake Gårdsjön F1 catchment 12 000 B.P. Changes in runoff pH and ANC, soil weathering rate, soil mineralogy, soil texture and base saturation was also calculated. The changes in mineralogy compared favorable to data. Modeled historic weathering rates were slightly higher than data suggest, while present weathering rate was somewhat to low, 37 mmolc m−2 yr−1. The weathering rate was very high immediately after the last glaciation, and decreased as the smaller particles were consumed by weathering. The calculated runoff pH follows the pattern of the paleo-inferred pH. SAFE suggests a natural depletion of base cations in the C-layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476913
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