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  • Articles  (513)
  • air pollution
  • sediment
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  • 1
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    Effect of some environmental factors on the acute toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp: a laboratory study under aerobic condition (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/16610 | 12051 | 2015-04-09 12:36:22 | 16610 | Indian Fisheries Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The toxicity of xenobiotic in aquatic ecosystems is influenced by many factors such as ambient temperature, water hardness, pond soil type, etc. In the present study, it was observed that air temperature, water hardness and soil sediment have profound influence on the toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp fry (ay. length 3.5 ± 0.5 cm, ay. weight 0.58 ± 0.25 g); 96h LC(sub)50 values for common carp at 38.07 ± 2.20°C maximum and 27.86 ± 1.22°C minimum air temperature in soft and very hard water were 0.102 and 0.495 µg lˉ¹, respectively. This value had increased significantly to 2.37 and 3.02 µg at 30.55 ± 1.21°C maximum and 26.04 ± 0.61°C minimum air temperature, respectively. When sediment was included, 96h LC(sub)50 at 38.07°C maximum temperature in very hard water was 1.808 µg 1ˉ¹ and this had increased to 8.073 µg 1ˉ¹ when tested at 30.55°C maximum temperature. Due to the 7.5°C increase in maximum and 1.7°C in minimum temperature, toxicity increased significantly. Lower toxicity in very hard water in comparison to soft water may be due to the lower solubility of deltarnethrin and high level of calcium. Adsorption reaction of deltamethrin with clay, humus, FeOOH, MnOOH and particulate organic carbon, and complexation reaction with dissolved organic carbon were responsible for the lowered toxicity in the experiment with sediment. Exposure time had no significant effect on acute toxicity of deltamethrin.
    Keywords: Pollution ; deltamethrin ; pesticids ; common carps ; temperature ; water hardness ; sediment
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
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    Format: 31-40
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  • 2
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    Copper, zinc, iron and manganese in sediments and in the rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata in Mumbai coast (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/16609 | 12051 | 2015-04-09 12:36:35 | 16609 | Indian Fisheries Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Sediment and oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) samples were collected at Dhanda, a fishing village in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The samples were analysed for copper, zinc, iron and manganese contents. Metal concentrations in the sediments and bioaccumulated levels in oysters were correlated. There is no positive correlation between the total sedimentary levels of metals analysed and the bioaccumulated levels of respective metals in oyster. A positive correlation between the bioavailable fractions of zinc, iron and manganese, and the bioaccumulated levels exists. Copper, however, shows a negative correlation with respect to the bioaccumulated levels.
    Keywords: Pollution ; Saccostrea cucullata ; zinc ; iron ; manganese ; copper ; oyster ; sediment ; Mumbai ; Maharashtra ; India
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article
    Format: application/pdf
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    Format: 23-29
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  • 3
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    Determination of heavy metal content in commercial marine fish hunted from southeast Aegean Sea (Turkey) and their potential risk for public health (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/21770 | 18721 | 2017-11-30 07:25:30 | 21770 | University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: In this study, heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb etc. content in liver, muscle and gill of three economical marine species [striped seabream (Lithognathus mormyrus Linneaus, 1758), two-band bream (Diplodus vulgaris Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) and Common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus Linneaus, 1758)] obtained from 4 stations (Fethiye, Bodrum, Datça, Marmaris) in South Aegean coast were analyzed. After tissues were mineralized with wet-ashing, their heavy metal concentrations were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the findings, sediment samples had more heavy metals than water samples and none of heavy metal concentrations in the water samples exceeded national legal limits. Furthermore it was reported that the accumulation of heavy metal in liver and gill was the highest whereas in muscle the proportion was the lowest. Results showed that the mean concentration of the studied heavy metals in muscle tissues did not pose a risk in terms of public health in comparison with the international standards.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Pollution ; determination ; heavy metal ; commercial ; marine fish ; potential risk ; public health ; sediment ; water ; common pandora ; two-band Bream ; striped seabream
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
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    Format: 1-13
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  • 4
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    Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, sediment and tissues of five sturgeon species in the southern Caspian Sea coastal regions (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/21710 | 18721 | 2017-11-27 14:05:19 | 21710 | University of Guilan, Faculty of Natural Resources, Iran
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: Concentration levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorine, phenantherene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene were measured in water and sediment samples collected from the southern Caspian Sea coasts at four stations of Noshahr, Freydoonkenar, Sari and Amirabad during autumn, winter and spring of 2005-2006. Also, tissue samples from five sturgeon species including stellate sturgeon, Persian sturgeon, beluga, Russian sturgeon and ship sturgeon were obtained. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography after the extraction process and the obtained data were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA analysis at confidence level 95%. The mean concentrations of PAHs in water and sediment samples were 0.004-2.946 mgl-1 and 0.024- 2.336 µg g-1, respectively. No significant difference was found in the mean concentrations of PAHs among stations and seasons of the examined samples. Also, mean concentration of PAHs in the liver, muscles,gills, kidney and gonads of five sturgeon species was 0.81-1.34 µgg-1. The results of this study show that the levels of PAHs in water, sediment and sturgeon organs were below the acceptable levels of PAHs proposed by USEPA and WHO.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; determination ; polycyclic ; aromatic ; hydrocarbons ; PAHs ; water ; sediment ; tissues ; sturgeon ; species ; Caspian Sea ; Iran ; naphthalene ; acenaphthylene ; acenaphthene ; fluorine ; phenantherene ; anthracene ; fluoranthene ; pyrene ; benzo ; anthracene ; chrysene ; benzo ; fluoranthene ; benzo ; fluoranthene
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 135-144
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  • 5
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    A preliminary study on the heavy metal levels in Ophelia bicornis (Savigny, 1820) in the Black Sea (2021)
    In:  pjms_ku@yahoo.com | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26603 | 25017 | 2019-06-04 06:54:17 | 26603 | University of Karachi. Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: In the current work, the levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc have been determined in Ophelia bicornis and in sediments collected seasonally from the Sinop coast of the southern Black Sea in 2015. Hg and Pb levels were usually greater in sediment than those in worms. Cd, Cu and Zn levels, however, were higher in the worm samples. Zn had the maximum concentration factor average and Pb displayed the minimum concentration factor value. It may be turned out that O. bicornis has capability to accumulate the heavy metals from the marine ecosystem and it will be used as a bio-monitor species for Cd, Cu and Zn in the Black Sea.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ophelia bicornis ; heavy metals ; sediment ; concentration factor ; the Black Sea.
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 93-100
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  • 6
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    Evaluation of salmon and steelhead spawning habitat quality in the South Fork Trinity River Basin, 1997 (2021)
    California Department of Fish and Game | Sacramento, CA
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2845 | 8 | 2011-09-29 18:14:52 | 2845 | California Department of Fish and Game
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: Sediment sampling was used to evaluate chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) spawning habitat quality in the South Fork Trinity River (SFTR) basin. Sediment samples were collected using a McNeil-type sampler and wet sieved through a series of Tyler screens (25.00 mm, 12.50 mm, 6.30 mm, 3.35 mm, 1.00 mm, and 0.85 mm). Fines (particles 〈 0.85 mm) were determined after a l0-minute settling period in Imhoff cones. Thirteen stations were sampled in the SFTR basin: five stations were located in mainstem SFTR between rk 2.1 and 118.5, 2 stations each were located in EF of the SFTR, Grouse Creek, and Madden Creek, and one station each was located in Eltapom and Hayfork Creeks. Sample means for fines(particles 〈 0.85 mm) fer SFTR stations ranged between14.4 and 19.4%; tributary station sample mean fines ranged between 3.4 and 19.4%. Decreased egg survival would be expected at 4 of 5 mainstem SFTR stations and at one station in EF of SFTR and Grouse Creek where fines content exceed 15%. Small gravel/sand content measured at all stations were high, and exceed levels associated with reduced sac fry emergence rates. Reduction of egg survival or sac fry emergence due to sedimentation in spawning gravels could lead to reduced juvenile production from the South Fork Trinity River.(PDF contains 18 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Earth Sciences ; sediment ; habitat ; chinook salmon ; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; steelhead ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; South Fork Trinity River Basin ; Grouse Creek ; Madden Creek ; Eltapom Creek ; Hayfork Creek
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 7
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    Effects of macrobenthos on sediment-water oxygen and ammonium fluxes. Final Report. (2021)
    University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2840 | 130 | 2013-11-05 00:16:29 | 2840 | University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: Sediments are an important location in determining the fate of nutrients entering the estuary. Role of sediments needs to be incorporated into water quality models. Purpose of this study was to estimate the portion of sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) and sediment ammonium (NH4+) release directly attributable to benthic invertebrates via the respiratory use of oxygen and catabolic release of ammonium.Samples were collected at 8 locations from August 1985 through November 1988. (PDF contains 45 pages)
    Description: United States Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experimental Station
    Description: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Keywords: Ecology ; Chemistry ; Environment ; macrobenthos ; sediment ; oxygen ; Ammonium ; Fluxes ; respiration rates ; bivalve ; algorithms ; nitrogen excretion rates ; benthic ; macroinvertebrate ; Chesapeake Bay ; nutrients ; phytoplankton
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 8
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    Distribution of mercury in a tropical estuary (India) situated near a chloro-alkali plant (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/17705 | 17342 | 2015-09-15 09:34:44 | 17705 | University of Karachi. Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: The distribution of mercury in water, sediment and some biological samples of the Rushikulya estuary, east coast of India were assessed during Jan-Dec. 1989. Both the dissolved plus acid leachable mercury contents in water and the sediment mercury discerned conspicuous spatial and seasonal fluctuations. Adsorption on to the suspended particulates was found to be the most likely mechanism for removal of mercury from the water column. Exchange of mercury from sediments to water was observed at high salinities (20-30x10-3). The residual mercury contents in the biological samples revealed that bio-accumulation by bottom-dwelling organisms are higher than the pelagic components.
    Keywords: Environment ; Limnology ; Pollution ; mercury contamination ; water ; sediment ; biotic samples
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 95-105
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  • 9
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    A review of aquatic toxicology investigations in Turkish waters. (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-15
    Description: Aquatic toxicity studies have been conducted for many years, and their importance has been understood for some time. The need for aquatic toxicity studies arises from the widespread use of chemicals in many different industries, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and energy production. These chemicals can enter aquatic environments through various means, including runoff from fields, discharges from factories, and spills or leaks from storage tanks or pipelines. Once in the aquatic environment, these chemicals can have harmful effects on aquatic life, including fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and algae. By conducting aquatic toxicity studies, researchers can gain a better understanding of the potential harmful effects of chemicals on aquatic life and ecosystems and can inform decisions about their use and regulation to protect the environment. This review summarizes the available aquatic toxicity studies in Turkish waters.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Toxicology ; water ; sediment ; lethal concentration ; effective concentration ; bio-monitors ; Turkey ; ASFA_2015::T::Toxicology ; ASFA_2015::W::Water ; ASFA_2015::S::Sediment pollution ; ASFA_2015::T::Toxicity tests ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic environment ; ASFA_2015::C::Chemical pollution ; ASFA_2015::P::Pollution effects ; ASFA_2015::A::Aquatic organisms
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 1-61
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in an intertidal saltmarsh sediment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980), S. 699-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Keywords: England coast ; anaerobes ; hydrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; saltmarsh ; sediment ; sulphate ; sulphur bacteria
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0302-3524(80)80097-1
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation and loss of halothane and enflurane in blood from rats exposed to pollutant concentrations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2 (1984), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0731-7085
    Keywords: Halothane ; air pollution ; chronic exposure to pollutants ; enflurane ; flame ionization ; gas chromatography ; head-space analysis. ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0731-7085(84)80096-5
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology, economics, and opportunities
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 50 (1994), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic biomass ; air pollution ; ethanol production ; oil supply
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90214-3
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-energy electron accelerators for industrial radiation processing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Radiation Physics and Chemistry 42 (1993), S. 525-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0969-806X
    Keywords: Electron accelerators ; air pollution ; curing ; radiation processing ; trichloroethylene
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0969-806X(93)90302-B
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of spruce shoot aphid Cinara pilicornis hartig to ambient and filtered air at two elevations and pollution climates
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 86 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: Alps ; Norway spruce ; air pollution ; ozone
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90195-3
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sewage influence in a macrotidal estuary: Fatty acid and sterol distributions
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 34 (1992), S. 347-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Morlaix River estuary ; estuary ; fatty acids ; particulate organic matter ; sediment ; sewage influence ; sterols
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80075-7
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of Mytilus sp. in radionuclide transfer between water column and sediments in the estuarine and delta systems of the Rhone river
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 34 (1992), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Gamma emitters ; Rhone estuary ; biodeposition ; mussel ; sediment ; tritium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80064-2
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron content and its relations to the sulphur and titanium contents of epiphytic and terricolous lichens and pine bark in Finland
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: air pollution ; bioindicators ; element ratios ; geochemical relations ; heavy metals
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90095-7
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic ozone exposure increases the susceptibility of hybrid Populus to disease caused by Septoria Musiva
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 86 (1994), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: air pollution ; canker ; disease ; ozone ; plant
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90012-4
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Distribution and Chemical Composition of Particles in a Macrotidal Estuary
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 38 (1994), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Dee Estuary ; fluxes ; particle mixing ; resuspension ; sediment ; trace metals
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1001
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of a mathematical model to compare particle size data derived by dry-sieving and laser analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 35 (1992), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: comparison ; dry-sieving ; laser analysis ; particle size ; sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80059-9
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of microbial biomass and its community structure from the distribution of phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids in sediments of Hiroshima Bay and its adjacent bays
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 34 (1992), S. 501-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Keywords: Hiroshima Bay ; bacteria ; biomass ; community structure ; phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; sediment ; sulphate-reducing bacteria
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80120-9
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some physiological considerations on sulfur dioxide sensitivity in drought-stressed seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Scientia Horticulturae 41 (1989), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4238
    Keywords: Liquidambar styraciflua L. ; air pollution ; sweetgum ; water relations
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(89)90058-7
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralization of Chitin in an estuarine sediment: The importance of the Chitosan pathway
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19 (1991), S. 395-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Chitin ; chitin deacetylase ; chitinase ; chitosan ; estuary ; sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305-1978(91)90056-6
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for Detecting and Estimating Population Threshold Concentrations for Air Pollution–Related Mortality with Exposure Measurement Error (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 487-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Threshold ; measurement error ; mortality ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The association between daily fluctuations in ambient particulate matter and daily variations in nonaccidental mortality have been extensively investigated. Although it is now widely recognized that such an association exists, the form of the concentration–response model is still in question. Linear, no threshold and linear threshold models have been most commonly examined. In this paper we considered methods to detect and estimate threshold concentrations using time series data of daily mortality rates and air pollution concentrations. Because exposure is measured with error, we also considered the influence of measurement error in distinguishing between these two completing model specifications. The methods were illustrated on a 15-year daily time series of nonaccidental mortality and particulate air pollution data in Toronto, Canada. Nonparametric smoothed representations of the association between mortality and air pollution were adequate to graphically distinguish between these two forms. Weighted nonlinear regression methods for relative risk models were adequate to give nearly unbiased estimates of threshold concentrations even under conditions of extreme exposure measurement error. The uncertainty in the threshold estimates increased with the degree of exposure error. Regression models incorporating threshold concentrations could be clearly distinguished from linear relative risk models in the presence of exposure measurement error. The assumption of a linear model given that a threshold model was the correct form usually resulted in overestimates in the number of averted premature deaths, except for low threshold concentrations and large measurement error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007008914354
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel (1997)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427915
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    Variable growth and reproduction response of the spruce shoot aphid, Cinara pilicornis, to increasing ozone concentrations (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Norway spruce ; Picea abies ; air pollution ; insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spruce shoot aphid, Cinara pilicornis Hartig (Homoptera: Lachnidae), is an aphid species that has shown enhanced performance on trees exposed to SO2 or mixtures of air pollutants, whereas results with ozone have been contradictory. Using a 4-week chamber fumigation experiment, we tested how different population dynamic parameters of aphids are affected by ozone (O3). Mean relative growth rate (MRGR), development time and reproduction rate of C. pilicornis were determined using 7h day-time O3 concentrations of 0, 40, 80 and 160 ppb. Development period from birth to reproductive stage was fastest at 80 ppb during early shoot elongation, while reproduction and intrinsic rate of population increase was not significantly affected by ozone concentration. There was a significant negative correlation between ozone concentration and the MRGR of first instar nymphs in the third fumigation week. In feeding test performed on seedlings after fumigation, the MRGR was reduced on shoots which had been exposed to 80 ppb O3. The results suggest that elevated O3 concentration during early shoot elongation period may stimulate population development of C. pilicornis, but on maturing shoots, high O3 concentration has a negative effect on aphid performance. This might be due to accelerated ageing of O3 exposed shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003241703852
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    A New Approach for the Modelling of Sediment Reworking Induced by a Macrobenthic Community (1997)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 45 (1997), S. 295-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: bioturbation ; modelling ; macrobenthic ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new model of bioturbation has been developed to describe short term sediment reworking induced by macrobenthic communities. The design of the model had to consider the mixing processes, firstly, at the organism level, and secondly, at community level. This paper describes the mixing mode of the four types of bioturbators defined by the authors: the biodiffusors, the upward-conveyors, the downward-conveyors and the regenerators. The mathematical formulation of these sub-models consists of ordinary differential equations. They take into account the size of the bioturbated zone, the output fluxes to the water column, tracer decay, physical mixing due to local currents and the type and intensity of the bioturbation processes. These sub-models make it possible to describe correctly the mixing events that have occurred in cores with each type of bioturbator. They also provide the basis for general bioturbation model, that will take into account the respective degrees of involvement of (i) the different bioturbation processes and their characteristics, (ii) the interference between the different processes, and (iii) make possible to predict the particle reworking in order to include it in studies of organic matter in early diagenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000636109604
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    Ant predation ofEriocrania miners in a polluted area (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: air pollution ; leafminers ; predation ; Formica ; Symydobius oblongus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that air pollution may affect population densities of birch-feeding leafminers via changes in ant predation. Foraging activity of three ant species (Formica rufa, F. fusca andF. lemani), predation rates and population densities of both solitary and gregariousEriocrania (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) miners were investigated at 13 sites around the Harjavalta copper-nickel smelter, SW Finland. Ant species differed in their distribution patterns relative to pollution. However, the total percentage of birch trees foraged by ants (all species combined) showed no correlation with the distance from the factory complex. As a result, no clear trends in predation rates were apparent in relation to the distance from the pollution source for either solitary or gregariousEriocrania species. Densities of the solitaryEriocrania species tended to increase with the distance from the pollution source whereas densities of the gregariousE. haworthi peaked close to the factory complex. No corresponding differences in predation rates between solitary and gregarious miners were found. Ant predation, thus, did not explain density patterns ofEriocrania miners in the polluted area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382782
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    Acidic precipitation increases egg survival in Neodiprion sertifer (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; egg viability ; air pollution ; outbreaks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of simulated acidic precipitation on the egg viability of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) were studied by spraying egg clusters with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid (1:1, pH 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, distilled water, natural precipitation) for a month in April–May. Egg viability analyses showed that the proportion of hatched first instar larvae increased with increasing acidity. The better survival of sawfly eggs in pine needles in more acidic conditions may be partly due to changes in needle physiology affecting egg mortality. However, when the eggs were reared without needles in Petri-dishes, the proportion of successfully hatched larvae likewise increased with increasing acidity indicating direct acid-induced changes in the eggs themselves. Acidic precipitation as a stress factor of the host plant apparently changes population dynamics of pine sawflies and may be an important factor in triggering outbreaks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185641
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    Applied general equilibrium modeling for environmental policy analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 54 (1994), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: General equilibrium modeling ; taxation ; air pollution ; JEL C67 ; E17 ; H21 ; Q25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Incorporating environmental regulation and its impact in general equilibrium models has by now a twenty years long tradition. In 1970, Leontief extended his input-output approach to quantify environmental repercussions on the economic structure. The shortcomings of this model, such as fixed coefficients in technological processes or zero price and income elasticities of demand, can be resolved by using a quantitative general equilibrium model. The objective of this paper is to employ such a model to quantify the economic effects of environmental policy and to present a cost-effectiveness analysis of different market instruments in environmental policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02031731
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    Sediment diffusive fluxes of Fe, Mn, and P in a eutrophic lake: Contribution from lateral vs bottom sediments (1996)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 58 (1996), S. 327-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Iron ; manganese ; phosphate ; sediment ; diffusion ; eutrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water column data and porewater profiles are used to study the chemical evolution with time and with depth of a eutrophic lake. By using different approaches, diffusion fluxes for dissolved iron, manganese and phosphate are calculated and used to describe the processes occurring at the sediment-water interface as well as in the hypolimnion of the lake. These data are used in the elaboration of a qualitative model to describe the chemical behaviour of the sedimentary interface of an anoxic lake with emphasis on the Fe/P/S system. Acorona model is proposed to explain the evolution with time of the diffusion process by estimating the relative contribution of bottom and lateral sediment surfaces to the total fluxes of dissolved elements diffusing from the sediment to the overlying water. As the hypolimnion becomes more anoxic, it has been observed that lateral sediment surfaces (16 to 10 meters in depth) represents a larger supplier of diffusing dissolved components than the bottom sediment portion (bottom to 18 meters).
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    Microbial potential in deep-sea sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 517-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bacterial activity ; sediment ; pore water ; deep sea ; electron acceptors ; microcosms ; nitrification ; denitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In spite of high pressures and low temperatures in abyssal sediments of the North Atlantic Ocean, bacterial activity is evident and highest in the top 10 cm. At these locations the input of degradable organic material to the deep-sea bottom is low. Oxygen, therefore, remains the dominant oxidant in surface sediments. Although alternative electron acceptors like nitrate, oxidized manganese and sulfate are present in large amounts, they are not utilized in this natural habitat. In sediment cores which were collected from the site for laboratory perturbation studies, it was possible to stimulate microbially mediated processes which are dormant in situ. When the oxygen supply was cut off, nitrate and manganese reduction occurred. Denitrification was the major process observed in the upper anoxic layers, while nitrate-ammonification and manganese reduction occurred in deeper sediment strata (4–8 cm). This is evidence for the presence of a variety of different bacteria and of an anaerobic heterotrophic potential. Most of the activity is located in the top 10 cm of these sediments. The shift to anaerobiosis initiates microbial activities through which metals are converted into their mobile species at the lowered redox potential. Evaluation of the suitability of the deep sea as a repository for waste materials will have to account for the large dormant potential of microbial activities and the consequences of their release by changing the environmental conditions at the sea floor.
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    Correlation between car ownership and leukaemia: Is non-occupational exposure to benzene from petrol and motor vehicle exhaust a causative factor in leukaemia and lymphoma? (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Leukaemia ; benzene ; motor vehicle ; air pollution ; socioeconomic indicators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although there is widespread agreement that many cancers have environmental causes we are often unable to see associations between specific cancers and exposure to environmental chemicals. One might also speulate that the more widespread, common-place and ‘normal’ a chemical exposure is perceived to be then the less likely it will be that the exposure is recognised, let alone be considered to cause cancer. Widespread contamination of air by chemicals associated with internal combustion may be an example of one such ‘invisible’ carcinogenic exposure. Yet evidence is available which suggests that many leukaemia and lymphoma cases, as well as other cancers, may be caused by this mundane and ubiquitous environmental contamination. The hypothesis is developed that leukaemia ‘clustering’ as well as national leukaemia incidence may be related to non-occupational exposure to benzene formed by petrol combustion and resulting from petrol evaporation1. The possible association between exposure to fuel vapours, internal combustion products and cancer merits much closer examination than it receives at present.
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    Zur Schwermetallbelastung der Borkenkäfer (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Scolytidae ; cadmium ; lead ; manganese ; zinc ; heavy metals ; air pollution ; food chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, lead, manganese, zinc) in bark and wood of the sprucePicea abies Karst. from different locations were determined by AAS-method and compared with that of the bark-beetles feeding on it (Ips typographus L.,Pityogenes chalcographus L.,Polygraphus poligraphus L. — Scolytidae). In the case of cadmium and zinc a positive correlation of metal concentration in beetles and food as well as an accumulation in the beetles could be shown. We found considerable variation of manganese content (up to a factor of 100) in the inner bark (the main feeding substrate of the animals) but relatively uniform concentration in the insects (uncertain in the case ofI. typographus). Mean lead concentrations were slightly higher in beetles than in food, but no correlation between the insects and their feeding substrate could be detected in the range investigated. The heavy metal concentrations of different stages of development are compared and a short-circuit Cd-excretion mechanism in the larval stage is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Schwermetallgehalt (Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn) de für die Ernährung von Borkenkäfern relevanten Gewebe an Fichten (Picea abies Karst.) unterschiedlicher Standorte untersucht sowie dessen Auswirkung auf den Metallgehalt der dort minierenden Käfer (Ips typographus L.,Pityogenes chalcographus L. undPolygraphus poligraphus L., - Scolytidae) ermittelt. Für Cadmium und Zink konnte eine deutliche Anreicherung in den Käfern sowie eine entsprechende Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration im Futter nachgewiesen werden. Der Bast von Fichten weist teilweise sehr hohe Mangankonzentrationen und eine sehr breite Streuung auf. Die in diesem Bast entwickelten Käfer zeigen dagegen einheitlich niedrige Konzentrationen (unsicher beiI. typographus). Die Bleikonzentrationen waren in den Käferproben geringfügig höher als in den Bastproben, eine Abhängigkeit der Konzentrationen in Käfer und Bast wurde im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich jedoch nicht gefunden. Die verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien der Käfer wurden ebenfalls vergleichend auf ihren Schwermetallgehalt hin untersucht.
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    Carbon isotope composition of individual n-alkanes in recent sediments
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Organic Geochemistry 21 (1994), S. 801-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: IRMS ; carbon isotope ; n-alkanes ; oil pollution ; sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90021-3
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    Hydrocarbons of the hypersaline basins of Shark Bay, Western Australia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Organic Geochemistry 8 (1985), S. 313-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: branched alkenes ; cleistanthane ; hydrocarbons ; hypersaline ; sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(85)90010-5
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    Accelerated transformation of organic matter below the silica transition zone in immature sediments from the Japan Sea
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Organic Geochemistry 21 (1994), S. 517-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: Japan Sea ; hopane ; molecular parameter ; sediment ; silica ; sterane
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90102-3
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    Organic geochemistry of Recent equatorial deltaic sediments
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Organic Geochemistry 10 (1986), S. 711-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: acid hydrolysis ; carbon/nitrogen ratio ; deltaic environment ; fatty acid ; n-alkane ; organic matter ; particle size fractionation ; sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(86)80007-9
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    Effects of SO"2 and NO"2 on growth and nitrogen concentrations in lucerne and barrel medic
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental and Experimental Botany 34 (1994), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-8472
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; barrel medic ; growth ; lucerne ; nitrogen dioxide
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90053-1
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    Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 832-852 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Spreading ridge subduction ; Chile Triple Junction ODP Leg [4] ; Tectonics ; Pacific Ocean ; South America Chile ; forearc ; ophiolite ; sediment ; deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction. A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859–861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults. The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding.
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    Determination of cadmium in slurries of marine sediment samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium and phosphate as chemical modifiers (1996)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 124 (1996), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: cadmium ; sediment ; slurry ; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry ; modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the determination of cadmium in slurries of marine sediment using palladium and phosphate as chemical modifier has been optimized. To stabilize the marine sediment slurry, Triton X-100 at 0.1% was used. To obtain a complete pyrolysis of the slurry sample two mineralization steps were used, the first at 480 °C and the second at 600 °C and 700 °C for phosphate and palladium, respectively. The precision and accuracy of the method have been studied by analyzing the Reference Material PACS-1 (marine sediment) of National Research Council Canada. The detection limits (LOD) were 11.9 μg kg−1 for phosphate and 42.0 μg kg−1 when palladium was used. These methods have been applied to the determination of cadmium in marine sediment samples from the Galicia coast and the results of both methods were compared; no significant differences were found between the two procedures.
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    A monitor for atmospheric sulphur dioxide, based on enrichment of SO2 by a polydispersive water aerosol (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 102 (1990), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: air pollution ; SO2 monitoring ; trace analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A monitor for continuous analysis of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere at the ppb v/v level (1 ppb v/v = 2.62 μg/m3 SO2) is described. The apparatus operates on the principle of equilibrium accumulation of sulphur dioxide from the air by a polydispersive water aerosol which continuously transfers SO2 from an air-flow of l/min into microlitre volumes of water condensate. High sensitivity (1 ppb v/v), low relative error (± 5% at 4 ppb v/v SO2), high selectivity (CO2 does not interfere at a concentration of 2 × 103 ppm v/v, interference by NO x and H2S is acceptably low), and low response delay (10 s) are provided by a compact coupling of the enrichment procedure with conductivity detection of SO2 in the film of water aerosol condensate formed directly on the wire-gauze sensor. The reliability of the method has been studied under simulated conditions, with spectrophotometric method as reference. The analyser is computer-controlled, and the detector response is processed on-line and displayed (as μg/m3) in real-time on a screen or is transmitted telemetrically to a control centre. It is portable and suitable for use in both stationary and moving locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244286
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    Determination of the sulfur distribution in stone by electron microprobe analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 102 (1990), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: sulfur distribution ; electron microprobe ; stone analysis ; air pollution ; sandstone ; limestone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An electron microprobe was used to determine the sulfur distribution in stone materials, especially sedimentary rocks. The investigations were performed to elucidate damage mechanisms in natural stones built in historical monuments. Quantitative results could be attained using one single calibration curve determined by synthetic standard samples. The applicability of the technique was proved by samples subjected to different exposure simulation experiments.
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    Determination of lead and cadmium in sediment slurries by ETA-AAS: A comparison of methods for the preparation and analysis of sediment slurries (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 108 (1992), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: lead ; cadmium ; sediment ; slurries ; electrothermal atomization ; atomic absorption spectrometry ETA-AAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons were made of various methods for the homogenization of sediment slurries for the determination of Pb and Cd by ETA-AAS. Homogenization techniques evaluated included the use of impact bead, propeller and foamless generators, vortexing and ultrasonic homogenization. On the basis of precision and accuracy, speed and ease of operation; the ultrasonic homogenization technique was clearly the method of choice. Precision obtained for this method using both reduced PdCl2 modifier and the L'vov platform approaches what is obtained for aqueous solutions. Accuracy for Pb and Cd was excellent using both slurry and aqueous calibration standards with slurry standards being somewhat superior for Cd.
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    Slurry sampling for the rapid determination of cobalt, nickel and copper in soils and sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (1999)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 130 (1999), S. 295-300 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: cobalt ; nickel ; copper ; soil ; sediment ; slurry ; electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrothermal atomic absorption procedures for the rapid determination of cobalt, nickel and copper in soil and sediment samples are presented. The samples are suspended in a hydrofluoric acid solution before being injected into the electrothermal atomizer. Prior mild heating in a microwave oven is recommended for nickel and copper determination. No modifier other than hydrofluoric acid is required. The conventional ashing step is unnecessary since the fast-heating programmes lead to well defined atomization profiles with low background levels that can be corrected using a common deuterium device. Calibration is performed directly using aqueous standards. The results obtained for six certified reference materials confirm the reliability of the procedures.
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    Speciation of butyltin compounds by on line HPLC-ETAAS (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: tributyltin ; determination ; sediment ; liquid chromatography ; atomic absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Speciation of butyltin compounds by liquid chromatography coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of toluene solutions containing tropolone is applied to sediment samples. Tributyltin and dibutyltin may be determined at concentrations as low as a few ng · g–1. Monobutyltin is strongly retained, tetrabutyltin is not separated from tributyltin.
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    Efficiency of tributyltin extraction from rhine river sediment (1992)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 109 (1992), S. 67-71 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: TBT ; GC-AAS ; sediment ; extraction efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A Rhine river sediment sample was spiked with tributyltin (TBT), equilibrated for ten days and the tributyltin extraction efficiency was optimised using a simplex algorithm. Analysis was effected using hydride generation gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-AAS) apparatus. The results show that, in this sediment sample, different molarities of HCl in methanol extract different species with varying extraction efficiencies. The least polar extraction solution extracted TBT more efficiently, whilst DBT and MBT require molar solution of HCl in methanol for efficient extraction.
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    Evaluation of high-pressure microwave digestion methods for hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total selenium and arsenic in sediment (1997)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 127 (1997), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: microwave digestion ; arsenic ; selenium ; hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five closed-vessel microwave digestion methods were compared for the accurate determination of arsenic and selenium in NIST SRM 1645 River Sediment by flow-injection hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometric methods. The digestion methods using five different acid mixtures (HNO3/ H2SO4, HNO3/HCl04, HNO3/HCl, HNO3/HCl/HF, HNO3/H2SO4/HClO4) were all found to be reliable for the determination of the analytes. Taking into consideration the safety and suitability for the analysis of other metals, the methods based on the use ofaqua regia are recommended for closed vessel microwave digestion with pressure control. Using the quick digestion program, the presence of up to 10% organic content in soil samples did not adversely affect the closed vessel digestion and did not cause the loss of volatile analytes. After digestion, opening the vessel under an inner pressure of below 345 kPa (50 psi) had no effect on the accuracy of the results. The recommended digestion methods (HNO3/HCl and HNO3/ HCl/HF) for the reliable determination of arsenic and selenium in different sediment samples were demonstrated. The calculated detection limits (3σ b ) were less than 0.030 μg/g and 0.033 μg/g for arsenic and selenium, respectively. All analytical results for arsenic and selenium in SRM 1645 River sediment, NRCC BCSS-1 Marine Sediment and NIES CRM Pond Sediment were within or near the certified and reported ranges, with the exception of selenium in NIES CRM No. 2 Pond Sediment.
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    Biological and abiotic factors influencing the settlement and survival of Salicornia dolichostachya in the intertidal pioneer zone (1999)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 197-206 
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    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: erosion ; pioneer vegetation ; salt marsh ; seedlings ; sediment ; shear strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the last two decades a decrease of salt marsh area of at least 6% was found along the mainland coast of the Dutch Wadden Sea. However, it was not clear what determined the seaward boundary of the pioneer vegetation in this area. In the period 1993–1995, abiotic and biological variables were monitored along a transect from the mudflat to the low salt marsh in two sites, the Negenboerenpolder and the Noordpolder. At the Negenboerenpolder site the pioneer zone extended further from the dike and had a dense cover with vegetation when compared to the Noordpolder site. The observed difference in extension of the pioneer zone could not be attributed to differences in tidal frequency, sedimentation rate or nutrient availability. During the winter a dramatic loss in seed numbers was found at both sites. This loss decreased from mudflat to low marsh. The mud/sand ratio, on the other hand, increased from mudflat to low marsh and was higher in the Negenboerenpolder. The shear strength of the top soil layer measured with an in‐situ erosion flume was correlated to the mud/sand ratio and increased with an increasing mud content of the soil. The strength of the soil seems to be the key factor for the settlement and survival of Salicornia dolichostachya in the pioneer zone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009919008313
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    Biotechniques for air pollution control (1993)
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    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 283-301 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: air pollution ; biofiltration ; bioremediation ; bioscrubbing ; off-gas treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives an overview of present biological techniques for the treatment of off-gases and the techniques that are being developed at the moment. The characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, costs and application area are discussed and compared. Biological off-gas treatment is based on the absorption of volatile contaminants in an aqueous phase or biofilm followed by oxidation by the action of microorganisms. Biofilters, bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters are used for elimination of odour and bioconvertable volatile organic and inorganic compounds and are enjoying increasing popularity. This popularity is a result of the low investment and operational costs involved compared to physico-chemical techniques and the elimination efficiencies that can be obtained. The operational envelop is still extending to higher concentrations and gas flow rates (exceeding 200,000 m3 h−1) and a broader spectrum of degradable compounds. Research and development on the use of membranes and the addition of activated carbon or a second liquid phase to the biological systems may lead to a more efficient elimination of hydrophobic compounds and buffering of fluctuating loads. Shorter adaptation periods can be obtained by inoculation with specialized microorganisms. Improved design and operation are made possible by the growing insights in the kinetics and microbiology and supported by the development of models describing biological off-gas treatment. In conclusion, biotechniques are efficient and cost effective in treating off-gases with concentrations of biodegradable contaminants up to 1–5 g/m3. They could play a justified and important role in air pollution control in the coming years.
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    Magnetic resonance imaging of the Lake Agassiz–Lake Winnipeg transition (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 255-264 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake Winnipeg ; magnetic resonance ; MRI ; SPRITE ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As part of the Geologic Survey of Canada (GSC) Lake Winnipeg Study, we have successfully imaged the Lake Agassiz to Lake Winnipeg transition in Section 4 of Core Namao 94-900-122a (i.e., from 313 cm to 465 cm), using a newly-developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique called SPRITE (Single-Point, Ramped Imaging with T1 Enhancement). Whole core, gamma-ray attenuation measurements have been used to calculate the bulk porosity of the sediment at 1 cm intervals for comparison with the SPRITE images. Image contrast and image intensities observed in the SPRITE images of Section 4 are related to local porosity and magnetic susceptibility variations. In general, regions of the core with low signal intensity contain high porosity and low magnetic susceptibility. The best contrast between sediment layers is observed from regions of the core with high magnetic susceptibility. High signal intensity is observed from regions with low porosity and/or high magnetic susceptibility.
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    Lake Winnipeg sediment physical properties: interpretation, composite stratigraphic sections and calibration of acoustic reflection profiles (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 19 (1998), S. 245-253 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sediment ; physical properties ; core-correlation ; stratigraphy ; acoustics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract High resolution sediment physical properties, measured on gravity and piston cores collected during cruises to Lake Winnipeg, include bulk density, acoustic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, shear strength and colour reflectance. The high resolution data are used here to construct complete stratigraphic (composite) sections of Lake Winnipeg sediments from a series of individual, discontinuous cores for the North and South Basins. These composite sections are used to evaluate basin-wide glacial and post-glacial depositional histories and to compare the northern and southern basin histories. In addition, these sections provide a baseline depth reference for interpretation of the biostratigraphy, paleomagnetic record and rock magnetic stratigraphy. Some of the data (density and shear strength) are also be used to estimate sediment stress history for the two major lithostratigraphic units and their variations across the basin.
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    A review of factors that regulate carotenoid and chlorophyll deposition and fossil pigment abundance (1993)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 109-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; carotenoid ; chlorophyll ; pigment ; sediment ; fossil ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Limnological surveys show that fossil pigment concentration is an accurate predictor of algal production. However, experimental and mass flux studies indicate that 〉90% of pigment is degraded to colourless compounds before permanent burial. To reconcile these views, this paper reviews current literature on pigment degradation and proposes a hierarchical control model for pigment deposition and fossil abundance. Over the widest range of production, pigment deposition and fossil concentration are proportional to algal standing crop. However, within a narrower range, the actual concentration of pigment in sediments is regulated by photo- and chemical oxidation. Three phases of loss exist: rapid oxidation in the water column (T1/2=days); slower post-depositional loss in surface sediments (T1/2=years); and very slow loss of double bonds in deep sediments (T1/2=centuries). Despite losses during deposition, fossil and algal abundance remain correlated through time, so long as there is no change in basin morphometry, light penetration, stratification or deepwater oxygen content. At the finest scale, food-web processes can increase the preservation of pigments from edible algae by incorporating pigments into feces that sink rapidly and bypass water column losses. As a consequence of selective loss during deposition and initial burial, carotenoid relative abundance is an unreliable measure of phytoplankton community composition. Instead, absolute concentration — scaled to the historical maximum — should be used for fossil interpretations.
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    Distribution coefficients of210Pb and210Po in laboratory and natural aquatic systems (1993)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 179-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: distribution coefficient ; Kd ; 210Pb ; 210Po ; freshwater ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have measured the distribution coefficient (Kd) of210Po and210Pb in laboratory systems and in natural freshwater systems. In the laboratory systems, an inverse relationship was observed between the particle concentration of sand or lake sediment, and the distribution coefficients of210Po and210Pb. The slope of the log-linearK d vs particle concentration relation is consistent with existingK d-particle concentration theories. These laboratory observations are consistent with similar measurements in two lakes. TheK d values of Po and Pb for the bottom sediment-pore water system with a high particle concentration were 10 to 100 times lower than those for dilute concentrations of particles suspended in the lake water. TheK d of210Pb in the sediments was 〉104 so that the diffusive transport of210Pb has only a small influence on the interpretation of210Pb concentration-depth profiles and the210Pb dating of these sediments.
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    Experimental determination of carotenoid degradation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 1 (1988), S. 215-227 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Carotenoids ; degradation ; myxoxanthophyll ; β-carotene ; sediment ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Reversed-phase thin layer chromatography was used to quantify carotenoid degradation resulting from the in vitro decomposition of Oscillatoria utermöhlii. Laboratory conditions simulated lacustrine sediments. The effects of light, oxygen, temperature and the presence of a sedimentary bacterial flora on the rate and extent of degradation were evaluated. Under anaerobic conditions, bacterially-mediated decomposition of O. utermöhlii did not result in statistically significant (P〉0.05) declines in the concentrations of most carotenoids at either 6 °C after 37 weeks or 21 °C after 26 weeks. Light, in the absence of oxygen, did not promote carotenoid degradation. Carotenoid concentrations declined linearly with time (25%–62% lost by 37 weeks) in a dark environment exposed to the atmosphere at 6 °C, but only if algae were exposed to lake sediments or water containing natural, lacustrine bacterial populations. No distinct difference between the rates of carotene and xanthophyll destruction was noted, although myxoxanthophyll was more labile than other cyanophyte carotenoids, especially at 21 °C (85% loss by 26 weeks). Based on these results and published descriptions of algal decomposition kinetics, I conclude that; 1) the high sedimentary carotenoid concentrations typical of productive lakes may reflect a preferential loss of nonpigmented organic matter and, 2) sedimentary bacterial activity alone may not affect the reliability of carotenoids as paleolimnological indicators of past algal abundances in lakes with completely anoxic sediments.
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    Climatic influences on streamflow and sediment flux into Lake C2, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 16 (1996), S. 133-149 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: climate ; hydrology ; paleoclimate ; sediment ; arctic ; Ellesmere Island
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Streamflow, suspended sediment transport and meteorological variables at two elevations were measured through the 1990–1992 field seasons at Lake C2, Northern Ellesmere Island, as part of the Taconite Inlet Lakes Project. The objectives were to determine the extent to which suspended sediment flux responded to climatic variability, and to ascertain which meteorological variable was most strongly associated with daily discharge and sediment load. This study provided a partial test of our hypothesis that the annually-laminated sediments of Lake C2 contain a paleoclimate signal. Streamflow to the lake was almost exclusively the result of snowmelt, in response to inputs of atmospheric energy as measured by air temperature at the median watershed elevation (520 m). Sea-level air temperature, global solar and net all-wave irradiance were less clearly associated with discharge. Fluctuations of discharge and suspended sediment concentration were nearly synchronous, and non-linearly related. Daily sediment discharge was therefore linked by streamflow, with a time lag, to the energy available for snowmelt. Mean daily air temperature and cumulative degree-days above 0 °C, at 520 m elevation, were successfully used to predict the daily and seasonal discharge of runoff and sediment to the lake.
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    Rapid elemental analysis of sediment samples by isotope source XRF (2000)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; heavy metals ; palaeolimnology ; sediment ; soil ; X-ray fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Energy dispersive isotope-source X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysers are little used in academic environmental research, in spite of being ideally suited to a number of tasks. In this paper an XRF method is tested by measuring a wide range of environmental materials of known elemental composition. Precision, accuracy and detection limits are presented. Using isotope-source X-ray fluorescence analysis, the total concentrations of Si, Ti, Ca, K, Fe, Mn, Cl, S, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Zn and Zr can be determined in soils and sediments at a rate of 〉70 samples per day. The combination of speed and accuracy makes the technique ideal for three classes of application within environmental research. First, in sediments and soils that are highly heterogeneous, reliable characterisation is more dependent upon the number of samples measured than on measurement precision or accuracy. Under these circumstances the method is sufficiently accurate to be used alone. This is also the case where there is high and wide ranging contamination of sediment or soil by Pb and Zn. Second, major elements (Si, Ti, Fe, Ca, K and S) can be measured with sufficient accuracy in sediments and soils to aid the interpretation of other sediment chemical analyses. Third, the technique is ideal for the rapid screening of sediment or soil, allowing effective targeting of samples for more time consuming or expensive analyses. The XRF method presented here offers rapid, non-destructive total elemental analysis of sediments and soils that is sufficiently accurate to be useful in environmental research.
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    Paleolimnological investigation of the effects of road salt seepage on scaled chrysophytes in Fonda Lake, Michigan (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 5 (1991), S. 263-266 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: scaled chrysophytes ; road salt ; Fonda Lake ; Michigan ; paleolimnology ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chrysophyte scales were identified and enumerated from the recent sediments of Fonda Lake, Michigan. This lake has undergone marked salinification due to chloride intrusion from an adjacent salt-storage facility established in 1953. From 1950 to 1980, Mallomonas caudata dominated at all levels; this taxon appears to be chloride-indifferent. M. elongata and M. pseudocoronata appeared to be chloride-intolerant as they declined drastically in abundance when chloride levels attained a maximum (ca. 1968–1972). M. tonsurata, on the other hand, was more competitive during this period of maximum [Cl\s-]. This preliminary study suggests that chrysophyte scales may be useful paleoindicators of salinity.
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    Dormant bacteria in lake sediments as palaeoecological indicators (1992)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: bacteria ; dormancy ; longevity ; sediment ; spores ; palaeoecology ; palaeolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake sediments contain viable allochthonous bacteria that can be cultured and used for palaeoecological studies. To be a good palaeoindicator, a bacterium must be able to survive in sediments for long periods of time, but also be unable to reproduce in the lake bottom. Bacteria can survive the unfavourable environmental conditions in lake sediments as resting cells. The endospore is the most specialized form and gives the bacterium an extreme longevity. The oldest viable endospores isolated from lake sediments that we are aware of are about 9000 years old. Several species, mainly in the genera Thermoactinomyces, Bacillus and Clostridium, form endospores. Clostridium perfringens has been used as palaeoindicator for sewage pollution, while Thermoactinomyces vulgaris is an indicator for past agricultural activity in the boreal forest zone and a potential climatic indicator in other vegetation zones. Although isolation and enumeration of bacterial endospores from lake sediments is rather easy and has considerable potential as a powerful tool in palaeoecology, the number of studies using palaeoecological approaches is limited.
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    Paleoenvironmental implications of magnetic measurements on sediment core from Kunming Basin, Southwest China (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 3 (1990), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: magnetic measurements ; Dianchi Lake ; sediment ; Palaeoenvironmental change ; particle-sizebased characterisation ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on a long sediment core from Dianchi Lake, Southwest China. They have been used for sediment stratigraphy, for bulk lithological classification and for detailed particle-size-based characterisation. These results are set alongside those derived from geochemical, granulometric and pollen analysis to reconstruct the environmental processes recorded in the radiocarbon dated sediment column. It is suggested that the variations of magnetic properties in this sediment core are mainly the result of changes in particle size constitution or organic content, implying shifts in the sedimentary environment. Three distinctive stratigraphic horizons, with several subdivisions, have been identified on the basis of the magnetic measurements. They are coincident with the pollen assemblage zones, indicating the different climatic periods in the Kunming Basin since late Pleistocene times. This paper proposes that a major shift in sedimentation, from lake to reedswamp, occurred in approximately 10 000–12 000 BP, in response to climatic change.
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    A land-use and water-quality history of White Rock Lake reservoir, Dallas, Texas, based on paleolimnological analyses (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 17 (1997), S. 227-227 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; pollen ; sediment ; reservoir limnology ; land-use change ; Texas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract White Rock Lake reservoir in Dallas, Texas contains a 150-cm sediment record of silty clay that documents land-use changes since its construction in 1912. Pollen analysis corroborates historical evidence that between 1912 and 1950 the watershed was primarily agricultural. Land disturbance by plowing coupled with strong and variable spring precipitation caused large amounts of sediment to enter the lake during this period. Diatoms were not preserved at this time probably because of low productivity compared to diatom dissolution by warm, alkaline water prior to burial in the sediments. After 1956, the watershed became progressively urbanized. Erosion decreased, land stabilized, and pollen of riparian trees increased as the lake water became somewhat less turbid. By 1986 the sediment record indicates that diatom productivity had increased beyond rates of diatom destruction. Neither increased nutrients nor reduced pesticides can account for increased diatom productivity, but grain size studies imply that before 1986 diatoms were light limited by high levels of turbidity. This study documents how reservoirs may relate to land-use practices and how watershed management could extend reservoir life and improve water quality.
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    Relationships between sedimentary diatom assemblages and lakewater pH values in the Experimental Lakes Area (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Experimental Lake Area (ELA) ; paleolimnology ; inferred pH ; diatoms ; acidification ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between sedimentary diatom assemblages and lakewater pH values from 36 lakes and experimentally acidified Lake 223, in the Experimental Lakes Area, were analyzed. The relationships were used to assign diatoms in the 36 lakes into pH preference groupings. Based on their regional distribution Cyclotella stelligera and Tabellaria flocculosa strain IIIp were categorized as pH indifferent, in comparison to other areas were they have been categorized as acidophilic. Two models were then applied to calculate transfer coefficients which were used to calculate diatom-inferred pH values for Lake 223. Index B and a multiple linear regression of the pH groupings yielded similar correlations (r2 0.82 and 0.84 respectively, p=0.0001). The multiple linear regression inferred a pH of 5.36 for acidified Lake 223 compared to a measured pH of 5.46.
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    Recent environmental history of a large, originally oligotrophic lake in Finland: a palaeolimnological study of chironomid remains (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 129-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; environmental change ; sediment ; eutrophication ; chironomids ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sedimentary chironomid stratigraphy in short-core samples covering approx. the past 150 years was studied in the northernmost basin of Lake Päijänne, southern Finland (62° 11′ N, 25° 48′ E). The basin has received effluent loading from the wood-processing industry and municipal waste water. Four developmental stages were distinguished based on the changes in chironomid assemblages: 1. Pre-industrial stage (dated by the210Pb method as covering approximately the period 1838–1936), 2. Stage of increasing pollution (approx. 1944–1973), 3. The ‘black decade’, or the period of worst pollution (approx. 1973–1983), and 4. Water protection stage (approx. 1983 onwards). During the first stage the basin suffered very little human interference and was oligotrophic, with values of 4.00–4.28 for Wiederholm's Benthic Quality Index (BQI). During the second stage it altered between weak mesotrophy and moderate mesotrophy, and the former profundal assemblages characterized byHeterotrissocladius subpilosus andMicropsectra were replaced bySergentia coracina andChironomus anthracinus gr. The BQI ranged from 2.75 to 3.50. This process led to the extirpation ofH. subpilosus. Eutrophication of the basin reached its climax during the ‘black decade’, representing moderate eutrophy with a BQI of 2.15. The profundal assemblages were composed mainly ofChironomus anthracinus gr. andC. plumosus gr. The adoption of more effective waste water purification processes in both the wood-processing industry and the municipal treatment plant markedly reduced effluent loading, especially BOD loading during the fourth stage, and this led to a recovery in the basin. At present it is mesotrophic, with a BQI of 2.90–3.00, and its biological conditions resemble those of the second stage in the 1950's and 1960's.
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    Importance of diffuse nutrient loading and lake level changes to the eutrophication of an originally oligotrophic boreal lake: a palaeolimnological diatom and chironomid analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 251-270 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: jpalaeolimnology ; boreal lake ; diffuse loading ; eutrophication ; sediment ; trophic state ; diatoms ; chironomids ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The recent environmental history of Lake Lappajärvi in western Finland (63°00′ N, 23°30′ E, area 149 km2), a humic, brown water lake with an average phosphorus content of ca. 20 μg l–1, was studied from short core sediment samples taken from the two main basins of the lake. Based on the stratigraphy of diatoms and chironomids and the sediment quality it was possible to distinguish four developmental stages during the past century: (1) a pre-industrial stage covering the time up to about 1935; (2) a stage of increasing nutrient loading (ca. 1936–1960); (3) a stage of pronounced erosion from lake level regulation and extensive ditching of the catchment area (ca. 1960–1970); and (4) a meso-eutrophic stage from ca. 1970 onwards. Acidophilous Aulacoseira distans coll. and other species typical of dystrophic, nutrient-poor lakes characterized the diatom assemblages during the first stage, and the profundal zoobenthic assemblages, characterized by Heterotrissocladius subpilosus and Micropsectra, indicated good hypolimnetic oxygen conditions and a low sedimentation of organic matter (approx. less than 50 g m–2 a–1). The increased loading rapidly led to changes both in diatoms and chironomids (e.g., to an early extinction of H. subpilosus in the 1950s). The process finally led to eutrophication with a successive proliferation of diatom species such as Asterionella formosa followed by Aulacoseira ambigua, Fragilaria crotonensis, and finally Melosira varians. The relative proportion of alkaliphilous species reached a maximum in the final stage and the original profundal chironomid fauna was replaced by Chironomus anthracinus gr. and C. plumosus which are typical of profundal areas suffering from temporal oxygen deficit. It is notable that the considerable decrease in waste water loading from the point sources (80–86% ) during the past two decades has not led to a recovery in the lake. This highlights the importance of diffuse loading from agriculture, forestry and other human activities even to this comparatively large lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008111117718
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    Effect of landscape position on the sediment chemistry of abandoned-channel wetlands (1996)
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    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: abandoned channels ; floodplain ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; phosphorous ; potassium ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of sediments in abandoned channels is an important component of their development as floodplain wetlands. The texture, organic matter, phosphorous, potassium, and nitrogen content of sediments were determined for abandoned channels along the Iowa and Cedar Rivers near their confluence in Iowa. Differences in the levels of these constituents were examined among categories of three landscape gradients: present connectivity to the river, time since abandonment, and proximity to agricultural land use. Local scale processes of ecological development are seen in the importance of time for increased organic matter and nitrogen. Basin scale processes of sediment transport and deposition are revealed by the importance of connectivity for decreases in these two elements, and by the counter-intuitive findings for nitrogen and especially phosphorous and potassium in relation to agricultural proximity. Location on a floodplain is important for differentiating development, but it cannot be reduced to univariate gradients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02087111
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    Estimated stocks of organic carbon in mangrove roots and sediments in Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: mangrove ; organic carbon ; Rhizophora ; root biomass ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Above‐ground and below‐ground root biomasses (Babove and Broot) were measured for young, isolated Rhizophorastylosa on Iriomote Island, Japan. The relationship between these two parameters was significant and given as the equation, Broot (g dry weight) = 0.394 × Babove (g dry weight) − 485  (r = 0.986). Multiple regression analyses also revealed good correlation between diameter and biomass of prop roots (Dprop and Bprop) and between prop root and root biomasses. Consequently, root biomass could be estimated from the measurements of diameter and biomass of prop roots using the multiple regression equation, Broot (g dry weight) = 80.0 ×Dprop (cm) + 0.86 ×Bprop  (g dry weight) − 251. The relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and prop root biomass was also adequately described using an allometric equation. In Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia, redox potential (measured as Eh) and organic carbon stocks in the top 5 cm of mangrove sediments were measured along a 600 m transect from the frequently inundated, Rhizophora dominated zone on the creek edge, towards higher grounds, where Ceriops spp. became increasingly dominant. Eh values were about −60 mV near the creek edge and increased to 260 mV on higher grounds. Organic carbon stocks showed an opposite trend to Eh, with the values decreasing from about 360 t C ha−1 to 160 t C ha−1. At 18 sites, representing six different habitats, organic carbon stocks were also measured along with the DBH of mangrove trees. DBH was converted into above‐ground biomass and then into root biomass using the equations obtained in the study on Iriomote Island. The average organic carbon stocks in the top 50 cm of sediments, above‐ground biomass and root biomass were 296 t C ha−1, 123 t C ha−1 and 52 t C ha−1, respectively, and accounted for 64%, 25% and 11% of the total organic carbon stock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959909208
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    Field and model studies of the fate of particulate carbon in mangrove‐fringed Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 205-221 
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    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: carbon flux ; flocculation ; Hinchinbrook ; mangroves ; sediment ; turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field and model study was undertaken in 1996/1997 of the dynamics of water, fine sediment and particulate carbon in the northern region of the mangrove‐fringed Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia. The currents were primarily tidal and modulated by the wind. Biological detritus acted as a coagulant for the fine cohesive sediment in suspension in the mangrove‐fringed, muddy coastal waters. Plankton and bacteria were the major aggregating agents at neap tides, and mangrove detritus at spring tides. The micro‐aggregates were typically several hundreds of micrometer in diameter and enhanced the settling rate. The fate of fine sediment and particulate carbon was controlled by the dynamics of the coastal boundary layer, a turbid shallow coastal water zone along the mangrove‐fringed coast. A tidally‐modulated, turbidity maximum zone was found in this layer. Wind stirring increased the turbidity by a factor of five. The channel behaves as a sink trapping fine sediment and particulate carbon. However, the sink was ‘leaky’ because the dynamics of the coastal boundary layer generated a net outflow of fine sediment out of the channel along the western coast. The biologically enhanced settling of cohesive sediment limited the offshore extent of the muddy suspension to within a few hundreds of meters from the coast. At spring flood tides, some of this particulate carbon was advected into the mangrove forest where it would remain trapped. On a yearly basis about six times as much particulate carbon was exported out of Hinchinbrook Channel through the coastal boundary layer than was trapped in the fringing mangroves.
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    Salt marshes – present functioning and future change (1999)
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 227-241 
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    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: flux ; habitat creation ; nutrient ; organic ; pollution ; sea level rise ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Salt marshes are no longer viewed as intertidal wastelands of little value to anyone. They are now widely recognised as playing a major role in coastal defence, in wildlife conservation on the coast and as a key source of organic material and nutrients vitally important for a wide range of marine communities. This appreciation of the importance of salt marshes has been brought even more sharply into focus because of the threats posed by predicted rise in sea level as a result of global climatic change. Three decades ago the possibilities of exchanges of organic matter between salt marshes and the sea were already being recognised in certain areas but it is only in the past five years or so that this process has been studied in a wide range of different areas. Detailed studies have been made into the way that salt marsh fluxes change with the development of increasingly mature and, therefore, increasingly complex salt marsh communities. As well as being sources and sinks of mineral nutrients and organic matter, salt marshes can also function as a sink for pollutants that would otherwise be damaging to the environment. Salt marshes also act as a sink for sediment within coastal ecosystems. Through their various functions they can be seen to be acting as dynamic living filters for various ecologically important materials. With increasing threats to the survival of salt marshes as a result of man's activities in the coastal zone being augmented by the threats from predicted sea level rise, a new approach to salt marsh conservation has come to the fore and that is the actual creation of new salt marshes. For this process to be fully effective we have to make full use of our increased understanding of salt marsh structure and function. Following a review of the current state of the art in the field of salt marsh research, an assessment is made of specific future research needs. Despite the greatly increased effort which has been directed to salt marsh research over the past few years we still have to recognise that resources are limited and, therefore, critical evaluations of the various options regarding the direction of our future efforts need to be made.
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    Control of C,N,P distribution in soils of riparian forests (1992)
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    Landscape ecology 6 (1992), S. 121-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: floodplain ; geomorphology ; sediment ; nutrients ; organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is now well accepted that riparian forests have an important role in regulating upstream/downstream flow of matter and energy in river ecosystems. Since geomorphic processes determine the structure of channels and floodplains, we have investigated whether different geomorphic features of riparian forests had any effects on the ability of their soils to retain nutrients and organic carbon. Willow riparian forests were chosen within the annual floodplain of the Garonne River, southwest France, to represent two different geomorphic types. Erosional types of riparian forests (E-type) were characterized by sand deposition on their soils because of high current velocity which hampered fine particle deposition. Depositional types of riparian forests (D-type) were characterized by slower overflow velocity; consequently silt and clay were dominant in their soils. Soil samples were taken at the end of the vegetation growth period, coinciding with low water levels prior to annual floods. Erosion and sedimentation processes affected the distribution of total C,N, and P contents in riparian forest soils, since they were significantly correlated with soil grain size. D-type riparian forest soils act as a sink for upstream/downstream nutrients and carbon flows during floods through accumulation of total C,N and P from year to year. In contrast, E-type riparian forests act as potential nutrient sources during high water periods, since they may release from their soils large amounts of easily available C, N and P into the river. These results demonstrate that nutrients and carbon retention ability of riparian forests soils should be analyzed through their geomorphic features rather than by their vegetation composition. Even if they belong to the same vegetation succession, riparian forests should not be considered as a homogeneous buffering system for upstream/downstream flows of nutrients and organic carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130025
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    Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 12th, 1992 tsunami in Flores, Indonesia (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 525-536 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami ; coastal sedimentation ; sorting processes ; particle size ; modal population ; geomorphology ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the result of a detailed granulometric investigation of sediments deposited by a modern tsunami, the 1992 tsunami in Flores, Indonesia. Eyewitness accounts indicate that sediments were deposited upon coastal lowlands over wide areas as a result of the tsunami inundation. Distinctive vertical and lateral variations in particle size composition are characteristic features of the tsunami deposits and these are intimately related to sedimentary processes associated with flood inundation. The geomorphological and sedimentary evidence is used here to establish a preliminary model of tsunami sedimentation. This information is believed to be of great value in understanding sedimentary processes associated with tsunami flooding and in the interpretation of palaeo-tsunami deposits.
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    Formation of secondary air pollutants and their occurrence in Europe (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 286-301 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest decay ; air pollution ; acid deposition ; photochemical oxidants ; ozone ; peroxyacetyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004489
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    Uptake and effects of air pollutants on woody plants (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 301-310 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest decay ; air pollution ; woody plants ; sulfur oxides ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004490
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    Methods for evaluating and predicting forest growth responses to air pollution (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 310-319 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest decay ; forest growth response quantification ; air pollution ; anthropogenic pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The challenges of quantifying and characterizing recent broad-scale changes in forest growth are substantial and exciting. The implications of these declines to the future growth and stability of forests in both Europe and the United States are significant. While the role of anthropogenic pollutants in initiating or exacerbating observed changes in growth and mortality is not clearly established, the possible implications of erroneous decisions with respect to pollution abatement are enormous and call for concerted, imaginative, and multidisciplinary research to provide much needed answers in the shortest possible time frame. Proof of cause and effect in complex natural ecosystems will not be absolute; however, diverse approaches can lead cumulatively to strong inferential evidence that substantially reduces the uncertainities of such decisions.
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    Forest decay in a continental-wide polluted environment: control by silvicultural measures (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 320-325 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Forest decay ; silviculture ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    On the genesis of the soil mantle of the region of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 234-241 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Rain forest ; sediment ; latosol ; podzol ; geochemical land morphogenesis ; dynamic ; equilibrium and disequilibrium ; aluminium ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of the forest to the north of Manaus is tightly linked to that of the soil. The latosol that covers the plateau, which supports a dense forest, consists from top to bottom of: (a) a brown, clayey organic horizon (0.3 m), (b) a yellow horizon, very rich in clay but permeable (from 0.3 to 4 m), (c) a nodular horizon rich in Al and Fe oxides (from 4 to 9 m), and (d) a horizon which still preserves the sedimentary structures of the parent sandstone, where quartz is intensely dissolved and kaolinite crystallizes in pores. In perfectly flat areas, the clay of the organic horizon is destroyed by acidocomplexolysis, and the dissolved Al is transported vertically by the drainage water. A part of this Al is used to make the gibbsite nodules of horizon (c), and the rest is used to make kaolinite in horizon (d). Because aluminum is thus conserved within any vertical prism, the rate of destruction of horizon (a) is equivalent to the rate of advance of the kaolinization zone into the sediment: the latosol is said to be in equilibrium, the surface remains perfectly flat as it slowly sinks, the quantity of kaolinite increases with time, and the silica released by quartz dissolution in the whole profile is exported by drainage water to the water table. In contrast, near drainage axes, however small initially, the drainage becomes inclined toward the axis. Part of the Al released by acidocomplexolysis of horizon (a) is now exported to rivers, and Al is no longer conserved within any given prism. The rate of advance of the kaolinization zone (d) into the sediment now becomes less than the rate of destruction of horizon (a) and the surface sinks faster than that of the surrounding plateau. After this differential ‘podzolization’ has gone on long enough, it creates a network of ‘geochemical valleys’ characterized by convex slopes and bounded by sandy soils (campinas). The vegetation becomes sparser and sparser. At the end, only some bushes and lichens survive on the white sand.
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    Chemistry of high mountain lakes in siliceous chatchments of the Central Eastern Alps (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 108-128 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chemistry ; mountain lakes ; silica ; acidity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 μeq 1−1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.
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    Relationship between texture and fractions of inorganic phosphorus in the surface sediment of a reservoir (1989)
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    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 306-316 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Inorganic phosphorus ; sediment ; grain size ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic P was fractionated into three categories (NaOH-, BD- and HCI-extractable) for 30 surface sediment samples in La Minilla Reservoir (Sevilla, Spain). The amount of reactive P extracted with NaOH (NaOH-RP) and with HCI (HCI-RP) correlated in a multivariate regression with the clay and sand content of the sediment. This multivariate function should aid in predicting the amount of phosphorus available to the sediment organisms, and it can also contribute to the knowledge of the phosphorus budget of the reservoir.
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    Use of coprostanol as a specific allochthonous fecal indicator in surface sediment of the Lake of Neuchâtel (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 130-143 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Coprostanol ; cholestanol ; cholesterol ; fecal indicator ; sediment ; microbial reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coprostanol has been proven to be a good specific allochthonous fecal indicator in sedimentary surface samples of the lake of Neuchâtel (Switzerland). Its concentration is slightly affected in surface sediment by the microbial reduction of cholesterol to cholestanol and coprostanol.
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    The Fate of Chernobyl137Cs in Lake Lugano (1992)
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    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 238-254 
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    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chernobyl ; Cs-137 ; sediment ; pore water ; redox processes ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid removal of Chernobyl137Cs from a number of large lakes has been previously reported. Our measurements of137Cs in water, sediments and pore water in the mono- and meromictic basins of Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano) reveal generally slower half-removal times of 1.2 and 6.7 yrs, respectively. In the seasonally anoxic southern basin, this is most probably related to an intensive recycling of137Cs between water and sediments. In the permanently stratified northern basin the removal rate is much slower due to an important inventory build up in the deep anoxic part of the basin.
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    Recycling of the continental crust (1988)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 128 (1988), S. 683-724 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Continental crust ; crustal evolution ; isotopes ; mantle ; recycling ; sediment ; subduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the evolution of the crust-mantle system, it is important to recognize the role played by the recycling of continental crust. Crustal recycling can be considered as two fundamentally distinct processes: 1) intracrustal recycling and 2) crust-mantle recycling. Intracrustal recycling is the turnover of crustal material by processes taking place wholly within the crust and includes most sedimentary recycling, isotopic resetting (metamorphism), intracrustal melting and assimilation. Crust-mantle recycling is the transfer of crustal material to the mantle with possible subsequent return to the crust. Intracrustal recycling is important in interpreting secular changes in sediment composition through time. It also explains differences found in crustal area-age patterns measured by different isotopic systems and may also play a role in modeling crustal growth curves based on Nd-model ages. Crustal-mantle recycling, for the most part, is a subduction process and may be considered on three levels. The first is recycling with only short periods of time in the mantle (〈10 m.y.). This may be important in explaining the origin of island-arc and related igneous rocks; there is growing agreement that 1–3% recycled sediment is involved in their origin. Components of recycled crustal material, with long-term storage (up to 2.5 b.y.) in the mantle as distinct entities, has been suggested for the origin of ocean island and ultrapotassic volcanics but there is considerably less agreement on this interpretation. A third proposal calls for the return of crustal material to the mantle with efficient remixing in order to swamp the geochemical and isotopic signature of the recycled component by the mantle. This type of recycling is required for steady-state models of crustal evolution where the mass of the continents remains constant over geological time. It is unlikely if crust-mantle recycling has exceeded 0.75 km3/yr over the past 1–2 Ga. Good evidence exists that selective recycling is an important process. Sedimentary rocks preserved in different tectonic settings are apparently recycled at different rates, resulting in a bias in the sediment types preserved in the geologic record. Selective recycling has important implications for the interpretation of Nd model ages of old sedimentary rocks and in the analysis of accreted terranes. Although there is evidence that continental crust was formed prior to 3.8 Ga, the oldest preserved rocks do not exceed this age. It is likely that the intense meteorite bombardment, which affected the earth during the period 4.56–3.8 Ga, coupled with rapid mantle convection, which resulted from greater heat production, caused the destruction and probable recycling into the mantle of any early formed crust. Although crust-mantle recycling is seen as a viable process, it is concluded that crustal growth has exceeded crust-mantle recycling since at least 3.8 Ga. Intracrustal recycling has not been given adequate consideration in models of crustal growth based on isotopic data (particularly Nd model ages). It is concluded that crustal growth curves based on Nd model ages, while vastly superior to those based on K/Ar or Rb/Sr, tend to underestimate the volume of old crust, due to crust-mantle and/or intracrustal recycling.
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    Distribution of nutrients and trace elements in annual rings of pine trees (Pinus silvestris) as an indicator of environmental changes (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 975-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; air pollution ; annual rings ; nutrients ; sulphur dioxide ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Annual rings of about 100-year-old pine trees (Pinus silvestris) from two locations of the Nürnberger Reichswald were investigated. According to the chronological distribution patterns, the elements can be divided into two groups: a) elements with decreasing concentration from the older to the younger wood: Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Al, Pb and Cd; b) elements with increasing concentration: K, P, S, Fe, Cu and Ni. These changes of the element uptake occur at both locations almost parallel and this could be the result of two superimposed tendencies: On the one hand, it indicates increasing immission of pollutants; accordingly for several elements increasing deposition can be observed. On the other hand, sulphur dioxide causes progressive acidification of the soil and the biosphere, followed by increasing washing out of elements. The industrial development, especially the emission of sulphur dioxide, is assumed to be the cause of at least part of these effects. According to our interpretation, sulphur seems to be the key-element for understanding both tendencies.
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    Assessment of pine forest damage by blight based on Landsat TM data and correlation with environmental factors (1992)
    Springer
    Ecological research 7 (1992), S. 9-18 
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    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: air pollution ; blight ; Landsat TM data ; land use ; pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM images were obtained of blight damage to a Japanese red pine forest in the western part of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, using a spectral vegetation index; that is, the ratio of the digital number (relative reflectance on the ground surface) of TM Band 4 to Band 3 observed in May 1987, which decreased with the increase in the canopy cover of damaged pine trees measured in the field. The TM images suggested that the areas of damaged forest were concentrated in or near cities, industrial areas and expressways. The correlation between forest damage and environmental factors (air pollution and urban development) around the pine forest was therefore analysed by overlaying the blight damage with the proportion of developed areas obtained from TM data or mesh data of air pollution. The results of analysis indicated a significant correlation between forest damage and environmental factors, and showed that these two environmental factors made nearly equal contributions to the blight damage in the pine forest. This suggests that urban development and air pollution may affect the physiology of pine trees and promote blight by reducing the resistance of trees to the pinewood nematode.
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    Biogeochemistry of trace metals (Mn, Sr, Rb, Ba, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) in a river-wetland-lake system (Balaton Region, Hungary) (1996)
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 379-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: lake ; wetland ; trace element ; biogeochemistry ; water ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mn, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations have been measured seasonally in the water and deposited sediments of the system comprising: Zala river (main input) — Lakes Kis-Balaton 1 and 2 (small artificial lakes created in a former bay of Lake Balaton) — Keszthely bay (hypertrophic part of Lake Balaton). The concentrations of the trace elements together with pH, alkalinity, dissolved cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), dissolved inorganic ligands (Cl−, SO4 2−), particulate Al, Ca, inorganic and organic carbon are used to assess the contamination of the study area and biogeochemical processes controlling trace element concentrations. Thermodynamic speciation calculations have also been utilized to enhance our understanding of the system. In the sediments Rb, Ba, Cu and Zn concentrations were mainly controlled by the abundance of the aluminosilicate fraction. Strontium was mainly associated with the calcium carbonate fraction. The aluminosilicate fraction constitutes a major sink for Mn and Cd but the concentration of these elements are also strongly related to calcite precipitation. The main processes that control the dissolved distribution of trace elements in the Balaton system were: solid phase formation (carbonate) for Mn; coprecipitation with calcite for Sr, Ba, Rb and possibly Mn and Cd; adsorption/desorption processes (pH dependent) for Zn and Pb; solubilization of Mn and precipitation of Cd and Cu in reed covered wetland areas where anoxic conditions were probably existing during the warm season. A preliminary budget of atmospheric and river input to Lake Balaton has also been outlined. Although Lake Balaton, is subjected to anthropogenic inputs mainly from agricultural and domestic activities, their impact on trace element concentrations in the Balaton system is very limited due to the efficiency of removal processes (i.e. adsorption and co-precipitation) and to high sedimentation rates and strong sediment re-suspension. Anthropogenic inputs are only detected for Pb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115978
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    Combined amino acid speciation in lake sediment and porewater (Aydat Lake, France) (1996)
    Springer
    Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 29-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1421
    Keywords: Amino acid ; sediment ; porewater ; dissolved organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved and particulate fractions extracted from a lake diatom ooze were examined for individual amino acids. The study focused on combined amino acids, the predominant form in the interstitial dissolved pool (〉 90%). An abundance of glycine and β-alanine was observed in porewater samples of sediments both squeezed manually and gathered with in-situ dialysis (“peeper”). Sedimentpress squeezing and leaching of the sediment by water gave higher total quantities and different compositions (with more aliphatic and aromatic protein amino acids, α-alanine being predominant). These two methods modify the original composition, presumably due to the formation of Fe-oxides and dissolution of sediment organic fractions, the alteration being aggravated if squeezing is delayed. Filtration after acidification of porewaters enabled us to distinguish two compartments: a protein-like agglutinated fraction, and a filtrate with a high glycine and β-alanine content. Further division of the filtrate by adsorption on XAD or cation-exchange resins did not reveal additional fractions with different individual amino acid compositions. A link is suggested between the agglutinated fraction and the special composition of the porewaters extracted with sediment-press. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved hydrolysable amino acids (TDHAA) (≈ 10 mg/l and ≈ 13 μM, respectively) did not increase with depth, as opposed to dissolved inorganic carbon and volatile carbon. Amino acid-C accounted for less than 4% of DOC in porewaters. Individual amino acid compositions in the sediments were similar in all grain size fractions. Chemically extracted fractions had specific compositions: (l) organic fractions (alkali extracts and HF-insoluble residues) have a similar protein amino acid composition; (2) acid extracts have more acidic amino acids (HCI) or more glycine and non protein amino acids (BF). The similarity of amino acid compositions in the sediment HF-soluble fraction and the dissolved pool is discussed with respect to interactions between iron-silicate authigenic phases and porewaters.
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    Deposition gradients and foliar and soil leachate concentrations of air pollutants in Scots pine stands of S.-E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.-W. Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1263-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; sulphur ; nitrogen ; base cations ; throughfall ; Scots pine ; needle elements ; soil leachate ; N.-W. Russia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bulk precipitation and throughfall analyses in 50–100-year-old Scots pine stands revealed decreasing sulphur, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium deposition gradients, which extend from the St. Petersburg-Leningrad region and N.-E. Estonia to S.-E. Finland. The Ca and Mg deposition alleviate the acidifying effect of sulphur and nitrogen. The Scots pine canopies acted as a sink for ammonium and nitrate, while the canopy interactions increased sulphur, calcium and magnesium content in throughfall. Foliar S, N and Ca concentrations correlated positively with the corresponding deposition loads. In contrast, low foliar magnesium concentrations were detected in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. The results indicate that the sulphur and calcium deposition may have increased soil leachate S and Ca concentrations in the most polluted Scots pine stands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477155
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    Air Pollution and Sick-leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 16 (2000), S. 31-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: air pollution ; logit specification ; PM10 ; work loss days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract During the last decade an increasing amount of studies have investigatedthe relationship between air pollution and human health effects. In thisstudy we investigate how these effects in turn induce reduced labourproductivity in terms of sick-leaves, which is an important factor inassessment of air pollution costs in urban areas. For this purpose weemploy a logit model along with data on sick-leaves from a large office inOslo and different air pollutants. Our results indicate that sick-leaves aresignificantly associated with particulate matter (PM10), while theassociations with SO2 and NO2, are more ambiguous. We also tryto estimate the induced social costs in terms of lost labour productivity andincreased governmental expenditures, although these estimates are moreuncertain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008318004154
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    Hedonic models and air pollution: Twenty-five years and counting (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 381-394 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Hedonic models ; air pollution ; meta analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports a meta analysis of how effectively hedonic property models have detected the influence of air pollution on housing prices. Probit estimates are reported describing how data, model specification, and local property market conditions in cities represented in thirty-seven studies influence the ability of hedonic models to uncover negative, statistically significant relationships between housing prices and air pollution measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418818
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    The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 115-129 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; United States ; sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; costs ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs. This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693019
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    Emission trading in Europe with an exchange rate (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 4 (1994), S. 305-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; air pollution ; economic instruments ; costs ; europe ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the analytical and empirical properties of a new method for emission trading according to a fixed exchange rate. The exchange rate is based on the ratios of the marginal costs of abatement in the optimal solution in order to account for the impact of the location of emission sources on the deposition. It is shown that, generally, this system will not achieve the optimal solution and does not guarantee that environmental deposition constraints are not violated, although total abatement costs are always reduced. A routine was developed to mimic trading as a bilateral, sequential process, subject to an exchange rate. In the example used, results for SO2 emissions in Europe show that, starting from a uniform reduction, exchange-rate trading achieves higher cost savings than one-to-one trading, without achieving the cost minimum. Sulfur deposition targets are not violated since the initial emission allocation overfulfilled targets at many places. The results are sensitive to: pre-trade emission levels, the transaction costs, the availability of information on potential cost savings and assumptions made on the behavior of trading partners.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692228
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    Ordering effects in contingent valuation surveys (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 8 (1996), S. 485-499 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: contingent valuation ; ordering effects ; air pollution ; health damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on ordering effects in CVM surveys; how the expressed value of a particular good valued in a sequence of several goods depends on where in the sequence the good is valued. We use data from a Norwegian CVM survey focusing on WTP for a 50% reduction in air pollution from car traffic to test for the existence of ordering effects and to apply a test for internal consistency. We found considerable and significant ordering effects in our data, but were not able to reject the hypothesis of internal consistency. Based on our survey, we argue that ordering effects may be a result of rational choice. These effects are problematic if a sequential valuation procedure is applied to a simultaneous problem, and/or the respondents are given imperfect information about the decision problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357416
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    Acidic fog-induced changes in host-plant suitability (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012089
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    Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1311-1316 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pakistan ; air pollution ; ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; rice ; wheat ; filtration ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O3 concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO2 concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477163
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    Assessment of the use of principal components analysis to relate air and precipitation chemistry to climate (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1569-1574 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: synoptic circulation ; principal components analysis ; air pollution ; climate change ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A classification of atmospheric circulation was derived using principal components analysis (PCA) of daily sea level pressure over a 10 year period. Correlation coefficients of up to 0.65 were obtained between the individual principal component loadings and monthly means of gas and precipitation ion concentrations for a Scottish and a Norwegian station from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) network. The mean synoptic patterns of months predicted to have high or low gas and ion concentrations from their component loadings agreed well with previous work. High concentrations occur frequently with southerly flow or anticyclonic conditions, and low concentrations with westerly and northwesterly flow. We conclude that the PCA classification is a sensible method to use to derive circulation pattern-pollutant relationships, and is an encouraging first step to use the general circulation model (GCM) projections of future climate to assess possible future air/precipitation composition patterns
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477204
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    Ecological studies in the ratanica catchment (Carpathian foothills, S Poland) — An overview (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1635-1640 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forested catchment ; air pollution ; nutrients ; pollutants ; balance ; plant bioindicators ; forest damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper includes an overview of ecological studies conducted since 1986 in the Ratanica pine-beech forested catchment located in the polluted, high populated southern part of Poland. General characteristics of the catchment (including soil and vegetation, air pollution, input/output of nutrients and pollutants, element budget data and forest health assessment) are presented. Based on biogeochemical and bioindication results, the Ratanica catchment has been classified as a moderately to heavily deteriorated area. Predictions for this forested catchment for various deposition of anthropogenic pollutants, are also disscused.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477214
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    Forest health monitoring in Canada: How healthy is the boreal forest? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 82 (1995), S. 77-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: boreal forests ; forest health ; air pollution ; detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Canadian boreal forest covers 299.2 Mha which is two-thirds of Canada's forest and runs in a continuous belt from Newfoundland north and west to the Yukon. The major species are spruce, pines, balsam fir, white birch and trembling aspen often occurring in extensive monocultures. Wildfire is the driving successional force in the boreal forest and has remained so despite fire suppression activities and extensive harvesting. Insects and diseases also cause extensive damage. In order to ensure the sustainability of forests, it is necessary for the forest manager to know the condition of the health of these forests. The CFS established in 1984 the Acid Rain National Early Warning System in order to monitor the health of the forests. National results show that mortality is generally in the normal range of 1–3% and is caused by known stresses; insects, diseases and abiotic damage. No signs of pollution damage have been yet been detected in boreal forests by the system. An early warning system to detect and monitor conditions remains an essential part of our commitment to the sustainability of Canada's forests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01182821
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    Estimate of health impacts of acidifying air pollutants and tropospheric ozone in Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 167-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; health effects ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Based on combined information available from air quality monitoring data and long-range transport models, European population exposure to SO2, NO2 and O3 has been estimated. This information has been combined with the results of epidemiological studies assessing strength of association between the exposure and health effects to estimate an impact of the pollution on health in Europe. The analysis indicates that a considerable number of health problems, ranging from mild irritation of the respiratory system to increased mortality, can be attributed to short-term peaks of pollution observed in Europe. Chronic impacts of prolonged elevated SO2 levels on lung function are estimated to occur in close to10 million people in Europe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483698
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    Health effects of acid aerosols (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 177-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: health ; air pollution ; acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Earlier in this century, a number of severe episodes clearly demonstrated that air pollution can affect human health; these included documented increases in mortality and morbidity. Although health was clearly affected during these episodes and acidity is a candidate for the responsible agent, it has been difficult to ascertain which agents were involved. In the past several years extensive research was launched to learn the significance of acidic aerosols on human health. The question of a health threat from acid aerosols was first raised by epidemiology studies, but results of the body of epidemiological evidence collected to date have been mixed. Even when a study finds evidence of a response to exposures involving high ambient acidity levels, it is usually difficult to know which agent or agents are responsible for causing the effects noted. High levels of acidic aerosols are nearly always accompanied by high levels of other air pollutants which may have known or suspected effects on the respiratory tract. For this reason, an understanding of the potential mechanisms of acid aerosol health effects needs supporting evidence from the laboratory, where exposures to various agents can be controlled. To date, this supporting evidence includes demonstration of physiological responses at acidity levels greater than those that exist in the ambient environment. A limited number of studies have considered responses at levels more characteristic of ambient exposures; these studies demonstrate little physiological response, probably due to the airways' ability to buffer acidity at low concentration. Although there is some evidence of impaired mucociliary clearance and modest changes in lung function, there is no evidence of airway inflammation or altered non-specific bronchial responsiveness as a result of acid aerosol exposure. The possibility that acid aerosols may potentiate responses to other pollutants remains a subject of interest. The potential existence of a group of individuals who are exquisitely sensitive to low acid concentrations requires further investigation. Recent epidemiology results are broadening the perspective from a focus on acidity per se to a focus on fine particulate matter, of which particulate acidity is but a subset. These studies find a consistent statistical association between various health responses, including mortality, and ambient measures of particulates, even at locations where levels of acidity are very low and at locations where current U.S. air quality standards are satisfied. There is at present no biological explanation for these associations.
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    Response of a white clover indicator system to tropospheric ozone at eight locations in the United States (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1373-1378 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: tropospheric ozone ; white clover ; air pollution ; biomonitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A white clover (Trifolium repens L.) system using measured biomass to indicate effective concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) has been developed. The system utilizes the relative response of an O3-sensitive clone (NC-S) and an O3-resistant clone (NC-R) grown in 15-liter pots. Forage (leaves, stems and flowers) is cut, dried, and weighed at 28-day intervals. Forage dry weight ratios (NC-S/NC-R) for individual or multiple harvests indicate O3 concentrations during growth. In, 3 years of testing in open-top field chambers at Raleigh, North Carolina, O3 always decreased growth of NC-S more than that of NC-R and the NC-S/NC-R ratio routinely decreased as the O3 concentration increased. A national field test was performed in 1993 and 1994 to determine if the clover system can account for effects of climatic variables on clover growth per-se, and if climatic variables affect the relative response of the two clones to O3. Eight locations (Corvallis, Oregon; Kennedy Space Center, Florida; Delaware, Ohio; Amherst, Massachusetts; Blacksburg, Virginia; Raleigh, North Carolina; Riverside, California; San Bemardino mountains, California) provided large differences in O3 concentrations and climate. The NC-S/NC-R forage ratios for three consecutive 28-day growth periods for each year as related to the mean 12 hour per day O3 concentrations are presented in this manuscript. Ratios were generally highest where mean O3 concentrations were lowest (Oregon and Florida), lowest where mean O3 concentrations were highest (both California locations), and intermediate at other locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477173
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    Variations of Bed Surface Sediment Size in a Channel Bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface layer in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D0) but different initial size gradation (σ0) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases as σ0 increases; (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasing σ0; (3) the value of D/D0 along the inner bank decreases with increasing σ0, and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half; and (5) the transverse variation of σ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018372029704
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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