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  • Articles  (179)
  • Optimal control  (179)
  • Mathematics  (176)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Markov chains ; partial observability ; average cost ; optimality equation ; structured optimal policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We consider partially observable Markov decision processes with finite or countably infinite (core) state and observation spaces and finite action set. Following a standard approach, an equivalent completely observed problem is formulated, with the same finite action set but with anuncountable state space, namely the space of probability distributions on the original core state space. By developing a suitable theoretical framework, it is shown that some characteristics induced in the original problem due to the countability of the spaces involved are reflected onto the equivalent problem. Sufficient conditions are then derived for solutions to the average cost optimality equation to exist. We illustrate these results in the context of machine replacement problems. Structural properties for average cost optimal policies are obtained for a two state replacement problem; these are similar to results available for discount optimal policies. The set of assumptions used compares favorably to others currently available.
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  • 2
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    Journal of theoretical probability 12 (1999), S. 255-270 
    ISSN: 1572-9230
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic differential equations ; convergence in law ; unbounded control set ; suboptimal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a change of time technique for stochastic control problems with unbounded control set. We demonstrate the technique on a class of maximization problems that do not have optimal controls. Given such a problem, we introduce an extended problem which has the same value function as the original problem and for which there exist optimal controls that are expressible in simple terms. This device yields a natural sequence of suboptimal controls for the original problem. By this we mean a sequence of controls for which the payoff functions approach the value function.
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  • 3
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    Annals of operations research 37 (1992), S. 375-401 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; nonlinear systems ; control algorithm ; optimal economic policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe the algorithm OPTCON which has been developed for the optimal control of nonlinear stochastic models. It can be applied to obtain approximate numerical solutions of control problems where the objective function is quadratic and the dynamic system is nonlinear. In addition to the usual additive uncertainty, some or all of the parameters of the model may be stochastic variables. The optimal values of the control variables are computed in an iterative fashion: First, the time-invariant nonlinear system is linearized around a reference path and approximated by a time-varying linear system. Second, this new problem is solved by applying Bellman's principle of optimality. The resulting feedback equations are used to project expected optimal state and control variables. These projections then serve as a new reference path, and the two steps are repeated until convergence is reached. The algorithm has been implemented in the statistical programming system GAUSS. We derive some mathematical results needed for the algorithm and give an overview of the structure of OPTCON. Moreover, we report on some tentative applications of OPTCON to two small macroeconometric models for Austria.
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  • 4
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    Annals of operations research 54 (1994), S. 237-262 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; differential games ; environmental policy ; JEL C61 ; C73 ; Q28
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides some differential game models of natural resource exploitation when environmental pollution takes place. The “classical” approach to determine optimal harvest rates of renewable resources utilizes Optimal Control models, i.e. there is either a monopolistic market structure or there is pure competition. In case of pollution, however, all agents can be put together, forming the groups of the resource harvesters on one side and of polluters on the other side. So differential games can be used to analyze environmental problems. The models introduced in this paper are put together in order to showdifferent problems that can all be analyzed using differential games.
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  • 5
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; economics ; public-sector applications ; optimization ; budgetary policies ; monetary policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we determine optimal budgetary and monetary policies for Austria using a small macroeconometric model. We use a Keynesian model of the Austrian economy, called FINPOL1, estimated by ordinary least squares, which relates the main objective variables of Austrian economic policies, such as the growth rate of real gross domestic product, the rate of unemployment, the rate of inflation, the balance of payments, and the ratio of the federal budget deficit to GDP, to fiscal and monetary policy instruments, namely expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and money supply. Optimal fiscal and monetary policies are calculated for the model under a quadratic objective function using the algorithm OPTCON for the optimum control of nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Several control experiments are performed in order to assess the influence of different kinds of uncertainty on optimal budgetary and monetary policies. Apart from deterministic optimization runs, different assumptions about parameter uncertainties are introduced; the results of these different stochastic optimum control experiments are compared and interpreted.
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  • 6
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    Annals of operations research 54 (1994), S. 217-235 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; growth paths ; exhaustible resources ; JEL C61 ; O41 ; Q23
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the issue of optimal pollution control when either pollution itself is irreversible or when some characteristic of the environmental resource is irreversibly destroyed in the course of growing pollution. It is shown that exhausting the assimilative capacity through too heavy pollution is never optimal unless the rate of social time preference is sufficiently high. The paper also investigates the case that decisions about irreversible developments have to be made under uncertainty today when the decision maker faces the prospect of better information about the irreversible damage at some future point in time. A non-negative quasi-option value is shown to exist as in the Arrow-Fisher-Henry model that relates to natural resource deletion by projects of industrial development.
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  • 7
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 32 (1995), S. 73-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; State constraint ; Volterra integral equation ; Necessary conditions ; Controllability ; Sensitivity ; Value function ; Proximal normal analysis ; Proximal analysis ; 49J22 ; 49K22 ; 93B05 ; 93B06 ; 93B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Infinite-dimensional perturbations in all constraints of an optimal control problem governed by a Volterra integral equation with the presence of a state constraint are considered. These perturbations give rise to a value function, whose analysis through the proximal normal technique provides sensitivity, controllability, and even necessary conditions for the basic problem. Actually all information about the value function is contained in Clarke's normal cone of its epigraph, which can be characterized by the proximal normal formula.
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  • 8
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 33 (1996), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Value function ; Analytic semigroups ; Semiconcave functions ; Distributed parameter systems ; 49K20 ; 49L20 ; 47B44 ; 49J52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we continue to study properties of the value function and of optimal solutions of a semilinear Mayer problem in infinite dimensions. Applications concern systems governed by a state equation of parabolic type. In particular, the issues of the joint Lipschitz continuity and semiconcavity of the value function are treated in order to investigate the differentiability of the value function along optimal trajectories.
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  • 9
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    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 7-20 
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Investment ; North Sea oil ; Optimal control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 10
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    Energy Economics 6 (1984), S. 208-210 
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy demand ; Insulation ; Optimal control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 11
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    Algorithmica 15 (1996), S. 17-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Scheduling ; Multiprocessor scheduling ; Parallel algorithms ; NP-completeness ; Theoretical computer science ; Operations research ; Optimal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present several new results in the theory of homogeneous multiprocessor scheduling. We start with some assumptions about the behavior of tasks, with associated precedence constraints, as processor power is applied. We assume that as more processors are applied to a task, the time taken to compute it decreases, yielding some speedup. Because of communication, synchronization, and task scheduling overhead, this speedup increases less than linearly with the number of processors applied. We also assume that the number of processors which can be assigned to a task is a continuous variable, with a view to exploiting continuous mathematics. The optimal scheduling problem is to determine the number of processors assigned to each task, and task sequencing, to minimize the finishing time. These assumptions allow us to recast the optimal scheduling problem in a form which can be addressed by optimal control theory. Various theorems can be proven which characterize the optimal scheduling solution. Most importantly, for the special case where the speedup function of each task isp α , wherep is the amount of processing power applied to the task, we can directly solve our equations for the optimal solution. In this case, for task graphs formed from parallel and series connections, the solution can be derived by inspection. The solution can also be shown to be shortest path from the initial to the final state, as measured by anl 1/α distance metric, subject to obstacle constraints imposed by the precedence constraints.
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  • 12
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    Algorithmica 14 (1995), S. 443-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Robot motion planning ; Optimal control ; Polynomial-timeɛ-approximation algorithm ; Time-optimal trajectory ; Shortest path ; Kinodynamics ; Polyhedral obstacles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the following problem: given a robot system, find a minimal-time trajectory that goes from a start state to a goal state while avoiding obstacles by a speed-dependent safety margin and respecting dynamics bounds. In [1] we developed a provably good approximation algorithm for the minimum-time trajectory problem for a robot system with decoupled dynamics bounds (e.g., a point robot in ℝ3). This algorithm differs from previous work in three ways. It is possible (1) to bound the goodness of the approximation by an error termɛ; (2) to bound the computational complexity of our algorithm polynomially; and (3) to express the complexity as a polynomial function of the error term. Hence, given the geometric obstacles, dynamics bounds, and the error termɛ, the algorithm returns a solution that isɛ-close to optimal and requires only a polynomial (in (1/ɛ)) amount of time. We extend the results of [1] in two ways. First, we modify it to halve the exponent in the polynomial bounds from 6d to 3d, so that the new algorithm isO(c d N 1/ɛ)3d ), whereN is the geometric complexity of the obstacles andc is a robot-dependent constant. Second, the new algorithm finds a trajectory that matches the optimal in time with anɛ factor sacrificed in the obstacle-avoidance safety margin. Similar results hold for polyhedral Cartesian manipulators in polyhedral environments. The new results indicate that an implementation of the algorithm could be reasonable, and a preliminary implementation has been done for the planar case.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Robot motion planning ; Optimal control ; Polynomial-timeɛ-approximation algorithm ; Time-optimal trajectory ; Full dynamics ; Shortest path ; Kinodynamics ; Polyhedral obstacles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Inoptimal kinodynamic planning, given a robot system, we must find a minimal-time trajectory that goes from a start state to a goal state while avoiding obstacles by a speed-dependent safety margin and respecting dynamics bounds. With Canny and Reif [1], we approached this problem from anɛ-approximation standpoint and introduced a provably good approximation algorithm for optimal kinodynamic planning for a robot obeying particle dynamics. If a solution exists, this algorithm returns a trajectoryɛ-close to optimal in time polynomial in both (1/ɛ) and the geometric complexity. We extend [1] and [2] tod-link three-dimensional robots with full rigid-body dynamics amidst obstacles. Specifically, we describe polynomial-time approximation algorithms for Cartesian robots obeyingL 2 dynamic bounds and for open-kinematic-chain manipulators with revolute and prismatic joints. The latter class includes many industrial manipulators. The correctness and complexity of these algorithms rely on new trajectory tracking lemmas for robots with coupled dynamics bounds.
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  • 14
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 28 (1993), S. 113-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Elliptic systems ; Nonlinear competitive interactions ; Game theory ; Optimal control ; 49A45 ; 35K10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A two-sided game for the control of a stationary semilinear competitive system with autonomous sources is considered, where the controls are the kernels of the nonlocal interaction terms. The saddle point (the optimal solution of the game) is characterized as the unique solution of the associated optimality system, which is solved by an iterative scheme.
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  • 15
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 28 (1993), S. 225-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Lagrange multiplier rule ; Kuhn-Tucker conditions ; Maximum principle ; Optimal control ; 93E20 ; 93E25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the infinite-dimensional nonlinear programming problem of minimizing a real-valued functionf 0 (u) defined in a metric spaceV subject to the constraintf(u) ε Y, wheref(u) is defined inV and takes values in a Banach spaceE and Y is a subset ofE. We derive and use a theorem of Kuhn-Tucker type to obtain Pontryagin's maximum principle for certain semilinear parabolic distributed parameter systems. The results apply to systems described by nonlinear heat equations and reaction-diffusion equations inL 1 andL ∞ spaces.
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  • 16
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 30 (1994), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Unbounded differential inclusion ; Second-order necessary condition ; Second variation ; 49K24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study second-order necessary conditions for optimality in the unbounded differential inclusion control problem and recover the accessory problem in optimal control theory.
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  • 17
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 31 (1995), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Bellman equation ; Hamilton-Jacobi equation ; Quasi-variational inequality ; Viscosity solution ; Unbounded solutions ; Optimal switching ; Optimal control ; State constraints ; Production engineering ; 49C05 ; 49C20 ; 49B10 ; 49A36
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study a quasi-variational inequality system with unbounded solutions. It represents the Bellman equation associated with an optimal switching control problem with state constraints arising from production engineering. We show that the optimal cost is the unique viscosity solution of the system.
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  • 18
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 34 (1996), S. 191-230 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Retarded systems ; Control in infinite-dimensional state space ; Primary 49K25 ; Secondary 34K35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Necessary conditions are proved for the optimal control of solutions of ordinary and retarded differential equations in a Banach state space, with mixed and pure state restrictions. The treatment includes the possibility of point targets. A generalization of earlier results for finite-dimensional or Hilbert state spaces is obtained.
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  • 19
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 32 (1995), S. 143-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Magnetohydrodynamics ; Electrically conducting fluid ; Primary 49J20 ; 49K20 ; Secondary 35Q35 ; 49M05 ; 76W05 ; 93C10 ; 93C20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with some optimal control problems associated with the equations of steady-state, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics. These problems have direct applications to nuclear reactor technology, magnetic propulsion devices, and design of electromagnetic pumps. These problems are first put into an appropriate mathematical formulation. Then the existence of optimal solutions is proved. The use of Lagrange multiplier techniques is justified and an optimality system of equations is derived. The theory is applied to an example.
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  • 20
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 30 (1994), S. 113-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Nonconvex variational problems ; Relaxation ; Optimal control ; 49J27 ; 35B25 ; 65N30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An optimal control problem for a multivalued system governed by a nonconvex variational problem, involving a regularization parameter ɛ〉0, is proposed and studied. The solution to the variational problem exhibits typically rapid oscillations (a so-called fine structure) corresponding to a multiphase state of the material. We want to control only this fine structure. Existence of an optimal control is proved. Its convergence with ɛ→0 is studied by means of an optimal control problem for a relaxed variational problem involving (suitably generalized) Young measures. The uniqueness of the solution to the relaxed variational problem, which is nontrivial but is very important in the context of optimal control, is studied in special cases. A finite-element approximation is proposed.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 31 (1995), S. 189-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Least squares ; Sentinels ; Optimal control ; Regularization ; Duality ; 93A30 ; 49K27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We address the problem of monitoring a linear functional (c, x)Eof an unknown vectorx of a Hilbert spaceE, the available data being the observationz, in a Hilbert spaceF, of a vectorAx depending linearly onx through some known operatorAεℒ(E; F). WhenE=E 1×E 2,c=(c 1 0), andA is injective and defined through the solution of a partial differential equation, Lions ([6]–[8]) introduced sentinelssεF such that (s, Ax)Fis sensitive to x1 εE 1 but insensitive to x2 ε E2. In this paper we prove the existence, in the general case, of (i) a generalized sentinel (s, σ) ε ℱ ×E, where ℱ ⊃F withF dense in 80, such that for anya priori guess x0 ofx, we have 〈s, Ax〉ℱℱ + (σ, x0)E=(c, x)E, where x is the least-squares estimate ofx closest tox 0, and (ii) a family of regularized sentinels (s n , σ n ) ε F×E which converge to (s, σ). Generalized sentinels unify the least-squares approach (by construction !) and the sentinel approach (whenA is injective), and provide a general framework for the construction of “sentinels with special sensitivity” in the sense of Lions [8]).
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  • 22
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 33 (1996), S. 227-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Lagrange-Newton method ; Sequential quadratic programming ; Optimal control ; Weakly singular Hammerstein integral equations ; Control constraints ; 49M05 ; 49K22
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate local convergence of an SQP method for nonlinear optimal control of weakly singular Hammerstein integral equations. Sufficient conditions for local quadratic convergence of the method are discussed.
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  • 23
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 24 (1991), S. 289-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Stochastic control ; Sampled-data controllers ; Digital control ; Optimal regulators ; Optimal tracking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An unconstrained stochastic optimization problem involving a discrete-time linear process with a normally distributed initial condition and subject to additive gaussian state and measurement noise is formulated in terms of a quite general finite horizon, discrete-time quadratic cost criterion and solved when there is either complete or incomplete state information. It is shown that both the stochastic sampled-data optimal tracker and the stochastic sampled-data optimal regulator are special cases of this problem. A breakdown of the minimum cost for both sampled-data controllers is given.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 25 (1992), S. 109-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Hamilton-Jacobi equation ; Viscosity solution ; Optimal control ; Neumann problem ; 35F20 ; 49B10 ; 49CO5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In a previous paper the author has introduced a new notion of a (generalized) viscosity solution for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with an unbounded nonlinear term. It is proved here that the minimal time function (resp. the optimal value function) for time optimal control problems (resp. optimal control problems) governed by evolution equations is a (generalized) viscosity solution for the Bellman equation (resp. the dynamic programming equation). It is also proved that the Neumann problem in convex domains may be viewed as a Hamilton-Jacobi equation with a suitable unbounded nonlinear term.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 26 (1992), S. 139-169 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Distributed parameter systems ; Dynamic programming ; Optimality conditions ; Strongly continuous semigroups ; Nonsmooth analysis ; 49A22 ; 49B22 ; 49A52 ; 47D05
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with optimal control problems of Mayer and Bolza type for systems governed by a semilinear state equationx′(t)=Ax(t) + f(t, x(t), u(t)), u(t) ε U, whereA is the infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous semigroup in a Banach spaceX. We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality and then use these conditions to investigate properties of the value function related to superdifferentials. Conversely, we use the value function to obtain criteria for optimality and feedback systems.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 27 (1993), S. 35-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; State constraints ; Semilinear elliptic equations ; Optimality conditions ; Lagrange multipliers ; 49K20 ; 49J20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we are concerned with optimal control problems governed by an elliptic semilinear equation, the control being distributed in Ω. The existence of constraints on the control as well as pointwise constraints on the gradient of the state is assumed. A convenient choice of the control space permits us to derive the optimality conditions and study the adjoint state equation, which has derivatives of measures as data. In order to carry out this study, we prove a trace theorem and state Green's formula by using the transposition method.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 29 (1994), S. 285-307 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Optimality conditions ; State constraints ; Lagrange multipliers ; Parabolic systems ; Penalization ; 49B22
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper state constrained optimal control problems governed by parabolic evolution equations are studied. Our purpose is to obtain a (first-order) decoupled optimality system (that ensures the Lagrange multipliers existence). In a first step we are led to Slater-like assumptions and we are then allowed to extend the application field of the decoupled system we obtain. With a weaker assumption the existence of Lagrange multipliers (that are measures) for nonqualified problems may be established.
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    Applied mathematics & optimization 29 (1994), S. 309-329 
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Parabolic equation ; Nonlinear boundary condition ; State constraint ; Ritz-Galerkin approximation ; 49K20 ; 65K10 ; 65M60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A class of optimal control problems for a parabolic equation with nonlinear boundary condition and constraints on the control and the state is considered. Associated approximate problems are established, where the equation of state is defined by a semidiscrete Ritz-Galerkin method. Moreover, we are able to allow for the discretization of admissible controls. We show the convergence of the approximate controls to the solution of the exact control problem, as the discretization parameter tends toward zero. This result holds true under the assumption of a certain sufficient second-order optimality condition.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Cement dust ; Atmospheric particulates pollution ; Optimal control ; Economic assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract At present, many rural enterprises in China's mountainous areas are developing rapidly, and due to poor planning and improper management, in an uncontrolled manner. These small enterprises are making atmospheric pollution far more serious and more difficult to control than before. Thus, as is the case with most developing countries, China is facing the challenge of managing the increased environmental pollution that is accompanying its economic development. This paper examines the case of cement dust pollution in the town of Wenquan in Sichuan province in order to determine how to adjust the relationship between development of rural enterprises and atmospheric environmental pollution in mountainous areas. Using the single objective linear programming method, and based on the principle of overall optimization, an optimal control plan for different pollution sources was worked out and an economic assessment on reclamation of cement dust was completed. According to our analysis, after implementation of this plan for four years, two months, the concentrations of suspended particles in Wenquan will achieve the requirement of the national third-order ambient air quality standard; the current serious dust pollution will be completely controlled; and the reclamation of cement dust will totally compensate for the cost of dust control and will result in 92,000 yuan of pure profit per year. At that time, the economy and environment will be in harmony.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 16 (1982), S. 33-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Sterile insect release ; Predation ; Stability ; Limit cycles ; Optimal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A model for the sterile insect release method of pest control in which the target species is under predatory or parasitic regulation is analyzed. The equations are nondimensionalized and the rescaled parameters are interpreted. There are four types of equilibria, whose existence and stability depend on which of ten regions of parameter space contain the rescaled parameters, and in turn give minimal release rates to achieve eradication of the pest. In at least one region, Hopf bifurcation theory shows the existence of limit cycles, but they are found to be unstable. In addition, the optimal release rate to minimize a total cost functional for pest control by the sterile release method is studied. Both approaches show that when predation accounts for a large fraction of the natural deaths, the necessary release rate and total cost are higher than for weak predation. If the predators are removed without being replaced by any other source of mortality, the cost rises in all cases but rises much more dramatically for cases with strong predation. A definite danger of the sterile release method when some predatory control exists is that the predators are frequently driven extinct before the prey, so that the target species could explode to much higher levels and be more difficult to eradicate again after the sterile release is terminated.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 23 (1985), S. 75-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Population dynamics ; Optimal harvesting ; Optimal control ; Hyperbolic systems ; Pontryagin's principle
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, Pontryagin's principle is proved for a fairly general problem of optimal control of populations with continuous time and age variable. As a consequence, maximum principles are developed for an optimal harvesting problem and a problem of optimal birth control.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 35 (1997), S. 775-792 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Chemotherapy ; HIV ; Optimal control ; Ordinary differential equation system
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  Using an existing ordinary differential equation model which describes the interaction of the immune system with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we introduce chemotherapy in an early treatment setting through a dynamic treatment and then solve for an optimal chemotherapy strategy. The control represents the percentage of effect the chemotherapy has on the viral production. Using an objective function based on a combination of maximizing benefit based on T cell counts and minimizing the systemic cost of chemotherapy (based on high drug dose/strength), we solve for the optimal control in the optimality system composed of four ordinary differential equations and four adjoint ordinary differential equations.
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Optimal control ; tandem queueing system
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a two-station tandem queue with no intermediate buffer. Jobs at the first station may be blocked when the following station is occupied by another job. The objective is to control the arrival and departure processes, subject to some capacity limits, so that an expected discounted profit function is maximized. We prove that the optimal control policy is of a threshold type, and the characterization of the threshold is provided.
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    Neural computing & applications 7 (1998), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1433-3058
    Keywords: Adaptive ; Backpropagation ; Multivariable ; Neural networks ; Optimal control ; Submarine
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently, there have been many attempts to use neural networks as a feedback controller. However, most of the reported cases seek to control Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems using some sort of adaptive strategy. In this paper, we demonstrate that neural networks can be used for the control of complex multivariable, rather than simply SISO, systems. A modified direct control scheme using a neural network architecture is used with backpropagation as the adaptive algorithm. The proposed algorithm is designed for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, and is similar to that proposed by Saerens and Soquet [1] and Goldenthal and Farrell [2] for (SISO) systems, and differs only in the form of the gradient approximation. As an example of the application of this approach, we investigate the control of the dynamics of a submarine vehicle with four inputs and four outputs, in which the differential stern, bow and rudder control surfaces are dynamically coordinated to cause the submarine to follow commanded changes in roll, yaw rate, depth rate and pitch attitude. Results obtained using this scheme are compared with those obtained using optimal linear quadratic control.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 10 (1997), S. 247-264 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Descriptor systems ; Differential algebraic equations ; Optimal control ; Strangeness index ; Riccati differential-algebraic equations ; Euler-Lagrange equations ; Linear feedback
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study linear quadratic optimal control problems for linear variable coefficient descriptor systems. Generalization from the case of standard control problems leads to several difficulties. We discuss a behavioral approach that solves some of these difficulties. Furthermore, an analysis of general rectangular systems is given and generalized Euler-Lagrange equations and Riccati differential algebraic equations are discussed.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 180-193 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Dynamic programming ; Free endtime ; Hamilton-Jacobi theory
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract If we are able to find a local verification function associated with an admissible trajectory x(.), then x(.) is a local minimizer. It is of interest therefore to know when such local verification functions exist. In this paper it is shown that the existence of a local verification function is necessary for x(.) to be a local minimizer, under a normality hypothesis. The novelty of these results is that they treat problems with a general endpoint constraint and where the endtime is a choice variable. Here the value function of the original problem does not serve as a local verification function; instead it must be constructed from some derived problem. The data are allowed to be measurable in the time variable, and the normality hypothesis is expressed in terms of recent free-endtime necessary conditions of optimality for problems with measurable time dependence.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 241-256 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Robust control ; H ∞ control ; Disturbance rejection ; Hyperbolic systems ; Optimal control
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal regulation of hyperbolic systems in the presence of unknown exogenous and initial disturbances is considered. Necessary conditions for determining the optimal control that tracks a desired trajectory in the presence of disturbances are developed. These necessary conditions have the form of a twopoint boundary-value problem along with certain equality and inequality conditions. The results also characterize the worst possible disturbances that are accommodated by the optimum controller without any serious performance degradation. Numerical results on the control of a vibrating beam are presented.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 103 (1999), S. 641-655 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Haar wavelets
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces the application of Haar wavelets to the optimal control synthesis for linear time-varying systems. Based upon some useful properties of Haar wavelets, a special product matrix, a related coefficient matrix, and an operational matrix of backward integration are proposed to solve the adjoint equation of optimization. The results obtained by the proposed Haar approach are almost the same as those obtained by the conventional Riccati method.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 13 (1974), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; maximum principle ; sufficient conditions ; integro-differential equations ; path constraints ; economic applications
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Sufficient conditions in the form of a maximum principle are obtained for the optimal control of a system described by integro-differential equations and subject to some specified path constraints. The conditions are relaxed to allow for jumps in the adjoint variables at the junction points, provided a certain convexity hypothesis is satisfied for the constraint set at these points.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 17 (1975), S. 1-42 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; calculus of variations ; quadratic control problems ; linear spaces ; conjugate points ; focal points ; Bolza problem ; Hilbert space techniques
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The present paper is concerned with the study of quadratic control problems on linear spaces. In particular, we are concerned with the conditions under which a quadratic criterion function is positive on certain linear spaces. This involves the elementary theory of conjugate and focal points, the existence of a conjugate system with a nonvanishing determinant, and the existence of extremal fields. The results given are in part a translation into control language of known theory for the problem of Bolza. The method used is based on the Hilbert space techniques developed earlier by the author.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 17 (1975), S. 273-278 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; existence theorems ; control theory
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Using a recent result due to Berkovitz, we prove the existence of an optimal control in a broad class of problems, under relatively mild conditions.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 21 (1977), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; linear systems ; linear-quadratic problems ; bang-bang control ; Hilbert spaces
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The control of a linear system, whose performance index is the sum of a linear term and a quadratic term, is considered. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the optimal control to be bang-bang, and this is used to extend and clarify the results of Refs. 1–2. As an illustration, an application to an elliptic boundary-value problem is given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 21 (1977), S. 487-504 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; forward dynamic programming ; differential dynamic programming
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    Notes: Abstract The dynamic programming formulation of the forward principle of optimality in the solution of optimal control problems results in a partial differential equation with initial boundary condition whose solution is independent of terminal cost and terminal constraints. Based on this property, two computational algorithms are described. The first-order algorithm with minimum computer storage requirements uses only integration of a system of differential equations with specified initial conditions and numerical minimization in finite-dimensional space. The second-order algorithm is based on the differential dynamic programming approach. Either of the two algorithms may be used for problems with nondifferentiable terminal cost or terminal constraints, and the solution of problems with complicated terminal conditions (e.g., with free terminal time) is greatly simplified.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 33 (1981), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear systems ; existence theorems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let a quasilinear control system having the state space $$\bar X \subseteq R^n $$ be governed by the vector differential equation $$\dot x = G(u(t))x,$$ wherex(0) =x 0 andU is the family of all bounded measurable functions from [0,T] intoU, a compact and convex subset ofR m.LetG:U ⇑R be a bounded measurable nonlinear function, such thatG(U) is compact and convex.G −1 can be convex onG(U) or concave. The main results of the paper establish the existence of a controlu ∈U which minimizes the cost functional $$I(u) = \int_0^T {L(u(t))x(t)dt,} $$ whereL(·) is convex. A practical example of application for chemical reactions is worked out in detail.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 26 (1978), S. 463-464 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; queueing systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This comment replies to a criticism due to Klein and Gruver (Ref. 1) of our earlier paper (Ref. 2) on the application of control theory to a queueing system. The criticism concerns the state-space diagram and the table which we inadvertently gave for the terminal-reward problem, albeit incorrectly labeled, rather than for the free-endpoint problem considered in our paper. We show that the solution given by Klein and Gruver is itself incorrect and nonoptimal.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 26 (1978), S. 395-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; numerical methods ; computing methods ; gradient methods ; gradient-restoration algorithms ; sequential gradient-restoration algorithms ; general boundary conditions ; nondifferential constraints ; bounded control ; bounded state
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the numerical solution of two classes of optimal control problems, called Problem P1 and Problem P2 for easy identification. Problem P1 involves a functionalI subject to differential constraints and general boundary conditions. It consists of finding the statex(t), the controlu(t), and the parameter π so that the functionalI is minimized, while the constraints and the boundary conditions are satisfied to a predetermined accuracy. Problem P2 extends Problem P1 to include nondifferential constraints to be satisfied everywhere along the interval of integration. Algorithms are developed for both Problem P1 and Problem P2. The approach taken is a sequence of two-phase cycles, composed of a gradient phase and a restoration phase. The gradient phase involves one iteration and is designed to decrease the value of the functional, while the constraints are satisfied to first order. The restoration phase involves one or more iterations and is designed to force constraint satisfaction to a predetermined accuracy, while the norm squared of the variations of the control, the parameter, and the missing components of the initial state is minimized. The principal property of both algorithms is that they produce a sequence of feasible suboptimal solutions: the functions obtained at the end of each cycle satisfy the constraints to a predetermined accuracy. Therefore, the values of the functionalI corresponding to any two elements of the sequence are comparable. The stepsize of the gradient phase is determined by a one-dimensional search on the augmented functionalJ, while the stepsize of the restoration phase is obtained by a one-dimensional search on the constraint errorP. The gradient stepsize and the restoration stepsize are chosen so that the restoration phase preserves the descent property of the gradient phase. Therefore, the value of the functionalI at the end of any complete gradient-restoration cycle is smaller than the value of the same functional at the beginning of that cycle. The algorithms presented here differ from those of Refs. 1 and 2, in that it is not required that the state vector be given at the initial point. Instead, the initial conditions can be absolutely general. In analogy with Refs. 1 and 2, the present algorithms are capable of handling general final conditions; therefore, they are suited for the solution of optimal control problems with general boundary conditions. Their importance lies in the fact that many optimal control problems involve initial conditions of the type considered here. Six numerical examples are presented in order to illustrate the performance of the algorithms associated with Problem P1 and Problem P2. The numerical results show the feasibility as well as the convergence characteristics of these algorithms.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 38 (1982), S. 153-154 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; maximum principle ; sufficient conditions ; integro-differential equations ; path constraints ; economic applications
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Notational errors in Theorem 5.2 of Ref. 1 are corrected.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 41 (1983), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; queueing theory ; phase type distributions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For a single-server queueing system (with a finite waiting room) with phase type arrivals and exponential service times, an optimal control for the service rate is derived. This generalizes the result of Scott and Jefferson for theM/M/1/1 queueing model.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 28 (1979), S. 185-212 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; numerical methods ; computing methods ; transformation techniques ; sequential gradient-restoration algorithm ; nondifferential constraints ; state inequality constraints ; linear state inequality constraints ; partially linear state inequality constraints
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers optimal control problems involving the minimization of a functional subject to differential constraints, terminal constraints, and a state inequality constraint. The state inequality constraint is of a special type, namely, it is linear in some or all of the components of the state vector. A transformation technique is introduced, by means of which the inequality-constrained problem is converted into an equality-constrained problem involving differential constraints, terminal constraints, and a control equality constraint. The transformation technique takes advantage of the partial linearity of the state inequality constraint so as to yield a transformed problem characterized by a new state vector of minimal size. This concept is important computationally, in that the computer time per iteration increases with the square of the dimension of the state vector. In order to illustrate the advantages of the new transformation technique, several numerical examples are solved by means of the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems involving nondifferential constraints. The examples show the substantial savings in computer time for convergence, which are associated with the new transformation technique.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 28 (1979), S. 303-329 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; multiplier methods ; penalty functions ; Riccati equation ; convergence rate
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of combined multiplier and penalty function methods are investigated using a second-order expansion and results known for the Riccati equation. It is shown that the lower bound of the values of the penalty constant necessary to obtain a minimum is given by a certain Riccati equation. The convergence rate of a common updating rule for the multipliers is shown to be linear.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 28 (1979), S. 391-410 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; minimax problems ; necessary conditions ; maximum principle
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    Notes: Abstract A control system x=f(t,x,u) is considered, and a cost functional ess supT 0≤t≤T 1 G(t, x(t),u(t)) is to be minimized. Necessary conditions for optimality (maximum principle and transversality conditions) are derived. It is also shown that an optimal control is optimal for the corresponding problem on a subinterval of [T 0,T 1], if a certain controllability condition is satisfied.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 29 (1979), S. 155-158 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; queueing systems ; single-server queueing systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This comment is in response to a reply by Scott and Jefferson (Ref. 3) concerning the application of control theory to a queueing problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 29 (1979), S. 615-627 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; advertising ; Green's theorem approach ; nearest feasible path ; infinite horizon ; optimal stationary equilibria ; economic application
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers an optimal control problem for the dynamics of a contagion model, the optimal control being the rate of advertising expenditure that maximizes the present value of net profit streams over an infinite horizon. By using a Green's theorem approach, it is shown that there are multiple optimal stationary equilibria and that the optimal path from any given initial condition is a nearest feasible path to one of these equilibria.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 30 (1980), S. 73-88 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; suboptimal control ; time-delay systems ; linear systems
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    Notes: Abstract A computationally efficient method based on a sensitivity approach is developed to obtain suboptimal control for nonstationary linear systems with multiple state and control delays and with quadratic cost. The proposed suboptimal control includes some truncated series whose terms are calculated in a recursive manner from nondelay system optimization.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 30 (1980), S. 621-633 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; time-delay systems ; linear systems ; multiple-delay systems
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    Notes: Abstract The application of Pontryagin's maximum principle to the optimization of linear systems with time delays results in a system of coupled two-point boundary-value problems involving both delay and advance terms. The exact solution of this system of TPBV problems is extremely difficult, if not impossible. In this paper, a fast-converging iterative approach is developed for obtaining the suboptimal control for nonstationary linear systems with multiple state and control delays and with quadratic cost. At each step of the proposed method, a linear nondelay system with an extra perturbing input must be optimized. The procedure can be extended for the optimization of nonlinear systems with multiple time-varying delays, provided that some of the nonlinearities satisfy the Lipschitz condition.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 30 (1980), S. 643-661 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; measures ; Hilbert spaces ; linear programming ; approximation techniques
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Optimal control problems in Hilbert spaces are considered in a measure-theoretical framework. Instead of minimizing a functional defined on a class of admissible trajectory-control pairs, we minimize one defined on a set of measures; this set is defined by the boundary conditions and the differential equation of the problem. The new problem is an infinite-dimensionallinear programming problem; it is shown that it is possible to approximate its solution by that of a finite-dimensional linear program of sufficiently high dimensions, while this solution itself can be approximated by a trajectory-control pair. This pair may not be strictly admissible; if the dimensionality of the finite-dimensional linear program and the accuracy of the computations are high enough, the conditions of admissibility can be said to be satisfied up to any given accuracy. The value given by this pair to the functional measuring the performance criterion can be about equal to theglobal infimum associated with the classical problem, or it may be less than this number. It appears that this method may become a useful technique for the computation of optimal controls, provided the approximations involved are acceptable.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 31 (1980), S. 85-99 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; junction conditions ; calculus of variations ; inequality constraints
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known that extremal arcs governed by inequality constraints of third order (constraint relations that must be differentiated three times to generate a control equation) cannot join an unconstrained arc, except in special cases. But a control problem is exhibited, for which every extremal includes a constrained arc of third order. The constrained arc joins the end of an infinite sequence of consecutive unconstrained arcs of finite total duration. Evidence (but not proof) is given that this phenomenon is typical, rather than exceptional. An analogous phenomenon is well known for optimal control problems with singular arcs of second order.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 31 (1980), S. 515-533 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; economic systems ; stability ; existence theory ; turnpike property
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    Notes: Abstract Sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal trajectories and for the global asymptotic stability of these trajectories are given for a class of nonconvex and nonautonomous systems controlled over an infinite-time horizon. The concept ofG-supported trajectory is introduced. It is shown that, under some assumptions, aG-supported trajectory is overtaking and is globally asymptotically stable. The concept of overtaking trajectory has been previously defined as a notion of optimality on an infinite-time domain. For autonomous systems, under weaker conditions, one guarantees the existence of weakly overtaking trajectories. Finally, it is shown howG-supported trajectories can be obtained, and an application to the study of a pre-predator ecosystem optimally harvested is sketched.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 75-80 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; state constraints ; multipliers ; perturbation theory
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with necessary conditions for a general optimal control problem developed by Russak and Tan. It is shown that, in most cases, a further relation between the multipliers holds. This result is of interest in particular for the investigation of perturbations of the state constraint.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 81-87 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; minimax problems ; maximum principle ; Hamiltonian function
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    Notes: Abstract A control system $$\dot x = f\left( {x,u} \right)$$ ,u) with cost functional $$\mathop {ess \sup }\limits_{T0 \leqslant t \leqslant T1} G\left( {x\left( t \right),u\left( t \right)} \right)$$ is considered. For an optimal pair $$\left( {\bar x\left( \cdot \right),\bar u\left( \cdot \right)} \right)$$ ,ū(·)), there is a maximum principle of the form $$\eta \left( t \right)f\left( {\bar x\left( t \right),\bar u\left( t \right)} \right) = \mathop {\max }\limits_{u \in \Omega \left( t \right)} \eta \left( t \right)f\left( {\bar x\left( t \right),u} \right).$$ By means of this fact, it is shown that $$\eta \left( t \right)f\left( {\bar x\left( t \right),\bar u\left( t \right)} \right)$$ is equal to a constant almost everywhere.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 211-246 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; control constraints ; terminal equality constraints ; exact penalty function ; convergence
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The presence of control constraints, because they are nondifferentiable in the space of control functions, makes it difficult to cope with terminal equality constraints in optimal control problems. Gradient-projection algorithms, for example, cannot be employed easily. These difficulties are overcome in this paper by employing an exact penalty function to handle the cost and terminal equality constraints and using the control constraints to define the space of permissible search directions in the search-direction subalgorithm. The search-direction subalgorithm is, therefore, more complex than the usual linear program employed in feasible-directions algorithms. The subalgorithm approximately solves a convex optimal control problem to determine the search direction; in the implementable version of the algorithm, the accuracy of the approximation is automatically increased to ensure convergence.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 307-325 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; asymptotic optimal control ; calculus of variations ; Lagrange problems ; global minima ; absolute minima ; necessary conditions ; sufficient conditions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For a selected family of Lagrange-type control problems involving a nonnegative integral costJ T (y,u) over the interval [0,T], 0〈T〈∞, with system conditions consisting of differential inequalities and/or equalities, the following material is treated: (i) a resumé of relevant necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for a pair (y T ,u T ) to minimizeJ T (y,u); (ii) conditions sufficient for the convergence asT→∞ of minimizing pairs (y T ,u T ) over [0,T] to a limit pair (y ∞,u ∞) over the infinite-time interval [0, ∞); (iii) conditions sufficient for (y ∞,u ∞) to minimize the costJ ∞(y,u) over [0, ∞); and (iv) conditions sufficient for the optimal cost per unit timeJ T (y T ,u T )/T to have a limit asT→∞.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 345-364 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; control constraints ; terminal equality constraints ; exact penalty functions ; convergence ; relaxed control
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    Notes: Abstract In Part 1 of this paper, implementable and conceptual versions of an algorithm for optimal control problems with control constraints and terminal equality constraints were presented. It was shown that anyL ∞ accumulation points of control sequences generated by the algorithms satisfy necessary conditions of optimality. Since such accumulation points need not exist, it is shown in this paper that control sequences generated by the algorithms always have accumulation points in the sense of control measure, and these accumulation points satisfy optimality conditions for the corresponding relaxed control problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 479-489 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; singular control ; junction conditions ; singular control order
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In singular optimal control problems, the functional form of the optimal control function is usually determined by solving the algebraic equation which results by successively differentiating the switching function until the control appears explicitly. This process defines the order of the singular problem. Order-related results are developed for singular linear-quadratic problems and for a bilinear example which gives new insights into the relationship between singular problem order and singular are order.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 32 (1980), S. 491-497 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; inverse problems ; dynamic programming
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The general inverse problem of optimal control is considered from a dynamic programming point of view. Necessary and sufficient conditions are developed which two integral criteria must satisfy if they are to yield the same optimal feedback law, the dynamics being fixed. Specializing to the linear-quadratic case, it is shown how the general results given here recapture previously obtained results for quadratic criteria with linear dynamics.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 42 (1984), S. 103-141 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; realistic feedback control ; interconnected turbogenerators ; torque and voltage control
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the optimal control of a system with two identical interconnected turbogenerators, which are connected to an infinite bus, is considered. The alternators are controlled through a linear feedback of the state variables. The feedback parameters are obtained by solving a nonlinear, two-point boundary-value problem. The values obtained for these parameters depend on the strength and duration of the disturbance, since the model is nonlinear, contrary to the usual feedback control of a linear model. In contrast to the model used in Ref. 1, the model used here includes the transfer function of the governors, the turbines, and the voltage regulators.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 42 (1984), S. 467-485 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; hyperbolic partial differential equations ; Darboux boundary conditions ; strong variational algorithm ; convergence ; relaxed control
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider a class of optimal control problems involving linear hyperbolic partial differential equations with Darboux boundary conditions. A strong variational algorithm has been obtained for solving this class of optimal control problems in a previous paper by the third and the first authors. It was also shown that anyL ∞ accumulation points of control sequences generated by the algorithm satisfy a necessary condition for optimality. Since such accumulation points need not exist, it is shown in this paper that the control sequences generated by the algorithm always have accumulation points in the sense of control measure, and these accumulation points satisfy a necessary condition for optimality for the corresponding relaxed control problems.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 43 (1984), S. 89-101 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; distributed-parameter systems ; control of partial differential equations ; sufficiency conditions ; Green's formula
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract First-order necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the following quasilinear distributed-parameter optimal control problem: $$max\left\{ {J(u) = \int_\Omega {F(x,u,t) d\omega + } \int_{\partial \Omega } {G(x,t) \cdot d\sigma } } \right\},$$ subject to the partial differential equation $$A(t)x = f(x,u,t),$$ wheret,u,G are vectors andx,F are scalars. Use is made of then-dimensional Green's theorem and the adjoint problem of the equation. The second integral in the objective function is a generalized surface integral. Use of then-dimensional Green's theorem allows simple generalization of single-parameter methods. Sufficiency is proved under a concavity assumption for the maximized Hamiltonian $$H^\circ (x,\lambda ,t) = \max \{ H(x,u,\lambda ,t):u\varepsilon K\} $$ .
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 45 (1985), S. 265-293 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; control differential systems involving impulses ; jumps in the state variables
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence of an optimal control is proved in a problem where the criterion functional and the equation of motion contain a control that is a Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure. Due to nonlinearities in the problem, it is necessary to postulate a condition implying that large atoms of the control measures are sparse and that their derivatives, wherever they exist, have a uniform bound.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 35 (1981), S. 535-557 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; rotary crane ; nonlinear systems ; computational algorithms
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the optimal control of a rotary crane, which makes two kinds of motion (rotation and hoisting) at the same time. The optimal control which transfers a load to a desired place as fast as possible and minimizes the swing of the load during the transfer, as well as the swing at the end of transfer, is calculated on the basis of a dynamic model. A new computational technique is employed for computing the optimal control, and several numerical results are presented.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 56 (1988), S. 227-243 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nondifferentiable control problems ; optimality conditions ; Fritz John optimality conditions ; duality ; converse duality ; continuous programming ; mathematical programming
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Optimality conditions and duality results are obtained for a class of control problems having a nondifferentiable term in the integrand of the objective functional. These results generalize many well-known results in optimal control theory involving differentiable functions, and also provide a relationship with certain nondifferentiable mathematical programming problems. Some extensions concerning the unified treatment of optimal control theory and continuous programming are also mentioned. Finally, a control problem containing an arbitrary norm, along with its appropriate norm, is given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 71 (1991), S. 599-611 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; feedback control ; trajectory optimization
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A procedure of parametrizing feedback controls when solving the optimal control problem using nonlinear programming is considered. The maximum principle is utilized to determine the forms of the parametrized feedback control. Applications are demonstrated by numerical examples.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 77 (1993), S. 31-50 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear parabolic systems ; discretization ; approximation ; relaxed controls ; distributed systems
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a relaxed optimal control problem for systems defined by nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with distributed control. The problem is completely discretized by using a finite-element approximation scheme with piecewise linear states and piecewise constant controls. Existence of optimal controls and necessary conditions for optimality are derived for both the continuous and the discrete problem. We then prove that accumulation points of sequences of discrete optimal [resp. extremal] controls are optimal [resp. extremal] for the continuous problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 64 (1990), S. 557-571 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; deterministic systems ; discrete incomplete information ; sufficient conditions for optimality ; feedback systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Sufficient conditions for optimality are obtained for controls that depend on the current time and values of known functions of the state vector at finite points of the time interval. The equations for finding the required control laws are derived. An example is given for which an exact solution of the problem can be obtained.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 65 (1990), S. 129-138 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; mathematical modelling ; study strategies
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    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper (Ref. 1), Cheng and Teo discussed some further extensions of a student-related optimal control problem which was originally proposed by Raggettet al. (Ref. 2) and later on modified by Parlar (Ref. 3). In this paper, we treat further extensions of the problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 251-271 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; decentralized control ; interconnected systems ; receding horizon control ; rolling horizon control ; predictive control ; quadratic optimization
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years, the finite-horizon quadratic minimization problem has become popular in process control, where the horizon is constantly rolled back. In this paper, this type of control, which is also called the receding horizon control, is considered for interconnected systems. First, the receding horizon control equations are formulated; then, some stability conditions depending on the interconnection norms and the horizon lengths are presented. For ∈-coupled systems, stability results similar to centralized systems are obtained. For interconnected systems which are not ∈-coupled, the existence of a horizon length and a corresponding stabilizing receding horizon control are derived. Finally, the performance of a locally computed receding horizon control for time-invariant and time-varying systems with different updating intervals is examined in an example.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 589-616 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; robotics ; path planning ; maximum principle ; multi-point boundary value problems ; multiple shooting
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of the time-optimal control of robot manipulators is of importance because of its potential for increasing the productivity of assembly lines. This work is part of a series of papers by the authors on this topic using direct and indirect methods of optimization. A cylindrical robot or a spherical polar robot constrained to the horizontal plane is considered, and optimal solutions for radial maneuvers are generated. Indirect methods are employed in order to establish the switching structure of the solutions. The results show that even such apparently simple maneuvers as extension or retraction of a robot with a prismatic joint can produce very complex optimal solutions. Time-optimal retraction can exhibit ten different switching structures with eight switching points and two singular arcs.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 86 (1995), S. 649-667 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; mixed control-state constraints ; Hamilton-Jacobi inequality ; second-order sufficient conditions ; parametric optimization ; Riccati equations
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    Notes: Abstract References 1–4 develop second-order sufficient conditions for local minima of optimal control problems with state and control constraints. These second-order conditions tighten the gap between necessary and sufficient conditions by evaluating a positive-definiteness criterion on the tangent space of the active constraints. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we extend the methods in Refs. 3, 4 and include general boundary conditions. Then, we relate the approach to the two-norm approach developed in Ref. 5. A direct sufficiency criterion is based on a quadratic function that satisfies a Hamilton-Jacobi inequality. A specific form of such a function is obtained by applying the second-order sufficient conditions to a parametric optimization problem. The resulting second-order positive-definiteness conditions can be verified by solving Riccati equations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 95 (1997), S. 101-126 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; Lagrange multipliers ; augmented Lagrangians ; variational inequalities
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate optimal control problems governed by variational inequalities involving constraints on the control, and more precisely the example of the obstacle problem. In this paper, we discuss some augmented Lagrangian algorithms to compute the solution.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 97 (1998), S. 623-644 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; bang-bang control ; free boundary problems ; parabolic equations ; homogenizations ; optimality conditions
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    Notes: Abstract We study a simple model of chemical vapor deposition on a silicon wafer. The control is the flux of chemical species, and the objective is to grow the semiconductor film so that its surface attains a prescribed profile as nearly as possible. The surface is spatially fast oscillating due to the small feature scale, and therefore the problem is formulated in terms of its homogenized approximation. We prove that the optimal control is bang-bang, and we use this information to develop a numerical scheme for computing the optimal control.
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    Journal of global optimization 13 (1998), S. 43-59 
    ISSN: 1573-2916
    Keywords: Resource constrained scheduling ; renewable and nonrenewable resources ; Optimal control
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    Notes: Abstract The paper addresses problems of allocating continuously divisible resources among multiple production activities. The resources are allowed to be doubly constrained, so that both usage at every point of time and cumulative consumption over a planning horizon are limited as it is often the case in project and production scheduling. The objective is to track changing in time demands for the activities as closely as possible. We propose a general continuous-time model that states the problem in a form of the optimal control problem with non-linear speed-resource usage functions. With the aid of the maximum principle, properties of the solutions are derived to characterize optimal resource usage policies. On the basis of this analytical investigation, numerical scheduling methods are suggested and computationally studied.
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 45 (1997), S. 63-79 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Markov decision processes ; light traffic ; discounted cost ; average cost
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We consider Markov Decision Processes under light traffic conditions. We develop an algorithm to obtain asymptotically optimal policies for both the total discounted and the average cost criterion. This gives a general framework for several light traffic results in the literature. We illustrate the method by deriving the asymptotically optimal control of a simple ATM network.
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    Periodica mathematica Hungarica 30 (1995), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1588-2829
    Keywords: Primary 49J20 ; Secondary 65L10 ; Optimal control ; boundary value problem ; existence theory
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate the existence and uniqueness for an optimal control problem with processes described by a quasilinear parabolic equation with controls in coefficients and the right side of this equation.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 101 (1999), S. 623-649 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; state-constrained problems ; numerical algorithms
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we describe the implementation aspects of an optimization algorithm for optimal control problems with control, state, and terminal constraints presented in our earlier paper. The important aspect of the implementation is that, in the direction-finding subproblems, it is necessary only to impose the state constraint at relatively few points in the time involved. This contributes significantly to the algorithmic efficiency. The algorithm is applied to solve several optimal control problems, including the problem of the abort landing of an aircraft in the presence of windshear.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 103 (1999), S. 75-93 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; state inequality constraints ; global state space form ; differential-algebraic boundary-value problems ; minimal coordinates ; trajectory optimization
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    Notes: Abstract A new approach based on a global state space form is introduced for solving trajectory optimization problems with state inequality constraints via indirect methods. The use of minimal coordinates on a boundary arc of the state constraint eliminates severe problems, which occur for standard methods and are due to the appearance of differential-algebraic boundary-value problems. Together with a hybrid approach and a careful treatment of some interior-point conditions, we obtain an efficient and reliable solution method.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 103 (1999), S. 623-640 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; discrete systems ; Haar wavelets
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    Notes: Abstract The state analysis and optimal control of time-varying discrete systems via Haar wavelets are the main tasks of this paper. First, we introduce the definition of discrete Haar wavelets. Then, a comparison between Haar wavelets and other orthogonal functions is given. Based upon some useful properties of the Haar wavelets, a special product matrix and a related coefficient matrix are proposed; also, a shift matrix and a summation matrix are derived. These matrices are very effective in solving our problems. The local property of the Haar wavelets is applied to shorten the calculation procedures.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 106 (2000), S. 23-48 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; investment policy ; tax depreciation ; economic depreciation
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    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the investment policy consequences of incorporating a tax depreciation rate different from the economic depreciation rate. Most often, firms choose their tax depreciation rate in a strategic way. Therefore, it would be a coincidence, should the optimization process lead to a tax depreciation rate that equals the economic depreciation rate. The implications of a difference between tax depreciation rate and economic depreciation rate are investigated in an optimal control model for the determination of the firm investment policy over time.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 13 (1974), S. 538-544 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; singular control ; difference-differential equations ; singular arcs
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    Notes: Abstract A necessary condition, equivalent to Jacobson's condition, for optimality of a singular control is derived for systems represented by difference-differential equations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 19 (1976), S. 301-325 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; singular perturbations ; boundary-layer techniques ; two-point boundary-value problem
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    Notes: Abstract A system of equations that arises in a singularly perturbed optimal control problem is studied. We give conditions under which a formal asymptotic solution exists. This formal asymptotic solution consists of an outer expansion and left and right boundary-layer expansions. A feature of our procedure is that we do nota priori eliminate the control function from the problem. In particular, we construct a formal asymptotic expansion for the control directly. We apply our procedure to a Mayer-type problem. The paper concludes with a worked example.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 20 (1976), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear systems ; existence theorems ; convexity
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    Notes: Abstract Let a nonlinear control system having the state space $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\bar X} \subseteq R^n $$ be governed by the vector differential equation $$\dot x\left( t \right) = f\left( {t, x\left( t \right), u\left( t \right)} \right),$$ wherex(0)=x 0 and is the family of all bounded measurable functions from [0,T] intoU, a compact and convex subset ofR m . Letg:U→R m be a bounded measurable function such thatg(U) is compact and convex, and letF be a function from $$\left[ {0, T} \right] \times \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{\bar X} $$ intoR n×m . If, among other conditions, fori=1, ...,n, $$f^i \left( {t, x, u_1 } \right) - f^i \left( {t, x, u_2 } \right) \leqslant F^i \left( {t, x} \right)\left( {g\left( {u_1 } \right) - g\left( {u_2 } \right)} \right),$$ whereF i is theith row ofF, then the main result of the paper establishes the existence of a control which minimizes the cost functional $$I\left( u \right) = \int {_0^T } c\left( {t, x\left( t \right), u\left( t \right)} \right)dt,$$ wherec(t,x,u) is convex inu for each (t,x). An example is worked out in detail.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 20 (1976), S. 347-357 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; maximum principle ; corner points ; state constraints
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the Pontryagin maximum principle to allow for a finite number of corners, i.e., allowing for any finite number of discontinuities of the first derivatives with respect to the state variables. These corners are shown to raise the same computational difficulties caused by state constraints.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 20 (1976), S. 455-479 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; numerical methods ; computing methods ; gradient methods ; quasi-Newton algorithms ; bounded control problems ; singular arcs
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    Notes: Abstract Two existing function-space quasi-Newton algorithms, the Davidon algorithm and the projected gradient algorithm, are modified so that they may handle directly control-variable inequality constraints. A third quasi-Newton-type algorithm, developed by Broyden, is extended to optimal control problems. The Broyden algorithm is further modified so that it may handle directly control-variable inequality constraints. From a computational viewpoint, dyadic operator implementation of quasi-Newton methods is shown to be superior to the integral kernel representation. The quasi-Newton methods, along with the steepest descent method and two conjugate gradient algorithms, are simulated on three relatively simple (yet representative) bounded control problems, two of which possess singular subarcs. Overall, the Broyden algorithm was found to be superior. The most notable result of the simulations was the clear superiority of the Broyden and Davidon algorithms in producing a sharp singular control subarc.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 21 (1977), S. 39-49 
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    Keywords: Optimal control ; augmented penalty function ; terminal constraints ; gradient methods
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This note presents an extension of the Miele—Cragg-Iyer-Levy augmented function method for finite-dimensional optimization problems to optimal control problems. A numerical study is provided.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 22 (1977), S. 91-101 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Radon measures ; existence theory ; diffusion equation
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence is considered of a boundary control which drives a system governed by the one-dimensional diffusion equation from the zero state to a given final state, and at the same time minimizes a given functional. The problem is first modified to one in which the minimum is sought of a functional defined on a set of Radon measures. The existence of a minimizing measure is demonstrated, and it is shown that this measure may be approximated by a piecewise constant control. Finally, conditions are given under which a minimizing measurable control exists for the unmodified problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 22 (1977), S. 373-388 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; variational inequalities ; existence theorems ; sensitivity
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove an existence theorem for the optimal control of variational inequalities governed by a pseudomonotone operator: the cost is assumed to be quadratic. Then, we give an extension of the theorem to more general costs (assuming the operator to be monotone); we also give a result on a perturbation problem.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 563-579 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; Green's theorem ; infinite horizon ; multiplicative problems ; optimal stationary equilibrium ; economic applications
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Many infinite-horizon optimal control problems in management science and economics have optimal paths that approach some stationary level. Often, this path has the property of being the nearest feasible path to the stationary equilibrium. This paper obtains a simple multiplicative characterization for a single-state single-control problem to have this property. By using Green's theorem it is shown that the property is observed as long as the stationary level is sustainable by a feasible control. If not, the property is, in general, shown to be false. The paper concludes with an important theorem which states that even in the case of multiple equilibria, the optimal path is a nearest feasible path to one of them.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 57-81 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear evolution equations ; reflexive Banach spaces ; existence theorems ; time-optimal control ; Bolza problem ; terminal control ; velocity field ; set-valued map ; weak Cesari property
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a closure theorem for the attainable trajectories of a class of control systems governed by a large class of nonlinear evolution equations in reflexive Banach spaces. Several existence theorems for optimal controls are proven that include a terminal control problem, a time-optimal control problem, and a special Bolza problem. Some results of independent interest are also presented.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 229-245 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear large systems ; decomposition and coordination ; modification of performance index ; improvement of convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a coordination algorithm for multilevel control of a nonlinear dynamical system. The overall system under consideration is composed of subsystems with relatively strong interactions or relatively strong nonlinearities, or both. The objective is to minimize a performance index of quadratic type. The idea of the present algorithm is to replace the system variables associated with interactions and nonlinearities by artificially introducedinteraction variables and to decompose the overall problem into a number of smaller and simpler subproblems. At the same time, the appearance of the performance index is modified by using the interaction variables. Parameters, called weights, are introduced into the modified performance index. Choice of the values of these parameters has significant influence on the convergence rate of the algorithm, and hence is one of the major factors determining the total computing time. The interaction variables are adjusted directly by a nearly steepest-descent algorithm, without using Jacobian matrix, until the interactions attain consistency. In the paper, some sufficient conditions for convergence of the iterative algorithm are discussed in detail, and several features of the present algorithm are illustrated by examining an example.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 549-554 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; nonlinear operators ; Frechet differentiability ; Hilbert spaces ; bang-bang control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal control to be bang-bang are presented for a nonlinear system. The payoff, which is not necessarily quadratic, is assumed to be described by a Hilbert-space norm and to be differentiable and convex. The results are extensions of Ref. 1 to the case of nonlinear systems.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 34 (1981), S. 445-458 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; distributed parameter systems ; nuclear reactors ; functional analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum norm formalism of functional analysis is applied to the problem of minimizing a quadratic cost functional that penalizes the control effort and the deviations of the neutron flux distribution throughout the reactor core. The conditions for optimality are derived for a general, linearized, reactor model with a finite number of control rods. These conditions take the form of a coupled and finite set of Fredholm's integral equations of the second kind with nondegenerate kernels. An example is presented in which the homogeneous slab reactor model is considered. A contraction mapping algorithm is proposed to compute the optimal control.
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