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  • Articles  (88)
  • Energy  (88)
  • Economics  (80)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (51)
  • 1
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    Crop Choice, School Participation, and Child Labor in Developing Countries: Cotton Expansion in Burkina Faso (2017)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-05
    Description: We estimate the effects of changes in cotton adoption on children’s schooling and child labor in rural Burkina Faso. Using time and spatial variations, we find evidence that expansion of cotton farming has led to an increase in enrollment and to a reduction of participation in child labor for girls. There are, however, no detectable effects on boys. In theory, cotton adoption could increase household income, leading to increased demand for schooling and reduced child labor. On the other hand, because children are productive on cotton farms, adoption of cotton could increase the opportunity cost of child time and the demand for child labor. We provide suggestive evidence showing that boys are more productive than girls on cotton farms. Taken together, the results suggest that the income effect from cotton adoption might have been larger than the wage effect for girls, hence the overall positive impacts on school enrollment for girls.
    Keywords: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Producer Insurance and Risk Management Options for Smallholder Farmers (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-10-28
    Description: Many smallholder families are exceptionally prone to potentially catastrophic decreases in their incomes and access to food. Over the past decade, therefore, policy makers and economists have increasingly focused on potential mechanisms for expanding risk management strategies available to those families. Commercially provided weather-based index insurance products, perhaps partially funded by subsidies, have been of particular interest because of their apparent potential to provide payments to smallholder families when they are most in need of help. However, the empirical evidence from a wide range of studies indicates that, absent relatively substantial subsidies, small holder farmers will not purchase commercially priced index products or even "all risk" products where payments are tied to the farm's crop losses. There are three important reasons why this is the case. First, smallholder farmers already have many ways of managing their risks, including informal community-based initiatives, on-farm production decisions and off-farm work. Second, index insurance schemes are subject to considerable basis risk; families often do not receive an index insurance indemnity when they experience a substantial crop loss on their farms. Third, the fixed costs of delivering crop insurance to smallholders make such coverage expensive. The potential market for weather index insurance therefore may be limited to insuring relatively large groups of farmers, either directly or indirectly though providing micro finance and other lending institution with coverage against widespread loan defaults associated with catastrophic events like major droughts. Alternatively, weather indexes could simply be used to more accurately target emergency aid.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-6971
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Cuba's Agricultural Transition and Food Security in a Global Perspective (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-20
    Description: This paper reviews the situation in the agricultural sector and food security in Cuba, and particularly the transformations that have (not) taken place since 1990. We compare the Cuban transition with transitions in other "transition countries" and show that Cuba does not easily fit into one of the transition patterns, and, in a way, has characteristics of "a bit of everything". To conclude, we discuss the (potential) effects of the recent policy changes and the new economic reforms that were announced.
    Keywords: O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Risky Business: Political Instability and Sectoral Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment in the Arab World (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-19
    Description: Which foreign direct investments are most affected by political instability? Analysis of quarterly greenfield investment flows into countries in the Middle East and North Africa during the period from 2003 to 2012 shows that adverse political shocks are associated with significantly reduced investment inflows in the non-resource tradable sectors. By contrast, investments in natural resource sectors and non-tradable activities appear insensitive to such shocks. Political instability is thus associated with increased reliance on non-tradables and aggravated resource dependence.
    Keywords: F21 - International Investment ; Long-Term Capital Movements, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets ; Saving and Capital Investment ; Corporate Finance and, P48 - Political Economy ; Legal Institutions ; Property Rights
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-698X
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    The Economy-wide Impacts and Risks of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-24
    Description: We estimate the impact of Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program using an economy-wide approach. This approach yields benefit-cost ratios about 60% higher than existing partial equilibrium studies, a result of our accounting for indirect benefits. Fertilizer response rates remain the determining parameter for benefit-cost ratio levels. Even with lower-end response rates, the program is pro-poor and generates double-dividends through higher and more drought-resilient yields. Overall, for macro-economically significant programs, our approach strongly complements survey-based evaluations. For Malawi, our results buttress arguments for a focus on program improvements.
    Keywords: C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O22 - Project Analysis, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Revisiting the "Cash versus Food" Debate: New Evidence for an Old Puzzle? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: The longstanding "cash versus food" debate has received renewed attention in both research and practice. This paper reviews key issues shaping the debate and presents new evidence from randomized and quasi-experimental evaluations that deliberately compare cash and in-kind food transfers in ten developing counties. Findings show that relative effectiveness cannot be generalized: although some differences emerge in terms of food consumption and dietary diversity, average impacts tend to depend on context, specific objectives, their measurement, and program design. Costs for cash transfers and vouchers tend to be significantly lower relative to in-kind food. Yet the consistency and robustness of methods for efficiency analyses varies greatly.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-6971
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    The Price Is Not Always Right: On the Impacts of Commodity Prices on Households (and Countries) (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: This paper provides an overview of the impact that one-time changes in commodity and other prices have on household welfare. It begins with a collection of stylized facts related to commodities based on household survey data from Latin America and Africa. The data uncovers strong commodity dependence on both regions: households typically allocate a large fraction of their budget to commodities, and they often also depend on commodities to earn their income. This income and expenditure dependency suggests sizable impacts and adjustments following commodity price shocks. The article explores these effects with a review of the relevant literature. The authors study consumption and income responses, labor market responses, and spillovers across sectors. The paper provides evidence on the relative magnitudes of various mechanisms through which commodity prices affect household (and national) welfare in developing economies. Commodity price changes, Poverty and welfare impacts, Net consumers and net producers .
    Keywords: I30 - General, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-6971
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Extension and Matching Grants for Improved Management: An Evaluation of the Uruguayan Livestock Program (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: Offering matching grants along with extension services is a common tool of agricultural development policy and has the potential to address some of the shortcomings of purely private or public extension. Yet the evidence for the effectiveness of programs that combine extension with matching grants is quite thin. We add to this evidence by evaluating the Uruguayan Livestock Program (ULP), a program that promoted the adoption of intensive management practices by small and medium-sized cattle producers by offering extension from private providers combined with matching grants for investments. Using inverse probability weighting as applied to an eight-year panel data set of cattle producers, we find that the ULP had large impacts on net sales and production of calves, but that program impacts on production and sales translated into modest net economic impacts overall. We examine the mechanisms that may have driven ULP impacts, and conclude that program impacts were likely caused by improved management practices rather than by loosening liquidity constraints on producers.
    Keywords: O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O22 - Project Analysis, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Global Oil Prices and Local Food Prices: Evidence from East Africa (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: It is widely believed that oil prices impact food prices in developing countries. Yet rigorous evidence on this relationship is scarce. Using maize and petrol price data from east Africa, we show that global oil prices do affect food prices but primarily through transport costs, rather than through biofuel or production cost channels. We find that global oil prices transmit much more rapidly to the pump and then to local maize prices than do global maize prices, suggesting that the immediate effects of correlated commodity price shocks on local food prices are driven more by transport costs than by the prices of the grains themselves. Furthermore, we present suggestive evidence that, for markets furthest inland, changes in world oil prices have larger effects on local maize prices than do changes in world maize prices.
    Keywords: F15 - Economic Integration, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    The Natural Resource Curse and Fiscal Decentralization (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: Natural resource abundance is a blessing for some countries, but a curse for others. We show that differences across countries in the degree of fiscal decentralization can contribute to this divergent outcome. Using a large panel of countries covering several decades and various fiscal decentralization and natural resource measures, we provide empirical support for the novel hypothesis. We also study a model that combines political and market mechanisms under a unified framework to illustrate how natural resource booms may create negative effects in fiscally decentralized nations.
    Keywords: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations ; Federalism ; Secession, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development, Q33 - Resource Booms
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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