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  • Other Sources  (14,067)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (7,513)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (6,553)
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  • 1
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    Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may be widespread in sulphidic groundwater ecosystems: evidence from southeastern Romania. (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-25
    Description: Niphargus is a speciose amphipod genus found in groundwater habitats across Europe. Three Niphargus species living in the sulphidic Frasassi caves in Italy harbour sulphur-oxidizing Thiothrix bacterial ectosymbionts. These three species are distantly related, implying that the ability to form ectosymbioses with Thiothrix may be common among Niphargus. Therefore, Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may also be found in sulphidic aquifers other than Frasassi. In this study, we examined this possibility by analysing niphargids of the genera Niphargus and Pontoniphargus collected from the partly sulphidic aquifers of the Southern Dobrogea region of Romania, which are accessible through springs, wells and Movile Cave. Molecular and morphological analyses revealed seven niphargid species in this region. Five of these species occurred occasionally or exclusively in sulphidic locations, whereas the remaining two were restricted to nonsulphidic areas. Thiothrix were detected by PCR on all seven Dobrogean niphargid species and observed using microscopy to be predominantly attached to their hosts' appendages. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Thiothrix epibionts fell into two main clades, one of which (herein named T4) occurred solely on niphargids collected in sulphidic locations. The other Thiothrix clade was present on niphargids from both sulphidic and nonsulphidic areas and indistinguishable from the T3 ectosymbiont clade previously identified on Frasassi-dwelling Niphargus. Although niphargids from Frasassi and Southern Dobrogea are not closely related, the patterns of their association with Thiothrix are remarkably alike. The finding of similar Niphargus-Thiothrix associations in aquifers located 1200 km apart suggests that they may be widespread in European groundwater ecosystems.
    Keywords: amphipods; ecology; sulphide; symbiosis; systematics; taxonomy ; 551 ; Amphipoda ; Animals ; DNA, Bacterial ; Ecosystem ; Groundwater ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Romania ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sulfur ; Symbiosis ; Thiothrix
    Language: English , English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    SOLID PROPELLANT BOOSTERS FOR MANNED SPACE FLIGHT (1962)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Solid propellant boosters for manned space flight
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Selection of High Thrust Launch Vehicles (1962)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-26
    Description: Selection of high thrust launch vehicles
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SAE PAPER-510A
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Receivers for laser power beaming summary of the workshop at SPRAT-12 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: At the Space Photovoltaics Research and Technology (SPRAT) conference at NASA Lewis Research Center, a workshop session was held to discuss issues involved in using photovoltaic arrays ('solar cells') to convert laser power into electrical power for use as receiving elements for beamed power.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Power (ISSN 0883-6272); 12; p. 51-54
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Voyager measurements of the isotopic composition of cosmic-ray aluminum and implications for the propagation of cosmic rays (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report a new measurement of the cosmic-ray isotopic composition of aluminum in the low-energy range form 75 to 206 MeV per nucleon.This measurement was made using the high-energy telescope of the CRS experiment on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the time period from 1977 to 1993 with an average solar modulation level about 497 MV, roughly the same as at Earth near sunspot minimum. We obtain approximately 430 Al events of which approximately 35 are Al-26 and 395 are Al-27. The Al isotopes were separated with an average mass resolution sigma of 0.35 amu. Our interpretation of the isotopic composition of cosmic-ray aluminum is based on a standard Leaky-Box model for the interstellar propagation of cosmic-ray nuclei using the latest cross sections of the New Mexico-Saclay collaboration as well as a disk-halo diffusion model. From our observed ratio Al-26/Al-27 of 8.3 +/- 2.4 % we deduce an average interstellar density of about 0.52 (+0.26, -0.2) atoms per cu cm. This density is larger than the value of 0.28 (+0.14, -0.11) atoms per cu cm we found from an analysis of the observed abundance of the longer lived Be-10 made using data from the Voyager detectors over almost the same time interval and using essentially the same propagation program.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 430; 1; p. L69-L72
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    SOLINS- SOLAR INSOLATION MODEL FOR COMPUTING AVAILABLE SOLAR ENERGY TO A SURFACE OF ARBITRARY ORIENTATION (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This computer program, SOLINS, was developed to aid engineers and solar system designers in the accurate modeling of the average hourly solar insolation on a surface of arbitrary orientation. The program can be used to study insolation problems specific to residential and commercial applications where the amount of space available for solar collectors is limited by shadowing problems, energy output requirements, and costs. For tandem rack arrays, SOLINS will accommodate the use of augmentation reflectors built into the support structure to increase insolation values at the collector surface. As the use of flat plate solar collectors becomes more prevalent in the building industry, the engineer and designer must have the capability to conduct extensive sensitivity analyses on the orientation and location of solar collectors. SOLINS should prove to be a valuable aid in this area of engineering. SOLINS uses a modified version of the National Bureau of Standards model to calculate the direct, diffuse, and reflected components of total insolation on a tilted surface with a given azimuthal orientation. The model is based on the work of Liu and Jordan with corrections by Kusuda and Ishii to account for early morning and late afternoon errors. The model uses a parametric description of the average day solar climate to generate monthly average day profiles by hour of the insolation level on the collector surface. The model includes accommodation of user specified ground and landscape reflectivities at the collector site. For roof or ground mounted, tilted arrays, SOLINS will calculate insolation including the effects of shadowing and augmentation reflectors. The user provides SOLINS with data describing the array design, array orientation, the month, the solar climate parameter, the ground reflectance, and printout control specifications. For the specified array and environmental conditions, SOLINS outputs the hourly insolation the array will receive during an average day during the month specified, along with the total insolation the collector surface will receive over an average 24-hour period. This program is written in FORTRAN IV for batch execution and has been implemented on an IBM 370 computer with a central memory requirement of approximately 46K of 8 bit bytes. The SOLINS routines were developed in 1979.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NPO-14787
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    SOFIP-A SHORT ORBITAL FLUX INTEGRATION PROGRAM (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Short Orbital Flux Integration Program, SOFIP, was developed to provide a fast and accurate evaluation of the space radiation environment expected to be encountered by geocentric satellites. SOFIP uses Vette's standardized models of the terrestrial trapped particle environment in performing the evaluation. For a given trajectory, the basic analysis involves the calculation of the composite integral orbit spectrum of either protons or electrons. Additional calculations which may be performed include exposure index, peaks per orbit, percent time in electron trapping zones, differential spectrum, and solor proton fluences. The results of the SOFIP calculations should provide the analyst with a detailed picture of the radiation environment in which the vehicle will operate. This program is written in FORTRAN IV for batch execution and has been implemented on an IBM 360 computer with a central memory requirement of approximately 60K of 8 bit bytes. The SOFIP program was developed in 1979.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: GSC-12554
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Galactic cosmic ray transport methods and radiation quality issues (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interaction and transport methods, as implemented in the Langley Research Center GCR transport code, is presented. Representative results for solar minimum, exo-magnetospheric GCR dose equivalents in water are presented on a component by component basis for various thicknesses of aluminum shielding. The impact of proposed changes to the currently used quality factors on exposure estimates and shielding requirements are quantified. Using the cellular track model of Katz, estimates of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the mixed GCR radiation fields are also made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (ISSN 0735-245X); 20; 1; p. 65-72.
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    OFFSET - RAY TRACING OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF OFFSET SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR SPACE STATION SOLAR DYNAMIC POWER SYSTEM (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: OFFSET is a ray tracing computer code for optical analysis of a solar collector. The code models the flux distributions within the receiver cavity produced by reflections from the solar collector. It was developed to model the offset solar collector of the solar dynamic electric power system being developed for Space Station Freedom. OFFSET has been used to improve the understanding of the collector-receiver interface and to guide the efforts of NASA contractors also researching the optical components of the power system. The collector for Space Station Freedom consists of 19 hexagonal panels each containing 24 triangular, reflective facets. Current research is geared toward optimizing flux distribution inside the receiver via changes in collector design and receiver orientation. OFFSET offers many options for experimenting with the design of the system. The offset parabolic collector model configuration is determined by an input file of facet corner coordinates. The user may choose other configurations by changing this file, but to simulate collectors that have other than 19 groups of 24 triangular facets would require modification of the FORTRAN code. Each of the roughly 500 facets in the assembled collector may be independently aimed to smooth out, or tailor, the flux distribution on the receiver's wall. OFFSET simulates the effects of design changes such as in receiver aperture location, tilt angle, and collector facet contour. Unique features of OFFSET include: 1) equations developed to pseudo-randomly select ray originating sources on the Sun which appear evenly distributed and include solar limb darkening; 2) Cone-optics technique used to add surface specular error to the ray originating sources to determine the apparent ray sources of the reflected sun; 3) choice of facet reflective surface contour -- spherical, ideal parabolic, or toroidal; 4) Gaussian distributions of radial and tangential components of surface slope error added to the surface normals at the ten nodal points on each facet; and 5) color contour plots of receiver incident flux distribution generated by PATRAN processing of FORTRAN computer code output. OFFSET output includes a file of input data for confirmation, a PATRAN results file containing the values necessary to plot the flux distribution at the receiver surface, a PATRAN results file containing the intensity distribution on a 40 x 40 cm area of the receiver aperture plane, a data file containing calculated information on the system configuration, a file including the X-Y coordinates of the target points of each collector facet on the aperture opening, and twelve P/PLOT input data files to allow X-Y plotting of various results data. OFFSET is written in FORTRAN (70%) for the IBM VM operating system. The code contains PATRAN statements (12%) and P/PLOT statements (18%) for generating plots. Once the program has been run on VM (or an equivalent system), the PATRAN and P/PLOT files may be transferred to a DEC VAX (or equivalent system) with access to PATRAN for PATRAN post processing. OFFSET was written in 1988 and last updated in 1989. PATRAN is a registered trademark of PDA Engineering. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. DEC VAX is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: LEW-14778
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Cold dark matter and degree-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropy statistics after COBE (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We conduct a Monte Carlo simulation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy in the UCSB South Pole 1991 degree-scale experiment. We examine cold dark matter cosmology with large-scale structure seeded by the Harrison-Zel'dovich hierarchy of Gaussian-distributed primordial inhomogeneities normalized to the COBE-DMR measurement of large-angle CMB anisotropy. We find it statistically implausible (in the sense of low cumulative probability F lower than 5 percent, of not measuring a cosmological delta-T/T signal) that the degree-scale cosmological CMB anisotropy predicted in such models could have escaped a detection at the level of sensitivity achieved in the South Pole 1991 experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 410; 1; p. L1-L5.
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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