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  • Articles  (61,810)
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  • Chemical Engineering  (17,979)
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  • 1
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    Can humans & coastal landforms co-exist? : proceedings of a workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA January 24, 2001 (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.
    Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.
    Keywords: Coastal ; Landforms ; Humans
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1574993 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Concerns about quadrupole ICP-MS lead isotopic data and interpretations in the environment and health fields (2018)
    MDPI AG
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2018): 723, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040723.
    Description: There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields
    Keywords: Lead isotopes ; ICP-MS ; TIMS ; MC-ICP-MS ; Environment ; Humans ; Rats ; Fractionation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications for evolution of nuclear structures of animals, plants, fungi and protoctists
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosystems 22 (1989), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0303-2647
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell nucleus ; Evolution ; Plants ; Protoctista ; Taxonomy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(89)90039-7
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal gradients in the oesophagus of man during exercise and passive warming
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 5 (1980), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Humans ; exercise ; hyperthermia ; oesophageal temperature
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(80)90029-7
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioimmunoassay for immunoreactive [des-Leu^1^0]-angiotensin I
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 10 (1989), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Blood ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; [des-Leu^1^0]-angiotensin I
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(89)90133-2
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence against autocrine feedback regulation of cholecystokinin secretion in man
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 13 (1992), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Autocrine feedback mechanism ; Cholecystokinin ; Feeding ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(92)90110-O
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domestic cat predation on vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) while foraging on goats, pigs, cows and human beings
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Cats ; Foraging ; Humans ; Livestock ; Predators ; Vampire bats
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90134-1
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural responses to humans and the productivity of commercial broiler chickens
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41 (1994), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Fear ; Handling ; Humans ; Poultry ; Productivity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90055-8
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neuroheptapeptide influence on cognitive functioning in the elderly
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 1 (1980), S. 55-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: ACTH ; Aging ; Attention ; Cognition ; Humans ; MSH ; Peptide ; Visual retention
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(80)90036-4
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The substance P content of peripheral tissues in several mammals
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 4 (1983), S. 451-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Biliary system ; Cat ; Guinea-pig ; Humans ; Mucosa ; Rabbit ; Radioimmunoassay ; Respiratory system ; Skin ; Substance P ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Urinary system
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(83)90048-7
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulatory effects of VIP in anesthetized man
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 5 (1984), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Circulation ; Electromagnetic flowmetry ; Humans ; VIP
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(84)90227-4
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated frequencies of hprt mutant lymphocytes in cigarette-smoking mothers and their newborns
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 304 (1994), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Cotinine ; Genetic monitoring ; Hprt mutation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Pregnancy ; Smoking ; Tobacco
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0027-5107(94)90221-6
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for genetic similarity detection in human marriage
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Assortative mating ; Genetic similarity ; Heritability ; Humans ; Kin recognition
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(85)90030-5
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecies homology of cytochrome P-450: toxicological significance of cytochrome P-450 cross-reactive with anti-rat P-448-H antibodies in liver microsomes from dogs, monkeys and humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research Letters 226 (1989), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; Dogs ; Humans ; Monkeys ; P-448-H ; Rats
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0165-7992(89)90014-6
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating paternity confidence
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Humans ; Paternity confidence ; Relatedness
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(87)90045-8
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noninvasive measures of oxidative stress status in humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10 (1991), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Keywords: Free radicals ; Humans ; Noninvasive analytical techniques ; Oxidative stress status
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0891-5849(91)90073-C
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo loss of telomeric repeats with age in humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 256 (1991), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Ageing ; Humans ; Skin cells ; Telomeres
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921-8734(91)90032-7
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of two west African populations (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160241
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compositional distribution of coding sequences and DNA molecules in humans and murids (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101193
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215814
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic evidence for multiple Alu source genes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160256
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of codon usage in mammals: Selection or mutation bias? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103136
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170678
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA damage and rpair with age in individual human lymphocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 237 (1990), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Aging ; Humans ; Ionizing radiation ; Single cell electrophoresis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921-8734(90)90018-M
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868030
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050004
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The solar wind and human birth rate: A possible relationship due to magnetic disturbances (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Briths ; Humans ; Solar wind ; Geomagnetism ; Melatonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data obtained from the literature on the annual pattern of human conceptions and plasma melatonin at high latitudes indicated that simple annual rhythms do not exist. Instead, prominent semiannual rhythms are found, with equinoctial troughs and solsticial peaks. A prominent semiannual environmental event is the magnetic disturbance induced by the solar wind. The semiannual magnetic disturbances are worldwide, but most pronounced in the auroral zones where the corpuscular radiation enters the atmosphere. Magnetic indices that predominantly reflect these events were obtained from the literature and correlated with the melatonin and conception data. Significant and inverse correlations were found for Inuit conceptions and the melatonin data. The correlations obtained for 48 contiguous states of the United States indicated that only the extreme northern states exhibited this relationship. These data were compared with a previous correlational study in the United States which established that sunshine was correlated with conceptions in the middle latitude and southern states. An hypothesis of dual control by electromagnetic and magnetic energies is proposed: melatonin is a progonadal hormone in humans controlled by both factors, depending on their relative strength. Other studies are reviewed regarding the possible factors involved in determining the annual pattern of human conceptions. Demographic studies of geographic variation in temporal patterns of conceptions, with particular regard to variations of the magnetic fields on the earth's surface, may provide some insight into the efficacy of these different factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045819
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    Influence of the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system on the energetically optimum breathing frequency (1993)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 489-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Work of breathing ; Inspiratory pressure-time integral ; Respiratory modeling ; Dogs ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system should have significant implications for the energetically optimal frequency of breathing, in view of the fact that these properties cause marked dependencies of overall system resistance and elastance on frequency. To test our hypothesis we simulated two models of canine and human respiratory system mechanics during sinusoidal breathing and calculated the inspiratory work ( $$\dot W$$ ) and pressure-time integral (PTI) per minute under both resting and exercise conditions. The two models were a two-compartment viscoelastic model and a single-compartment model. Requiring minute alveolar ventilation to be fixed, we found that both models predicted almost identical optimum breathing frequencies. The calculated PTI was very insensitive to increases in breathing frequency above the optimal frequencies, while $$\dot W$$ was found to increase slowly with frequency above its optimum. In contrast, both $$\dot W$$ and PTI increased sharply as frequency decreased below their respective optima. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model predictions were very insensitive to the elastance and resistance values chosen to characterize tissue viscoelasticity. We conclude that the $$\dot W$$ criterion for choosing the frequency of breathing is compatible with observations in nature, whereas the optimal frequency predictions of the PTI are rather too high. Both criteria allow for a fairly wide margin of choice in frequency above the optimum values without incurring excessive additional energy expenditure. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system tissues do not pose a noticeable problem to the respiratory controller in terms of energy expenditure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000004
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    Agaricus Bisporus: An assessment of its carcinogenic potency (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    Masthead (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010101
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  • 33
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 2-2 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010102
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    Effect of hydrostatic pressure on polyethylene melt rheology (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 14-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A description is given of the procedure and equipment used for the purpose of studying the effect of hydrostatic pressure upon the capillary flow properties of polymer melts. Flow properties are reported for a low density polyethylene over a wide range of temperatures, die sizes, different pressures and hydrostatic pressures.
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    A study of the polymerization of thermosetting polymers by electrical resistivity techniques (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly( ester-urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoining the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Thermomechanical studies of amorphous and crystalline polymers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Translated from: Vysokomolekuliarnye Soedineniia 2, 778-84 (May 1960). A thermomechanical study was made of the softening of crystalline polymers during uniform, uniaxial stretch and also of the effect of the rate of heating upon the softening or amorphous polymers. The effect of the tensile force on the thermo-mechanical behavior of various polymers was measured over the range 20 to 100 kg/cm2 and within wide temperature limits (-150° to 250°C). Ribbons 50 mm long, 2-4 mm wide and 0.05 to 0.5 mm thick served as specimens.
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    Mechanisms of ultraviolet stabilization of plastics (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 26-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effectiveness of ultraviolet stabilizers of various types of polyolefin, cellulose ester, and poly (vinyl chloride) plastics was investigated. Most of these stabilizers were of the ultraviolet-absorbing type but two were of the nonabsorbing type. Exposures were made both outdoors and indoors in a Twin-Arc Weatherometer. The latter was modified by the addition of ten 20-watt fluorescent sun lamps to remedy the short-ultraviolet deficiency of the enclosed carbon arcs.
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  • 38
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    Ultraviolet degradation of plastics and the use of protective ultraviolet absorbers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradation of plastics by ultraviolet energy and the use of protective ultraviolet absorbers to improve stability necessitate studies along several lines. These include (a) the measurement of the ultraviolet spectral energy distribution of sunlight and of the indoor accelerated test sources, (b) the measurement of the extent of degradation as a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation, (c) an estimate of the absorbing effectiveness of the added protective agents, and (d) the stability of the protective ultraviolet absorbers themselves.
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    The effect of molecular weight distribution on the flow properties of polyethylene (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 40-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The non-Newtonian flow behavior of polyethylene has been investigated with respect to the effects of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Effects of die geometry on melt fracture as well as preliminary extrudate orientation studies are discussed.
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  • 40
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    A study of the weathering of an elastomeric polyurethane (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study was designed to show the nature of weathering of an elastomer poly(ester-urethane), and to indicate methods of overcoming the deficiency. Unprotected polymer, when exposed to UV radiation in a Weatherometer, showed deterioration which is characterized by loss of tensile strength, some increase in modulus, and a decreased extensibility of surface skin.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010108
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    Research is key to progress in the plastics industry (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 52-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010111
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  • 42
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    Hydroxy alkyl phosphate esters as curing agents for epoxy resins (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new curing system which yields room temperature curing epoxy adhesives with high bond strength and softening point has been developed for service in contact with high explosives. Bisphenol A type resins cured with hydroxyl alkyl phosphate acid esters are used. Short pot life and relatively low alkali resistance are drawbacks of the system.
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  • 43
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    Masthead (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010201
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  • 44
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 54-55 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 45
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    How can scientists keep up with science? (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 56-56 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010203
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  • 46
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    Cryogenic adhesive properties of bisphenol-A epoxy resins (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article includes a comparison of the adhesive properties of bisphenol-A expoxides at 300°K and 76°K with respect to the molecular weight of the uncured resins. Joints of 2024 aluminum were tested at 300°K and 76°K in tensile-shear and in impact-shear, and total linear thermal contraction of the cured resins was measured between the two temperatures. Results are discussed with respect to residual joint stresses and adsorptive properties of the resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 47
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    A method for determination of maximum heat resistance of plastics (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for measuring heat stability and temperature of degradation of thermosetting plastics is described, as well as an improved method for the determination of transition temperature into glassy or viscous state for thermosetting resins. Magnitude of elastic deformation is tied in with length of polymer chain and lattice density.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Dielectric properties of plasticized melamine resins (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 68-72 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During the last thrity years, dielectric measurements have been employed extensively to provide a better understanding of the interactions between polymer and plasticizer in various thermoplastic formulations. Recently, a series of melamine resins, plasticized to the extent that shrinkage and internal stress were modified, became available. Since there is little information in the literature concerning the dielectric properties of such thermosetting resins, a study was made of the variation of dielectric constant and loss as a function of frequency and temperature.
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    Some functions of 2-hydroxybenzophenones as weathering stabilizers for polymers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzophenone are well-known stabilizers for such polymers as cellulose acetate butyrate and polyesters. Their stabilization effectiveness is commonly associated with their ability to screen a polymer from the harmful ultraviolet radiation found in sunlight. They also satisfy other requirements for effective stabilizers, namely, compatibility with many polymers and an inherent stability to ultraviolet light. Several other functions of 2 hydroxybenzophenones in stabilizing a polymer to ultraviolet light have been postulated, but little experimental data related to them are available. This paper deals with some of the additional functions of 2-hydroxybenzophenones in weathering stabilization as investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR).
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  • 50
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    Electrical resistivity of polymers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 80-85 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivities of a number of thermoplastic and thermosetting high polymers have been determined. Activation energies for the electrical conduction process Ee have been calculated and found to vary from 12 to 60 Kcal/mole depending upon the structure of the polymer. Results are interpreted in terms of an ionic diffusion process and discussed in terms of the structure of the polymers.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 102-103 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010302
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    Masthead (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010301
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    Polyethylene flow data from melt viscometer and commercial extruder measurements (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 86-92 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For broad ranges of operating conditions and a wide variety of high pressure polyethylenes, the flow data obtained from a high shear viscometer and a commercial extruder are identical. Discrepancies between flow data can result from non steady state viscosities in the high shear viscometer, or from cooled screw extruder operation. In the broad regions in which the flow data concur, the readily obtained viscometer data are suitable for predictions of extruder performance. The principle is illustrated by the good correlation of a viscometer flow curve parameter and the screw power consumption in the extruder. Principles outlined for flow data identity and extruder performance prediction are believed to be general, but the quantitative limits defined are specific to the extrusion devices involved.
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    An investigation of some variables affecting impact resistant thermoplastics (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent technology has evolved a number of dissimilar thermoplastics which under conditions of ambient temperature and impact loading show both the high modulus, which is mainly a property of brittle polymers in the glassy state, and also the impact resistance, such as may be expected of polymers in the rubbery state. Several of these special plastics were examined by electronmicroscopy and also with respect to several aspects of their mechanical behavior to establish by direct observation and inference whether or not different types of plastics exhibit some common features of structure which promote impact resistance. These observations suggest the hypothesis that special circumstances of domain heterogeneity can override many other variables of composition or molecular structures in controlling the fracture mechanism.
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    Best of ANTEC - SPE Transactions (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 104-104 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010303
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    Thermodynamic diagrams for polyethylene resins (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For resins of room temperature density 0.91 to 0.96 g/cc, enthaply and internal energy diagrams have been developed from 0 to 200°C and up to 1000 atmospheres. These diagrams can be used for estimating properties for which data are not available, and provide unified view of many properties of polyethylene under conditions of fabrication and use. Extent of crystallinity estimates can be made from enthalpy, internal energy, specific volume, compressibility and melting point data provided for hypothetical amorphous, crystalline and actual resins.
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    The strength of glassy polymers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 109-112 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Griffith theory for brittle fracture predicts that the tensile strength should be inversely proportional to the square root of the size of a defect or flaw in the sample tested. The validity of this relation has been investigated for the glassy polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystrene. The results indicate that the strength of the polymers depends on two factors: (1) the surface energy, and (2) the inherent flaw size. The surface energy is primarily that dissipated in a viscous flow process and the inherent flaw size is related to the tendency of the polymer to craze under stress.
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    The effect of extrusion variables on the fundamental properties of tubular polythene film (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of formation of tubular polythene film is a complicated process, and extensive studies have shown that the properties of the film made are influenced profoundly and in a complex way both by the processing conditions used by certain design features of the equipment. Studies of the effect of the extrusion variables on the more important film properties, both optical and mechanical, are reviewed in this paper. The results are discussed in terms of the fundamental nature of polythene film, its surface, its crystalline structure and its orientation.
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    Flow patterns in a non-Newtonian fluid in a single-screw extruder (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow patterns in the channel of a screw extruder have been investigated in a study utilizing a model extruder with stationary screw and a rotating, transparent barrel. Photographs of flow streamlines at conditions over the full range of output restriction are presented for a non-Newtonian fluid. A technique employing photographs of particle tracers was used with the same apparatus to permit quantitative measurement of velocity profiles with both a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian fluid.
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    Inorganic-organic high polymers, phenoxyaldehyde resins of Titanium (IV) and Hafnium (IV) (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new series of inorganic-organic high polymers have been synthesized namely; the metaloxene polymers of phenolaldehyde. Titanium (IV), Zirconium (IV) and Hafnium (IV) phenolaldehyde have been prepared and other metals especially the refractory type metals may merit further development as calorobic plastic materials. The hafnium resin has been compression molded into a rocket-nozzle insert shape with satisfactory rocket-firing results.
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    New frontiers in the field of macromolecules (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 147-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010311
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    Resins from cyclohexene oxide derivatives and fatty acids (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes preparation of resins as described in the title above, and the effect of concentration of the diepoxide, dimer acid, and initiator (stannous octoate). Proportion of dimer acid and diepoxide has a marked influence on hardness and tensile properties of resins. Change in tensile properties upon aging correlates very well with change in hardness. Higher proportions of dimer acid produce softer, more flexible resins. The resins have unique electrical properties at temperature up to 175°C, apparently because of the high proportion of hydrocarbon in the resin.
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    Masthead (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010401
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    Effect of gamma radiation on chemical structure of plastics (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Twelve plastics representing various chemical structures were studied as part of a program to determine the utility of plastics as packaging materials in the high radiation presentation of food. The plastics were exposed to selected dosages of Cobalt-60 gamma radiation in vacuum and in air. Gas evolution and changes in infrared spectra as a result of irradiation were used to hypothesize the relative stability of these plastics to irradiation. Based on these facts it was found that plastics containing conjugated ring systems, ionic linkages, and chlorine in side groups were the most stable.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 150-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010402
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    First year for spe transactions (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 152-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010403
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    An empirical method for … The prediction of liquid permeation in polyethylene and related polymers (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 153-163 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeability properties depend on the size, shape and polarity of the permeating molecule. Permeability of organic liquids, polar or non-polar, can be quite accurately predicted if the chemical composition of the permeant is known. By the choice of an arbitrary value (unity) as an indicator for the carbon atom, numbers specific to each structural element of the permeating molecule can be computed from previous experimental data. These numbers, herein called “Permachor” values (π), then combine by simple addition to relate the logarithm of a liquid's permeation in polyethylene.
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    Polymers as conductors and semi-conductors (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mobile ions can be introduced thereby increasing the conductivity, with a limiting operating temperature range of 200°-250°C. Conductivity can be increased with the formation of conjugatd double bonds. Polymeric compounds may be synthesized with metallocyclic groups, where an atom of metal is bound to nitrogen atoms in a heterocyclic system in the basic chain of conjugation of the macromolecule. Here phtalocyanimes possess the greatest thermal stability. Lastly there are semiconducting polymers with conjugated double bonds containing hetero-atoms in the principle chain, having unpaired electrons of oxygen and nitrogen.
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    The thermodynamics of biaxial elongationSupported in part by a contract from the Office of Naval Research and in part by: grants from the National Science Foundation, the Plax Corporation and assistance from the Monsanto Chemical Company. (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 164-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: If temperature variations of forces in both directions are observed simultaneously at constant simple dimensions, internal energy and entropy changes on elongation in those directions may be calculated at constant volume and in the more common experimental condition of constant pressure. Thermodynamic derivatives at constant volume are important for fundamental molecular interpretation being related to configuration change. Constant pressure quantities were therefore changed into constant volume ones by the use of an evaluated correction term, involving average Young Moduli and thermal expansion coefficient.
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    Dynamic measurement of mechanical moduli I (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 177-179 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Equipment is described for measurement of Young's and shear modulus on the same identical polymer sample, by a free-vibration method. Strain gauges are used as sensors in an automatic recorder. Young's modulus and damping, shear modulus and damping and Poisson's ratio are reported over a range of temperature for polypropylene, Nylon 66 and poly (methylmethacrylate). It is found that Poisson's ratio shows a dip in the glass transition region and that values greater than the infinitesimal strain limit of 0.5 are obtained in the rubbery region.
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    An introduction to the glass-resin interface section (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 180-180 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760010408
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    Physical techniques used in studying interfacial phenomena (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Adsorption studies on powdered and planar surfaces yield significant information regarding the rate and degree of interaction between the substrate and the organic adsorbate. Investigative tools include contact angle measurement, radiotracer methods, ellipsometry, x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, elegant infrared techniques, dynamic desorption techniques, and film balance applications.
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    A study of the finish mechanism: Glass to finish, finish thickness and finish to resin (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 214-223 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A solution of substituted alkyl alkoxy silanes was applied to E-glass filament strands before forming glass-resin composite hoops, which were tested to relate changes in hoop physical properties to the nature of the coupling agent-size application. Continuously heat cleaning E-glass in oxygen-enriched air gives a strand that, when properly coated with size and laminated, makes a hoop with superior strength and modulus properties.
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    A new interpretation of the glass-coupling agent surface through use of electron microscopy (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 224-233 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Theoretically a monolayer or insignificant weight per cent of coupling agent should give optimum properties for fiber glass-resin composites, contrary to commercial practice. Studies of variation of chemical bonding between the coupling agent and the resin and the study of the degree of bonding of the coupling agents to the glass by extraction techniques have not explained this effect. However, new techniques of electron microscopy have revealed details of loading distribution and agglomeration on the glass fiber which tend to explain this effect.
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    The chemistry of chromium complexes used as coupling agents in fiberglass resin laminates (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 199-213 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chromium complex is chemically bonded by ion exchange with alkali cations to strongly acidic sites in the glass surface. These sites are formed by the isomorphous replacement of silicon by boron and aluminum in the network structure. Polymerized complexes are better bonding agents than monomeric ones. Specific interactions between organic groups on the chrome complex and the bonding resins also determine laminate strength and water resistance.
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    Study of the interaction of organic monomers and water with fiberglass by Sorption methods (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 191-198 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interfacial reactions between organosilane-treated fiberglass and styrene, and bond conditions in these and in polymerized ethylene oxide and epichlorhydrin-E-glass systems were investigated. The vinyl functionality of some alkenylsilanes showed little effect on the polymerization of styrene on E-glass. The polymerization of this aromatic monomer on vinyltrichlorosilane-reacted fiberglass did not result in interfacial bond formation. Sorption of water on organosilane-coated glass at different temperatures suggested that permeation of the adsorbate into the bulk of the substrate was determined by diffusive transfer of water molecules.
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The degree of bonding between coupling agents and glass filaments ¨ a study ¨ (1961)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 1 (1961), S. 234-244 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Evidence indicates that there is a chemical bond between the coupling agent of either silane or chrome complex type and the glass substrate, but that this chemical bond may be strong or weak, depending on the elements making up the bond and the other elements in the immediate area surrounding the bond. These elements can exert either a beneficial or detrimental effect on the strength of that bond. Other evidence is given to show that a vapor phase treatment that applies silane coupling agents like A-1100 to “E” glass gives the highest known strength retention values. A mechanism is advanced to explain the bridging of unreactive sites on glass surfaces by silane coupling agents applied from solution.
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 2-4 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Crystallization kinetic studies of vinylidene chloride-alkyl acrylate copolymers by torsional measurementsPresented at the 140th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 3-8, 1961. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 7-10 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By following the changes in torsional modulus as a function of time, the kinetics of crystallization of three copolymers of vinylidene chloride containing 10% mole % alkyl acrylate were investigated and the geometrical growth and nucleation constant of the Avrami equation was determined. Isotherms were superimposable within certain temperature ranges while the nucleation constant decreased with a decrease in temperature. Rate of crystallization increased with increase of the alkyl side chain length.
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    The hidden ingredient in plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Comparative chemical means of assessing polyethylene oxidizabilityThis paper was presented as part of the Symposium on Stabilization of Polyolefins Sponsored by the Division of Paint, Plastics, and Printing Ink Chemistry at the 135th Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Boston, Massachusetts, April 1959. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 11-20 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper compares results of four accelerated oxidation tests: the hot milling test, reaction with fuming nitric acid, absorption of oxygen gas at elevated temperature and the redox system - polyethylene - lead peroxide ignition test. The length of the induction period, is a product of antioxidant concentration but not of the inherent oxidizability of the resin. Discrepancies between induction periods as measured by oxygen absorption and hot milling differ because in the former the volume of pure oxygen absorbed is measured and in the latter the electrical consequences of air oxidation. In addition other polymeric degradation occur in milling. Nitric Acid treatment measures the effect of nitric acid upon the specific viscosity and is useful for chain scission comparisons. The ignition tests reflect both inherent oxidizability and presence of antioxidant. All four tests reflect oxidation parameters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020105
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    Radiation and moisture effects in polymerized epoxy resinSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract at(30-1)-1858. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of moisture and rather large doses of reactor radiation (∼4 × 1011 ergs/gm) on the dynamic properties of polymerized epoxy resins have been investigated over the temperature range of 80°-450°K and at frequencies from 200 to 1400 cps. Data are presented for both unfilled and aluminum-filled systems of a bisphenol A based epoxy, (Epon 828) cured with metaphenylenediamine. Moisture absorption (0.88%) causes a shift of the main glass transition near 440°K to lower temperatures (∼25 degrees for unfilled epoxy). This is similar to the plasticizing action of small molecules absorbed in other polymers such as nylon 6-6. Irradiation to a dose of 4 × 1011 ergs/gm (4 × 109 rads) causes a shift to lower temperatures (∼50 degrees) of the onset of the main transition, and, in addition, results in both a shift to lower temperatures and a decrease in maximum height of the damping peak near 250°K. Chain scission, in a loosening of the structure and the breaking up of the partially flexible connecting groups, may be responsible for these radiation effects.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020106
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    The effect of polymerization catalysts on the rate of degradation of isotactic polypropylene (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 25-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the reasons for purification of low-pressure polymerization products is the assumed degradation effects of retained catalysts. Degree of degradation was determined from the change in viscosity number. Effects of catalysts on active sights and deactivation were noted along with degradation in the presence of air and oxygen in addition to determining, the effect of antioxidants. Individual components of the catalyst may have the ability to intensify the effect of any antioxidant and affect the rate of degradation where catalyst influence was better defined in the presence of oxygen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020107
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    An introduction to dynamic behaviour of high polymers symposium papers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020110
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    Bibliography on ultraviolet degradation and stabilization of plastics (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 32-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A bibliography of references from 1957 through 1960 was prepared containing the following sub-headings: Protective Ultraviolet Absorbers, Light Sources, Light Fastness Evaluation, Plastics Degradation and Stabilization Polyesters, Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, Polyethylene, Polyacrylo and Methacrylonitrile, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Cellulose Acetate and Nitrate, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyamides, Wool, Rubber, Silicone Resin, Wood, Dyes and Paint Films, Epoxy, Melamine and Urea Formaldehyde, Oil Films, General Mechanical Degradation, Free Radicals and ESR, Photochemistry, Photochemistry and Spectroscopy at Low Temperatures, Antioxidants and Free Radical Scavengers, Flash Photolysis, Energy Transfer, Phosphorence and the Triplet State, Fluorescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020109
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    Dynamic shear behavior of high polymers at low frequencies (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The experimental techniques used to measure the dynamic shear behaviour of polymers at low frequencies, that is below 10 sec-1, are discussed with particular reference to the torsion pendulum. The various types of relaxations which can occur in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are considered. Polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene are examples of amorphous polymers. The effects of crosslinking, intermolecular forces, steric effects, and plasticizers on the main glass transition of other amorphous polymers are also described. Polytetrafluorethylene is an example of a linear, semi-crystalline polymer. The effect of introducing trifluoromethyl groups along the chain in copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene is described. Results obtained with polypropylene are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020112
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    Dynamic elastic behavior or high polymers at audiofrequenciesSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract No. AT(30-1)-1858, and by the National Science Foundation. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A brief description is given of the use of a resonant-bar type apparatus for measurement of the dynamic elastic modulus and the associated damping or internal friction of a solid polymer. Each different type of polymer is found to exhibit a characteristic internal friction spectrum when explored over the temperature range from liquid nitrogen temperatures to the melting point. These spectra are characterized by the occurrence of one or more peaks in the mechanical loss data centered about certain temperatures, accompanied by an associated drop in dynamic modulus. By variation of polymer composition and of polymer structure, by addition of low molecular weight compounds, and by subjection of samples to irradiation, considerable additional information can be gained that would be helpful in determining the nature of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the observed transitions. Dynamic mechanical data are presented and discussed for a series of poly(alpha olefins) with methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and isobutyl side chains to depict the effects of crystallinity, side chain length and side chain structure on the observed transitions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020111
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    The relationships between the structures of organic phosphites and their effectiveness in poly(vinyl chloride) stabilization (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 28-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of thirty-three phosphites of varied structural variations were tested at 177°C in a vinyl compound utilizing co-precipitated barium cadmium laurate or a combination of barium nonylphenate and cadmium 2-ethylhexoate as the primary stabilizer. Best activity was found with mixed alky-aryl phosphites.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020108
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    Creep of high polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 74-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For polymers the isothermal creep compliance shows a major dispersion region from the glassy compliance Jg to the quasi-equilibrium compliance Je. Further increases in compliance are associated with viscous flow. There is no detailed molecular mechanism to explain these phenomena although the modified Rouse theory and the postulated entanglement coupling present a reasonable physical concept. To empirically describe the creep curves of polycrystalline metals, a power law (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} = mt-n) has frequently been used, where \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \varepsilon $\end{document} is the creep rate, t is the time and m and n are constants with O≤n≤. In particular, n equal to 2/3 leads to Andrade creep, a relationship which is applicable to both polymers and metals. A comparison of the creep behavior of polymers and polycrystalline metals shows many points of similarity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020113
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    Dielectric properties of solid polymers (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 82-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements were used to study dielectric constant and loss index of poly(p-chlorostyrene) and poly(m-chlorostyrene) over a temperature and frequency range. Relaxation processes are observed and mechanisms are proposed for crystalline structures. Axial rotation discussed here has been used to explain NMR data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020114
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 94-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020202
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    Masthead (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020201
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    Transitions in polymers by nuclear magnetic resonanceSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission under Contract AT(30-1)-1858, and by a research grant (a2704) from the Public Health Service.¨ a study ¨ (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 86-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, are briefly reviewed and the use of proton resonance for the study of segmental motion in solid high polymers is outlined. Studies of the temperature dependence of NMR spectra have shown that both completely amorphous and partially crystalline polymers exhibit NMR line narrowing processes at temperatures near the respective glass transition temperature due to increased segmental motion. The presence of small molecules, such as H2O or D2O in the polyamides, or a change of tacticity to a greater isotatic content, such as for poly(methyl methacrylate), is found to lower this line narrowing process on the temperature scale. Heating of polyethylene single crystal aggregates at temperatures somewhat below the melting point also leads to a decrease in temperature for this line narrowing process, presumeably due to the introduction of defects in the polymer crystals. In the ≤ 77°K to 200°K region numerous polymers having methyl and methyl group containing side chains are found to exhibit line width and second moment dispersions, attributed to methyl group rotation. If the methyl group is attached to a phenyl or ester side chain, methyl rotation takes place at 77° K and below.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020115
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    The chemists becomes an apprentice of living nature (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 97-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020203
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    Novel polymerization methods. Introduction (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 99-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New methods, new structures leading to novel properties are presented in a collection of summaries. Areas discussed were: thiosemicarbazides, organometallic initiation of allene polymerization, poly(1,1,4,4,-tetramethyl-1,3-butadiene), emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with protein detergent solubilizing agents, alkali metal organic catalysts for stereospecific polymerization, anionic polymerization of dienes, rate constants in anionic polymerization, a series on polymerization by oxidative coupling with amine copper salt catalysts, block polymerization by vapor phase swelling, intra-intermolecular propagation in the solid-state and radiation induced polymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020204
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    Polymerization of allen by organometallic initiation (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 101-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020206
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    Poly (1,1,4,4-teramethyl-1, 3-butadiene) (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 102-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020207
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    Preparation, properties and applications of polymeric thiosemicarbazidesFull description will be given in two papers entitled Polymeric Thiosemicarbazides I-Preparation and Properties of the Polymers and Some Simple Metallic Chelates and Polymeric Thiosemicarbazides II-Effect of Chemical Structure on Chelating Properties, Structure of Chelates, Both are in print in the Journal of Polymer Science. (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 100-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020205
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    An emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate employing protein-detergent solubilizing agents (1962)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 2 (1962), S. 104-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760020208
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