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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (112,478)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (30,791)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (25,033)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Latexes based on styrene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymers were prepared by the emulsifier-free dispersion copolymerization technique. The main factors affecting the size and morphology of the latex particles and their distribution are the initiator concentration (K2S2O8), the total ionic strength of the aqueous phase, and the total monomer concentration. The existence of critical values for these variables was demonstrated. In the range in which these factors had values below the critical, the synthesized latex particles were spherical, homogeneous, and in varied sizes, depending on the abovementioned parameters in the range of 220-500 nm. Above the critical values of these variables the latex particles consisted of spherical aggregates of smaller particles. The reactive oxirane groups of the latex particles were modified later by hydrolysis, ammonolysis, reaction with Na2S, or periodic acid oxidation of the hydrolyzed or ammonolyzed forms of the latex particles.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 719-727 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) (34% acrylonitrile and 24% acrylonitrile) and polyurethane ionomer (PUI) with SAN (34% acrylonitrile) were prepared in the melt. The structural properties and morphology of the blends were investigated. TPU and SAN blends were immiscible in the composition range 30-70 wt % of TPU or SAN. In TPU-rich blends, SAN propagates the separation of hard and soft segements in TPU. In SAN-rich blends, the interaction stage depends on acrylonitrile contents. SEM measurements showed that the blends of TPU/SAN were fine dispersions and clearly showed a continuous and disperse phase, whereas the morphology of the PUI/SAN blends were different. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 595-602 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: demixing ; spinodal quench ; polymer blends ; lower critical solution temperature ; isotope effect ; pressure dependence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Liquid-liquid demixing, following spinodal quenches of poly-2-chlorostyrene/polystyrene blends, was followed by light scattering at 632.8 nm. The dependences of demixing on H/D substitution and molecular weight of the polystyrene, and on pressure, are reported. In the region of interest, the phase diagram is of the lower critical solution (LCS) type, and demixing is induced by raising the temperature. The transition temperature is lowered by deuterium substitution. At constant quench depth the transition proceeds more rapidly at elevated pressure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 17 (1986), S. 477-480 
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman spectrum of the ν3 mode of allene has been studied as a function of temperature throughout the temperature range of the liquid. Analysis of the spectral band shape shows that the vibrational dephasing is a fast-modulation process. Evidence is presented for a vibrational-rotational coupling involving the tumbling reorientation of the molecule. Dilution studies in GeH4 indicated significant resonant vibrational energy transfer.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 1257-1269 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polystyrene solutions in p-xylene ; crystallization-induced degradation ; polymer molecular weight dependence ; scission probability distribution function ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chain scission was observed during the crystallization of p-xylene in dilute polystyrene solutions. Degradation yields were determined by gel permeation chromatography, as a function of the number of freeze-and-thaw cycles, polymer concentration, and initial polymer molecular weight (M). The rate constant for chain scission Kc increases with the polymer chain length, from 0.021%/cycle at M = 110·103 to 4.7%/cycle at M = 8.5·106. Over the two decades range of investigated molecular weights, Kc follows an empirical scaling law of the form Kc ∼ (M - Mlim)1.17578, where Mlim is a limiting molecular weight ≅ 29,000 g. mol-1 below which no degradation could be induced. Some propensity for midchain scission was detected, although this tendency was much weaker in comparison to flow-induced degradation.A chain scission model based on crack propagation failed to reproduce the experimental results. To explain the observed dependence of Kc with the square of the radius of gyration, an interfacial stress transmission mechanism between the crystallization fronts and the polymer coil has been proposed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 206 (1990), S. 25-43 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structures of the dermal scales and the cells surrounding the scales in two species of gymnophione amphibians were studied using histochemistry and light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Scales are composed of a basal platt of several layers of unmineralized collagenous fibers topped with mineralized squamulae. Squamulae are composed of numerous mineralized globules and mineralized, thick collagen fibers. Mineralization is therefore both spheritic and inotropic. Isolated flattened cells lie on the outer surface of the squamulae and seem to be involved in mineral deposition. Cells that line the basal plate synthesize the collagenous stroma of the plate. Each scale lies in a thin connective tissue pocket, and a large connective tissue pouch includes several scales in each annulus.The similarities of gymnophione scales to elasmoid scales of osteichthyans are largely superficial. Aspects of mineralization and of pocket development differ considerably. There are also similarities, as well as differences, in the gymnophione scales and osteoderms of amphibians and of reptiles. We consider that such dermal structures have arisen many times in diverse lineages of vertebrates, and that these are expressions of properties of dermal collagen to support mineralization by specialized dermal cells. However, we recommend that the term “dermal scale” be used for the mineralized dermal units of osteichthyans and gymnophiones, and “osteoderm” for the dermal structures of frogs and squamates, with the understanding that the terminology recognizes certain convergent attributes of shape and structure, but not of process.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology and cytology of dermal scales of the gymnophionans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Hypogeophis rostratus reveal their structure and the nature of their mineralization.Dermal scales are small flat disks set in pockets in the transverse ridges of the skin. Each pocket contains several scales of various sizes. A ring of “hypomineralization” of varying diameter may occur on scales of a particular dermal pocket but bears no relation to the diameter of these scales.Three different layers form the scales and are seen on sections perpendicular to the surface. The cells of the basal layer lie deepest. Each of the two or three more superficial fibrous layers is composed of bundles of fibres that are oriented in parallel. The orientation varies among layers. The striation of the fiber scales has a periodicity comparable to that of the surrounding dermal fibers. Squamulae form a discontinuous layer on the scale surface and are the only mineralized part of the scale. The minerals are deposited both on the collagen fibers passing from the fibrous layers into the squamulae, and in the interfibrillar spaces. Spherical concretions, either isolated or coalescent, reaching up to 1 μm, are found on the surface of the squamulae.The dermal scales of Gymnophiona present some analogies with those of evolved bony fishes. Their characteristics could make them an original model for the study of mineralization.
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  • 9
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 327-342 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy shows the osteoderms of Anguis fragilis to be small, flat disks located in the dermis along the adult trunk: microradiography established the extent of the mineralization.Each osteoderm coincides exactly with an epidermal fold forming the keratinized scales characteristic of the skin of reptiles.Sections perpendicular to the surface show two mineralized layers differing in histological and histochemical characteristics and in fine structure, although both contain collagen fibrils. The structure of each layer can be related to that of the surrounding dermis.The outer superficial layer located in the loose dermis contains few collagen bundles that form a discontinuous sheet at the upper surface of the osteoderms. This superficial layer appears to be constituted of units separated by furrows and is composed of woven fibered bone.The basal plate comprises stratified lamellae formed of parallel-oriented collagen fibrils; the fibrils of successive lamellae lie at right angles. The densely packed collagen fibrils of the basal plate are distributed similarly to those of the dense dermis within which it lies. This layer exhibits structural and histochemical characteristics of a lamellar bone.The presence of two different layers in the osteoderms of Anguis fragilis may reflect their mode of formation, which consists of the deposit of mineral crystals in the preexisting dermal tissue. This mineralization process, considered as a “metaplastic ossification,” may reflect the potentiality retained by the dermis of reptiles to form mineralized structures.
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  • 10
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 482-486 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Volatile benzene alkyl derivatives ; Simple distillation ; Purge and trap ; Capillary gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simple distillation was used to prepare aqueous environmental samples (especially those with high content of accompanying dissolved and suspended organic and inorganic matter) for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) by means of purge and trap (PT) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The PT step was carried out with a laboratory-built device in which alalytes desorbed from a Primary trap (macrotrap) are focused in a microtrap (also with sorbent) and moisture is removed from purge gases by a Nafion tube (walls selectively permeable to water vapor). Recoveries, if only the first 10 ml distillate was collected, were of the order of 40% at optimum distillation parameters. At a probability level of 95% recoveries were independent of concentration in a studied concentration range of 0.50-30 ppb. Enrichment factors for distillation were of the order off 20. Real samples, i.e., raw and treated waste water were analyzedc for BTEX content by the developed medthod.
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  • 11
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 7 (1982), S. 107-109 
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of crystalline explosive and water have as a rule detonation properties different from the dry material. It has been shown that the character of those changes is closely related to the structure of the particles (crystals, granules) of the explosives. The critical diameters and detonation velocities have been measured for a range of explosive-water mixtures, and the results are interpreted in terms of the hotspot theory.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 66 (1994), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 67 (1995), S. 1346-1349 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 48 (1956), S. 301-316 
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 15
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 23 (1993), S. 308-315 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die uns auf der Erde umgebende Vielfalt an Organismen-Arten ist eine selbst für den naturwissenschaftlichen Laien auffällige Erscheinung. Als ein wesentliches Merkmal der belebten Natur bietet die Artenvielfalt dem Biologen ergiebige Forschungsfelder. Dennoch wurde die Erscheinung der Artenvielfalt lange von der moderne biologischen Wissenschaft, aber auch im biologischen Uniterricht recht stiefmütterlich behandelt. Erst nachdem in den vergengenen Jahren Biologen und in der Folge der öffentlich- Keit der weltweite Artenschwund bewußt geworden ist, wird dem Phänomen der Artenvielfalt eine verstärkte Aufmerksam- Keit zuteil. Das zeigt sich in der schnellen Einbürgerung des dem Angelsächsischen entlethnten Schlagworts „Biodiversität“ oder in der wachsenden Zahl an Symposien und Schriften, die sich mit der biologischen Vielfalt befassen. Genannt seien hier nur Wilson [14], ein Buch, welches das Problem der Bedrohung der Vielfalt in den VOrdergrund stellt, Groombridge [4], eine umfassende, vom„ world conservation monitoring centre“ erarbeitete Darstellung der „globalen Biodiversität“ oder der von Schulze und Mooney [9] herausgegebene Symposiumsband, in dem von ökologischer Seite die Frage nach den Funktionen der biologischen Vielfalt behandelt wird. Auch die Evolutionsbiologie sucht nach dem Ur-sprung und den hinter der Artenvielfalt stehenden Kräften [3].
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 4 (1974), S. 146-153 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 23 (1993), S. 308-315 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die uns auf der Erde umgebende Vielfalt an Organismen-Arten ist eine selbst für den naturwissenschaftlichen Laien auffällige Erscheinung. Als ein wesentliches Merkmal der belebten Natur bietet die Artenvielfalt dem Biologen ergiebige Forschungsfelder. Dennoch wurde die Erscheinung der Artenvielfalt lange von der moderne biologischen Wissenschaft, aber auch im biologischen Unterricht recht stiefmütterlich behandelt. Erst nachdem in den vergangenen Jahren Biologen und in der Folge der öffentlich-keit der weltweite Artenschwund bewußt geworden ist, wird dem Phänomen der Artenvielfalt eine verstärkte Aufmerksam- Keit zuteil. Das zeigt sich in der schnellen Einbürgerung des dem Angelsächsischen entlehnten Schlagworts „Biodiversität“ oder in der wachsenden Zahl an Symposien und Schriften, die sich mit der biologischen Vielfalt befassen. Genannt seien hier nur Wilson [14], ein Buch, welches das Problem der Bedrohung der Vielfalt in den Vordergrund stellt, Groombridge [4], eine umfassende, vom„ world conservation monitoring centre“ erarbeitete Darstellung der „globalen Biodiversität“ oder der von Schulze und Mooney [9] herausgegebene Symposiumsband, in dem von ökologischer Seite die Frage nach den Funktionen der.
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Material Stressing under Rolling Contact - Influence of Friction and Residual StressesMaterial stressing of parts in rolling contact is in the main made up by the normal load to be transmitted, by surface friction due to slippage of the body in rolling contact and by residual stresses. The effects of varying slippage rates are described as well as the additional influence of residual stresses on magnitude, position and direction of load.By the aid of mere mechanical reflections the formation of flat and steep White Bands can be interpreted which are observed in long-lived ball bearings subjected to high stresses. The report shows that residual stresses and friction must not be neglected when describing the material stressing by rolling contact. This especially applies to residual stresses originating from rolling contact.
    Notes: Die Werkstoffanstrengung bei Wälzkontakt ist im wesentlichen gegeben durch die zu übertragenden Normalkräfte, die Reibung an der Oberfläche (durch das Gleiten der beiden Wälzpartner) und durch die Eigenspannungen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlich großer Gleitanteile wird dargestellt und der zusätzliche Einfluß von Eigenspannungen auf die Höhe, Lage und Richtung der Beanspruchung ausgewiesen.Anhand rein mechanischer Betrachtungen läßt sich die Entstehung von flachen und steilen Weißen Bändern deuten, die in langlebigen, hochbeanspruchten Kugellagern beobachtet werden. Der Bericht zeigt, daß Eigenspannungen und Reibung keinesfalls bei der Beschreibung der Werkstoffanstrengung durch Wälzbeanspruchung vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenspannungen, die durch die Wälzbeanspruchung entstehen.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 344-353 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Mechanical Properties of Hardened Rolling Bearing Steel 100 Cr6The paper describes the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical properties of differently heat-treated rolling bearing steel 100Cr6 based on the triaxial stressing in elements in rolling contact. It is illustrated that hydrostatic pressure superposed on tension changes the data of the tension test depending on the state of the material. While the yield point is not influenced by the pressure, the resistance to fracture and the ductility considerably increase under pressure the increase under pressure being dependent on the heat treatment. The test results show that an optimum adjustment of the heat treatment is possible only if the test conditions reflect the real field conditions. Finally, the applicability of some of the results to the behaviour of material in rolling contact is discussed.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der mehrachsigen Beanspruchung in Wälzelementen durch den Überrollungsvorgang wird der Einfluß eines hydrostatischen Druckes auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des unterschiedlich gehärteten Wälzlagerstahls 100Cr6 beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß ein dem Zugversuch überlagerter Druck die Kenngrößen des Zugversuches je nach vorliegendem Werkstoffzustand unterschiedlich verändert. Während die Elastizitätsgrenze vom Druck unabhängig ist, steigen Bruchfestigkeit und plastische Verformbarkeit unter Druck erheblich an, wobei die Zunahme dieser Größen durch den Druck von der Wärmebehandlung abhängt. Die Versuchsergebnisse belegen, daß eine exakte Optimierung der Wärmebehandlung nur unter wirklichkeitsgleichen Versuchsbedingungen möglich ist. Abschließend wird versucht, einige der ermittelten Ergebnisse auf das Verhalten des Werkstoffs bei der Wälzbeanspruchung zu übertragen.
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  • 20
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 19 (1984), S. 573-576 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed energy-resolved study of the fragmentation of CH2=CHCH(OH)CD2CD3 (1-d5) has been carried out using metastable ion studies and charge exchange techniques, combined with collision-induced dissociation studies to establish the structures of fragment ions. At low internal energies (metastable ions) the molecular ion of 1-d5 rearranges to the 3-pentanone structure and fragments by loss of C2H5 or C2D5 leading to the acyl structure, [CH3CH2C≡O]+ or [CD3CD2C≡O]+, for the fragment ion. However, with increasing internal energy of the molecular ion this rearrangement process decreases rapidly in importance and loss of C2D5 by direct cleavage, leading to [CH2=CHCH=OH]+, becomes the dominant fragmentation reaction. As a result the [C3H5O]+ ion seen in the electron impact mass spectrum of 1-penten-3-ol has predominantly the protonated acrolein structure.
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  • 21
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 8 (1981), S. 312-315 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that under field desorption conditions some less volatile or non-volatile compounds such as oligosaccharides, sulphonic acids and fatty acids can be ionized below the threshold of field electron emission by clustering with anions. In all cases the sample, together with polyethylene oxide 4000, is dissolved in water. The source of the clustering anion is provided either by a small amount of a salt added to this solution (sugars) or by the compounds themselves (sulphonic and fatty acids). The solution is applied to unactivated and/or slightly activated 10 μm tungsten wire cathodes. Suitable clustering ions for the sugars appear to be [Cl]-, [NO3]- and to a lesser extent [Br]- and [I]-. Most of the sulphonic acids studied give rise to the formation of [Mn - H]- ions (n≤5), but their potassium salts yield only unclustered sulphonate anions. However, the addition of a small amount of LiCl to the mixture of benzene sulphonic acid and polyethylene oxide 4000 promotes the formation of clustered anions, [(M - H)2Li]- being by far the most abundant if activated cathodes are used. This addition of some LiCl is essential in the case of fatty acids: without LiCl no anions may be desorbed at all from activated wires, but with the presence of LiCl both [M - H]- and the most abundant [(M - H)2Li]- anions are easily generated.
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  • 22
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 18 (1983), S. 525-529 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The positive ion field desorption (FD) spectrum of arginine taken at the best anode temperature only contains a peak due to [M+H]+ ions. At higher emitter temperatures a considerable amount of fragmentation is induced and the [M+H—NH3]+ ions become most abundant. Specific 15N labelling reveals that the eliminated ammonia molecule, exclusively, contains one of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the guanidyl group. This also applies to the ammonia loss from metastably decomposing [M+H]+ ions. The positive ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) spectrum shows more fragmentation than the FD spectrum. In contrast with the FD results, the [M+H]+ ions generated upon FAB with ion lifetimes 〈10-6 s eliminate both ammonia containing one of the terminal nitrogen atoms of the guanidyl group and ammonia containing the α-amino group in the ratio of 1.35, as found by 15N labelling. The metastably decomposing [M+H]+ ions, however, eliminate only the former ammonia molecule. In the negative ion FD and FAB spectra no other peak than that corresponding to the [M—H]- ion is observed. Some attention has been paid to the thermal degradation of arginine on the basis of a few Curie-point pyrolysis experiments.
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  • 23
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 21 (1970), S. 247-247 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    Molecular Reproduction and Development 37 (1994), S. 370-381 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Sex determination ; Sex determining region Y ; Postmeiotic expression ; HMG box containing proteins ; Interstitial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although its expression in adult testis was immediately apparent, the role for Sry (sex determining region, Y) in testicular function remains elusive. We have performed transcriptional studies in an effort to elucidate potential roles of Sry by studying the time and location of its transcription in mouse testes. Northern analyses and more sensitive nuclease protection assays detected transcripts in 28-day-old testes and beyond. The highly sensitive technique of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) could not detect Sry expression in 14-day testes when primers for the most conserved portion of the gene, the high mobility group (HMG) box, were used, but primers for the circular form detected Sry transcription at all postnatal stages studied. The same HMG box primers were able to detect expression of Sry in XX, Sxra or Sxrb testes. This suggested that Sry is expressed in cells other than germ cells, which was confirmed with studies on fractionated cells - RTPCR detected transcription of Sry in the highly pure interstitial cell fraction. However, Leydig cells and a Leydig cell tumor were negative for Sry expression. We performed in situ studies in an attempt to localize the expression of Sry in the testes. Abundant expression of an Sry cross-hybridizing transcript was found in spermatogonia, in early spermatocytes, and in some interstitial cells with antisense probes to the HMG box or a more specific, 3′ region, whereas the sense probe gave little or no hybridization. It is probable that the circular transcripts, which are seen in reverse transcriptase positive (RT+) and RT- reactions by PCR because of the RT activity of Taq polymerase, are responsible for the hybridization seen in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, whereas linear and circular forms are detected later. Thus Sry is expressed in pre- and postmeiotic germ cells and in somatic cells of the testes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Journal of Morphology 104 (1959), S. 159-179 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 27
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 14 (1976), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to examine whether and to what extent the ultrasonic multiple reflection technique can be used for detecting case/liner and liner/propellant debonds, measurements were performed on samples sawn from a particular case-bonded rocket motor consisting of a layer of 2.4 mm steel, a layer of 1,3 mm liner material (a polymer) and a thick layer of composite (AP/PU) propellant respectively. It was found that case/liner debonds could be traced reasonably well; liner/propellant debonds, however, could not be evidenced owing to strong quenching of the ultrasound in the liner. Investigations of the texture of the liner material with the aid of a scanning electron microscope proved the strong quenching in the liner to be mainly due to the presence of many voids with diameters of some 50 μm-200 μm which strongly disperse the sound beam.
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  • 29
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 474-478 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Solid-phase extraction, on-line derivatization, and measurement by ion trap mass spectrometry (ITD-MS) were used to investigate the biological degradation of pharmaceutical residues (clofibric acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac). The results of the single steps of sample pretreatment and analytical determination are reported. MS/MS measurements were performed on an ITD-MS by selecting collision induced dissociation of the molecular ions (M+) as parent ions to defined daughter ions. A pilot sewage plant and biofilm reactors operating under oxic and anoxic conditions were run as model systems with synthetic sewage water containing 10 to 50 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pharmaceuticals in concentrations of 10 μg/L. Clofibric acid displayed its persistent character in all cases. The pilot sewage plant and the oxic biofilm reactor showed comparable results for diclofenac and ibuprofen, which both were partly degraded. These results can explain the occurrence of these substances in sewage effluents and in the aquatic environment. A high degree of degradation was found especially for ibuprofen in the oxic biofilm reactor, which was attributed to adaptation of the biofilm to the residue. Two metabolites of ibuprofen could be identified on the basis of their mass spectra and comparison with literature data, viz. hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen.
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  • 30
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 65 (1993), S. 1128-1128 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of (α + β)-Ti-AlloysThe amount of α- and β-phase in (α + β)-Titanium alloys for example in the alloy TiAl6 V4 may be altered to a large extend by annealing procedures. In the alloy TiAl6 V4 each temperature corresponds to a certain amount of each of these phases, the composition of which is also dependent on annealing temperature. Above about 970 °C the homogeneous β-phase appears. Additions of Iron, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen have a great influence on the transition temperature and the distribution of the α- and β-phase. There is a great influence of the distribution of the phases on the mechanical properties. The β-phase and the α-solid solution can be quenched from high temperature and decomposed at a lower temperature, so that intermediate phases as ω from β and α2 from α may be precipitated. The α-solid solution is anisotropic so that texturized samples have different properties in various directions. Based on these fundamental aspects it is shown to what extend these microstructures may influence the mechanical properties especially the fatigue behaviour of (α + β)-Ti-alloys.
    Notes: Die Anteile des α- und β-Titanmischkristalls in (α + β)-Titanlegierungen können z. B. bei der Legierung TiAl6 V4 in großen Bereichen durch Wärmebehandlung variiert werden. Bei jeder Temperatur stellt sich z. B. bei TiAl6 V4 ein bestimmtes Verhältnis zwischen α und β ein, wobei sich die Legierungskonzentration in den einzelnen Phasenanteilen ändert, bis oberhalb etwa 970 °C die reine β-Phase vorliegt. Beimengungen wie Eisen, Sauerstoff, Stickstoff und Wasserstoff verändern die Umwandlungstemperatur und auch die Anteile der jeweiligen Phasen. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften werden durch das Gefüge entscheidend beeinflußt. Sowohl der β-Mischkristall wie auch der α-Mischkristall können von hoher Temperatur abgeschreckt und bei tiefen Temperaturen zum Zerfall gebracht werden, so daß dadurch weitere Zwischenphasen, wie die ω-Phase im β-Mischkristall und die α2-Phase im α-Mischkristall ausgeschieden werden. Der α-Mischkristall weist eine starke Anisotropie auf, so daß mit Textur behaftete Proben eine Richtungsabhängigkeit der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Ausgehend von diesen Grundlagen wird gezeigt, wie sich diese Gefügezustände auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften insbesondere bei schwingender Beanspruchung auswirken.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 5 (1974), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen-embrittlement of Titanium and Titanium-Alloys. The influence of hydrogen-embrittlement on mechanical properties, especially on plastic deformation of titanium and its alloys is described. Even less than 200 ppm H may result in embrittlement. Titanium is sensitive to hydrogen-embrittlement at high speed of deformation; titanium-alloys in a notched condition at low speed of deformation. Hydrogen dissolution can be avoided or diminished by thin oxide layers. The connection between hydrogen-embrittlement and stresscorrosion-cracking is shown on different examples. Alloys with high content of aluminium are most sensitive against this sort of embrittlement.
    Notes: Der Einfluß einer Wasserstoffversprödung auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere die plastische Verformung von Titan und seinen Legierungen werden beschrieben. Bereits geringe Anteile von Wasserstoff in der Größenordnung von ≦ 200 ppm können sich ungünstig auswirken. Titan ist bei einer hohen Verformungsgeschwindigkeit und Titanlegierungen sind bei einer niedrigen Verformungsgeschwindigkeit insbesondere im gekerbten Zustand empfindlich gegen die Wasserstoffversprödung. Durch dünne Oxidschichten kann die Wasserstoffaufnahme verhindert oder vermindert werden. An verschiedenen Beispielen wird der enge Zusammenhang zwischen Wasserstoffversprödung und Spannungsrißkorrosion aufgezeigt. Legierungen mit hohen Gehalten an Aluminium sind besonders empfindlich gegen diese Art der Versprödung.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 905-909 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of surface reaction diffusion at high temperatures on the formation of brittle fractures in titanium alloysHeat resistant titanium alloys, which in almost all cases contain aluminium as an additional element, exhibit a tendency to brittle fractures at high temperatures, whereby the optimum elongation of the samples decreases with a longer experimental time. Examinations of the alloys TiAl5Sn2, 5, TiAl6V4, TiAl7Mo4 and TiAl9V3 with help of scanning electron probe microanalysis have shown that aluminium, as a consequences of reaction with the atmosphere becomes enriched at the surface. Because of teh enrichment of aluminium a super lattice of the a-solid solution is formed, which exhibits a different deformation mechanism from the a-solid solution free from super lattice Diffusion of the aluminium occus mainly along the grain boundaries, which also causes these to be enriched with aluminium and has an inclination to be brittle. In allosy exhibiting a polygonal grain the fractures due to brittleness are intercrystalline because of the aluminium enrichment. If the alloys are cold-formed before stress at higher temperatures the grain boundaries are destroyed and intercrystalline fracture can no longer occur. The brittle zone occurs only on the surface, and the continuation of the fracture can only take place within this area. In this case no brittleness can be observed.
    Notes: Warmfeste Titanlegierungen, die in fast allen Fällen Aluminium als Zusatzelement enthalten, zeigen bei erhöhten Temperaturen eine Neigung zum Sprödhruch, wobei die maximal erreichbare Debnung der Proben mit wachsender Versuchszeit abnimmt. Untersuchungen an den legierungen TiAl5Sn2, 5, TiAl6V4, TiAl7Mo4 und TiAl9V3 mit Hilfe der Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse haben gezeigt, daß Aluminium infolge der Reaktion mit der Atmosphäre an der Oberfläche angereichert wird. Infolge der Anreicherung an Aluminium bildet sich an der Oberfläche eine überstruktur des a-Mischkristalls, die einen anderen Verformungsmechanismus aufweist als der überstrukturfreie a-Mischkristall. Eine Diffusion des Aluminiums erfolgt hauptsächlich entlag der Korngrenzen, wodurch diese ebenfalls an Auminum angeriechert werden und zur Versprödung neigen. Bei Legierungen, die polygonales Korn aufweisen, tritt deshalb infolge dieser Aluminiumanreicherung der Sprödbruch immer interkristallin auf. Werden die Legierungen von der Beanspruchung bei erhöhter Temperatur kaltverformt, so werden die Korngrenzen zerstört, und der interkristalline Bruch kann nicht mehr auftreten. Die versprödete Zone tritt nur an der Oberfläche auf, und die Fortpflanzung des Bruches kann nur in diesem Bereich erfolgen. Eine Versprödung wird deshalb in diesem Fall nicht beobachtet.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 23 (1993), S. 316-321 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Struktur von Fließgewässer'-Ökosystemen ist zu komplex, um die ökologischen Zusammenhänge auf wenigen Seiten umfassend darzustellen. Stattdessen soll anhand weniger Beispiele aktueller Grundlagenforschung gezeigt werden, wie abiotische, mikrobiologische und verschiedene andere biologische Fließgewässern zusammenwirken müssen. Am Beispiel des Eintrags gelösten organischen Materials mit dem Grundwasser, aber auch an den terrestrischen Populationsverluste von Wasserinsekten wird gezeigt, daß man ökologische Prozesse in Fließgewässern nur dann verstehen kann, wenn man deren besonders enge Wechselbeziehungen mit dem terrestrischen Umland, ihren Einzugsgebieten, beachtet. Diese enge Vernetzung mit dem Umfeld hat auch eine besondere Verletzlichkeit von Fließgewässern zur Folge.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2393-2424 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine blue color reaction in dilute aqueous solution has been investigated, and extinctions at the absorption maximum have been measured as a function of the concentrations of polymer, iodine, iodide ions, and boric acid. Depending upon the reaction conditions, the main absorption maximum can be made to appear at any wavelength between 580 and 700 mμ, with the longest wavelengths and highest extinctions per vinyl alcohol group showing up at high boric acid concentrations. Poly(vinyl alcohol) samples from various sources displayed, under identical reaction conditions, great differences in staining intensities. This can be ascribed to differences in the regularity of the polymer chain structures. To account for the behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) towards iodine under a wide variety of reaction conditions, as well as for a number of irreversible or only slowly reversible phenomena, a model for the mechanism of the PVA-iodine complex formation is proposed involving a dual process of helix formation and intramolecular helix association. There is evidence to indicate that at full iodine saturation of the polymer, 12 vinyl alcohol residues supported by one boric acid molecule form a single turn of a helix which enwraps one iodine atom, out of a long polyiodide chain nested in the interior of a poly(vinyl alcohol) helix.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 4 (1966), S. 1642-1644 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 25 (1994), S. 849-854 
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Low-wavenumber depolarized Raman spectra (-400 to 400 cm-1) for dioxane, water and glycerol are presented. Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra (-400 to 400 cm-1), are used to define a reduced spectrum, in which the effects of temperature and also flat backgrounds and symmetric central components are removed, without knowledge of these parameters. Comparison with the usual reductions shows that (i) all inelastically scattered photons must be considered as ‘true’ Raman signals, due to processes involving Boson-like excitations, (ii) if central scattering exists, then its intensity also depends on the population factor, (iii) the low-wavenumber Stokes signal is more intense than expected for a factor of n + 1 only, owing to non-linear effects, and (iv) the systematic use of reduced spectra is not essential, and can be hazardous in some cases.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 49 (1977), S. 669-669 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Porosimetrie ; Porenvolumen ; Zwischenkontakträume ; Porenstruktur ; vakuumdichte Keramik ; Aluminiumoxid ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 39
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    Advanced Materials 4 (1992), S. 693-693 
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 40
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 169-171 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Trimethylsilyl derivatives ; Pregnant mares' urine estrogens ; Estrone-equilin separation ; OV-225, Silar 10C stationary phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glass capillary columns coated with OV-225 and Silar 10C were used to analyze estrogens (as their trimethylsilyl derivatives) present in pregnant mares' urine. Such columns provide better resolution in a shorter time than the corresponding packed columns, as exemplified by the separation of estrone from equilin.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 13 (1975), S. 717-736 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study designed to ascertain the role of singlet molecular oxygen in the photodegradation of plastics established that most classes of dye chromophores are sensitizers in polymer films, absorbing light and transferring the absorbed energy to ambient triplet ground state molecular oxygen, generating metastable reactive singlet molecular oxygen. Unsaturated polymers containing polybutadiene, polyisoprene, etc. are highly reactive to singlet oxygen produced through photosensitization, generating hydroxylic and carbonyl derivatives and losing their rubbery properties as consequences of such reactions. Many types of transition metal chelates are singlet oxygen quenchers. The relationships of the structures and spectroscopic properties of these chelates to their efficiency in quenching singlet oxygen are examined and discussed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 13 (1975), S. 993-1014 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method based on infrared spectral changes in thin films was devised and used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various types of additives on photodegradative processes in an olefinically unsaturated polymer. Nickel chelates of the thiobisphenol-amine complex type are shown to be quantitatively more effective in retarding the photodegradation of these polymers than other additives having greater singlet oxygen quenching efficiencies, ultraviolet absorption, or radical antioxidant properties. Photosensitization with a singlet oxygen sensitizer (fluoranthene) rapidly produces degradative effects in the polymer which are identical with those of its direct degradation by light. The sensitized effects are also retarded by the nickel chelates. Photosensitization by a hydrogen atom-abstracting sensitizer (a benzophenone) proved considerably less effective. The effectiveness of the nickel complexes appears to be due to a combination of their ability to quench singlet oxygen and precusor excited states and their relative stability under photoexposure conditions.
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  • 43
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    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 179-186 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA replication ; replication origin ; eukaryotic chromosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been identified through the clonning of autonomous replication sequence (ARS) elements that allow the extrachromosonal maintenance of plasmid molecules. ARS activity requires a close matcht to an 11 bp consensus sequence and A+T-rich flanking DNA. ARS elements with a wide range of capacities for promoting plasmid maintenance have been described. We determined the ARS activity of plasmid with inserts consisting of repetitions of a 64 bp 100% A+T sequence that has sequence similarities to known ARS elements. An insert with approximately four repeats did not yield transformants, but inserts with either eight or eleven repeats did. The cooperative of ARS activity did not require a contiguous arrangement since a plasmid containing two inserts of four repeats each, separated by about 1 kb, was functional. Our results show that a charge from non-function to function can be accomplished by the cumulative action of individually inactive sequences. We conclude that the probability of replication initiation is too low with only four repeats to allow plasmid maintenance, but the overall probability is increased by further sequence iteration to provide origin activity. We suggest that chromosomes may contain streches with dispersed, weak origin elements, each undetected by the conventional ARS assay, that in sum provide origin function.
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    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die anionische Polymerisation von Maleinsäureanhydrid, initiiert mit Triphenylphosphin oder mit Tributylphosphin, wurde untersucht. Unter den gegebenen Reaktionsbedingungen entstanden Makro-Zwitterionen, deren Struktur vom jeweiligen Initiator bestimmt wurde. Im Falle der Polymerisationsauslösung mit Triphenylphosphin erhielt man Polymere, die Bernsteinsäureanhydrid-Gerüste und als deren Umlagerungsprodukt Cyclopentanonderivate enthielten. Bei der Polymerisationsauslösung mit Tributylphosphin gelangte man zu Polymerisaten, die weitgehend aus konjugierten Ketoolefinelementen bestanden. Zur Strukturaufklärung wurden IR, NMR- und massenspektroskopische Methoden benutzt. Die Makrozwitterionen wurden mittels Hochspannungselektrophorese nachgewiesen.Die Halbleitereigenschaften des aus konjugierten Ketoolefinelementen bestehenden Polymerisats werden diskutiert.Die Kinetik der Polymerisation von Maleinsäureanhydrid mit Triphenylphosphin wurde spektroskopisch untersucht. Die initiierende Reaktion des bei Reaktion mit dem Monomeren gebildeten Ylides war etwa 90 mal langsamer als das Kettenwachstum durch Addition des Monomeren an das wachsende Kettenende.
    Notes: The triphenyl and tributyl phosphine initiated polymerization of maleic anhydride was investigated. The structure of the macro zwitterions, formed under the given reaction conditions, depended on the initiator employed. If the polymerization was initiated by triphenyl phosphine, the macromolecules contained succinic anhydride units and cyclopentanone derivatives, formed from further rearrangement. If, however, tributyl phosphine was employed as initiator, the polymers were mostly made up of conjugated ketoolefinic units. IR, NMR and mass spectrometric measurements were carried out to determine the structure of the polymers. Existence of the macro zwitterions was proved by high voltage electrophoresis.The semi-conductor properties of the polymers containing conjugated ketoolefinic units are discussed.Spectroscopic investigation of the kinetics of the triphenyl phosphine initiated polymerization of maleic anhydride showed that the initiation reaction of the ylide, formed with the monomer, proceeded about 90 times slower than the propagation reaction due to addition of the monomer to the growing chain-end.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 153 (1972), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Maleic anhydride was found to polymerize spontaneously in presence of pyridine bases, triphenylphosphine and tributylphosphine. The formation of two characteristic types of structural elements during this polymerization can be explained with the aid of a reaction model. Analytical data (IR, NMR, and ESR spectroscopy, titrations) are given to characterize the structural elements of the polymers. Their compounds of degradation have been partially isolated and characterized.
    Notes: In Gegenwart von Pyridinbasen, von Triphenylphosphin oder Tributylphosphin polymerisiert Maleinsäureanhydrid spontan. Anhand eines Reaktionsmodelles wird die Bildung der beiden charakteristischen Strukturelemente in diesen Maleinsäureanhydridpolymerisaten erklärt. Die Strukturelemente der Polymeren wurden durch die analytischen Daten (IR-, NMR-, ESR-Spektroskopie, Titrationen) belegt. Zum Teil wurden die Abbauprodukte isoliert und identifiziert.
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 33 (1995), S. S114 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: electron paramagnetic resonance ; adriamycin ; metal chelation ; coordination structure ; iron ; free radical ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: EPR and Mössbauer studies demonstrate that iron chelation by adriamycin is complex, with several different chelation structures. At physiological pH in aqueous solution, three different EPR spectra are observed: a spectrum at g = 4.2 of Fe3+ in a rhombic crystal field (type 1); a spectrum at g = 2.01 with symmetric Gaussian lineshape linewidth 225 G (1 G = 10-4 T), suggestive of Fe3+ bound in an octahedral crystal field (type 2); and a broad spectrum centered at g = 2.0 suggestive of ferromagnetically coupled Fe3+ (type 3). The type 1 and 2 spectra are observed at adriamycin/Fe3+ ratios 〉4, the type 3 spectrum is observed at ratios 〈4 and at ratios 〈2 an increasing amount of Fe3+ gives rise to EPR silent iron(III) hydroxide polymers. At 4 K the type 1 and 2 complexes exhibit a broad doublet Mössbauer signal with an isomer shift δ = 0.56 (1) mm s-1 and quadrupole splitting δEQ = 0.74 (1) mm s-1. The type 3 complex gives rise to a sextet signal with isomer shift ΔEq = 0.47 (1) mm s-1 and hyperfine splitting HF = 476 (1) kG with exhibits superparamagnetic relaxation behavior with a blocking temperature of 23 K, consistent with a microcrystal size of 25 Å. Cu2+ binds to adriamycin at adriamycin/Cu2+ ratios 〉4:1 giving rise to an EPR spectrum with axial symmetry g∥ = 2.26, g⊥ = 2.066, A∥ = 188 G, while 2:1 complexes exhibit a single Gaussian line at g = 2.09 indicative of exchange-coupled Cu2+. The exchange-coupled Cu2+ and ferromagnetically coupled Fe3+ complexes can be explained by the formation of stacked 2:1 adriamycin-metal polymers. On titration of adriamycin with Fe3+-nitrilotriacetate a different spectrum is observed at g = 4.3 and its intensity plateaus at an adriamycin/iron ratio of 2. The iron adriamycin complexes cycle to reduce molecular oxygen and this cycle has been hypothesized to be a mechanism mediating the therapeutic and toxic effects of the drug. Both EPR and Mössbauer experiments demonstrate that the type 1 and 2 chelates reduce their Fe3+ to Fe2+ while the type 3 chelate does not. Therefore, the stoichiometry and method of complex preparation can profoundly effect the properties of these complexes.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to study the effect of glucose on the differentiation of cultured human colon cancer cells, a subpopulation of HT-29 cells was selected for its capacity to grow in the total absence of sugar. These cells (GIc-cells) exhibit, after confluency, an enterocytic differentiation, in contrast to cells grown with glucose (Glc+ cells), which always remain undifferentiated. The differentiation is characterized by a polarization of the cell layer with apical brush borders and tight junctions, and by the presence of sucrase-isomaltase. The differentiation of Glc-cells is reversible: the addition of glucose to postcon-fluent cultures of Glc- cells results in an inhibiting effect on the expression of sucrase-isomaltase; switching growing cultures of Glc-cells to the Glc+ medium for several passages results in a progressive reversion to the undifferentiated state, which is completed after seven passages. The dedifferentiation process is associated with a parallel, passage-related, increase in the rates of glucose consumption and lactic acid production, and decreases of intracellular glycogen content, which return to the values of the undifferentiated original Glc+ cells. The values of these metabolic parameters are correlated, at each passage, with the degree of dedifferentiation of the cells. When these dedifferentiated cells, after having been cultured in Glc+ medium for 20 passages, are switched back to the Glc- medium, they readily grow without mortality, and reexpress the same enterocytic differentiation as the parent Glc- cells. These results show that the capacity of this subpopulation to grow and differentiate in the absence of sugar is a stable characteristic. They further suggest that glucose metabolism interferes with the program of differentiation of HT-29 cells.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Polycrylamide gel electrophoresis of chicken lens proteins showed 17 crystallins, divided over three groups. Within each group physicochemical heterogeneity was combined with (partial) immunological homogeneity. It is assumed that more than one gene is involved in the synthesis of any crystallin species. During development of the chicken embryo, α-crystallin was first demonstrated by immunofluorescence in centrally located lens fibers at 3 days. At 8 days the epithelium became positive and the fibers lost some fluorescence. This continued until in 5-week-old chickens the lens core was negative. Lens placode cells showed immunofluorescence for δ-crystallin at 52 hours, mainly in their basal parts. The reaction gradually spread and at 3 days the entire lens was positive. From 8 days on the epithelium reacted progressively weaker, but the fibers remained positive. Five weeks after hatching, epithelium and cortex were negative, while the center still showed strong fluorescence. The behavior of β-crystallin was intermediate between that of the other two. Immunoelectrophoresis suggested a differential production onset for the components of each single crystallin type. Under normal conditions no crystallins were found outside the lens. Therefore, crystallin synthesis occurs after placode formation has taken place and must be restricted to the lens itself. Autoradiography after 3H-thymidine treatment indicated that all placode cells still replicate, though some already produce crystallins. A generation time of 8 to 10 hours was determined with an M phase of 30 minutes, an S phase of 6 hours, and a G2 of 2 ½ hours. During DNA synthesis the nuclei were located in the basal parts of the cells, and for mitosis they migrated to the lumen. Autoradiography after 3H-glucosamine application suggested that the placode cells take active part in the synthesis of the basement membrane interposed between lens rudiment and optic cup. This membrane later becomes the lens capsule, and in mice with the “shrivelled” gene, abnormal masses of anterior epithelial cells also clearly produce extra capsule material. This results in anterior polar cataracts. Several of the above findings are in disagreement with some of the current theories on the regulation of lens differentiation. No substitutes are presently offered, however.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 162 (1995), S. 36-43 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) regulated tissue-specific gene expression in hepatoma cell lines, but had no effect on expression of tissue-specific genes in primary cultures of E14 and newborn rat liver cells depleted of erythroid cells. No change was observed in these primary cultures with respect to α-fetoprotein (α-FP), albumin, cytokeratin 19 (CK 19), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and IGF II receptors. Two well-differentiated hepatomas, HepG2 and FTO-2B, and a poorly differentiated hepatoma, H4AzC2, did not show increased proliferation in the presence of IGF II, yet showed gene expression changes in response to IGF II. In HepG2 cells, IGF II increased albumin mRNA levels and resulted in a shift from clusters of cells positive to 100% of the cells expressing immunohistochemically detectable albumin. The transcription factor HNF-3β mRNA and protein levels of the bile duct markers, CK19 and GGT, were also increased in the presence of IGF II. Other genes tested were not affected, including α 1-antitrypsin, and two liver specific transcription factors, HNF-4 and HNF-3α. In FTO-2B cells, IGF II increased the expression of albumin, CK19, and GGT, without accompanying changes in albumin and GGT mRNAs. In H4AzC2 cells, IGF II reduced CK19 and OC.3 protein levels and GGT, transferrin, and HNF-3β mRNAs. The effects of IGF II on H4AzC2 cells were not blocked in the presence of an anti-rat IGF II receptor antibody. We conclude that IGF II affects tissue-specific gene expression of hepatomas and qualitative and quantitative aspects of its influence on the hepatomas is dependent on their degree of differentiation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 2871-2878 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of temperature on the storage modulus G′ of UV crosslinked collagen has been investigated. Collagen solutions, 0.5%, at pH 2.2 were irradiated at 4°C to a maximum modulus, after which they were stored at 4°C. In order to study the effect of temperatures above 4°C, the gels were placed in a constant-temperature bath and the change in modulus with time was recorded using a torsion pendulum. The temperatures studied ranged from 25° to 60°C. The results show an initial jump in modulus immediately on heating presumably due to the helix-coil transition. The modulus goes through a maximum value. There is then a decay of modulus with time which is linear on a semilog plot. This could indicate a first-order chain-scission reaction, since the storage modulus is directly proportional to the number of crosslinks. A simple kinetic expression can be written for which the value of the rate constant can be determined from the data.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Cellular Physiology 122 (1985), S. 379-386 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neutral amino acid transport was characterized in the pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, OC15. Ten of the thirteen amino acids tested are transported by all three of the major neutral amino acid transport systems - A, L, and ASC - although one system may make a barely measurable contribution in some cases. The characterization of N-methyl-aminoisobutyric acid (meAIB) transport points to this model amino acid as a definitive substrate for System A transport by OC15 cells. Thus, high concentrations of meAIB can be used selectively to block System A transport, and the transport characteristics of meAIB represent system A transport. Kinetic analysis of System A, with a Km = 0.79mM and Vmax = 14.4 nmol/mg protein/5 min, suggests a single-component transport system, which is sensitive to pH changes. While proline transport in most mammalian cells is largely accomplished through System A, it is about equally divided between Systems A and ASC in OC15 cells, and System A does not contribute at all to proline transport by F9 cells, an EC cell line with limited developmental potential. Kinetic analysis of System L transport, represented by Na+-independent leucine transport, reveals a high-affinity, single-component system. This transport system is relatively insensitive to pH changes and has a Km = 0.0031 mM and Vmax = 0.213 nmol/mg protein/min. The putative System L substrate, 2-aminobicyclo-[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), inhibits Systems A and ASC as well as System L in OC15 cells. Therefore, BCH cannot be used as a definitive substrate for System L in OC15 cells. Phenyialanine is primarily transported by Na+ -dependent Systems A and ASC (83% Na+-dependent; 73% System ASC) in OC15 cells, while it is transported primarily by the Na+-independent System L in most other cell types, including early cleavage stage mouse embryos and F9 cells. We have also found this unusually strong Na+-dependency of phenyl-alanine transport in mouse uterine blastocysts (82% Na+-dependent). There is no evidence for System N transport by OC15 cells, since histidine is transported primarily by a Na+-independent, BCH-inhibitable mechanism.
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  • 52
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    Gamete Research 12 (1985), S. 275-290 
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: lectins ; preimplantation mouse embryos ; glycoconjugates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study attempts to assess the developmental importance of cell surface glycoconjugates of preimplantation mouse embryos. This was done by incubating early embryos in various lectins and analyzing subsequent development. If specific cell surface glycoconjugates (lectin receptors) are linked to specific developmental processes, such as cell division, compaction, and blastocyst formation, then different lectins should block these different developmental processes. The results show that wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA; N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-specific) at 50 μg/ml prevents the cell division of four-cell embryos. However, this effect of WGA occurs only in embryos with intact zonae pellucidae. Concanavalin A (Con A; α-D-glucose and α-D-mannose-specific) treatment, 20 μg/ml, of four-cell or early eight-cell embryos prevents compaction, the first major change in cell shape in early mouse embryogenesis. Divalent succinly Con A does not affect development, suggesting that the Con A effect is due to crosslinking of cell surface glycoconjugates. Exposure of four-cell or early eight-cell embryos to 10 μg/ml Lotus Tetragonolobus puprureas agglutinin (LTA; α-L-fucose-specific) or 25 μg/ml Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA; sialic acid-specific) allows compaction or development to the morula stage, but blocks blastocyst formation. All lectins tested retard cell division to some extent. Late morulae and early blastocysts are more resistant than earlier stages to all of the lectins studied. This study demonstrates that very low concentrations of these lectins affect different developmental processes, presumably based upon their sugar specificities.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 167-180 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Muscle geometry of the unipennate medial gastrocnemius (GM) muscle of the rat was examined with photographic techniques during isometric contractions at different muscle lengths. It was found that the length of fibers in different regions of GM differs significantly, and proximal aponeurosis length varies significantly from distal aponeurosis length; the angle of the aponeurosis with the muscular action differs significantly among regions at short muscle lengths (full contraction). These data support the idea that the unipennate GM cannot be represented by a parallelogram in a two-dimensional analysis. As the muscle shortens, the area of the mid-longitudinal plane of the GM decreases by 24%, a decrease that may be explained by assuming fiber diameter to increase in all directions. The angle between fiber and aponeurosis is determined by more than fiber length. Hence, such important assumptions as a parallelogram with constant area and fiber angle γ changes determined by fiber length changes, freqently used in the theoretical analysis of the morphological mechanism of unipennate muscle contraction, do not hold for the unipennate GM of the rat.Length of the sarcomere within the mid-longitudinal plane of GM varies from 1.92 to 2.14 μm among the different muscle regions at muscle optimum length (length at which force production is highest), whereas shortening to 6 mm less than optimum length produces a range of sarcomere lengths from 0.89 to 1.52 μm. These data suggest that fibers located in different regions of the GM reach their optimum and slack lengths at various muscle lengths. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science 43 (1960), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Monomer reactivity ratios have been determined for the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (M1) and acrylonitrile (M2) catalyzed by alkyl derivatives of lithium, sodium, beryllium, magnesium, boron, aluminum, zinc, and cadmium. Lithium, sodium, beryllium, and magnesium alkyls gave reactivity ratios averaging r1 = 0.34, r2 = 6.7, while alkyls of boron, aluminum, zinc, and cadmium gave r1 = 1.24, r2 = 0.11. These values compare favorably with published reactivity ratios for anionic copolymerization (r1 = 0.25, r2 = 7.9) and free-radical copolymerization (r1 = 1.35, r2 = 0.18). Therefore, alkyl derivatives of groups Ia and IIa metals propagate by an anionic mechanism, while those of groups IIb and IIIa do so by a free-radical mechanism. Confirmatory experiments were run using styrene (M1)-acrylonitrile (M2) solutions. For groups Ia and IIa alkyls the reactivity ratios averaged, r1 = 0.20, r2 = 12.5; and for Groups IIb and IIIa r1 = 0.33, r2 = 0.03. The published values for free-radical catalysts are r1 = 0.41, r2 = 0.04. The formation of free radicals from the groups IIb and IIIa metal alkyls probably arises from oxidation of the metal alkyls by chance traces of oxygen.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science 60 (1962), S. S36 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science 62 (1962), S. S171 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 2 (1964), S. 709-713 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The alternating copolymerization of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and sulfur dioxide has been found to be quite unusual for a free-radical polymerization: (1) the initiation of copolymerization is spontaneous, even at -40°C.; (2) solution copolymerization is extremely fast, yielding very high molecular weight polymer within a few seconds; (3) conversions are high (up to 93% within a minute); (4) molecular weight during copolymerization increases at essentially constant conversion; (5) the reaction is incapable of being chemically inhibited indefinitely, short of exhausting one of the constituent monomers; (6) at elevated temperatures, the monomers and copolymer appear to be in equilibrium; (7) large concentrations of free radicals have been detected by electron paramagnetic resonance to be associated with the bulk copolymerization; and (8) the copolymerization appears to result in “living” free-radical polymers. A copolymerization mechanism is proposed to explain these observations. Bicycloheptene and sulfur dioxide initially form a 1 : 1 molecular charge transfer complex which rearranges to a biradical; subsequent coupling of biradicals with each other (and possibly also with the molecular complexes themselves) leads to rapid propagation to high molecular weight, alternating copolymer. Speculations that similar mechanisms may be important in other copolymerization reactions are also made.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 2289-2297 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When vinyl chloride - methyl methacrylate copolymers having a uniform chain-to-chain composition, are pyrolyzed at temperatures around 150°C., an intramolecular lactonization occurs forming α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone groups in the polymer backbone concomitant with the quantitative elimination of methyl chloride. This reaction has been shown to be a general reaction for copolymers containing α-substituted γ-haloester groups in their backbone. The formation of the lactone groups in these polymers leads to increased chain rigidity and higher polymer softening points. Advantage has been taken of the gaseous alkyl halide elimination to produce rigid vinyl foams of good compressive strengths.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 2231-2236 
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene, in the presence of free-radical initiators, homopolymerizes to a low molecular weight, soluble polymer containing both 3,5-disubstituted nortricyclene and 5,6-disubstituted bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene units in the polymer backbone. When the bicycloheptadiene (M2) is copolymerized with vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate, only the transannular product, 3,5-disubstituted nortricyclene, is found in the high molecular weight copolymers. Reactivity ratios for the above mentioned copolymerizations at 50°C. are: r1 = 0.74, r2 = 0.35; r1 = 1.41, r2 = 0.08; r1 = 0.67, r2 = 0.08; r1 = 3.05, r2 = 0.01; r1 =10.0, r2 = 0; respectively. From these data, the Q and e values for bicyclo[2.2.l]hepta-2,5-diene average 0.09 and -1.04, respectively.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 313-319 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the repeating unit isomerization of poly[(chloromethyl)thiirane] have been determined at four temperatures in the absence of solvent. The reaction can be treated as a reversible first-order process with rate constants and activation energies similar to those observed in analogous reactions of β-chlorosulfides of low molecular weight. These observations are consistent with a mechanistic scheme that involves rate determining cyclization to a thiiranium ion intermediate, followed by rapid ring opening by chloride ion attack.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1417-1422 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversible isomerization of poly(chloromethylthiirane) and poly(3-chlorothietane) represents a new kind of polymer reaction and a new method of copolymer synthesis. In chloroform, in dichloromethane, or in nitrobenzene the reaction is well described by reversible first-order kinetics. A rate increase of ca. 40% on changing the solvent from chloroform to nitrobenzene is consistent with an isomerization mechanism that involves a rate-determining attack of the backbone sulfur atom on the neighboring carbon-chlorine bond and rapid ring-opening of the thiiranium ion intermediate by chloride ion.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988), S. 2183-2191 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Exposure of 25-μm films of polyimide and polyamideimide to high doses (〉 1015/cm2) of energetic ions (energy ≥ 100 keV) resulted in physical and chemical modification of the film surface. Cross-section microscopy revealed damaged layers extending beyond the projected ion range; conductivity in this damaged layer was found to be as high as 103ω-1 cm-1. Surface conductivity was found to be a function of ion energy and dose, with an exponential energy dependence from 200 to 900 keV. The temperature dependence and thermal stability of the surface conductivity were determined.
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  • 64
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 66 (1994), S. 1210-1210 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The effect of carbon diffusion on the mechanical properties of ferritic-austenitic weldments. Weldments between ferritic and austenitic steels indicate a diffusion of carbon from ferritic to austenitic partner as an influence of temperature stresses and due higher solubility of carbon in γ-iron in comparison to α-iron.Investigations on two characteristic weldments (German standard H II/1.4571 and H II/Ni) have been conducted in different annealed conditions to study the effect of carbon diffusion on the various mechanical properties.There is an observable impairement of the mechanical properties of the weldments. Increased hardness in the carburised zone causes cracking and tensile strength as well as notch toughness decrease in the decarburised area.
    Notes: In Schweißverbindungen zwischen ferritischen und austenitischen Stählen tritt bei einer Temperaturbeanspruchung eine Diffusion des Kohlenstoffes vom ferritischen Stahl in Richtung des austenitischen Schweißgutes aufgrund der größeren Kohlenstofflöslichkeit des γ-Fe gegenüber dem α-Fe ein. Der Diffusionsbereich gliedert sich in eine entkohlte, mehr oder weniger grobe, stengelkornförmige Zone aus α-Fe, ferner in eine feinkörnige Zone mit schmalem perlitischem Saum auf der Ferritseite der Verbindung, außerdem einem Karbidsaum auf der Austenitseite im γ-Fe-Gebiet sowie dem anschließenden austenitischen Schweißgut, welches ebenfalls langgestreckte, vergrößerte Kornstruktur (Schweißgußgefüge) aufweist (Diffusion, Effusion).In diesem Bereich, der lichtmikroskopisch gut erkennbar ist, sind die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften merklich beeinträchtigt. In der feinkörnigen, perlitförmigen Zone treten hohe Härten auf, die wahrscheinlich durch Ausscheidung feiner Karbide im Sinne einer Auscheidungshärtung bedingt oder auf eine inhomogene Lösung des Kohlenstoffes im Austenit zurückzuführen sind. Die hohen Härten in dieser Zone sind für Rißbildungen verantwortlich. Die Zugfestigkeit der Gesamtverbindung sinkt mit steigender Temperaturbeanspruchung und auch die Kerbschlagzähigkeit fällt mit erhöhter Temperaturbeanspruchung deutlich ab. Hierfür sind sowohl der entkohlte, stengelförmige Gefügebereich als auch die schmale Härtezone verantwortlich. Diese Zusammenhänge werden durch Mikrosondenuntersuchungen qualitativ bestätigt.Die Kohlenstoff-Diffusion ist als auslösender Faktor für die Verminderung der mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften und den damit zusammenhängenden Folgen, wie Entstehen von Spannungsrissen bzw. Trennbrüchen, ferner der Spannungsrißkorrosion bei Vorhandensein entsprechender Korrosionsbedingungen verantwortlich.
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  • 66
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 388-388 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Copolymers of 1,1,2,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene (HFB) with n-alkylvinyl ethers (AVE) (alkyl being butyl, propyl, ethyl, and glycidyl) or alkenes of the type isobutylene, ethylene, and propylene were synthesized by the solution radical copolymerization using low-temperature peroxide initiators. The reaction proceeded by radical mechanism and was fully inhibited by the addition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl.
    Notes: Copolymere von 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluor-2,3-butadine (HFB) mit n-Alkylvinylethern(AVE) (Alkyl = Butyl, Propyl, Ethyl and Glycidyl) order mit Alkenen wie isobuten, Ethylen and Propylen wurden durch radikalische Lösungscopolymerisation unter Verwendung von peroxidischen Neidertemperatureinition synthesiert. Die Polymerisation verlief nach radikalischem Mechanismus and wurse durde durch die Zugable vo 1,2-Diphenyl-2-pikryl-hydrazyl völling inhibiert. Die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Copolymerisation hing von der Gesamtkozentration der Monomeren and von von dem Verhältnis [HFB] zu [AVE] ab; die maximale Reaktiongeschwindigkeit wurde bei etea äquimolaren Konzentrationsverhältnissen der monomeren erzielt.Durch die untersuchung der Struktur der copolymeren HFB-AVE wurde die alter-neirende Anordnung der Hexafluorobutadien-and Vinylethereinheinten in der Copolymerkette nachgewiesen. Durch die radikalische Lösungsterpolymerisation des Monomerensystems HFN-AVE Methyl-2,3,3,-trifluoracrylet (MTFA) wurden Terpolymere des Typus-[HFB]x-[AVE]y-[MTFA]z -synthetisirt, deren Struktur einer alternierrenden Anordnung von Perfluor- (HFB and MTFA) and Vinylethereinheiten entspricht. Durch alkalische hydrolyse der Trifluoracrylateinheiten wurden die entsprechenden Terpolymeren der Triflurocrylsäure synthesiert.
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 66 (1978), S. 75-93 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Makroporöse Perl-Terpolymere aus Methacrylaldehyd, Methylmethacrylat und äthylendimethacrylat wurden hergestellt. Die Polymerisationsbedingungen (Zusammensetzung der Monomermischung und der inerten Phase, die Konzentration an Initiator und an Suspensionsstabilisator, Rühregeschwindigkeit) werden im Hinblick auf die Eigenschaften der Terpolymeren (Porosität und Konzentration an reaktiven Aldehydgruppen) diskutiert.Die Konzentration an reaktiven Gruppen wurde durch Zugabe des dritten Monomeren variiert. Die analytisch bestimmten Unterschiede in der Konzentration an reaktiven Gruppen im Monomerengemisch und im Polymeren werden interpretiert (a) durch Unerreichbarkeit der Gruppen im Innern der Substanz, (b) durch Bildung von Tetrahydropyranringen und Acetatbin lungen zwischen den Ketten und (c) duch Bildung von extrahierbaren Polymeren und Copolymeren sowie nichtumgesetzten Anteilen an Monomeren.
    Notes: Bead macroporous terpolymers of methacrylaldehyde with methyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate were prepared. Preparation conditions (composition of the monomer mixture, of the inert components, concentration of the initiator and of the suspension stabilizer, and the rate of stirring) were discussed with respect to the properties of the terpolymers (porosity and concentration of reactive aldehyde groups).Concentration of reactive groups in the polymer was controlled by adding a third monomer. The analytically determined differences in the concentration of the reactive groups in the batch and in the polymer were interpreted (a) by the inaccessibility of the groups within the polymer bulk (for polymers with 30-50 mol-% of crosslinking agent), (b) by the presence of tetrahydropyran rings or acetate bonds between the chains, and (c) by the formation of extractable soluble polymers or copolymers, or by not reacting of parts of the monomers (observed predominantly with low-crosslinked polymers containing 10 mol-% of crosslinking agent).
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  • 69
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    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1986), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch eine mit Diisopropoxycarbonylperoxid initiierte radikalische Lösungspolymerisation wurden Copolymere von Methyl-2,3,3-trifluoracrylat mit Isobutylen, Propylen, Ethylen und n-Alkylvinylethern (wobei Alkyl Ethyl, Propyl oder Butyl bedeutete) hergestellt. Die Struktur der Copolymeren entspricht einer alternierenden Zusammensetzung der Methyltrifluoracrylat- und Comonomer-Einheiten. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit und die Molekulargewichte sind durch das Verhältnis der beiden Monomeren und durch die Art des Vinylmonomeren bedingt. Die alkalische Hydrolyse der Trifluoracrylateinheiten liefert Copolymere der Trifluoracrylsäure. Der Dissoziierungsgrad der Copolymeren wird durch den pK-Wert charakterisiert. Die Hydrolysegeschwindigkeit ist stark von der Struktur des Copolymeren abhängig. Die Polymeren sind gut beständig gegen höhere Temperaturen, und eine thermische Zersetzung erfolgt erst bei über 300°C.
    Notes: Copolymers of methyl-2,3,3-trifluoroacrylate with isobutylene, propylene, ethylene, and n-alkyl vinyl ethers, (the alkyl being ethyl, propyl, butyl) glycidyl vinyl ether, and 2-methoxyethylvinyl ether were prepared by radical solution polymerization using di(isopropoxycarbonyl) peroxide as the initiator. Their structure was that of the alternating order of methyltrifluoroacrylate and the respective vinyl monomer units. The rate of copolymerization and molecular weights of the copolymers were determined by the ratio of both monomers and by the character of the vinyl comonomer. By means of the alkaline hydrolysis of trifluoroacrylate units, the corresponding copolymers of trifluoroacrylic acid were prepared. Their degree of dissociation was characterized by pK values. The rate of alkaline hydrolysis was considerably affected by the copolymer structure. The polymeric materials prepared in this study possessed good thermal stability, and their thermal decomposition did not occur below 300°C.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 2147-2154 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Plasma polymerization is a useful method for depositing thin films on substrates. The films formed are cross-linked, and their character depends on the plasma polymerization process conditions. The influence of power and monomer flow rate on the character of plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane (PPHMDSO) was investigated. The deposition rate increased strongly with HMDSO flow rate at low powers, indicating that the plasma is mono-mer-deficient. Increasing the power yielded a rapid drop in deposition rate, which reached a relatively flow rate-independent plateau at high power. At high flow rates and low powers, the similarity between the plasma polymer with its high hydrocarbon concentration and the monomer was greatest. At high powers, the monomer was more intensively fragmented yielding a more inorganic structure rich in silicon and oxygen. Generally, the plasma polymer seems to be a silicon-oxygen network with short hydrocarbon chains that may include hydroxyl and/or carbonyl groups attached to the silicon in the backbone. The inorganic nature of the plasma polymer at high powers and low flow rates is reflected in its relatively high polar component of surface tension. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 71
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 19 (1989), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als im Jahre 1892 die Nonnenraupe (Lymantria monacha) weite Forstbestände des damaligen deutschen Kaiserreichs kahlzufressen drohte, kam Forschern erstmals der Gedanke, den Schädling mit Hilfe einer Chemikalie zu bekämpfen. Die Idee wurde sehr schnell in die Tat umgesetzt: Im gleichen Jahr kam Antinonnin, das erste chemische Insektenbekämpfungsmittel der Welt, auf den Markt. Gegen die meisten Schädlinge hatte man in diesen Tagen kaum eine Chance.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 2681-2697 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The knowledge of some mechanical properties of twisted filament is necessary to predict properties of continuous-filament yarns. Retraction, strength, strain, and elastic properties of filaments are the chief characteristics. Assuming that the filament can be considered as a yarn made of fibers bounded together and then twisted, formulas for prediction of those properties were elaborated and then compared with the experimentally received values. Satisfactory agreement of computed results with experimental values is obtained if the changes in volume of filament at strain is taken into account.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1343-1356 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Starting from Zhurkov's and Bartenev's theories and connecting them with Bailly's theorem and the structural analysis based on the rheological model, a method of determination of parameters describing the durability of multifilament is presented. Experiments carried out on polyester and polyamide filament yarns confirmed proposed method.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1277-1281 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The refractive indices, birefringence, and cross-sectional area of cotton fibers was measured using interference polarizing microscope constructed by M. Pluta. A new technique was suggested by realizing the measurements at the perpendicular position of the duplicated image of fiber to the interference fringe. The proposed procedure is a combination of modification of Hamza method and Pluta dual wavelength method, and it was possible to measure at once the three mentioned features of single fiber at one time.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 11 (1989), S. 174-177 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new stereo-imaging technique is described. This new technique uses both secondary electron and back scatter electron detectors simultaneously for imaging the fracture surfaces, pictures of which are used in stereo-imaging.
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 14 (1990), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 30 (1992), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 19 (1981), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complexes of acrylamide, methacrylamide, and their homologs with zinc, cadmium, and mercury halides were prepared by various methods. Molecular compositions, the nature of the coordination, and some physicochemical properties (melting points and initial decomposition temperatures) were determined. The effect of the chemical structure of particular monomers, metal ion, and halide on the possibility of complex formation and on the properties of the complex compounds were observed. Most of these complexes have not been described in the scientific literature.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radiation-induced solid-state polymerizations of complexes of N-tert-butylacrylamide, N-tert-amylacrylamide, and N-tert-hexylacrylamide with zinc chloride and zinc bromide have been studied. An accelerating effect of temperature and an inhibiting effect of oxygen on the polymerization process were observed. The activation energies have been established. The influence of monomer structure as well as the halide used on the polymerization rate have been discussed and some regularities have been pointed out. The polymers obtained show good solubilities in common solvents, which proves that they are not crosslinked.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 22 (1984), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 16 (1978), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of metal matrix composites in chloride containing solutionsTwo experimental set-ups on the basis of rotating disks have been used to investigate the corrosion processes on nickel and cobalt matrix tungsten carbide composites. The influence of corrosion parameter such as chloride concentration, temperature and flow rate have been tested. It is shown that by combination of cathodically active WC with an anodically unstable metal matrix oxygen corrosion occurs which is designated as “internal bimetallic corrosion”. Such an internal bimetallic corrosion can by described by a pore model consisting in its base of the metal matrix, on the wall of WC and within the pore of corrosion products. An evaluation of corrosion rates on the basis of this model exhibits rates similar to systems in practice.
    Notes: Zur Klärung der Korrosionsvorgänge an Nickel-und Cobalt-gebundenem Wolframcarbid werden zwei Apparaturen nach dem Prinzip der rotierenden Scheibe eingesetzt, die den Einfluß der Korrosionsparameter Chloridkonzentration, Temperature und Strömungsgeschwindigkeit erfassen. Es wird gezeigt, daß durch die Kombination des kathodisch wirksamen WC mit der anodisch wenig stabilen Metallmatrix eine Sauerstoffkorrosion auftritt, für die der Begriff der inneren Kontaktkorrosion eingeführt wird. Diese innere Kontaktkorrosion läßt sich durch ein Porenmodell beschreiben, das am Grund der Pore aus dem metallischen Binder, an der Wand hauptsächlich aus WC und in der Pore aus Korrosionsprodukten besteht. Eine Abschätzung der Korrosionsraten auf der Basis dieses Modells ergibt Korrosionsraten in der Größenordnung der Werte aus der Praxis.
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    Surface and Interface Analysis 21 (1994), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Applications of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy imaging in the analysis of heterogeneous polymer surfaces are evaluated using a sample containing tetrafluoroethylene plasma-deposited onto polyethylene. The C 1s and F 1s images acquired using non-monochromatic Mg Kα and monochromatic Al Kα x-ray sources are used to demonstrate good charge stabilization, as confirmed by small-area spectra. The use of non-monochromatic flood sources vs. monochromatic focused x-ray ray sources for image acquisition is discussed. The use of the valence band region for imaging is also demonstrated.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 2195-2197 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1399-1407 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of butane in linear polyethylene at room temperature as a function of the vapor pressure of butane was measured by the spin-echo method with a pulsed magnetic field gradient. For the Special morphology of randomly oriented stacks of parallel lamellas the detour factor is 1/3. As long as the blocking factor and migration through the lamellas can be neglected, the local diffusion coefficient Da of the small molecules through the amorphous layers in the direction parallel to the lamellas is three times the apparent diffusion coefficient D derived from the decay of the amplitude of the spin echo under the assumption of an infinitely extended homogeneous medium. The diffusion coefficient and the spin-spin relaxation time both increase exponentially with increasing pressure, i.e., butane concentration in the polymer, while the spin-lattice relaxation time is pressure independent and seems to be determined by interaction with the amorphous polyethylene matrix.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 387-404 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The self-diffusion coefficient D of paraffin and polyethylene melts - covering the range between N = 19 and 103 where N is the number of monomeric units - was measured by the pulsed-magnetic-field-gradient NMR method for diffusion times between 3 ms and 1 s. For the paraffins, D is proportional to N-2 though the molecular weights are smaller than the critical molecular weight for entanglement. In polyethylene, melts a strong dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the diffusion time is observed, whereas no such dependence is found in paraffin melts. A mathematical formalism for describing spin-echo attenuation in terms of a velocity autocorrelation function is shown to yield qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 15 (1992), S. 510-513 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS ; Cl ; El ; Flavors ; Cola beverages ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As part of a study directed at introducing GMP recommendations to the production of non-alcoholic beverages, combined Cl and El mass spectra have been used for the identification of compounds present in extracts of “Cockta” beverage following GC-MS analysis. The amount of useful information present both in the separate Cl and El spectra, and in two of the possible combinations of the spectra, is described.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 25 (1995), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Obwohl die Neurobiologie in den letzten Jahren einen enormen Aufschwung erfahren hat, ist noch immer sehr wenig über die zentralnervösen Grundlagen für die Steuerung von Verhaltensweisen bekannt. Voraussetzung für die Erforschung dieses Phänomens ist ein geeignetes Modellsystem: Das zu untersuchende Verhalten muß klar definiert und leicht zu messen sein; die wesentlichen Elemente des zentralnervösen Schaltkreises, der diese Verhaltensweise kontrolliert, sollten bekannt sein; und schließlich muß es möglich sein, die Häufigkeit, mit der diese Verhaltensweise auftritt, im Experiment zu verändern. Alle drei Forderungen sind in besonderer Weise bei schwachelektrischen Messerfischen erfüllt. Diese unscheinbaren Aquarienbewohner eröffnen damit die Möglichkeit, einen Einblick in die Komplexität der Steuerung von Verhalten durch das Gehirn zu erhalten.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
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    Topics: Biology
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 2325-2331 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: crosslinked copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) ; crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene ; nucleophilic substitution ; site-site interactions ; substituted hydrazines ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene (1) and crosslinked copoly(styrene-p-nitro-phenylacrylate) (3) readily reacted with 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, but the course of the reaction was strongly dependent on the structure of the backbone. Monofunctionalization was observed with chloromethylated polystyrene (1) giving the 1,1,1-dimethylhydrazinium chloride derivative (2), while high degree of additional crosslinking took place with crosslinked copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) (3), and additional crosslinking was also observed in functionalization with N-aminopiperidine and N-aminomorpholine. The additional crosslinking suggested a higher backbone mobility in acrylate beads (3) compared to chloromethylated polystyrene (1). The type of transformation and the degree of additional crosslinking also depended on the starting crosslinking of copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) (3; 3a, 2% DVB; 3b, 4% DVB; 3c, 10% DVB). Replacement of p-nitrophenol groups in copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) (3) with hydrazino units resulted in enhanced swelling abilities of the hydrazine derivatives (4, 5, 6) in methanol, dimethylformamide, and chloroform, while formation of the hydrazinium chloride derivative (2) from chloromethylated polystyrene (1) caused enhancement of swelling in methanol but diminished it in toluene. The degree of crosslinking of copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) (3) also influenced the swelling abilities of 3 and its hydrazino derivatives, being higher with 2% cross-linked resins and lower with 4% and 10% crosslinked resins. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1699-1706 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: crosslinked copoly (styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) ; nucleophilic substitution ; primary amines ; diaminoalkanes ; amino alcohols ; amino acids ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crosslinked copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylates), containing 2% (1) or 4% DVB (2) were converted with various diaminoalkanes (1,2-diaminoethane 3a, 1,4-diaminobutane 3b, 1,8-diaminooctane 3c) to amides. The degree of additional crosslinking depended on the chain length of the diaminoalkane, the molar ratio of ester function in 1 or 2 to diaminoalkane, solvent polarity (dimethylformamide, chloroform, toluene), while reaction temperature (50 or 100°C) had only a minor effect. 2 was also converted with various amines bearing additional functional groups (ethanolamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, 4-aminomethylpyridine, 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-ethanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)-ethanol, 6-aminocaproic acid, N-propylaminomorpholine, 3-N,N-diethylamino-1-propylamine) to the corresponding amides. The swelling ability of the resins depended on the crosslinking of the starting copoly(styrene-p-nitrophenylacrylate) (1, 2), the structure of the amide, the degree of additional crosslinking, and solvent polarity (chloroform, dimethylformamide, methanol, toluene). The accessibility of nitrogen atoms in the polymer matrix was examined by EtX functionalization of the 3-N,N-diethylamino-1-propylamine derivative (10) and 4-aminomethylpyridine derivative (13), and more than 85% functionalization was found. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1699-1706, 1998
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 3745-3753 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(urethane-imide) ; polyurethane ; polyimide ; poly(amide acid) ; oligo(amide acid) ; polyurethane prepolymer ; elastomer ; polymer network ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A polymer blend consisting of polyimide (PI) and polyurethane (PU) was prepared by means of a novel approach. PU prepolymer was prepared by the reaction of polyester polyol and 2,4-tolylenediisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and then end-capped with phenol. Poly(amide acid) was prepared from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and oxydianiline (ODA). A series of oligo(amide acid)s were also prepared by controlling the molar ratio of PMDA and ODA. The PU prepolymer and poly(amide acid) or oligo(amide acid) solution were blended at room temperature in various weight ratios. The cast films were obtained from the blend solution and treated at various temperatures. With the increase of polyurethane component, the films changed from plastic to brittle and then to elastic. The poly(urethane-imide) elastomers showed excellent mechanical properties and moderate thermal stability. The elongation of films with elasticity was more than 300%. The elongation set after the breaking of films was small. From the dynamic mechanical analysis, all the samples showed a glass transition temperature (Tg) at ca. -15°C, corresponding to Tg of the urethane component, suggesting that phase separation occurred between the two polymer components, irrespective of polyimide content. TGA and DSC studies indicated that the thermal degradation of poly(urethane-imide) was in the temperature range 250-270°C. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3745-3753, 1997
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 12 (1989), S. 29-55 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron diffraction ; Computer program ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The FORTRAN source code is given for a computer program that calculates the two-dimensional intensity distribution in convergent-beam transmission electron microdiffraction (CBED) patterns from perfect crystals. The program uses the eigenvalue or Bloch-ware method. It allows three-dimensional dynamical diffraction, and so includes all higher-order Laue zone effects without approximation. No symmetry reduction is included. The program accepts noncentrosymmetric or centrosymmetric crystal structures and allows absorption corrections to be included. It uses the “EISPACK” subroutines for the diagonalisation of a general complex matrix. Up to 100 CBED disks may be included. The code is also available via “Bitnet”.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 22 (1971), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 95
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 22 (1971), S. 114-114 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 23 (1984), S. 695-705 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We studied films of poly(L-tyrosine) with hydrogen phosphate (residue/phosphate, 1:1) by ir spectroscopy. The influences of the alkali cations (Li+, Na+, K+) and of the degree of hydration were clarified. If Li+ ions are present, the OH⃛-OP hydrogen bonds formed in the dried films between the tyrosine OH groups and hydrogen phosphate are asymmetrical. The formation of hydrogen phosphate-hydrogen phosphate hydrogen bonds is prevented by the presence of the Li+ ions. With an increase in the degree of hydration, the tyrosine-phosphate bonds are not broken but become slightly stronger. Completely different behaviour is found if K+ ions are present. In dry films, the OH⃛-OP ⇌ O-⃛HOP hydrogen bonds formed between tyrosine and hydrogen phosphate show large proton polarizability. The tyrosine proton has a noticeable residence time at the acceptor O atom of the phosphate. The difference in the behaviour of the system with K+ ions when compared to the system with Li+ ions can be explained, since the hydrogen acceptor O atom of phosphate ions is more negatively charged due to the weaker influence of the K+ ions. Furthermore, POH⃛-OP hydrogen bonds between hydrogen phosphate molecules are formed. With an increase in the degree of hydration, the tyrosine-hydrogen phosphate hydrogen bonds are broken, all tyrosine protons are found at the tyrosine residues, and the -PO3- groupings are in a symmetrical environment, indicating that the K+ ions are removed from these groupings. If the degree of hydration increases further, hydrogen-bonded systems such as hydrogen phosphate-water-hydrogen phosphate are formed that show large proton polarizability due to collective proton motion. When Na+ ions are present, the OH⃛-OP ⇌ O-⃛HOP hydrogen bonds formed in dry films still show proton polarizability, but the residence time of the tyrosine proton at the phosphate is very short.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 10 (1959), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent applications of epoxy resins to surface protectionAfter a brief reference to the importance of epoxy resins in the sphere of surface protection, the subject of solventfree epoxy resin/hardener systems is discussed on the strength of the latest practical experience, and illustrated by photographs concerned with laboratory research work and practical applications.
    Notes: Nach einem kurzen Hinweis auf die Bedeutung der Epoxyharze im Oberflächenschutz wird das Gebiet der lösungsmittelfreien Epoxyharz-/Härter-Systeme an Hand neuester Praxiserfahrungen behandelt und mit Abbildungen über Laboruntersuchungen und Anwendungsbeispiele illustriert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XV sequencing ; expressed sequence tags ; ADH1 ; COQ3 ; MSH2 and RCF4 ; transmembrane proteins ; organelle targeting ; ARS ; GCN4 ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a 29·425 kb fragment localized on the left arm of chromosome XV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined. The sequence contains 13 open reading frames (ORFs) of which four encode the known genes ADH1, COQ3, MSH2 and RCF4. Predictions are made concerning the functions of the unknown ORFs. Some of the ORFs contain sequences similar to expressed sequences tags (EST) found in the database made available by TIGR. In particular, the highly expressed ADH1 gene is represented in this database by no less than 20 EST sequences. Two ARS sequences and a putative functional GCN4 motif have also been detected. One ORF (O0953) containing nine putative transmembrane segments is similar to a hypothetical membrane protein of Arabidopsis thaliana. Characteristic features of the other ORFs include ATP/GTP binding sites, a fungal Zn(2)-Cys(6) binuclear centre, an endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence, a β-transducin repeat signature and in two instances, good similarity to the prokaryotic lipoprotein signal peptide motif. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X83121.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XV sequencing ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; IRA2 ; cdr1/nim1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 10 270 bp fragment from the left arm of chromosome XV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced and analysed. The sequence reveals the presence of two open reading frames (ORFs), one of them is the larger part of the previously sequenced gene IRA2 (YOL0951). The other ORF, YOL0950, has a length of 1245 nucleotides and exhibits no significant homology with any known gene, although there is some similarity of its upstream region to the corresponding region of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdr1/nim1 gene which is involved in the control of mitotic cell size. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X75449.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 67 (1995), S. 1205-1206 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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