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  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (400)
  • 2020-2023  (400)
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  • 1
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    Data to accompany “Direct observation of wave-coherent pressure work in the atmospheric boundary layer” (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-30
    Description: As described in the methods section of “Direct Observation of Wave-coherent Pressure Work in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer”: Measurements were made from an open-lattice steel tower deployed in roughly 13 m water depth in Buzzards Bay, MA. Buzzards Bay is a 48 km by 12 km basin open on the SW side to Rhode Island Sound. The average depth is 11 m, with a tide range of 1 to 1.5 m, depending on the neap/spring cycles. Winds in Buzzards Bay are frequently aligned on the long-axis (from the NE or SW), and are commonly strong, particularly in the fall and winter. The tower was deployed near the center of the bay at 41.577638 N, 70.745555 W for a spring deployment lasting from April 12, 2022 to June 13th, 2022. Atmospheric measurements included three primary instrument booms that housed paired sonic anemometers (RM Young 81000RE) and high-resolution pressure sensors (Paros Scientific). The pressure sensor intakes were terminated with static pressure heads, which reduce the dynamic pressure contribution to the measured (static) pressure. The tower booms were aligned at 280 degrees such that the NE and SW winds would be unobstructed by the tower's main body. A fourth sonic anemometer (Gill R3) was extended above the tower such that it was open to all wind directions and clear of wake by the tower structure. A single point lidar (Riegl LD90-3i) was mounted to the highest boom, such that the lidar measured the water surface elevation underneath the anemometer and pressure sensors to within a few centimeters horizontally. All instruments were time synchronized with a custom "miniNode" flux logger, that aggregated the data streams from each instrument. Additional atmospheric and wave measurements on the tower included short-wave and long-wave radiometers (Kipp & Zonen), two RH/T sensors (Vaisala), and a standard lower-resolution barometer (Setra).
    Description: National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE) Award 2023020
    Keywords: Air/sea interaction ; Surface waves ; Boundary layers ; Turbulence ; Pressure work
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 2
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    Instructions for installing pressure-temperature recorder (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: Instructions for installing pressure-temperature recorder including location of parts on the submarine and the general description of the apparatus. The instrument is composed of two main elements: a) the pressure-sensitive element; and b) the temperature-sensitive element.
    Keywords: Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    A slide rule for computing supersonic ray diagrams from bathythermograph data (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: This report, and the accompanying slide rule were prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the National Defense Research Committee.
    Description: National Defense Research Committee
    Keywords: Bathythermograph
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Two types of lenses for deep underwater photography (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: In underwater photography, the object is immersed in water while the image is usually formed in air. The most obvious, straightforward way to form an image under these circumstances with a conventional type of lens is to use a plane parallel slab of glass as a window in front of the lens to separate the water from the air space. For most types of camera lenses, this is a perfectly adequate solution; But if one looks at the problem carefully, it is evident that such a system introduces a chromatic aberration referred to as lateral color. The source of this aberration is illustrated in Fig. 1. The dispersion at the glass to air interface overcompensates for the dispersion at the water to glass interface. As a result, the direction of a ray entering the camera lens for any given ray incident on the window varies with the wavelength of light.
    Keywords: Photographic lenses ; Underwater photography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
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    Examples and outline of certain modifications in isentropic analysis (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: Isentropic analysis in this country originated with a particular purpose in view, namely as a means of using moisture distribution to determine flow patterns in the atmosphere It revealed, very successfully, certain theoretically anticipated patterns. Subsequently it has come into general use in connection with upper-air analysis but for the most part its application is dominated by the original particular purpose. A rather different approach is to use isentropic analysis in a more purely descriptive fashion as the principal tool for upper-air analysis. This demands that an isentropic chart represent synoptically as much useful information as possible and that all phases of its preparation receive due care.
    Keywords: Upper air temperature ; Meteorology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
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    Summary of bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic : October 1940 - December 1941 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: The range of submarine detection is frequently limited by the refraction produced by vertical temperature gradients in the superficial layers of the ocean. In order to measure these temperature gradients and thus to permit predictions of the range, the bathythermograph was developed and is now being used on a considerable number of anti-submarine vessels, while a somewhat modified version of the instrument is being tried out on submarines. Some 6675 bathythermograph observations from the western North Atlantic have been examined in order to determine how frequently such observations should be made so that within practical limits and anti-submarine vessel may at all times know the assured range of its sound gear. The occurrence of the four basic types of refraction patterns is shown by a series of six charts. For all but one of these patterns the range can be rather quickly and easily estimated from simple tables; but when the so-called afternoon effect is encountered, which is on the average about 20% of the time, a more complete analysis is necessary. It is found that under the most unfavorable circumstances, that is, in mid-summer and near the edges of a strong current system, there is about one chance in three that the refraction pattern will chance significantly in a distance of four miles. At other times of year and in areas where horizontal variations in temperature are less pronounced a single bathythermograph observation can be considered representative of a much larger area. It is also shown that in the western North Atlantic about 92% of the time in summer and about 34% of the time in winter the assured range of submarine detection is limited by refraction to less than 2500 yards.
    Keywords: Bathythermograph
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    Preliminary report on the prediction of "Afternoon Effect" (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: With moderate or light winds and a clear sky the diurnal heating which occurs near the sea surface can cause a serious reduction in the range of submarine detection, especially on shallow targets. This has usually been called the “afternoon effect", although as will be noticed below the ranges often remain short long after sun down. The heating of surface waters which causes such sharp downward refraction can of course be noted on a bathythermograph record, provided pen vibration does not confuse the upper part of the trace. Unfortunately it is the upper 20 or 30 feet of a bathythermograph curve which in the case of ships moving faster than 12 knots is often somewhat difficult to read with sufficient certainty. Moreover, in planning a days operations it is clearly desirable to know in advance how much reduction in range may be expected from diurnal warming.
    Description: Contract OEMsr-31
    Keywords: Submarines (Ships) ; Sonar ; Ocean temperature
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Performance of bathythermograph with hand winch (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-12
    Description: On May l, 1942 a series of towing tests were made off New London to determine how satisfactory a small hand operated winch would be. The boat was an 83 ft. Coast Guard patrol boat with the end of the boom about 3 feet outboard and 15 feet forward of the stern. Towing tests were made at 8, 12, and 18 knots. At 18 knots two methods were tried: A. Those where the BT was dropped from the end of the boom in the usual manner. B. Those where the BT was dropped from the bow of the boat. This method gave a considerably greater depth of water for the same amount of wire out than the former method. In a longer boat where the BT can be carried 100 to 150 ft. ahead of the boom this additional depth may amount to 100 feet.
    Keywords: Bathythermograph
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 9
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    Supplemental materials for book chapter: Microplastics in Marine Food Webs (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-09
    Description: The identification of microplastics (MPs; 1 µm - 5 mm) and the inferred presence of nanoplastics (NPs; 〈1 µm) in a wide variety of marine animals, including many seafood species, has raised important questions about the presence, movement, and impacts of these particles in marine food webs. Understanding microplastic dynamics in marine food webs requires elucidation of the processes involved, including bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and biomagnification. However, in the context of microplastics and nanoplastics these concepts are often misunderstood. In this chapter, we provide a critical review of the literature on the behavior of plastic particles in marine food webs. We find clear evidence of trophic transfer, equivocal evidence for bioaccumulation, and no evidence for biomagnification. We also identify a number of knowledge gaps that limit our ability to draw firm conclusions at this time. These supplemental documents are in support of an invited chapter to be published in this book: S.E. Shumway and J.E. Ward (Eds.) Plastics in the Sea: Occurrence and Impacts (Elsevier 2023).
    Description: Preparation of this chapter was supported by Woods Hole Sea Grant (Award No. NA18OAR4170104, project R/P–89), a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to J.A.P.; the Gerstner Family Foundation; and the March Marine Initiative, a program of March Limited, Bermuda.
    Keywords: Microplastics ; Nanoplastics ; Trophic transfer ; Bioaccumulation ; Biomagnification ; Food webs ; Translocation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Other
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  • 10
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    Overturning of the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP): RAFOS Float Data Report June 2014 - January 2019 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-01
    Description: The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) is an international effort started in 2014 dedicated to achieving a better understanding of the link between dense-water formation and the meridional overturning circulation in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Moorings, gliders, and subsurface acoustically-tracked RAFOS floats have been used to collect temperature, salinity, and current data across the Labrador Sea, Irminger Sea, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland Basin, Rockall-Hatton Plateau, and Rockall Trough. The specific objective of the OSNAP float program is to gather information on the pathways of the dense overflow waters transported by the deep limb of the overturning circulation and assess the connection of those pathways with currents observed crossing the OSNAP mooring line. This data report details the observations collected by 148 floats that were deployed for OSNAP during the summers of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Deployment locations were in the Iceland Basin, Irminger Sea, and in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. Mission lengths ranged from 540-730 days, and the floats were ballasted to passively drift at a fixed pressure of either 1800, 2000, 2200, 2500, or 2800 dbar to tag the deep overflow water masses of the subpolar North Atlantic (Iceland-Scotland and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters).
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-1259618 & OCE-1756361
    Keywords: RAFOS ; Trajectory ; Subpolar North Atlantic
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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