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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (471,889)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (369,592)
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  • 1
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    Crustal structure and seismotectonics of central Sicily (southern Italy): new constraints from instrumental seismicity (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: In this paper, we propose a new model of the crustal structure and seismotectonics for central Sicily (southern Italy) through the analysis of the depth distribution and kinematics of the instrumental seismicity, occurring during the period from 1983 to 2010, and its comparison with individual geological structures that may be active in the area. The analysed data set consists of 392 earthquakes with local magnitudes ranging from 1.0 to 4.7. We defined a new, detailed 1-D velocity model to relocate the earthquakes that occurred in central Sicily, and we calculated a Moho depth of 37 km and a mean VP/VS ratio of 1.73. The relocated seismic events are clustered mainly in the area north of Caltanissetta (e.g. Mainland Sicily) and in the northeastern sector (Madonie Mountains) of the study area; only minor and greatly dispersed seismicity is located in the western sector, near Belice, and along the southern coast, between Gela and Sciacca. The relocated hypocentral distribution depicts a bimodal pattern: 50 per cent of the events occur within the upper crust at depths less than ~16 km, 40 per cent of the events occur within the middle and depth crust, at depths between 16 and 32 km, and the remaining 10 per cent occur at subcrustal depths. The energy release pattern shows a similar depth distribution. On the basis of the kinematic analysis of 38 newly computed focal plane solutions, two major geographically distinct seismotectonic domains are distinguished: the Madonie Mountain domain, with prevalent extensional and extensional-oblique kinematics associated with upper crust Late Pliocene–Quaternary faulting, and the Mainland Sicily domain, with prevalent compressional and compressional-oblique kinematics associated with thrust faulting, at mid to deep crust depth, along the north-dipping Sicilian Basal Thrust (SBT). The stress inversion of the Mainland Sicily focal solutions integrated with neighbouring mechanisms available in the literature highlights a regional homogeneous compressional tensor, with a subhorizontal NNW–SSE-striking σ1 axis. In addition, on the basis of geodetic data, the Mainland Sicily domain may be attributed to the SSE-ward thrusting of the Mainland Sicily block along the SBT plane. Seismogenic shearing along the SBT at mid-crustal depths was responsible for the unexpected Belice 1968 earthquake (Mw 6.1), with evident implications in terms of hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1237-2252
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismicity and tectonics ; Continental tectonics: compressional ; Dynamics: seismotectonics ; Crustal structure ; Europe ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Monitoring of gas and seismic energy release by multiparametric benthic observatory along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey) (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Episodic gas seepage occurs at the seafloor in the Gulf of Izmit (Sea of Marmara, NW Turkey) along the submerged segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which ruptured during the 1999 Mw7.4 Izmit earthquake, and caused tectonic loading of the fault segment in front of the Istanbul metropolitan area. In order to study gas seepage and seismic energy release along the NAF, a multiparametric benthic observatory (SN-4) was deployed in the gulf at the western end of the 1999 Izmit earthquake rupture, and operated for about 1 yr at 166 m water depth. The SN-4 payload included a three-component broad-band seismometer, as well as gas and oceanographic sensors. We analysed data collected continuously for 161 d in the first part of the experiment, from 2009 October to 2010 March. The main objective of our work was to verify whether tectonic deformation along the NAF could trigger methane seepage. For this reason, we considered only local seismicity, that is, within 100 km from the station. No significant (ML ≥ 3.6) local earthquakes occurred during this period; on the other hand, the seismometer recorded high-frequency SDEs (short duration events), which are not related to seismicity but to abrupt increases of dissolved methane concentration in the sea water that we called MPEs (methane peak events). Acquisition of current velocity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and salinity, allowed us to analyse the local oceanographic setting during each event, and correlate SDEs to episodic gas discharges from the seabed. We noted that MPEs are the result of such gas releases, but are detected only under favourable oceanographic conditions. This stresses the importance of collecting long-term multiparametric time-series to address complex phenomena such as gas and seismic energy release at the seafloor. Results from the SN-4 experiment in the Sea of Marmara suggest that neither low-magnitude local seismicity, nor regional events affect intensity and frequency of gas flows from the seafloor.
    Description: Published
    Description: 850-866
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Time-series analysis ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Broad-band seismometers ; multiparametric seafloor observatory ; Izmit Gulf ; Sea of Marmara ; gas seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Seismic response of a deep continental basin including velocity inversion: the Sulmona intramontane basin (Central Apennines, Italy) (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The Sulmona plain (central Italy) is an intramontane basin of the Abruzzi Apennines that is known in the literature for its high seismic hazard. We use extensive measurements of ambient noise to map the fundamental frequency and to detect the presence of geological heterogeneities in the basin. We perform noise measurements along two basin-scale orthogonal transects, in conjunction with 2-D array experiments in specific key areas. The key areas are located in different positions with respect to the basin margins: one at the eastern boundary (fault-controlled basin margin) and one in the deepest part of the basin. We also collect independent data by using active seismic experiments (MASW), down-hole and geological surveys to characterize the near-surface geology of the investigated sites. In detail, the H/V noise spectral ratios and 2-D array techniques indicate a fundamental resonance (f0) in the low-frequency range (0.35–0.4 Hz) in the Sulmona Basin. Additionally, our results highlight the important role that is played by the alluvial fans near the edge-sectors of the basin, which are responsible for a velocity inversion in the uppermost layering of the soil profile. The H/V ratios and the dispersion curves of adjacent measurements strongly vary over a few dozens of meters in the alluvial fan area. Furthermore, we perform 1-D numerical simulations that are based on a linear-equivalent approach to estimate the site response in the key areas, using realistic seismic inputs. Finally, we perform a 2-D simulation that is based on the spectral element method to propagate surface waves in a simple model with an uppermost stiff layer, which is responsible for the velocity inversion. The results from the 2-D modelling agree with the experimental curves, showing deamplified H/V curves and typical shapes of dispersion curves of a not normally dispersive site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 418-439
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Fourier analysis, Earthquake ground motions, Site effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    An aquaculture risk model to understand the causes and consequences of Atlantic Salmon mass mortality events: A review (2024)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Reviews in Aquaculture, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 1753-5123
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: Mass mortality events (MMEs) are defined as the death of large numbers of fish over a short period of time. These events can result in catastrophic losses to the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry and the local economy. However, they are challenging to understand because of their relative infrequency and the high number of potential factors involved. As a result, the causes and consequences of MMEs in Atlantic salmon aquaculture are not well understood. In this study, we developed a structural network of causal risk factors for MMEs for aquaculture and the communities that depend on Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique, we analysed the causes of Atlantic salmon mass mortalities due to environmental (abiotic), biological (biotic) and nutritional risk factors. The consequences of MMEs were also assessed for the occupational health and safety of aquaculture workers and their implications for the livelihoods of local communities. This structural network deepens our understanding of MMEs and points to management actions and interventions that can help mitigate mass mortalities. MMEs are typically not the result of a single risk factor but are caused by the systematic interaction of risk factors related to the environment, fish diseases, feeding/nutrition and cage-site management. Results also indicate that considerations of health and safety risk, through pre- and post-event risk assessments, may help to minimize workplace injuries and eliminate potential risks of human fatalities. Company and government assisted socio-economic measures could help mitigate post-mass mortality impacts. Appropriate and timely management actions may help reduce MMEs at Atlantic salmon cage sites and minimize the physical and social vulnerabilities of workers and local communities.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Chapter PRINCIPLES OF PI3K BIOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN LYMPHOMA (2023)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: PI3K biology; lymphoma; cancer
    Keywords: PI3K biology; lymphoma; cancer ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Modelling secondary microseismic noise by normal mode summation (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Secondary microseisms recorded by seismic stations are generated in the ocean by the interaction of ocean gravity waves.We present here the theory for modelling secondary microseismic noise by normal mode summation.We show that the noise sources can be modelled by vertical forces and how to derive them from a realistic ocean wave model. We then show how to compute bathymetry excitation effect in a realistic earth model by using normal modes and a comparison with Longuet–Higgins approach. The strongest excitation areas in the oceans depends on the bathymetry and period and are different for each seismic mode. Seismic noise is then modelled by normal mode summation considering varying bathymetry. We derive an attenuation model that enables to fit well the vertical component spectra whatever the station location. We show that the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves is the dominant signal in seismic noise. There is a discrepancy between real and synthetic spectra on the horizontal components that enables to estimate the amount of Love waves for which a different source mechanism is needed. Finally, we investigate noise generated in all the oceans around Africa and show that most of noise recorded in Algeria (TAM station) is generated in the Northern Atlantic and that there is a seasonal variability of the contribution of each ocean and sea.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1732-1745
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Surface waves and free oscillations ; Seismic attenuation ; Theoretical seismology ; Wave propagation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Modelling the ocean site effect on seismic noise body waves (2015)
    Oxford University Press | Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Secondary microseismic noise is generated by non-linear interactions between ocean waves at the ocean surface. We present here the theory for computing the site effect of the ocean layer upon body waves generated by noise sources distributed along the ocean surface. By defining the wavefield as the superposition of plane waves, we show that the ocean site effect can be described as the constructive interference of multiply reflected P waves in the ocean that are then converted to either P or SV waves at the ocean–crust interface. We observe that the site effect varies strongly with period and ocean depth, although in a different way for body waves than for Rayleigh waves. We also show that the ocean site effect is stronger for P waves than for S waves. We validate our computation by comparing the theoretical noise body wave sources with the sources inferred from beamforming analysis of the three seismogram components recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network. We use rotated traces for the beamforming analysis, and we show that we clearly detect P waves generated by ocean gravity wave interactions along the track of typhoon Ioke (2006 September). We do not detect the corresponding SV waves, and we demonstrate that this is because their amplitude is too weak.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1096-1106
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Body waves ; Site effects ; Theoretical Seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Targeting Oncogenic Drivers and Signaling Pathways in Hematologic Malignancies (2023)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: oncogenic drivers; signaling; pathways; hematologic malignancies; cancer
    Keywords: oncogenic drivers; signaling; pathways; hematologic malignancies; cancer ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Bonamia infection in flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) in relation to European restoration projects (2020)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 1052-7613
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 10
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    Insolation and Greenhouse Gas Forcing of the South American Monsoon System Across Three Glacial‐Interglacial Cycles (2020)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Precipitation extremes with devastating socioeconomic consequences within the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) are expected to become more frequent in the near future. The complexity in SAMS behavior, however, poses severe challenges for reliable future projections. Thus, robust paleomonsoon records are needed to constrain the high spatiotemporal variability in the response of SAMS rainfall to different climatic drivers. This study uses Ti/Ca ratios from X‐ray fluorescence scanning of a sediment core retrieved off eastern Brazilian to trace precipitation changes over the past 322 Kyr. The results indicate that despite the spatiotemporal complexity of the SAMS, insolation forcing is the primary pacemaker of variations in the monsoonal system. Additional modulation by atmospheric p CO 2 suggests that SAMS intensity over eastern Brazil will be suppressed by rising CO 2 emissions in the future. Lastly, our record reveals an unprecedented strong and persistent wet period during Marine Isotope Stage 6 driven by anomalously strong trade winds.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 11
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    Constraining past environmental changes of cold‐water coral mounds with geochemical proxies in corals and foraminifera (2021)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Cold‐water coral (CWC) reefs and mounds are and have been biodiversity hotspots of the deep sea. As their occurrence depends on specific environmental parameters, gaining hindsight on changing ocean conditions under on‐going climate change is the key to a better understanding of CWC mound development through time. A convenient technique for reconstructing the palaeoenvironment during periods of CWC mound growth is by extracting geochemical proxies from biologically mediated carbonates. Here, the focus is on probably the two most abundant calcareous archives, that are, cold‐water Scleractinia and Foraminifera, with an overview of the geochemical proxies (selection) used in these aragonitic and calcitic skeletons from CWC mounds. A particular emphasis is set on constraining proxies for temperature, salinity, seawater density, seawater carbonate systems parameters (pH, CO 3 2− ), nutrients, oxygen and water mass tracers.
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  • 12
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    Long‐Period Astronomical Forcing of Westerlies' Strength in Central Asia During Miocene Climate Cooling (2019)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: The continental expression of global cooling during the Miocene Climate Transition in Central Asia is poorly documented, as the tectonically active setting complicates the correlation of Neogene regional and global climatic developments. This study presents new geochemical data (CaSO 4 content, carbonate δ 13 C and δ 18 O) from the endorheic alluvial‐lacustrine Aktau succession (Ili Basin, south‐east Kazakhstan) combined with findings from the previously published facies evolution. Time series analysis revealed long‐eccentricity forcing of the paleohydrology throughout the entire succession, split into several facies‐dependent segments. Orbital tuning, constrained by new laser ablation U‐Pb dates and a preexisting magnetostratigraphy, places the succession in a 5.0 Ma long interval in the middle to late Miocene (15.6 to 10.6 Ma). The long‐term water accumulation in the Ili Basin followed the timing of the Miocene Climate Transition, suggesting increased precipitation in the catchment area in response to climate cooling and stronger westerly winds. This was paced by minima of the 2.4 Ma eccentricity cycle, which favored the establishment of a discharge playa (~14.3 Ma) and a perennial lake (12.6 to 11.8 Ma). Furthermore, low obliquity amplitudes (nodes) caused a transient weakening of the westerlies at ~13.7 to 13.5 Ma and at ~12.7 Ma, resulting in negative hydrological budgets and salinization. Flooding of the windward Ili Basin coeval with aridification in the leeward basins suggests that the Tian Shan was a climate boundary already in the middle Miocene. Our results emphasize the impact of climate fluctuations on the westerlies' strength and thus on Central Asian hydrology.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 13
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    Onshore thermokarst primes subsea permafrost degradation (2021)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: The response of permafrost to submergence can vary between ice-rich late Pleistocene deposits and the thermokarst basins that thawed out during the Holocene. We hypothesize that inundated Alases offshore thaw faster than submerged Yedoma. To test this hypothesis, we estimated depths to the top of ice-bearing permafrost offshore of the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeast Siberia using electrical resistivity surveys. The surveys traversed submerged lagoon deposits, drained and refrozen Alas deposits, and undisturbed Yedoma from the coastline to 373 m offshore. While the permafrost degradation rates of the submerged Yedoma were in the range of similar sites, the submerged Alas permafrost degradation rates were up to 170% faster. Given the abundance of thermokarst basins and lakes along parts of the Arctic coastline, its effect on subsea permafrost degradation must be similarly prevalent. Remote sensing analyses suggest that 54% of lagoons wider than 500 m originated in thermokarst basins.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 14
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    Greenhouse gas production and lipid biomarker distribution in Yedoma and Alas thermokarst lake sediments in Eastern Siberia (2021)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Permafrost thaw leads to thermokarst lake formation and talik growth tens of meters deep, enabling microbial decomposition of formerly frozen organic matter (OM). We analyzed two 17-m-long thermokarst lake sediment cores taken in Central Yakutia, Russia. One core was from an Alas lake in a Holocene thermokarst basin that underwent multiple lake generations, and the second core from a young Yedoma upland lake (formed ca. 70 years ago) whose sediments have thawed for the first time since deposition. This comparison provides a glance into OM fate in thawing Yedoma deposits. We analyzed total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, n-alkanes concentrations, and bacterial and archaeal membrane markers. Furthermore, we conducted one-year-long incubations (4 °C, dark) and measured anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. The sediments from both cores contained little TOC (0.7±0.4 wt%), but DOC values were relatively high, with highest values in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments (1620 mg L-1). Cumulative GHG production after one year was highest in the Yedoma lake sediments (226±212 μg CO2-C gdw-1, 28±36 μg CH4-C gdw-1) and 3 and 1.5 times lower in the Alas lake sediments, respectively (75±76 μg CO2-C gdw-1, 19±29 μg CH4-C gdw-1). The highest CO2 production in the frozen Yedoma lake sediments likely results from decomposition of readily bioavailable OM, while highest CH4 production in the non-frozen top sediments of this core suggests that methanogenic communities established upon thaw. The lower GHG production in the non-frozen Alas lake sediments resulted from advanced OM decomposition during Holocene talik development. Furthermore, we found that drivers of CO2 and CH4 production differ following thaw. Our results suggest that GHG production from TOC-poor mineral deposits, which are widespread throughout the Arctic, can be substantial. Therefore, our novel data are relevant for vast ice-rich permafrost deposits vulnerable to thermokarst formation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Thermo‐erosional valleys in Siberian ice‐rich permafrost (2021)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Wiley-Blackwell, 32(1), pp. 59-75, ISSN: 1045-6740
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: Thermal erosion is a major mechanism of permafrost degradation, resulting in characteristic landforms. We inventory thermo-erosional valleys in ice-rich coastal lowlands adjacent to the Siberian Laptev Sea based on remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS), and field investigations for a first regional assessment of their spatial distribution and characteristics. Three study areas with similar geological (Yedoma Ice Complex) but diverse geomorphological conditions vary in valley areal extent, incision depth, and branching geometry. The most extensive valley networks are incised deeply (up to 35 m) into the broad inclined lowland around Mamontov Klyk. The flat, low-lying plain forming the Buor Khaya Peninsula is more degraded by thermokarst and characterized by long valleys of lower depth with short tributaries. Small, isolated Yedoma Ice Complex remnants in the Lena River Delta predominantly exhibit shorter but deep valleys. Based on these hydrographical network and topography assessments, we discuss geomorphological and hydrological connections to erosion processes. Relative catchment size along with regional slope interact with other Holocene relief-forming processes such as thermokarst and neotectonics. Our findings suggest that thermo-erosional valleys are prominent, hitherto overlooked permafrost degradation landforms that add to impacts on biogeochemical cycling, sediment transport, and hydrology in the degrading Siberian Yedoma Ice Complex.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Ultrahigh-precision noble gas isotope analyses reveal pervasive subsurface fractionation in hydrothermal systems (2024)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Mantle-derived noble gases in volcanic gases are powerful tracers of terrestrial volatile evolution, as they contain mixtures of both primordial (from Earth's accretion) and secondary (e.g., radiogenic) isotope signals that characterize the composition of deep Earth. However, volcanic gases emitted through subaerial hydrothermal systems also contain contributions from shallow reservoirs (groundwater, crust, atmosphere). Deconvolving deep and shallow source signals is critical for robust interpretations of mantle-derived signals. Here, we use a novel dynamic mass spectrometry technique to measure argon, krypton, and xenon isotopes in volcanic gas with ultrahigh precision. Data from Iceland, Germany, United States (Yellowstone, Salton Sea), Costa Rica, and Chile show that subsurface isotope fractionation within hydrothermal systems is a globally pervasive and previously unrecognized process causing substantial nonradiogenic Ar-Kr-Xe isotope variations. Quantitatively accounting for this process is vital for accurately interpreting mantle-derived volatile (e.g., noble gas and nitrogen) signals, with profound implications for our understanding of terrestrial volatile evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: eadg2566
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: noble gases ; earth degassing
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Transgenerational plasticity in marine sticklebacks: maternal effects mediate impacts of a warming ocean (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Functional Ecology, Wiley-Blackwell, 28, pp. 1482-1493, ISSN: 0269-8463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Stress effects on metabolism and energy budgets in mollusks (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Wiley-Blackwell, 18 p., pp. 263-280, ISBN: 978-1-4443-3548-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The chapter will summarize and critically review metabolic responses to environmental stress and stress effects on energy budgets in mollusks. Metabolic adaptations to environmental stress will be analyzed including alternative energy conserving pathways, aerobic/anaerobic transitions and metabolic arrest. Their role in the efficient use of energy substrates and in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and redox status will be discussed. General stress effects on energy budget at different organization levels (from the cell to the whole-organism) will be analyzed including energy uptake, assimilation, conversion and expenditure, as well as the metabolic costs associated with stress resistance (including antioxidant protection, chaperone function and damage repair). We will compare metabolic responses to moderate and extreme levels of environmental stressors using temperature, ocean acidification, salinity, oxygen deficiency and toxic metal stress as examples. This chapter will also outline the future research directions to improve our understanding of the stress effects on bioenergetics in mollusks and other invertebrates. Keywords: Stress, metabolic adaptation, metabolic arrest, bioenergetics, cellular defense, energy trade-offs
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 9781444335484
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Iron in coastal marine ecosystems: role in oxidative stress (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 524 p., pp. 115-126, ISBN: 978 1 4443 3548 4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Traversing nature’s danger zone: getting up close with Sumatra’s volcanoes. (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-10
    Description: The Indonesian island of Sumatra, located in one of the most active zones of the Pacific Ring of Fire, is characterized by a chain of subduction-zone volcanoes which extend the entire length of the island. As a group of volcanic geochemists, we embarked upon a five-week sampling expedition to these exotic, remote, and in part explosive volcanoes (SAGE 2010; Sumatran Arc Geochemical Expedition). We set out to collect rock and gas samples from 17 volcanic centres from the Sumatran segment of the Sunda arc system, with the aim of obtaining a regionally significant sample set that will allow quantification of the respective roles of mantle versus crustal sources to magma genesis along the strike of the arc. Here we document our geological journey through Sumatra’s unpredictable terrain, including the many challenges faced when working on active volcanoes in pristine tropical climes.
    Description: Swedish Science Foundation (VR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Upp-sala University Centre for Natural Disaster Science (CNDS) and Otterborgska donationsfonden
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-70
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Sumatra ; Indonesia ; geochemisty ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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    A global environmental crisis 42,000 years ago (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 371(6531), pp. 811-818
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-01
    Description: Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth's magnetic poles, but the global impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited investigation of the potential effects of the last major magnetic inversion, known as the Laschamps Excursion 41 to 42 thousand years ago (ka). We use ancient New Zealand kauri trees (Agathis australis) to develop a detailed record of atmospheric radiocarbon levels across the Laschamps Excursion. We precisely characterize the geomagnetic reversal and perform global chemistry-climate modeling and detailed radiocarbon dating of paleoenvironmental records to investigate impacts. We find that geomagnetic field minima ~42 ka, in combination with Grand Solar Minima, caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration and circulation, driving synchronous global climate shifts that caused major environmental changes, extinction events, and transformations in the archaeological record.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Liu, C.-Z., Dick, H. J. B., Mitchell, R. N., Wei, W., Zhang, Z.-Y., Hofmann, A. W., Yang, J.-F., & Li, Y. Archean cratonic mantle recycled at a mid-ocean ridge. Science Advances, 8(22), (2022): eabn6749, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn6749.
    Description: Basalts and mantle peridotites of mid-ocean ridges are thought to sample Earth’s upper mantle. Osmium isotopes of abyssal peridotites uniquely preserve melt extraction events throughout Earth history, but existing records only indicate ages up to ~2 billion years (Ga) ago. Thus, the memory of the suspected large volumes of mantle lithosphere that existed in Archean time (〉2.5 Ga) has apparently been lost somehow. We report abyssal peridotites with melt-depletion ages up to 2.8 Ga, documented by extremely unradiogenic 187Os/188Os ratios (to as low as 0.1095) and refractory major elements that compositionally resemble the deep keels of Archean cratons. These oceanic rocks were thus derived from the once-extensive Archean continental keels that have been dislodged and recycled back into the mantle, the feasibility of which we confirm with numerical modeling. This unexpected connection between young oceanic and ancient continental lithosphere indicates an underappreciated degree of compositional recycling over time.
    Description: This study was financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars 42025201 (to C.-Z.L.), the National Key Research and Development Project of China 2020YFA0714801 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDA13010106 (to C.-Z.L.), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences XDB42020301 (to C.-Z.L.), and NSF grants 2114652 and 1657983 (to H.J.B.D.).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Peng, Q., Xie, S.-P., Wang, D., Huang, R. X., Chen, G., Shu, Y., Shi, J.-R., & Liu, W. Surface warming-induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents. Science Advances, 8(16), (2022): eabj8394, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj8394.
    Description: How the ocean circulation changes in a warming climate is an important but poorly understood problem. Using a global ocean model, we decompose the problem into distinct responses to changes in sea surface temperature, salinity, and wind. Our results show that the surface warming effect, a robust feature of anthropogenic climate change, dominates and accelerates the upper ocean currents in 77% of the global ocean. Specifically, the increased vertical stratification intensifies the upper subtropical gyres and equatorial currents by shoaling these systems, while the differential warming between the Southern Ocean upwelling zone and the region to the north accelerates surface zonal currents in the Southern Ocean. In comparison, the wind stress and surface salinity changes affect regional current systems. Our study points a way forward for investigating ocean circulation change and evaluating the uncertainty.
    Description: Q.P. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42005035), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (202102020935), and the Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (LTOZZ2102). D.W. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92158204), and the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) (311020004). S.-P.X. is supported by the National Science Foundation (AGS-1934392). Y.S. is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1401702). G.C. is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41822602). The numerical simulation is supported by the High-Performance Computing Division and HPC managers of W. Zhou and D. Sui in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology.
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    Geodetic measurements reveal similarities between Last Glacial Maximum and present-day mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2(9), pp. e1600931
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: Accurate quantification of the millennial-scale mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and its contribution to global sea-level rise remain challenging because of sparse in situ observations in key regions. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is the ongoing response of the solid Earth to ice and ocean load changes occurring since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21 thousand years ago) and may be used to constrain the GrIS deglaciation history. We use data from the Greenland Global Positioning System network to directly measure GIA and estimate basin-wide mass changes since the LGM. Unpredicted, large GIA uplift rates of +12 mm/year are found in southeast Greenland. These rates are due to low upper mantle viscosity in the region, from when Greenland passed over the Iceland hot spot about 40 million years ago. This region of concentrated soft rheology has a profound influence on reconstructing the deglaciation history of Greenland. We reevaluate the evolution of the GrIS since LGM and obtain a loss of 1.5-m sea-level equivalent from the northwest and southeast. These same sectors are dominating modern mass loss. We suggest that the present destabilization of these marine-based sectors may increase sea level for centuries to come. Our new deglaciation history and GIA uplift estimates suggest that studies that use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellite mission to infer present-day changes in the GrIS may have erroneously corrected for GIA and underestimated the mass loss by about 20 gigatons/year.
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    Seismic structure beneath the Gulf of California: a contribution from group velocity measurements (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion measurements from local and regional earthquakes are used to interpret the lithospheric structure in the Gulf of California region. We compute group velocity maps for Rayleigh waves from 10 to 150 s using earthquakes recorded by broadband stations of the Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs in Baja California and Mexico mainland, UNM in Mexico, BOR, DPP and GOR in southern California and TUC in Arizona. The study area is gridded in 120 longitude cells by 180 latitude cells, with an equal spacing of 10 × 10 km. Assuming that each gridpoint is laterally homogeneous, for each period the tomographic maps are inverted to produce a 3-D lithospheric shear wave velocity model for the region. Near the Gulf of California rift axis, we found three prominent low shear wave velocity regions, which are associated with mantle upwelling near the Cerro Prieto volcanic field, the Ballenas Transform Fault and the East Pacific Rise. Upwelling of the mantle at lithospheric and asthenospheric depths characterizes most of the Gulf. This more detailed finding is new when compared to previous surface wave studies in the region. A low-velocity zone in northcentral Baja at ∼28oN which extends east–south–eastwards is interpreted as an asthenospheric window. In addition, we also identify a well-defined high-velocity zone in the upper mantle beneath central-western Baja California, which correlates with the previously interpreted location of the stalled Guadalupe and Magdalena microplates. We interpret locations of the fossil slab and slab window in light of the distribution of unique post-subduction volcanic rocks in the Gulf of California and Baja California.We also observe a high-velocity anomaly at 50-km depth extending down to ∼130 km near the southwestern Baja coastline and beneath Baja, which may represent another remnant of the Farallon slab.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1861-1877
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: surface waves ; seismic tomography ; dynamics of lithosphere and mantle ; crustal structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Multiproxy record for the last 4500 years from Lake Shkodra (Albania/Montenegro) (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: A multi-proxy record is presented for approximately the last 4500 cal a BP from Lake Shkodra, Albania/Montenegro. Lithological analyses, C/N ratio and δ13C of the organic and inorganic carbon component suggest that organic matter and bulk carbonate are predominantly authigenic. The δ18O record of bulk carbonate indicates the presence of two prominent wet periods: one at ca. 4300 cal a BP and one at ca. 2500–2000 cal a BP. The latter phase is also found in southern Spain and Central Italy, and represents a prominent event in the western and central Mediterranean. In the last 2000 years, four relatively wet intervals occurred between ca. 1800 and 1500 cal a BP (150–450 AD), 1350–1250 (600–700 AD), 1100–800 (850–1150 AD), and at ca. 90 cal a BP (1860 AD). Between ca. 4100 and 2500 cal a BP δ18O values are relatively high, with three prominent peaks indicating drier conditions at ca. 4100–4000 cal a BP, ca. 3500 and at ca. 3300 cal a BP. Four additional drier events are identified at 1850 (ca. 100 AD), 1400 (ca. 550 AD), 1150 (800 AD) and ca.750 cal a BP (1200 AD). The pollen record does not show changes in accordance with these episodes owing to the poor sensitivity of vegetation in this area, which is dominated by an orographic rainfall effect and where changes in altitudinal vegetation belts do not affect the pollen rain in the lake catchment. However, since ca. 900 cal a BP a significant decrease in the percentage arboreal pollen and in pollen concentrations suggest major deforestation produced by human activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Description: Published
    Description: 780-789
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lake Shkodra ; late Holocene ; Mediterranean ; palaeoclimate ; stable isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology
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    Abrasive notches along the Atlantic Patagonian coast and their potential use as sea level markers: the case of Puerto Deseado (Santa Cruz, Argentina). (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Patagonia Argentina is a key area for the study of sea level changes in the southern hemisphere, but the availability of reliable sea level markers in this area is still problematic. In fact the storm deposits (beach ridge) commonly used here to reconstruct past sea level oscillations introduce a wide error. Along the Puerto Deseado coast (Santa Cruz), morphometric analyses of 11 features were carried out using traditional measurement tools and a digital software-based method (tested on one selected feature) with the aim to investigate the possibility of their use as sea level markers. By undertaking accurate topographic profiles we identified the relationship between notches and current sea level. In detail, we identified two clusters of notch retreat point elevations, with a very low internal variability. The lower was located a little below the mean high tide level (mHT) and the upper located at least 0.5m above the maximum high tide level (MHT). Field observations of tidal levels and the position of notches suggest that the lower notches are active and the upper are inactive. This study on the abrasive notches attests their quality as sea level markers and opens up the use of fossil abrasive notches as palaeo sea level markers because the error linked to these features is substantially smaller than that introduced by beach ridges commonly used in the study area
    Description: Published
    Description: 1550 – 1558
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: notch; rocky coast; sea level marker; Patagonia; Argentina ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
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    Comparison of characteristic and Gutenberg–Richter models for time-dependentM ≥ 7.9 earthquake probability in the Nankai-Tokai subduction zone, Japan (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-10
    Description: Earthquake forecasts are usually underinformed, and can be plagued by uncertainty in terms of the most appropriate model, and parameter values used in that model. In this paper, we explore the application of two different models to the same seismogenic area. The first is a renewal model based on the characteristic earthquake hypothesis that uses historical/palaeoseismic recurrence times, and fixed rupture geometries. The hazard rate is modified by the Coulomb static stress change caused by nearby earthquakes that occurred since the latest characteristic earthquake. The second model is a very simple earthquake simulator based on plate-motion, or fault-slip rates and adoption of a Gutenberg–Richter magnitude–frequency distribution. This information is commonly available even if historical and palaeoseismic recurrence data are lacking. The intention is to develop and assess a simulator that has a very limited parameter set that could be used to calculate earthquake rates in settings that are not as rich with observations of large-earthquake recurrence behaviour as the Nankai trough. We find that the use of convergence rate as a primary constraint allows the simulator to replicate much of the spatial distribution of observed segmented rupture rates along the Nankai, Tonankai and Tokai subduction zones. Although we note rate differences between the two forecast methods in the Tokai zone, we also see enough similarities between simulations and observations to suggest that very simple earthquake rupture simulations based on empirical data and fundamental earthquake laws could be useful forecast tools in information-poor settings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1673-1688
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Time series analysis ; Spatial analysis ; Probability distributions ; Seismic cycle ; Earthquake interaction ; forecasting, and prediction ; Statistical seismology. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress
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    Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Freeman, D. H., & Ward, C. P. Sunlight-driven dissolution is a major fate of oil at sea. Science Advances, 8(7), (2022): eabl7605, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl7605.
    Description: Oxygenation reactions initiated by sunlight can transform insoluble components of crude oil at sea into water-soluble products, a process called photo-dissolution. First reported a half century ago, photo-dissolution has never been included in spill models because key parameters required for rate modeling were unknown, including the wavelength and photon dose dependence. Here, we experimentally quantified photo-dissolution as a function of wavelength and photon dose, making possible a sensitivity analysis of environmental variables in hypothetical spill scenarios and a mass balance assessment for the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DwH) spill. The sensitivity analysis revealed that rates were most sensitive to oil slick thickness, season/latitude, and wavelength and less sensitive to photon dose. We estimate that 3 to 17% (best estimate 8%) of DwH surface oil was subject to photo-dissolution, comparable in magnitude to other widely recognized fate processes. Our findings invite a critical reevaluation of surface oil budgets for both DwH and future spills at sea.
    Description: This work was supported by the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Multi-Partner Research Initiative award to C.P.W. (project #1.06), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to D.H.F. (award #174530), and NSF-OCE grant #1841092 to C.P.W.
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    Predictability study on the aftershock sequence following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki, Japan, earthquake: first results (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-08
    Description: Although no deterministic and reliable earthquake precursor is known to date, we are steadily gaining insight into probabilistic forecasting that draws on space–time characteristics of earthquake clustering. Clustering-based models aiming to forecast earthquakes within the next 24 hours are under test in the global project ‘Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability’ (CSEP). The 2011 March 11 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake in Japan provides a unique opportunity to test the existing 1-day CSEP models against its unprecedentedly active aftershock sequence. The original CSEP experiment performs tests after the catalogue is finalized to avoid bias due to poor data quality. However, this study differs from this tradition and uses the preliminary catalogue revised and updated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is often incomplete but is immediately available. This study is intended as a first step towards operability-oriented earthquake forecasting in Japan. Encouragingly, at least one model passed the test in most combinations of the target day and the testing method, although the models could not take account of the megaquake in advance and the catalogue used for forecast generation was incomplete. However, it can also be seen that all models have only limited forecasting power for the period immediately after the quake. Our conclusion does not change when the preliminary JMAcatalogue is replaced by the finalized one, implying that the models perform stably over the catalogue replacement and are applicable to operational earthquake forecasting. However, we emphasize the need of further research on model improvement to assure the reliability of forecasts for the days immediately after the main quake. Seismicity is expected to remain high in all parts of Japan over the coming years. Our results present a way to answer the urgent need to promote research on time-dependent earthquake predictability to prepare for subsequent large earthquakes in the near future in Japan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 653-658
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Time-series analysis ; Probabilistic forecasting ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Computational seismology ; Statistical seismology ; Asia ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability
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    Multiple integrated metabolic strategies allow foraminiferan protists to thrive in anoxic marine sediments (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gomaa, F., Utter, D. R., Powers, C., Beaudoin, D. J., Edgcomb, V. P., Filipsson, H. L., Hansel, C. M., Wankel, S. D., Zhang, Y., & Bernhard, J. M. Multiple integrated metabolic strategies allow foraminiferan protists to thrive in anoxic marine sediments. Science Advances, 7(22), (2021): eabf1586, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf1586.
    Description: Oceanic deoxygenation is increasingly affecting marine ecosystems; many taxa will be severely challenged, yet certain nominally aerobic foraminifera (rhizarian protists) thrive in oxygen-depleted to anoxic, sometimes sulfidic, sediments uninhabitable to most eukaryotes. Gene expression analyses of foraminifera common to severely hypoxic or anoxic sediments identified metabolic strategies used by this abundant taxon. In field-collected and laboratory-incubated samples, foraminifera expressed denitrification genes regardless of oxygen regime with a putative nitric oxide dismutase, a characteristic enzyme of oxygenic denitrification. A pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase was highly expressed, indicating the capability for anaerobic energy generation during exposure to hypoxia and anoxia. Near-complete expression of a diatom’s plastid genome in one foraminiferal species suggests kleptoplasty or sequestration of functional plastids, conferring a metabolic advantage despite the host living far below the euphotic zone. Through a unique integration of functions largely unrecognized among “typical” eukaryotes, benthic foraminifera represent winning microeukaryotes in the face of ongoing oceanic deoxygenation.
    Description: his project was funded by the U.S. NSF IOS 1557430 and 1557566. H.L.F. acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council VR (grant number 2017-04190).
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    Postmelting hydrogen enrichment in the oceanic lithosphere (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Le Roux, V., Urann, B. M., Brunelli, D., Bonatti, E., Cipriani, A., Demouchy, S., & Monteleone, B. D. Postmelting hydrogen enrichment in the oceanic lithosphere. Science Advances, 7(24), (2021): eabf6071, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6071.
    Description: The large range of H2O contents recorded in minerals from exhumed mantle rocks has been challenging to interpret, as it often records a combination of melting, metasomatism, and diffusional processes in spatially isolated samples. Here, we determine the temporal variations of H2O contents in pyroxenes from a 24-Ma time series of abyssal peridotites exposed along the Vema fracture zone (Atlantic Ocean). The H2O contents of pyroxenes correlate with both crustal ages and pyroxene chemistry and increase toward younger and more refractory peridotites. These variations are inconsistent with residual values after melting and opposite to trends often observed in mantle xenoliths. Postmelting hydrogen enrichment occurred by ionic diffusion during cryptic metasomatism of peridotite residues by low-degree, volatile-rich melts and was particularly effective in the most depleted peridotites. The presence of hydrous melts under ridges leads to widespread hydrogen incorporation in the oceanic lithosphere, likely lowering mantle viscosity compared to dry models.
    Description: Funding for this study was supported by NSF EAR-P&G 1524311 and 1839128 to V.L.R. and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Award for Innovative Research to V.L.R. A.C. and D.B. were funded by the Italian Programma di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale PRIN 20178LPCPW and PRIN2017KY5ZX8, respectively. Revisions were performed within the duration of a “Visiting Scholar at SCIENCE 2020” award to V.L.R. (University of Copenhagen, Denmark), with support from the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Section for Geology.
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    Remote and local drivers of Pleistocene South Asian summer monsoon precipitation: a test for future predictions (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clemens, S. C., Yamamoto, M., Thirumalai, K., Giosan, L., Richey, J. N., Nilsson-Kerr, K., Rosenthal, Y., Anand, P., & McGrath, S. M. Remote and local drivers of Pleistocene South Asian summer monsoon precipitation: a test for future predictions. Science Advances, 7(23), (2021): eabg3848, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3848.
    Description: South Asian precipitation amount and extreme variability are predicted to increase due to thermodynamic effects of increased 21st-century greenhouse gases, accompanied by an increased supply of moisture from the southern hemisphere Indian Ocean. We reconstructed South Asian summer monsoon precipitation and runoff into the Bay of Bengal to assess the extent to which these factors also operated in the Pleistocene, a time of large-scale natural changes in carbon dioxide and ice volume. South Asian precipitation and runoff are strongly coherent with, and lag, atmospheric carbon dioxide changes at Earth’s orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession bands and are closely tied to cross-equatorial wind strength at the precession band. We find that the projected monsoon response to ongoing, rapid high-latitude ice melt and rising carbon dioxide levels is fully consistent with dynamics of the past 0.9 million years.
    Description: S.C.C. and S.M.M. were supported by U.S. NSF OCE1634774. M.Y. was funded by JSPS grants JPMXS05R2900001 and 19H05595 and JAMSTEC Exp. 353 postcruise study. K.N.-K. and P.A. were supported by UK-IODP, Open University, and NERC (NE/L002493/1), K.T. was supported by the Technology and Research Initiative Fund, Arizona Board of Regents.
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    Groundwater residence time estimates obscured by anthropogenic carbonate (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seltzer, A. M., Bekaert, D. V., Barry, P. H., Durkin, K. E., Mace, E. K., Aalseth, C. E., Zappala, J. C., Mueller, P., Jurgens, B., & Kulongoski, J. T. Groundwater residence time estimates obscured by anthropogenic carbonate. Science Advances, 7(17), (2021): eabf3503, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3503.
    Description: Groundwater is an important source of drinking and irrigation water. Dating groundwater informs its vulnerability to contamination and aids in calibrating flow models. Here, we report measurements of multiple age tracers (14C, 3H, 39Ar, and 85Kr) and parameters relevant to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 17 wells in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), an agricultural region that is heavily reliant on groundwater. We find evidence for a major mid-20th century shift in groundwater DIC input from mostly closed- to mostly open-system carbonate dissolution, which we suggest is driven by input of anthropogenic carbonate soil amendments. Crucially, enhanced open-system dissolution, in which DIC equilibrates with soil CO2, fundamentally affects the initial 14C activity of recently recharged groundwater. Conventional 14C dating of deeper SJV groundwater, assuming an open system, substantially overestimates residence time and thereby underestimates susceptibility to modern contamination. Because carbonate soil amendments are ubiquitous, other groundwater-reliant agricultural regions may be similarly affected.
    Description: his work was conducted as a part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) Enhanced Trends Project (https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/studies/gwtrends/). Measurements at Argonne National Laboratory were supported by Department of Energy, Office of Science under contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. Measurements at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were part of the Ultra-Sensitive Nuclear Measurements Initiative conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. This work was also partially supported by NSF award OCE-1923915 (to A.M.S. and P.H.B. at WHOI).
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    Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle (2022)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zhang, Y., Gazel, E., Gaetani, G. A., & Klein, F. Serpentinite-derived slab fluids control the oxidation state of the subarc mantle. Science Advances, 7(48), (2021): eabj2515, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2515.
    Description: Recent geochemical evidence confirms the oxidized nature of arc magmas, but the underlying processes that regulate the redox state of the subarc mantle remain yet to be determined. We established a link between deep subduction-related fluids derived from dehydration of serpentinite ± altered oceanic crust (AOC) using B isotopes and B/Nb as fluid proxies, and the oxidized nature of arc magmas as indicated by Cu enrichment during magma evolution and V/Yb. Our results suggest that arc magmas derived from source regions influenced by a greater serpentinite (±AOC) fluid component record higher oxygen fugacity. The incorporation of this component into the subarc mantle is controlled by the subduction system’s thermodynamic conditions and geometry. Our results suggest that the redox state of the subarc mantle is not homogeneous globally: Primitive arc magmas associated with flat, warm subduction are less oxidized overall than those generated in steep, cold subduction zones.
    Description: Y.Z. acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation of China (91958213), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42020402), and the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2020QD068). This study was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation NSF EAR 1826673 to E.G. and G.A.G. and OCE 1756349 to E.G.
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    Multiple carbon incorporation strategies support microbial survival in cold subseafloor crustal fluids (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Trembath-Reichert, E., Shah Walter, S. R., Ortiz, M. A. F., Carter, P. D., Girguis, P. R., & Huber, J. A. Multiple carbon incorporation strategies support microbial survival in cold subseafloor crustal fluids. Science Advances, 7(18), (2021): eabg0153, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0153.
    Description: Biogeochemical processes occurring in fluids that permeate oceanic crust make measurable contributions to the marine carbon cycle, but quantitative assessments of microbial impacts on this vast, subsurface carbon pool are lacking. We provide bulk and single-cell estimates of microbial biomass production from carbon and nitrogen substrates in cool, oxic basement fluids from the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The wide range in carbon and nitrogen incorporation rates indicates a microbial community well poised for dynamic conditions, potentially anabolizing carbon and nitrogen at rates ranging from those observed in subsurface sediments to those found in on-axis hydrothermal vent environments. Bicarbonate incorporation rates were highest where fluids are most isolated from recharging bottom seawater, suggesting that anabolism of inorganic carbon may be a potential strategy for supplementing the ancient and recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon that is prevalent in the globally distributed subseafloor crustal environment.
    Description: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through grants NSF OCE-1745589, OCE-1635208, and OCE-1062006 to J.A.H. and NSF OCE-1635365 to P.R.G. and S.R.S.W.; NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute to E.T.-R.; L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship to E.T.-R.; and Woods Hole Partnership Education Program, sponsored by the Woods Hole Diversity Initiative to M.A.F.O. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and P.D.C. This is C-DEBI contribution number 564.
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    Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Johnson, A. C., Ostrander, C. M., Romaniello, S. J., Reinhard, C. T., Greaney, A. T., Lyons, T. W., & Anbar, A. D. Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth. Science Advances, 7(40), (2021): eabj0108, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj0108.
    Description: Evidence continues to emerge for the production and low-level accumulation of molecular oxygen (O2) at Earth’s surface before the Great Oxidation Event. Quantifying this early O2 has proven difficult. Here, we use the distribution and isotopic composition of molybdenum in the ancient sedimentary record to quantify Archean Mo cycling, which allows us to calculate lower limits for atmospheric O2 partial pressures (PO2) and O2 production fluxes during the Archean. We consider two end-member scenarios. First, if O2 was evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere, then PO2 〉 10–6.9 present atmospheric level was required for large periods of time during the Archean eon. Alternatively, if O2 accumulation was instead spatially restricted (e.g., occurring only near the sites of O2 production), then O2 production fluxes 〉0.01 Tmol O2/year were required. Archean O2 levels were vanishingly low according to our calculations but substantially above those predicted for an abiotic Earth system.
    Description: We would like to thank our funding sources, including FESD “Dynamics of Earth System Oxygenation” (NSF EAR 1338810 to A.D.A.), NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship awarded to A.C.J. (80NSSC17K0498), NSF EAR PF to A.C.J. (1952809), and WHOI Postdoctoral Fellowship to C.M.O. C.T.R. acknowledges support from the NASA Astrobiology Institute. We also acknowledge support from the Metal Utilization and Selection across Eons (MUSE) Interdisciplinary Consortium for Astrobiology Research, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Mission Directorate (19-ICAR19_2-0007).
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    Fossil records of early solar irradiation and cosmolocation of the CAI factory: a reappraisal (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bekaert, D. V., Auro, M., Shollenberger, Q. R., Liu, M.-C., Marschall, H., Burton, K. W., Jacobsen, B., Brennecka, G. A., McPherson, G. J., von Mutius, R., Sarafian, A., & Nielsen, S. G. Fossil records of early solar irradiation and cosmolocation of the CAI factory: a reappraisal. Science Advances, 7(40), (2021): eabg8329, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg8329.
    Description: Calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) in meteorites carry crucial information about the environmental conditions of the nascent Solar System prior to planet formation. Based on models of 50V–10Be co-production by in-situ irradiation, CAIs are considered to have formed within ~0.1 AU from the proto-Sun. Here, we present vanadium (V) and strontium (Sr) isotopic co-variations in fine- and coarse-grained CAIs and demonstrate that kinetic isotope effects during partial condensation and evaporation best explain V isotope anomalies previously attributed to solar particle irradiation. We also report initial excesses of 10Be and argue that CV CAIs possess essentially a homogeneous level of 10Be, inherited during their formation. Based on numerical modeling of 50V–10Be co-production by irradiation, we show that CAI formation during protoplanetary disk build-up likely occurred at greater heliocentric distances than previously considered, up to planet-forming regions (~1AU), where solar particle fluxes were sufficiently low to avoid substantial in-situ irradiation of CAIs.
    Description: This study was funded by NASA Emerging Worlds grant NNX16AD36G to S.G.N. and prepared by LLNL under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 with release number LLNL-JRNL-819045. M.C.L acknowledges the support by the NASA grant 80NSSC20K0759. The UCLA ion microprobe facility is partially supported by a grant from the NSF Instrumentation and Facilities program.
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    Ocean deoxygenation and zooplankton: Very small oxygen differences matter (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances, 4(12), (2018): eaau5180. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau5180.
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), large midwater regions of very low oxygen, are expected to expand as a result of climate change. While oxygen is known to be important in structuring midwater ecosystems, a precise and mechanistic understanding of the effects of oxygen on zooplankton is lacking. Zooplankton are important components of midwater food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Here, we show that, in the eastern tropical North Pacific OMZ, previously undescribed submesoscale oxygen variability has a direct effect on the distribution of many major zooplankton groups. Despite extraordinary hypoxia tolerance, many zooplankton live near their physiological limits and respond to slight (≤1%) changes in oxygen. Ocean oxygen loss (deoxygenation) may, thus, elicit major unanticipated changes to midwater ecosystem structure and function.
    Description: We thank the captain and crew of the R/V Sikuliaq (University of Alaska) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography for additional technical services. Thanks also to D. Ullman and D. Casagrande for Wire Flyer assistance; C. Matson and J. Calderwood for MOCNESS upgrades; S. Gordon (professional photographer, Open Boat Films LLC) for the photographs and movies; and A. Dymowska, J. Ivory, Y. Jin, J. McGreal, and N. Redmond for help at sea. Funding: Funding was provided by the NSF grants OCE1459243 (to K.F.W., C.R., and B.A.S.), OCE1458967 (to C.D.), DGE1244657 (to M.A.B.), and OCE1460819 (URI REU SURFO program to S.R.) plus funding from our respective institutions. Author contributions: K.F.W., B.A.S., C.R., and C.D. conceived the project. K.F.W. led the writing effort, with substantial contributions from all the authors. K.F.W. directed the MOCNESS component including zooplankton abundance and biomass quantification. B.A.S. directed the metabolic experiments and Tucker trawls. C.R. directed the Wire Flyer work. B.A.S., C.D., K.A.S.M., and M.A.B. developed the MI models. D.O., C.T.S., D.M., and S.R. processed and analyzed the zooplankton data. T.J.A. processed the MOCNESS hydrographic data. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Extensive files of continuous hydrographic data from transects are available from C.R. (Wire Flyer) and K.F.W. (MOCNESS). Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
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    Formation of the Isthmus of Panama (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600883, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600883.
    Description: The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent studies suggest that the Isthmus formed many millions of years earlier than the widely recognized age of approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), a result that if true would revolutionize our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary change across the Americas. To bring clarity to the question of when the Isthmus of Panama formed, we provide an exhaustive review and reanalysis of geological, paleontological, and molecular records. These independent lines of evidence converge upon a cohesive narrative of gradually emerging land and constricting seaways, with formation of the Isthmus of Panama sensu stricto around 2.8 Ma. The evidence used to support an older isthmus is inconclusive, and we caution against the uncritical acceptance of an isthmus before the Pliocene.
    Description: This study was supported by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute to A.O., J.B.C.J., N.K., and H.A.L.; the NSF (EAR 1325683) to A.O., P.G.R.-D., and E.L.G.; the National System of Investigators to A.O.; the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá) to A.O., H.A.L., and S.E.C.; the U.S. Geological Survey to R.F.S.; and the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina) to A.L.C., G.M.G., E.S., and L.S.
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    Crystal aggregates record the pre-eruptive flow field in the volcanic conduit at Kilauea, Hawaii (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in DiBenedetto, M., Qin, Z., & Suckale, J. Crystal aggregates record the pre-eruptive flow field in the volcanic conduit at Kilauea, Hawaii. Science Advances, 6(49), (2020): eabd4850, doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4850.
    Description: Developing reliable, quantitative conduit models that capture the physical processes governing eruptions is hindered by our inability to observe conduit flow directly. The closest we get to direct evidence is testimony imprinted on individual crystals or bubbles in the conduit and preserved by quenching during the eruption. For example, small crystal aggregates in products of the 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Iki, Hawaii contain overgrown olivines separated by large, hydrodynamically unfavorable angles. The common occurrence of these aggregates calls for a flow mechanism that creates this crystal misorientation. Here, we show that the observed aggregates are the result of exposure to a steady wave field in the conduit through a customized, process-based model at the scale of individual crystals. We use this model to infer quantitative attributes of the flow at the time of aggregate formation; notably, the formation of misoriented aggregates is only reproduced in bidirectional, not unidirectional, conduit flow.
    Description: M.D. acknowledges support the Stanford Gerald J. Lieberman Fellowship and the Postdoctoral Scholarship from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    The role of northeast pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Praetorius, S. K., Condron, A., Mix, A. C., Walczak, M. H., McKay, J. L., & Du, J. The role of northeast pacific meltwater events in deglacial climate change. Science Advances, 6(9), (2020): eaay2915, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay2915.
    Description: Columbia River megafloods occurred repeatedly during the last deglaciation, but the impacts of this fresh water on Pacific hydrography are largely unknown. To reconstruct changes in ocean circulation during this period, we used a numerical model to simulate the flow trajectory of Columbia River megafloods and compiled records of sea surface temperature, paleo-salinity, and deep-water radiocarbon from marine sediment cores in the Northeast Pacific. The North Pacific sea surface cooled and freshened during the early deglacial (19.0-16.5 ka) and Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka) intervals, coincident with the appearance of subsurface water masses depleted in radiocarbon relative to the sea surface. We infer that Pacific meltwater fluxes contributed to net Northern Hemisphere cooling prior to North Atlantic Heinrich Events, and again during the Younger Dryas stadial. Abrupt warming in the Northeast Pacific similarly contributed to hemispheric warming during the Bølling and Holocene transitions. These findings underscore the importance of changes in North Pacific freshwater fluxes and circulation in deglacial climate events.
    Description: The research was partly supported by the NSF through grants ARC-257 1204045 and PLR-1417667. The numerical model simulations used resources from the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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    Submesoscale-selective compensation of fronts in a salinity-stratified ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701504, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701504.
    Description: Salinity, rather than temperature, is the leading influence on density in some regions of the world’s upper oceans. In the Bay of Bengal, heavy monsoonal rains and runoff generate strong salinity gradients that define density fronts and stratification in the upper ~50 m. Ship-based observations made in winter reveal that fronts exist over a wide range of length scales, but at O(1)-km scales, horizontal salinity gradients are compensated by temperature to alleviate about half the cross-front density gradient. Using a process study ocean model, we show that scale-selective compensation occurs because of surface cooling. Submesoscale instabilities cause density fronts to slump, enhancing stratification along-front. Specifically for salinity fronts, the surface mixed layer (SML) shoals on the less saline side, correlating sea surface salinity (SSS) with SML depth at O(1)-km scales. When losing heat to the atmosphere, the shallower and less saline SML experiences a larger drop in temperature compared to the adjacent deeper SML on the salty side of the front, thus correlating sea surface temperature (SST) with SSS at the submesoscale. This compensation of submesoscale fronts can diminish their strength and thwart the forward cascade of energy to smaller scales. During winter, salinity fronts that are dynamically submesoscale experience larger temperature drops, appearing in satellite-derived SST as cold filaments. In freshwater-influenced regions, cold filaments can mark surface-trapped layers insulated from deeper nutrient-rich waters, unlike in other regions, where they indicate upwelling of nutrient-rich water and enhanced surface biological productivity.
    Description: This work was carried out under the Office of Naval Research’s ASIRI (grants N000141612470 and N000141310451) in collaboration with the Indian Ministry of Earth Science’s OMM initiative supported by the Monsoon Mission
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    Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao1302, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao1302.
    Description: Rising temperatures in the Arctic Ocean region are responsible for changes such as reduced ice cover, permafrost thawing, and increased river discharge, which, together, alter nutrient and carbon cycles over the vast Arctic continental shelf. We show that the concentration of radium-228, sourced to seawater through sediment-water exchange processes, has increased substantially in surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean over the past decade. A mass balance model for 228Ra suggests that this increase is due to an intensification of shelf-derived material inputs to the central basin, a source that would also carry elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients. Therefore, we suggest that significant changes in the nutrient, carbon, and trace metal balances of the Arctic Ocean are underway, with the potential to affect biological productivity and species assemblages in Arctic surface waters.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF awards OCE-1458305 to M.A.C. and OCE-1458424 to W.S.M. The Mackenzie River sampling was supported by a Graduate Student Research Award from the North Pacific Research Board to L.E.K. L.E.K. also acknowledges support from a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship. I.G.R. acknowledges funding by the contributors to the U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program, which include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Energy, NASA, the U.S. Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NSF.
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    Accelerated freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water over the last decade in the Southern Indian Ocean (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 3 (2017): e1601426, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601426.
    Description: Southern Ocean abyssal waters, in contact with the atmosphere at their formation sites around Antarctica, not only bring signals of a changing climate with them as they move around the globe but also contribute to that change through heat uptake and sea level rise. A repeat hydrographic line in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, occupied three times in the last two decades (1994, 2007, and, most recently, 2016), reveals that Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) continues to become fresher (0.004 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1), warmer (0.06° ± 0.01°C decade−1), and less dense (0.011 ± 0.002 kg/m3 decade−1). The most recent observations in the Australian-Antarctic Basin show a particularly striking acceleration in AABW freshening between 2007 and 2016 (0.008 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1) compared to the 0.002 ± 0.001 kg/g decade−1 seen between 1994 and 2007. Freshening is, in part, responsible for an overall shift of the mean temperature-salinity curve toward lower densities. The marked freshening may be linked to an abrupt iceberg-glacier collision and calving event that occurred in 2010 on the George V/Adélie Land Coast, the main source region of bottom waters for the Australian-Antarctic Basin. Because AABW is a key component of the global overturning circulation, the persistent decrease in bottom water density and the associated increase in steric height that result from continued warming and freshening have important consequences beyond the Southern Indian Ocean.
    Description: The 2016 I08S cruise and the analysis and science performed at sea, as well as the individual principal investigators were funded through multiple National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and NSF grants including NSF grant OCE-1437015. The research for this article was mainly completed at sea. For land-based work, V.V.M. relied on her postdoctoral funding through NSF grant OCE-1435665, and A.M.M. was supported in part by NSF grant OCE-1356630 and NOAA grant NA11OAR4310063.
    Keywords: Salinity ; AABW ; Changes ; Water masses ; T-S properties ; Iceberg ; Calving ; Antartica ; Abyss ; Climate change
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    Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 2 (2016): e1600445, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600445.
    Description: Saharan mineral dust exported over the tropical North Atlantic is thought to have significant impacts on regional climate and ecosystems, but limited data exist documenting past changes in long-range dust transport. This data gap limits investigations of the role of Saharan dust in past climate change, in particular during the mid-Holocene, when climate models consistently underestimate the intensification of the West African monsoon documented by paleorecords. We present reconstructions of African dust deposition in sediments from the Bahamas and the tropical North Atlantic spanning the last 23,000 years. Both sites show early and mid-Holocene dust fluxes 40 to 50% lower than recent values and maximum dust fluxes during the deglaciation, demonstrating agreement with records from the northwest African margin. These quantitative estimates of trans-Atlantic dust transport offer important constraints on past changes in dust-related radiative and biogeochemical impacts. Using idealized climate model experiments to investigate the response to reductions in Saharan dust’s radiative forcing over the tropical North Atlantic, we find that small (0.15°C) dust-related increases in regional sea surface temperatures are sufficient to cause significant northward shifts in the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, increased precipitation in the western Sahel and Sahara, and reductions in easterly and northeasterly winds over dust source regions. Our results suggest that the amplifying feedback of dust on sea surface temperatures and regional climate may be significant and that accurate simulation of dust’s radiative effects is likely essential to improving model representations of past and future precipitation variations in North Africa.
    Description: This study was supported, in part, by NSF awards OCE-1030784 (to D.M. and P.B.d.) and OCE-09277247 (to P.B.d.); NASA grant NN14AP38G (to C. Heald, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), which supports D.A.R.; and the Columbia University Center for Climate and Life. A.F. is supported by the NSF grant AGS-1116885 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA14OAR4310277. S.H. is supported by the NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship. We also acknowledge computational support from the NSF/NCAR Yellowstone Supercomputing Center and the Yale University High Performance Computing Center.
    Keywords: Mineral dust ; North Africa ; Paleoclimate ; African Humid Period
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    Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): eaao4842, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao4842.
    Description: In response to warming climate, methane can be released to Arctic Ocean sediment and waters from thawing subsea permafrost and decomposing methane hydrates. However, it is unknown whether methane derived from this sediment storehouse of frozen ancient carbon reaches the atmosphere. We quantified the fraction of methane derived from ancient sources in shelf waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea, a region that has both permafrost and methane hydrates and is experiencing significant warming. Although the radiocarbon-methane analyses indicate that ancient carbon is being mobilized and emitted as methane into shelf bottom waters, surprisingly, we find that methane in surface waters is principally derived from modern-aged carbon. We report that at and beyond approximately the 30-m isobath, ancient sources that dominate in deep waters contribute, at most, 10 ± 3% of the surface water methane. These results suggest that even if there is a heightened liberation of ancient carbon–sourced methane as climate change proceeds, oceanic oxidation and dispersion processes can strongly limit its emission to the atmosphere.
    Description: The National Science Foundation (PLR-1417149; awarded to J.D.K.) primarily supported this work with additional support provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FE0028980; awarded to J.D.K.). Atmospheric 14C-CH4 measurements were funded by NASA via the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Earth Ventures project “Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment”) to the University of Colorado under contract 1424124. K.M.S. acknowledges support from the University of Minnesota Grant-in-Aid program.
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    The largest deep-ocean silicic volcanic eruption of the past century (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Science Advances 4 (2018): e1701121, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701121.
    Description: The 2012 submarine eruption of Havre volcano in the Kermadec arc, New Zealand, is the largest deep-ocean eruption in history and one of very few recorded submarine eruptions involving rhyolite magma. It was recognized from a gigantic 400-km2 pumice raft seen in satellite imagery, but the complexity of this event was concealed beneath the sea surface. Mapping, observations, and sampling by submersibles have provided an exceptionally high fidelity record of the seafloor products, which included lava sourced from 14 vents at water depths of 900 to 1220 m, and fragmental deposits including giant pumice clasts up to 9 m in diameter. Most (〉75%) of the total erupted volume was partitioned into the pumice raft and transported far from the volcano. The geological record on submarine volcanic edifices in volcanic arcs does not faithfully archive eruption size or magma production.
    Description: This research was funded by Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowships (DP110102196 and DE150101190 to R. Carey), a short-term postdoctoral fellowship grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to R. Carey), National Science Foundation grants (OCE1357443 to B.H., OCE1357216 to S.A.S., and EAR1447559 to J.D.L.W.), and a New Zealand Marsden grant (U001616 to J.D.L.W.). J.D.L.W. and A.M. were supported by a research grant and PhD scholarship from the University of Otago. R.W. was supported by NIWA grant COPR1802. J.D.L.W. and F.C.-T. were supported by GNS Science grants CSA-GHZ and CSA-EEZ. M.J. was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program.
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    Small-molecule mimicry hunting strategy in the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Torres, J. P., Lin, Z., Watkins, M., Salcedo, P. F., Baskin, R. P., Elhabian, S., Safavi-Hemami, H., Taylor, D., Tun, J., Concepcion, G. P., Saguil, N., Yanagihara, A. A., Fang, Y., McArthur, J. R., Tae, H. S., Finol-Urdaneta, R. K., Özpolat, B. D., Olivera, B. M., & Schmidt, E. W. Small-molecule mimicry hunting strategy in the imperial cone snail, Conus imperialis. Science Advances, 7(11), (2021): eabf2704, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf2704.
    Description: Venomous animals hunt using bioactive peptides, but relatively little is known about venom small molecules and the resulting complex hunting behaviors. Here, we explored the specialized metabolites from the venom of the worm-hunting cone snail, Conus imperialis. Using the model polychaete worm Platynereis dumerilii, we demonstrate that C. imperialis venom contains small molecules that mimic natural polychaete mating pheromones, evoking the mating phenotype in worms. The specialized metabolites from different cone snails are species-specific and structurally diverse, suggesting that the cones may adopt many different prey-hunting strategies enabled by small molecules. Predators sometimes attract prey using the prey’s own pheromones, in a strategy known as aggressive mimicry. Instead, C. imperialis uses metabolically stable mimics of those pheromones, indicating that, in biological mimicry, even the molecules themselves may be disguised, providing a twist on fake news in chemical ecology.
    Description: Research reported in this publication was supported by NIH R35GM12252, with contributions to biological work from NIH Fogarty International Center U19TW008163, NIH P01GM48677, and DOD CDMRP W81XWH-17-1-0413. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
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