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  • Wiley-AGU  (46)
  • 2020-2023  (46)
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  • 1
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    Empirical Evidence of Frequency‐Dependent Directivity Effects From Small‐To‐Moderate Normal Fault Earthquakes in Central Italy (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-27
    Description: Rupture directivity and its potential frequency dependence is an open issue within the seismological community, especially for small‐to‐moderate events. Here, we provide a statistical overview based on empirical evidence of seismological observations, thanks to the large amount of high‐quality seismic recordings (more than 30,000 waveforms) from Central Italy, which represents an excellent and almost unique natural laboratory of normal faulting earthquakes in the magnitude range between 3.4 and 6.5 within the time frame 2008–2018. In order to detect an anisotropic distribution of ground motion amplitudes due to the rupture directivity, we fit the smoothed Fourier Amplitude Spectra (FAS) cleared of source‐, site‐ and path‐effects. According to our criteria, about 36% of the analyzed events (162 out of 456) are directive and the distribution of rupture direction is aligned with the strikes of the major faults of the Central Apennines. We find that the directivity is a band‐limited phenomenon whose width may extend up to five times the corner frequency. The results of this research provide useful insights to parameterize directivity, to be explicitly implemented in future ground motion modeling and scenario predictions.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021JB023498
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Locating tremor using stacked products of correlations (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: We introduce a back-projection method to locate tremor sources using products of cross-correlation envelopes of time series between seismic stations. For a given subset of n stations, we calculate the (n − 1)th-order product of cross-correlation envelopes and we stack the back-projected products over combinations of station subsets.We show that compared to existing correlation methods and for realistic signal and noise characteristics, this way of combining information can significantly reduce the effects of correlated (spurious or irrelevant signals) and uncorrelated noise. Each back-projected product constitutes an individual localized estimate of the source locations, as opposed to a hyperbola for the existing correlation techniques, assuming a uniform velocity in two dimensions. We demonstrate the method with synthetic examples and a real-data example from tremor at Katla Volcano, Iceland, in July 2011. Despite very complex near-surface structure, including strong topography and thick ice cover, the method appears to produce robust estimates of tremor location.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3156–3164
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    From Fossil to Active Hydrothermal Outflow in the Back‐Arc of the Central Apennines (Zannone Island, Italy) (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: Post-orogenic back-arc magmatism is accompanied by hydrothermal ore deposits and mineralizations derived from mantle and crustal sources. We investigate Zannone Island (ZI), back-arc Tyrrhenian basin, Italy, to define the source(s) of mineralizing hydrothermal fluids and their relationships with the regional petrological-tectonic setting. On ZI, early Miocene thrusting was overprinted by late Miocene post-orogenic extension and related hydrothermal alteration. Since active submarine hydrothermal outflow is reported close to the island, Zannone provides an ideal site to determine the P-T-X evolution of the long-lived hydrothermal system. We combined field work with microstructural analyses on syn-tectonic quartz veins and carbonate mineralizations, X-ray diffraction analysis, microthermometry and element mapping of fluid inclusions (FIs), C, O, and clumped isotopes, and analyses of noble gases (He-Ne-Ar) and CO2 content in FIs. Our results document the evolution of a fluid system of magmatic origin with increasing mixing of meteoric fluids. Magmatic fluids were responsible for quartz veins precipitation at ∼125 to 150 MPa and ∼300°C–350°C. With the onset of extensional faulting, magmatic fluids progressively interacted with carbonate rocks and mixed with meteoric fluids, leading to (a) host rock alteration with associated carbonate and minor ore mineral precipitation, (b) progressive fluid neutralization, (c) cooling of the hydrothermal system (from ∼320°C to ∼86°C), and (d) embrittlement and fracturing of the host rocks. Both quartz and carbonate mineralizations show noble gases values lower than those from the adjacent active volcanic areas and submarine hydrothermal systems, indicating that the fossil-to-active hydrothermal history is associated with the emplacement of multiple magmatic intrusions.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022GC010474
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Quantifying the Statistical Relationships Between Flank Eruptions and Major Earthquakes at Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy) (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: At Mt. Etna volcano, flank eruptions are often accompanied by seismic swarms with damaging earthquakes; the most recent case-history is the 2018 flank eruption, associated with a destructive earthquake (Mw 5.0). In this paper, we analyze the earthquake and eruptive catalogs from 1800 to 2018, to produce quantitative estimates of the earthquake rate under the influence of flank eruptions. We quantify that 30% of the flank eruption onsets precede a major (i.e., damaging, Ix ≥ V–VI EMS) earthquake by 30 days or less; 18% of the major earthquakes follow a flank eruption onset in 30 days or less. Thus, we show that the probability of major earthquakes increases 5–10 times after the onset of flank eruptions and this effect lasts for 30–45 days. This is also observed after the end of the eruptions. Results indicate different relationships depending on the location of the volcano-tectonic systems considered individually (eruptive fissures, seismogenic faults). For instance, we describe a 10–20 times increased probability of earthquakes for 65–70 days after eruptions on the northeastern flank, and of new flank eruptions for 45–70 days after earthquakes of the Pernicana fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022JB024145
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    The International Reference Ionosphere Model: A Review and Description of an Ionospheric Benchmark (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-13
    Description: This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International Standardization Organization, the International Union of Radio Science, the Committee on Space Research, and the European Cooperation for Space Standardization. As requested by these organizations, IRI is an empirical (data-based) model representing the primary ionospheric parameters based on the long data record that exists from ground and space observations of the ionosphere. The core model describes monthly averages of the electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and ion composition globally in the altitude range from 60 to 2,000 km. Over time additional parameters were added in response to requests from the user community, this includes the equatorial ion drift, the occurrence probability of spread-F and of an F1 layer, auroral boundaries and the electron content from the bottom of the ionosphere to user-specified altitude. IRI has undergone extensive validations and is used for a wide range of applications in science, engineering, and education. This review is the result of many requests we have received for a comprehensive description of the model. It is also meant as a guide for users who are interested in a deeper understanding of the model architecture and its mathematical formalism.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022RG000792
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Detecting volcano-related underground mass changes with a quantum gravimeter (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-23
    Description: We present the world’s first time series acquired in the summit area of an active volcano with an absolute atom interferometry gravimeter. The device was installed ~2.5 km from the active craters of Mt. Etna volcano and produced a continuous high–quality gravity time series, despite the unfavorable environmental conditions at the installation site and the occurrence of phases of high volcanic tremor during the acquisition interval. Comparison with data from other gravimeters installed elsewhere on Mt. Etna highlights correlated anomalies, demonstrating that the quantum device measured gravity variations driven by bulk mass changes. The latter are reflective of volcanic processes, involving the dynamics of magma and exsolved gas in the upper part of Mt. Etna's plumbing system. Our results confirm the operational possibilities of quantum gravimetry and open new horizons for the application of the gravity method in geophysics.
    Description: NEWTON-g project - H2020, FETOPEN-2016/2017 call (Grant Agreement No 801221)
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022GL097814
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    First Pre‐Miocene Paleomagnetic Data From the Calabrian Block Document a 160° Post‐Late Jurassic CCW Rotation as a Consequence of Left‐Lateral Shear Along Alpine Tethys (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: The Calabrian block, along with Alboran, Kabylies, and Peloritani form isolated and enigmatic igneous/metamorphic terranes (AlKaPeCa) stacked over the Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary successions of the Apennines and Maghrebides. They are commonly interpreted as fragments of the Hercynian chain rifted apart from Europe during Jurassic Alpine Tethys spreading, drifted southward during Neogene roll-back of (Neo) Tethyan slab fragments for hundreds of kilometers on top of nappe piles. We report on the paleomagnetism of upper Triassic-lower Miocene sedimentary rocks from the Longobucco succession that is transgressive over the crystalline Sila Massif (NE Calabria). Well-defined magnetization directions carried by hematite were isolated in 10 sites (122 samples) in Jurassic rocks. Nine Toarcian and one Tithonian Ammonitico Rosso sites yielded a dual polarity “A” magnetization component whit a direction over 40° from the geocentric axial dipole (GAD) field direction, that supports a positive fold test. Five sites yielded a “B” normal polarity component NE (〈40°) of the GAD direction characterized by a negative fold test. We interpret the B component as a Miocene magnetic overprint later clockwise rotated by ∼20° during the well-known Pleistocene (1–2 Ma) rotation of Calabria. When corrected for such rotation, the A component defines a ∼160° counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the Calabrian block with respect to Europe. Of these, ∼90° likely occurred along with Corsica-Sardinia block during its Eocene-Miocene rotation from the Provençal margin. Thus, the Calabrian block underwent an additional Cretaceous-Eocene 70° CCW rotation that we relate to Early-mid Cretaceous 〉500 km left-lateral transcurrent motion between Africa and Europe.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021TC007156
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Ionospheric Turbulence: A Challenge for GPS Loss of Lock Understanding (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-16
    Description: Ionospheric irregularities may affect electromagnetic signals propagating through the ionosphere and consequently contribute to the malfunctioning of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems hindering their accuracy and reliability. In this study, we use data recorded on board two of the three satellites of the Swarm constellation (namely, Swarm A and Swarm B) from July 15th, 2014 to December 31st, 2021 to assess the possible dependence of the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals loss of lock on the presence of a specific kind of ionospheric irregularities. To accomplish this task we study the scaling features of the electron density fluctuations through the structure function analysis simultaneously to the occurrence of loss of lock events through measurements recorded by the Langmuir probes and the precise orbit determination antennas on board Swarm A and Swarm B satellites. We find that the plasma density irregularities in a turbulent state characterized by intermittent structures and extremely high values of the Rate Of change of electron Density Index can lead to GPS loss of lock events. This is always true at mid- and high-latitudes, especially inside the auroral oval. In the equatorial belt, this happens in at least 75% of identified GPS loss of lock events that basically coincide with the occurrence of plasma bubbles.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2022SW003129
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Turbulence ; ionosphere ; Loss of Lock events ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Deposit‐Derived Block‐and‐Ash Flows: The Hazard Posed by Perched Temporary Tephra Accumulations on Volcanoes; 2018 Fuego Disaster, Guatemala (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-17
    Description: The impact of hazardous pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) increases with runout distance, which is strongly influenced by the mass flux. This article shows that the mass flux of a PDC may derive not only from vent discharge during the eruption, but also from partly hot, temporary stores (accumulations) of aerated pyroclastic material perched high on the volcano. The unforeseen PDC at Fuego volcano (Guatemala) on 3 June 2018 happened c.1.5 hr after the eruption climax. It overran the village of San Miguel Los Lotes causing an estimated 400+ fatalities. Analysis of the facies architecture of the deposit combined with video footage shows that a pulsatory block-and-ash flow flowed down the Las Lajas valley and rapidly waxed, the runout briefly increasing to 12.2 km as it filled and then spilled out of river channels, entered a second valley where it devastated the village and became increasingly erosive, prior to waning. Paleomagnetic analysis shows that the PDC contained only 6% very hot (〉590°C) clasts, 39% moderately hot (∼200°C–500°C) clasts, and 51% cool (〈200°C) clasts. This reveals that the block-and-ash flow mostly derived from collapse of loose and partly hot pyroclastic deposits, stored high on the volcano, gradually accumulated during the last 2–3 years. Progressive collapse of unstable deposits supplied the block-and-ash flow, causing a bulk-up process, waxing flow, channel overspill and unexpected runout. The study demonstrates that deposit-derived pyroclastic currents from perched temporary tephra stores pose a particular hazard that is easy to overlook and requires a new, different approach to hazard assessment and monitoring.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021JB023699
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Tectonophysics Perspectives on Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) Science (2022)
    Wiley-AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-05
    Description: This article is composed of two independent opinion pieces about the state of integrated, coordinated, open, and networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EO153180; Goldman et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ea002099) in Tectonophysics and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each opinion piece focuses on a different topic: (a) global collaboration, technology transfer and application, reproducibility, and data sharing and infrastructure; and (b) field, experimental, remote sensing, and real-time data research and application. Within tectonophysics science, ICON-FAIR principles are starting to be adopted and implemented, however they have not become frequent and there are still plenty of opportunities for further development. During the last decade, standardization reduced fragmentation, facilitated openly available databases, and enabled different modeling methods to be combined. On the other hand, integration and coordination remained insufficient as exemplified by numerous geophysical interpretation programs running on different platforms, lacking the proper documentation and with diverse output formats. We agree that adapting the principles of ICON-FAIR brings high efforts and risks, but in the end, it has great benefits and potential in the tectonophysics community.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2021EA002144
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: integrated, coordinated, open, and networked (ICON) science ; Databases ; Data sharing ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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