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  • 1
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    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3114 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:51:58 | 3114 | University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) convened a workshop on Evaluating Approaches and Technologies for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment in Ann Arbor, MI on July 21-23, 2006. The primary objectives of this workshop were to: 1) identify the priority management information needs relative to organic contaminant loading; 2) explore themost appropriate approaches to estimating mass loading; and 3) evaluate the current status of thesensor technology. To meet these objectives, a mixture of leading research scientists, resourcemanagers, and industry representatives were brought together for a focused two-day workshop.The workshop featured four plenary talks followed by breakout sessions in which arranged groupsof participants where charged to respond to a series of focused discussion questions.At present, there are major concerns about the inadequacies in approaches and technologies forquantifying mass emissions and detection of organic contaminants for protecting municipal watersupplies and receiving waters. Managers use estimates of land-based contaminant loadings torivers, lakes, and oceans to assess relative risk among various contaminant sources, determinecompliance with regulatory standards, and define progress in source reduction. However, accuratelyquantifying contaminant loading remains a major challenge. Loading occurs over a range ofhydrologic conditions, requiring measurement technologies that can accommodate a broad rangeof ambient conditions. In addition, in situ chemical sensors that provide a means for acquiringcontinuous concentration measurements are still under development, particularly for organic contaminantsthat typically occur at low concentrations. Better approaches and strategies for estimatingcontaminant loading, including evaluations of both sampling design and sensor technologies,need to be identified. The following general recommendations were made in an effort to advancefuture organic contaminant monitoring:1. Improve the understanding of material balance in aquatic systems and the relationship betweenpotential surrogate measures (e.g., DOC, chlorophyll, particle size distribution) and target constituents.2. Develop continuous real-time sensors to be used by managers as screening measures and triggersfor more intensive monitoring.3. Pursue surrogate measures and indicators of organic pollutant contamination, such as CDOM,turbidity, or non-equilibrium partitioning.4. Develop continuous field-deployable sensors for PCBs, PAHs, pyrethroids, and emerging contaminantsof concern and develop strategies that couple sampling approaches with tools that incorporatesensor synergy (i.e., measure appropriate surrogates along with the dissolved organics toallow full mass emission estimation).[PDF contains 20 pages]
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Engineering ; Earth Sciences ; Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3110 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:51:42 | 3110 | University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: This Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) workshop was convened to assess the availabilityand state of development of conductivity-temperature sensors that can meet the needs of coastalmonitoring and management communities. Rased on the discussion, there are presently a numberof commercial sensor options available, with a wide range of package configurations suitable fordeployment in a range of coastal environments. However, some of the central questions posedin the workshop planning documents were left somewhat unresolved. The workshop descriptionemphasized coastal management requirements and, in particular, whether less expensive, easilydeployed, lower-resolution instruments might serve many management needs. While several participantsexpressed interest in this class of conductivity-temperature sensors, based on input fromthe manufacturers, it is not clear that simply relaxing the present level of resolution of existing instrumentswill result in instruments of significantly lower unit cost. Conductivity-temperature sensorsare available near or under the $1,000 unit cost that was operationally defined at the workshopas a breakpoint for what might be considered to be a "low cost" sensor. For the manufacturers, akey consideration before undertaking the effort to develop lower cost sensors is whether there willbe a significant market. In terms of defining "low cost," it was also emphasized that the "life cyclecosts" for a given instrument must be considered (e.g., including personnel costs for deploymentand maintenance). An adequate market survey to demonstrate likely applications and a viablemarket for lower cost sensors is needed. Another topic for the workshop was the introductionto the proposed ACT verification for conductivity-temperature sensors. Following a summaryof the process as envisioned by ACT, initial feedback was solicited. Protocol development willbe pursued further in a workshop involving ACT personnel and conductivity-temperature sensormanufacturers.[PDF contains 28 pages]
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Earth Sciences ; Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 3
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    Alliance for Coastal Technologies | Solomons, MD
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/3126 | 130 | 2011-09-29 17:52:50 | 3126
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop "Applications of in situ Fluorometers inNearshore Waters" was held in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005, with sponsorship bythe Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), one of the ACT partner organization.The purpose of the workshop was to explore recent trends in fluorometry as it relates to resourcemanagement applications in nearshore environments. Participants included representatives fromstate and federal environmental management agencies as well as research institutions, many ofwhom are currently using this technology in their research and management applications.Manufacturers and developers of fluorometric measuring systems also attended the meeting.The Workshop attendees discussed the historical and present uses of fluorometry technology andidentified the great potential for its use by coastal managers to fulfill their regulatory andmanagement objectives. Participants also identified some of the challenges associated with thecorrect use of Fluorometers to estimate biomass and the rate of primary productivity. TheWorkshop concluded that in order to expand the existing use of fluorometers in both academicand resource management disciplines, several issues concerning data collection, instrumentcalibration, and data interpretation needed to be addressed. Participants identified twelverecommendations, the top five of which are listed below:Recommendations1) Develop a "Guide" that describes the most important aspects of fluorescencemeasurements. This guide should be written by an expert party, with both research andindustry input, and should be distributed by all manufacturers with theirinstrumentation. The guide should also be made available on the ACT website as wellas those of other relevant organizations. The guide should include discussions on thefollowing topics:The benefits of using fluorometers in research and resource managementapplications;What fluorometers can and cannot provide in terms of measurements;The necessary assumptions required before applying fluorometry;Characterization and calibration of fluorometers; (pdf contains 32 pages)
    Description: NOAA
    Description: Alliance for Coastal Technologies, CBL/UMCES
    Keywords: Environment ; Chemistry
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Metrology ; Comparisons ; Chemistry ; Standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  After stressing the importance in the modern world of accurate and reproducible measurements, the actions taken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures to set up, together with the regional metrology organizations, a series of key comparisons are described. They are the technical foundation of a mutual recognition of national measurement standards arrangement prepared in conjunction with the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This arrangement also includes the recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by these institutes. Then, the consequences of this arrangement for trade are described. The case of chemical analysis is illustrated by the application of the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases. But the global workload to be taken up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures, its Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance and the NMIs is huge.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental calculus ; Glycopeptide ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Morphology ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Cartilage ; Chemistry ; Audioradiography ; Healing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une perte de substance ostéo-cartilagineuse, de taille limitée et identique, est réalisée chez le lapin adulte et la cicatrisation est étudiée histologiquement et par autoradiographie après marquagein vitro au35S-sulfate. Une analyse microchimique est pratiquée pour le contenu et la composition en glycosaminoglycanes. 1. Entre la première semaine et la 4ème et 8ème semaine, un tissu conjonctif non-métachromatique se différencie en un cartilage métachromatique et la quantité de sulfate de chondroitine augmente de façon significative aux dépens des glycoprotéines. 2. Jusqu'à la 4ème semaine, la perte de substance est surtout comblée par de l'os néoformé: après cette période, la région est comblée au delà de la limite de la surface articulaire. 3. Le cartilage hyalin, ressemblant morphologiquement, autoradiographiquement et chimiquement au cartilage articulaire, en ce qui concerne la distribution en glycosaminoglycanes, constitute la surface articulaire de la perte de substance comblée dans un tiers des cas après 8 semaines. Le cartilage hyalin s'observe surtout dans les régions où de l'os néoformé a comblé la cavité médullaire. 4. Dans les deux tiers des cas, après 8 semaines, les surfaces articulaires des zones comblées comportent, non seulement du cartilage, mais aussi du tissu fibreux se formant essentiellement sur les parties latérales et dans les régions, où la cavité médullaire, fliant face, à la surface articulaire, n'a pas été comblée par du tissue osseux. La fraction glycoprotéique augmente par rapport à la fraction chondroitine sulfate. 5. Dans la majorité des cas, après 20 semaines, le cartilage néoformé subit des phénomènes dégénératifs, qui se traduisent par une diminution en chondroitine sulfate.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei ausgewachsenen Kaninchen wurde ein begrenzter, standardisierter, osteochondraler Defekt hervorgerufen, und das regenerierte Gewebe wurde histologisch und autoradiographisch durch Markierung in vitro mit35S-Sulfat und durch mikrochemische Bestimmung des Gehaltes und der Zusammensetzung der Glykosaminglykane untersucht. Die wichtigsten Befunde waren: 1. Zwischen 1 und 4–8 Wochen veränderte sich nichtmetachromatisches Bindegewebe zu metachromatisch gefärbtem Knorpel, und der Anteil an Chondroitin-Sulfat nahm auf Kosten der Glykoproteine signifikant zu. 2. Bis zu 4 Wochen war der Hauptteil des defekten Gebietes mit neugebildetem Knochen gefüllt; nach dieser Zeit lag dieser Bezirk oberhalb der Verknöcherungsgrenze in Richtung der Gelenkoberfläche. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 4. Nach 8 Wochen bestanden Teile der Gelenkoberfläche des Defektes in zwei Dritteln der Fälle nicht nur aus Knorpel, sondern auch aus fibrösem Gewebe, welches vor allem in den seitlichen Teilen des Defektes und an Stellen vorlag, wo die Markhöhle gegenüber der Gelenkoberfläche nicht mit Knochengewebe verschlossen worden war. Die Glykoproteinfraktion nahm im Vergleich zur Chondroitin-Sulfatfraktion zu. 5. Nach 20 Wochen zeigten sich in den meisten Fällen bei neugebildetem Knorpel degenerative Veränderungen, welche durch eine gewisse Abnahme des Chondroitin-Sulfats wiedergegeben wurden.
    Notes: Abstract A limited, standardized osteochondral defect was created in adult rabbits and the regenerated tissue was examined histologically and autoradiographically after labellingin vitro with35S-sulphate, and microchemically for its content and composition of glycosaminoglycans. The principal findings were: 1. Between 1 week and 4 to 8 weeks, non-metachromatic connective tissue differentiated to metachromatically stained cartilage, and the proportion of the chondroitin sulphate increased significantly at the expense of the glycoproteins. 2. Up to 4 weeks, the major part of the defect area was filled with newly formed bone; after this time, the area lay above the level of the “tidemark”, towards the articular surface. 3. Hyaline cartilage with morphological, autoradiographic and chemical resemblance to the articular cartilage in terms of the distribution of glycosaminoglycans constituted the articular surface of the defect area in one-third of the cases at observation times after 8 weeks. Hyaline cartilage was observed mainly in areas where newly formed bone had closed the medullary cavity. 4. In two-thirds of the cases, after 8 weeks, parts of the articular surface of the defect consisted not only of cartilage but also of fibrous tissue, occurring mainly in the lateral parts of the defect and in areas where the medullary cavity facing the articular surface had not been sealed by bone tissue. The glycoprotein fraction increased relative to the chondroitin sulphate fraction. 5. In most cases after 20 weeks, newly-formed cartilage underwent degenerative changes, which were reflected in some reduction of the chondroitin sulphate.
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