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  • Elsevier  (5,804,731)
  • Oxford University Press  (428,979)
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  • 1
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    Responsibility and Healthcare (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Questions of responsibility arise at all levels of health care. Most prominent has been the issue of patient responsibility. Some health conditions that risk death or serious harm are partly the result of lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise, or extreme sports. Are patients with such conditions responsible for them? If so, might healthcare providers, be they state-run systems or private entities, be justified in treating such patients differently? And if they are, which forms of differential treatment are justified? Responsibility isn’t just relevant for patients. Even when individuals affect their health through voluntary behaviour, other influences are also at work before, during, and after the patient’s interaction with the health care system. What are the responsibilities of individual clinicians and other medical professionals, when thinking about individual and public health? What about institutions such as governments or national health care services, or society as a whole? This collection brings together work by world-renowned experts in population ethics, distributive justice, philosophy of action, cognitive science, and medical ethics in order to push the debate forward by elucidating our understanding of these questions, their possible answers, and how they are related.
    Keywords: responsibility, health, health care, ethics, medical ethics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNT Social law and Medical law::LNTJ Public health and safety law ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    A commentary on holocene relative sea-level histories of far-field islands in the mid-Pacific by F. Tan, N. S. Khan, T. Li, A. J. Meltzner, J. Majewski, N. Chan, P. M. Chutcharavan, N. Cahill, M. Vacchi, D. Peng, B. P. Horton, [Quat. Sci. Rev. 310: 107995; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107995] (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Alongslope mean flow and an associated upslope bolus flux of tracer in a parameterization of mesoscale turbulence (2000)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: We explore a parameterization for mesoscale turbulence, closely related to that of Gent and McWilliams, in which forcing terms proportional to the isopycnal flux of potential vorticity appear in the averaged momentum equations. We show that in the presence of variable bottom topography, the parameterization predicts alongslope mean flow and a corresponding upslope bolus (eddy) flux of tracer that is associated with an alongslope-directed bottom eddy stress. The upslope bolus flux is in qualitative agreement with observations of a cold dome over seamounts. The predicted alongslope flow corresponds to flow fields found in geostrophic turbulence experiments and has some similarity (although conceptually very different, as discussed in the text) to Holloway's prediction based on statistical mechanics. By considering continuous stratification as a limiting case of a multilayer model, we show how to treat the surface and bottom boundaries. Practical application of the parameterization is illustrated using a three-dimensional -coordinate ocean circulation model that is very similar to the Bryan–Cox–Semtner model. The model-computed flow is consistent with observations of anticyclonic flow around a seamount. We show that the bottom eddy stress associated with the parameterization can be large, even compared to the annual mean surface wind stress, and hence could have important implications for the biology and water mass distribution of the coastal ocean as well as for the large-scale ocean circulation. From the climate modelling perspective, the approach adopted here provides a single formalism that combines the advantages of the Gent and McWilliams parameterization with alongslope mean flow similar to that suggested by Holloway.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    Properties influencing flux and diatom uptake of mercury and methylmercury from estuarine sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Highlights • Mercury methylation in sediment rapidly transported into water and diatoms. • CH3Hg flux was highest for sediments with higher sulfide and organic content. • Mineral and compressed sediment released minor Hg and CH3Hg. • Higher sediment Hg species flux does not correlate with high sediment content. • Stable isotope incubations provide substantial insight to environmental Hg cycling. Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a conspicuous and persistent global pollutant. Ionic Hg can be methylated into noxious methylmercury (CH3Hg), which biomagnifies in marine tropic webs and poses a health risk to humans and organisms. Sediment Hg methylation rates are variable, and the output flux of created CH3Hg are dependent on sediment characteristics and environmental factors. Thus, uncertainties remain about the formation and flux of CH3Hg from sediment, and how this could contribute to the bioaccumulative burden for coastal organisms in shallow ecosystems. Cores were collected from 3 estuarine locations along the Eastern USA to examine how sediments characteristics influence the introduction of Hg and CH3Hg into the base of the food chain. Stable isotopes of inorganic 200Hg and CH3199Hg were injected into sediments of individual cores, with cultured diatoms constrained to overlying waters. Five different treatments were done on duplicate cores, spiked with: (1) no Hg isotopes (control); (2) inorganic 200Hg; (3) CH3199Hg; (4) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg isotopes, (5) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg into overlying waters (not sediment). Experimental cores were incubated for 3 days under temperature and light controlled conditions. These results demonstrate that upper sediments characteristics lead to high variability in Hg cycling. Notably, sediments which contained abundant and peaty organic material (∼28 %LOI), had the highest pore water DOC (3206 μM) and displayed bands of sulfur reducing bacteria yielded the greatest methylation rate (1.97 % day−1) and subsequent diatom uptake of CH3200Hg (cell quota 0.18 amol/cell) in the overlying water.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Chapter 8 AI in Medicine (2023)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-12
    Description: AI promises major benefits for healthcare. But along with the benefits come risks. Not so much the risk of powerful super-intelligent machines taking over, but the risk of structural injustices, biases, and inequalities being perpetuated in a system that cannot be challenged because nobody actually knows how the algorithms work. Or, the risk that there might be no doctor or nurse present to hold your hand and reassure you when you are at your most vulnerable. There There are many initiatives to come up with ethical or trustworthy AI and these efforts are important. Yet we should demand more than this. Technological solutionism and the urge to “move fast and break things” often dominate the tech industry but are inappropriate for the healthcare context and incompatible with basic healthcare values of empathy, solidarity, and trust. So how can such socio-political and ethical issues get resolved? It is at this juncture that we have the opportunity to imagine different different different futures. Using Grace's fictional story, this chapter argues that in order to shape the future of healthcare we need to decide whether, to what extent, and how—under what regulatory frameworks and safeguards—these technologies could and should play a part in this future. AI can indeed improve healthcare but, instead of casting ourselves loose and at the mercy of this seemingly inevitable technological drift, drift, we should be actively paddling towards a future of our choice.
    Keywords: AI; medicine ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNT Social law and Medical law::LNTM Medical and healthcare law ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    The Baptized Muse (2021)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-12
    Description: With the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, increasing numbers of educated people converted to this new belief. As Christianity did not have its own educational institutions, the issue of how to harmonize pagan education and Christian convictions became increasingly pressing. Especially classical poetry, the staple diet of pagan education, was considered morally corrupting (because of its deceitful mythological content) and damaging for the salvation of the soul (because of the false gods it advocated). But Christianity recoiled from an unqualified anti-intellectual attitude, while at the same time the experiment of creating an idiosyncratic form of genuinely Christian poetry failed (the sole exception being the poet Commodianus). This book argues that, instead, Christian poets made creative use of the classical literary tradition, and—in addition to blending it with Judaeo-Christian biblical exegesis—exploited poetry’s special ability of enhancing the effectiveness of communication through aesthetic means. It seeks to explore these strategies through a close analysis of a wide range of Christian, and for comparison partly also pagan, writers mainly from the fourth to sixth centuries. The book reveals that early Christianity was not a hermetically sealed uniform body, but displays a rich spectrum of possibilities in dealing with the past and a willingness to engage with and adapt the surrounding culture(s), thereby developing diverse and changing responses to historical challenges. By demonstrating throughout that authority is a key in understanding the long denigrated and misunderstood early Christian poets, this book reaches the ground-breaking conclusion that early Christian poetry is an art form that gains its justification by adding cultural authority to Christianity. Thus, in a wider sense this book engages with the recently emerged scholarly interest in aspects of religion as cultural phenomena.
    Keywords: early christian literature ; poetic aesthetics ; anti-intellectualism ; pagan education ; biblical exegesis ; religion and culture ; myth ; cultural authority ; classical literary tradition ; late antiquity ; God ; Paganism ; Virgil ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DB Ancient, classical and medieval texts ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRM Christianity ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West (2024)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Latinization is a strangely overlooked topic. Historians have noted it has been ‘taken for granted’ and viewed as an unremarkable by-product of ‘Romanization’, despite its central importance for understanding the Roman provincial world, its life and languages. This volume aims to fill the gap in our scholarship, along with its sister volumes, Latinization, Local Languages and Literacies in the Roman West and Languages and Communities in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial Western Provinces, all outputs of the European Research Council-funded LatinNow project. Experts have been selected to create a multidisciplinary volume with a thematic approach to the vast subject, tackling administration, army, economy, law, mobility, religion (local and imperial religions and Christianity), social status, and urbanism. They situate the phenomena of Latinization, literacy, bi-, and multilingualism within local and broader social developments and draw together materials and arguments that have not before been coordinated in a single volume. The result is a comprehensive guide to the theme, which also offers original and more experimental work. The sociolinguistic, historical, and archaeological contributions reinforce, expand, and sometimes challenge our vision of Latinization and lay the foundations for future explorations.
    Keywords: army, economy, education, law, Latinization, mobility, religion, Roman western provinces, sociolinguistics, status, urbanism ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHC Ancient history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFB Sociolinguistics
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    The American Law Institute (2023)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: This book collects together a series of original essays in honor of the American Law Institute’s (ALI’s) Centennial. The essays are authored by leading experts in their fields, often including current and former Restatement Reporters. The essays also provide a wide range of perspectives on both methodology and the law. The volume coverage focuses on specific ALI undertakings, including some of the more important Restatements and Codes; several leading Principles projects; statutory projects such as the Model Penal Code and the Uniform Commercial Code; themes that cut across substantive fields of law (such as Restatements and codification or Restatements and the common law); and the ALI’s institutional history over the past century. The resulting book is a unique and compelling contribution to its fields of study.
    Keywords: American Law Institute, legal history, common law, codification, tort, contract, property, criminal law, international law, trusts, corporate law, restitution, family law, aggregate litigation ; thema EDItEUR::L Law
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Seaweed and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics (2020)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: Seaweeds and their bioactive compounds, particularly polysaccharides and phenolics can be regarded as great dietary supplements with gut health benefits and prebiotics. These components are resistant to digestion by enzymes present in the human gastrointestinal tract, also selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and the production of fermentation products such as short chain fatty acids. Commonly, the health benefits of seaweed components are assessed by including them in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation system containing human fecal inocula that mimics the environment of the human large bowel. Regarding to the complex interactions between dietary components, gastrointestinal physiological processes, and gut microbiota are difficult to model in vitro. Consequently it is important to follow up the promising in vitro results with in vivo animal or human testing. The aim of this chapter is to have a comprehensive review on the application of seaweeds and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics, and understand the trends, gaps and future directions of both scientific and industrial developments. This work contributes to develop and expand new platform of seaweed utilization for higher-value products, particularly to functional food and nutraceutical industries in order to serve the social demand for health awareness and support economic development.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Dynamics of the 2021 unrest at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano from ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and seismic data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The Changbaishan Tianchi intraplate volcano is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes of NE Asia, characterized by a summit caldera formed after the 946 CE ‘Millennium’ Plinian eruption. From December 2020 to June 2021, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at Tianchi were significantly higher than during background periods, with hundreds of earthquakes (46 events per month in average) and reaching a local magnitude of ML 3.1. This study reports a comprehensive deformation analysis and geophysical inversion scheme aimed to unveil the dynamics of this period. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis results of 32 ALOS-2 images from 2018 to 2022 show that the surface deformation is a combination of seasonal fluctuations (± 25 mm in average, with a maximum ± 45 mm) and a long-term positive component. The least squares linear regression of the deformation time series and temperature data, isolates the seasonal fluctuations, revealing a clear upliftsubsidence process from June 2020 to July 2021 in the caldera area. To constrain the Tianchi plumbing system dynamics, a combined inversion scheme consisting of three deformation sources is designed. The inversion results and the seismic records indicate that Tianchi volcano has experienced a low-level unrest episode from December 2020 to June 2021. The shallower plumbing system, located at about 5–9 km depth and modelled by pressurized spheroids, underwent a cumulative volume increase of 26 × 106 m3 from November 2018 to April 2021, followed by a volume decrease of 9 × 106 m3 from April to July 2021. This suggests magma uprising from the 14 km deep storage zone to the shallower plumbing system, followed by depressurization of the plumbing system due to the escape of fluids. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the magma and fluid migration dynamics within the Tianchi multi-level plumbing system for the first time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103775
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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