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  • Wiley  (1.037.704)
  • Oxford University Press  (428.979)
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  • 1
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    Accuracy of Ocean CO 2 Uptake Estimates at a Risk by a Reduction in the Data Collection (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: Observation‐based quantification of ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) uptake relies on synthesis data sets such as the Surface Ocean CO 2 ATlas (SOCAT). However, the data collection effort has dramatically declined and the number of annual data sets in SOCATv2023 decreased by ∼35% from 2017 to 2021. This decline has led to a 65% increase (from 0.15 to 0.25 Pg C yr −1 ) in the standard deviation of seven SOCAT‐based air‐sea CO 2 flux estimates. Reducing the availability of the annual data to that in the year 2000 creates substantial bias (50%) in the long‐term flux trend. The annual mean CO 2 flux is insensitive to the seasonal skew of the SOCAT data and to the addition of the lower accuracy data set available in SOCAT. Our study highlights the need for sustained data collection and synthesis, to inform the Global Carbon Budget assessment, the UN‐led climate negotiations, and measurement, reporting, and verification of ocean‐based CO 2 removal projects. Plain Language Summary The Surface Ocean CO 2 ATlas (SOCAT) data set plays a crucial role in estimating the ocean carbon sink component of the Global Carbon Budget. However, the number of data sets available in SOCAT each year has drastically decreased since 2017. This study shows that the uncertainty in the data‐based ocean CO 2 flux estimate has increased by 65% due to this decline in data availability. The estimated fluxes, especially the long‐term flux trend, are remarkably affected by the data availability in SOCAT, reducing the reliability of ocean CO 2 uptake estimates in years and regions with sparse observations. Key Points Lower surface ocean f CO 2 data availability leads to higher uncertainty in data‐based estimates of ocean CO 2 uptake The long‐term trend in the ocean CO 2 flux increases by 1.5 times for subsequent years if the data availability is reduced to that in 2000 The annual mean CO 2 flux is not sensitive to the seasonal skew in the data and to the addition of low accuracy data
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Distributive justice and the global emissions budget (2023)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: In order not to significantly overshoot maximum levels of warming like the 1.5 and 2°C target we must stay within a fixed emissions budget. How to fairly distribute the entitlements to emit within such a budget is perhaps the most intensely discussed question in all of climate justice. In our review we discuss the most prominent proposals in moral and political philosophy on how to solve this question and put a special emphasis on scholarly contributions from the last decade. We canvass the arguments for and against emissions egalitarianism, emissions sufficientarianism, and emissions grandfathering as well as the debates surrounding them. These are how to deal with non‐compliance, how to split emissions between producers and consumers, how to best account for terrestrial carbon sinks, and whether emissions from having children should be subtracted from parents' emissions budgets. From the viewpoint of justice, it matters not only that we act against climate change but also how we do so. This review aims to elucidate one of the major ways in which our reaction to climate change could be just or unjust.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Emerging impacts of enhanced Greenland melting on Labrador Sea dynamics (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: Freshwater input from Greenland ice sheet melt has been increasing in the past decades from warming temperatures. To identify the impacts from enhanced meltwater input into the subpolar North Atlantic from 1997 to 2021, we use output from two nearly identical simulations in the eddy-rich model VIKING20X (1/20°) only differing in the freshwater input from Greenland: one with realistic interannually varying runoff increasing in the early 2000s and the other with climatologically (1961–2000) continued runoff. The majority of the additional freshwater remains within the boundary current enhancing the density gradient toward the warm and salty interior waters yielding increased current velocities. The accelerated boundary current shows a tendency to enhanced, upstream shifted eddy shedding into the Labrador Sea interior. Further, the experiments allow to attribute higher stratification and shallower mixed layers southwest of Greenland and deeper mixed layers in the Irminger Sea, particularly in 2015–2018, to the runoff increase in the early 2000s. Key Points The West Greenland Current (WGC) freshens and cools with the observed recent increase in meltwater runoff from Greenland The density gradient across the boundary current intensifies, strengthening the WGC and increasing local eddy formation Enhanced meltwater runoff contributed to an eastward shift in deep convection towards the Irminger Sea (2015–2018) Plain Language Summary Global warming has accelerated the melting of the Greenland ice sheet over the past few decades resulting in enhanced freshwater input into the North Atlantic. The additional freshwater can potentially inhibit deep water formation and have future implications on ocean circulation. To determine the influence from Greenland melt, we compare two high-resolution model experiments all with the same forcing but differing input of Greenland freshwater fluxes from 1997 to 2021. We find that in the experiment with realistically increasing Greenland meltwater, the water becomes fresher and cooler along the continental shelf and boundary of the subpolar gyre. The density difference between the shelf and interior increases with more freshwater, resulting in faster West Greenland Current speeds and enhanced eddy formation. Deeper mixed layers are found in the eastern Irminger Sea, particularly in 2015–2018. From 2009 to 2013, there were shallower mixed layers in the Labrador Sea where less Greenland meltwater was mixed downwards and spread eastward, causing mixed layers to deepen in the Irminger Sea.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Inverting Geodetic Strain Rates for Slip Deficit Rate in Complex Deforming Zones: An Application to the New Zealand Plate Boundary (2024)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: The potential for future earthquakes on faults is often inferred from inversions of geodetically derived surface velocities for locking on faults using kinematic models such as block models. This can be challenging in complex deforming zones with many closely spaced faults or where deformation is not readily described with block motions. Furthermore, surface strain rates are more directly related to coupling on faults than surface velocities. We present a methodology for estimating slip deficit rate directly from strain rate and apply it to New Zealand for the purpose of incorporating geodetic data in the 2022 revision of the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. The strain rate inversions imply slightly higher slip deficit rates than the preferred geologic slip rates on sections of the major strike‐slip systems including the Alpine Fault, the Marlborough Fault System and the northern part of the North Island Fault System. Slip deficit rates are significantly lower than even the lowest geologic estimates on some strike‐slip faults in the southern North Island Fault System near Wellington. Over the entire plate boundary, geodetic slip deficit rates are systematically higher than geologic slip rates for faults slipping less than one mm/yr but lower on average for faults with slip rates between about 5 and 25 mm/yr. We show that 70%–80% of the total strain rate field can be attributed to elastic strain due to fault coupling. The remaining 20%–30% shows systematic spatial patterns of strain rate style that is often consistent with local geologic style of faulting. Plain Language Summary The potential for future earthquakes on faults is often inferred from velocities of the ground surface derived from satellite geodesy, but this approach can be challenging in complex deforming zones with many closely spaced faults. We present a new methodology for estimating the rate at which energy is accumulating on faults using measurements of surface strain rates. The method is applied to New Zealand for the purpose of incorporating geodetic data in the 2022 revision of the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. We show that 70%–80% of the total deformation field can be attributed to energy accumulation on known active faults while the source of the remaining 20%–30% remains unknown. Along some of the major faults in New Zealand we find some important differences in rates of energy accumulation from what is expected from geologic data. Estimated rates are significantly lower than even the lowest geologic estimates on some faults in the fault system near highly‐populated Wellington. Key Points We develop a method to invert geodetically derived strain rates for slip deficit rates on faults We find small but systematic differences between slip deficit rates and geologic slip rates About 70%–80% of the surface strain can be attributed to elastic strain due to coupling on faults
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Lithospheric Structure Controls Sequentially Active Detachment Faulting at the Longqi Segment on the Southwest Indian Ridge (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-15
    Beschreibung: Oceanic detachment faulting, a major mode of seafloor accretion at slow and ultraslow spreading ridges, is thought to occur during magma‐poor phases and be abandoned when magmatism increases. In this framework, detachment faulting is the result of temporal variations in magma flux, which is inconsistent with recent geophysical observations at the Longqi segment on the Southwest Indian Ridge (49°42′E). In this paper, we focus on this sequentially active detachment faulting system that includes an old, inactive detachment fault and a younger, active detachment fault. We investigate the mechanisms controlling the temporal evolution of this tectonomagmatic system by using 2D mid‐ocean ridge spreading models that simulate faulting and magma intrusion into a visco‐elasto‐plastic continuum. Our models show that temporal variations in magma flux alone are insufficient to match the inferred temporal evolution of the sequentially active detachment system. Rather we find that sequentially active detachment faulting spontaneously occurs at the Longqi segment as a function of lithospheric thickness. This finding is in agreement with an analytical model, which shows that a thicker axial lithosphere results in a smaller fault heave and that a flatter angle in lithosphere thickening away from the accretion axis stabilizes the active fault. A thicker axial lithosphere and its flatter off‐axis angle combined have the potential to modulate sequentially active detachment faulting at the Longqi segment. Our results thus suggest that temporal changes of magmatism are not necessary for the development and abandonment of detachment faults at ultraslow spreading ridges.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Enhanced Phosphate Consumption Stimulated by Nitrogen Fixation Within a Cyclonic Eddy in the Northwest Pacific (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-14
    Beschreibung: Mesoscale eddies are common in the subtropical Northwest Pacific, however, relatively little is known about their spatial variability and temporal evolution, and how these impact upper ocean biogeochemistry. Here we investigate these using observations of a cyclonic eddy carried out along four sequential transects. Consistent with previous observations of cyclonic eddies, the eddy core had doming isopycnals, bringing elevated nutrient waters nearer to the surface. However, we also found that the upper layer of the eddy above the nutricline had significantly lower phosphate concentrations within its core relative to its edge. We attributed this to elevated N 2 fixation within the eddy core, which was likely driven by enhanced subsurface iron supply, ultimately resulting in increased phosphate consumption. Eddy‐enhanced N 2 fixation was additionally supported by the elevation of nitrate + nitrite to phosphate ratios below the euphotic zone. Moreover, we observed that while the upward displacement of isopycnals within the eddy core led to an increase in phytoplankton biomass in the lower euphotic zone, there was no significant increase in total phytoplankton biomass across the entire euphotic zone. Cyclonic eddies in the subtropical North Pacific are projected to be becoming more frequent, implying that such dynamics could become increasingly important for regulating nutrient biogeochemistry and ultimately productivity of the region. Key Points Lower phosphate concentrations were observed above the nutricline within the eddy core in comparison to the edge Enhanced N2 fixation within the eddy core is proposed to have driven increased phosphate consumption No substantial total phytoplankton biomass increase was found within the eddy core
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Positioning possibilities for human geographies of the sea: Automatic Identification Systems and its role in spatialising understandings of shipping (2024)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geography Compass, Wiley, 18(4), ISSN: 1749-8198
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-13
    Beschreibung: This paper positions possibilities for human geographies of the sea. The growing volume of work under this banner has been largely qualitative in its approach, reflecting, in turn, the questions posed by oceanic scholars. These questions necessitate corresponding methods. Whilst this is not necessarily a problem, and the current corpus of work has offered many significant contributions, in making sense of the human dimensions of maritime worlds, other questions—and methods—may generate knowledge that is useful within this remit of work. This paper considers the place of quantitative approaches in posing lines of enquiry about shipping, one of the prominent areas of concern under the banner of ‘human geographies of the seas’. There is longstanding work in transport geographies concerned with shipping, logistics, freight movement and global connections, which embraces quantitative methods which could be bridged to ask fresh questions about oceanic spatial phenomena past and present. This paper reviews the state of the art of human geographies of the sea and transport geographies and navigates how the former field may be stimulated by some of the interests of the latter and a broader range of questions about society-sea-space relations. The paper focuses on Automatic Identification Systems (or AIS) as a potentially useful tool for connecting debates, and deepening spatial understandings of the seas and shipping beyond current scholarship. To advance the argument the example of shipping layups is used to illustrate or rather, position, the point.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , peerRev
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  • 8
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    Responsibility and Healthcare (2024)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-13
    Beschreibung: Questions of responsibility arise at all levels of health care. Most prominent has been the issue of patient responsibility. Some health conditions that risk death or serious harm are partly the result of lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, lack of exercise, or extreme sports. Are patients with such conditions responsible for them? If so, might healthcare providers, be they state-run systems or private entities, be justified in treating such patients differently? And if they are, which forms of differential treatment are justified? Responsibility isn’t just relevant for patients. Even when individuals affect their health through voluntary behaviour, other influences are also at work before, during, and after the patient’s interaction with the health care system. What are the responsibilities of individual clinicians and other medical professionals, when thinking about individual and public health? What about institutions such as governments or national health care services, or society as a whole? This collection brings together work by world-renowned experts in population ethics, distributive justice, philosophy of action, cognitive science, and medical ethics in order to push the debate forward by elucidating our understanding of these questions, their possible answers, and how they are related.
    Schlagwort(e): responsibility, health, health care, ethics, medical ethics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNT Social law and Medical law::LNTJ Public health and safety law ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory
    Sprache: Englisch
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    The Baptized Muse (2021)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-12
    Beschreibung: With the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, increasing numbers of educated people converted to this new belief. As Christianity did not have its own educational institutions, the issue of how to harmonize pagan education and Christian convictions became increasingly pressing. Especially classical poetry, the staple diet of pagan education, was considered morally corrupting (because of its deceitful mythological content) and damaging for the salvation of the soul (because of the false gods it advocated). But Christianity recoiled from an unqualified anti-intellectual attitude, while at the same time the experiment of creating an idiosyncratic form of genuinely Christian poetry failed (the sole exception being the poet Commodianus). This book argues that, instead, Christian poets made creative use of the classical literary tradition, and—in addition to blending it with Judaeo-Christian biblical exegesis—exploited poetry’s special ability of enhancing the effectiveness of communication through aesthetic means. It seeks to explore these strategies through a close analysis of a wide range of Christian, and for comparison partly also pagan, writers mainly from the fourth to sixth centuries. The book reveals that early Christianity was not a hermetically sealed uniform body, but displays a rich spectrum of possibilities in dealing with the past and a willingness to engage with and adapt the surrounding culture(s), thereby developing diverse and changing responses to historical challenges. By demonstrating throughout that authority is a key in understanding the long denigrated and misunderstood early Christian poets, this book reaches the ground-breaking conclusion that early Christian poetry is an art form that gains its justification by adding cultural authority to Christianity. Thus, in a wider sense this book engages with the recently emerged scholarly interest in aspects of religion as cultural phenomena.
    Schlagwort(e): early christian literature ; poetic aesthetics ; anti-intellectualism ; pagan education ; biblical exegesis ; religion and culture ; myth ; cultural authority ; classical literary tradition ; late antiquity ; God ; Paganism ; Virgil ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DB Ancient, classical and medieval texts ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRM Christianity ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
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    Chapter 8 AI in Medicine (2023)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-12
    Beschreibung: AI promises major benefits for healthcare. But along with the benefits come risks. Not so much the risk of powerful super-intelligent machines taking over, but the risk of structural injustices, biases, and inequalities being perpetuated in a system that cannot be challenged because nobody actually knows how the algorithms work. Or, the risk that there might be no doctor or nurse present to hold your hand and reassure you when you are at your most vulnerable. There There are many initiatives to come up with ethical or trustworthy AI and these efforts are important. Yet we should demand more than this. Technological solutionism and the urge to “move fast and break things” often dominate the tech industry but are inappropriate for the healthcare context and incompatible with basic healthcare values of empathy, solidarity, and trust. So how can such socio-political and ethical issues get resolved? It is at this juncture that we have the opportunity to imagine different different different futures. Using Grace's fictional story, this chapter argues that in order to shape the future of healthcare we need to decide whether, to what extent, and how—under what regulatory frameworks and safeguards—these technologies could and should play a part in this future. AI can indeed improve healthcare but, instead of casting ourselves loose and at the mercy of this seemingly inevitable technological drift, drift, we should be actively paddling towards a future of our choice.
    Schlagwort(e): AI; medicine ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNT Social law and Medical law::LNTM Medical and healthcare law ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing
    Sprache: Englisch
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