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  • Articles  (2,466)
  • IWA Publishing  (2,466)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,466)
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  • 1
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    New insights towards disinfecting viruses – short notes (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Description: Water treatment specialists need more and more to understand how viruses behave in potable water pipes and wastewater setups. This work discusses the late advances in dealing with viruses present in water treatment processes. Activated carbon adsorption (ACA) remains one of the most efficient and credible physicochemical methods. Nanoparticles have been utilized to turn activated carbon into a more efficient sorbent. Membrane filtration could lead to total elimination of viruses and ensure the safety of drinking water plants. As a feasible utilization for disinfecting potable water, solar disinfection (SODIS) remains a green and cost-efficient technology with its optical and thermal pathways and deserves more interest in its large and industrial implementation. Identically, solar distillation remains a viable solution for disinfecting and treating water. The water treatment techniques that are currently utilized for surface water treatment are appropriate for eliminating viruses like influenza A viruses, as proved by the literature. More strict precautions have to be taken to secure viruses' total elimination from water and wastewater as for influenza A and H5N1 in terms of advanced oxidation processes, ACA, and membrane processes application. Before reaching surface water, pathogens have to be removed efficiently from hospital and municipal wastewaters.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    Methods for calculating phreatic evaporation on bare grounds on rainy and dry days (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: In order to depict the impact of rainfall on phreatic evaporation, this study analyzes phreatic evaporation and the phreatic evaporation coefficient between surface evaporation and soil depth in Shajiang black soil and Fluyo-aquic soil. We have improved the existing commonly used mathematical framework, established two rainless day phreatic evaporation calculation models, and then calculated the calculation model of the phreatic evaporation reduction on rainy days. Finally, rainy day evaporation calculation models on two soils were proposed. The results show that the evaporation coefficient is affected by both depth and the evaporation ability of the surface water. The evaporation reduction of Shajiang black soil increased with depth and the increasing trend gradually slowed down until it approached zero. The evaporation reduction of the Fluyo-aquic soil phreatic decreased first and then increased with depth, reaching a minimum at 0.4 m. The reduction of phreatic evaporation in both soils decreased with the increase in rainfall level and decreased with the increase in rainfall duration showing ‘inverted S-type’. In summary, the phreatic evaporation composite calculation models on rainy days and rainless days have good fitting and prediction results, which can improve the accuracy of phreatic evaporation calculations.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Published by IWA Publishing
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  • 3
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    The effects of shallow saline groundwater on evaporation, soil moisture, and temperature distribution in the presence of straw mulch (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Mitigating evaporative water loss from terrestrial surfaces is of central importance to water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was intended to experimentally address the effect of straw mulch layer on soil evaporation and temperature distribution in the presence of shallow saline groundwater. A factorial-based experiment with a completely randomized design was carried out in mini-lysimeters (MLs) with different concentrations of saline groundwater and soil types, with and without straw mulch. The lysimeters were placed on the soil surface in the field. Water table in MLs was kept at the depth of 60 cm, and evaporation rate, soil moisture content, soil salinity, and temperature were continuously monitored. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences in the soil evaporation rates due to the effects of soil types (i.e., loam and sand) and straw mulch (p 〈 0.01). The results showed that soil temperature fluctuations at the 5 cm depth in loamy soil with and without mulch were 11.5 and 17.5 °C, while in sandy soil the fluctuations rates were 15 and 18.5 °C, respectively. The application of a mulch layer was found to significantly reduce the evaporative loss by 27 and 8% in loamy and sandy soils, respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
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    São Paulo drought: trends in streamflow and their relationship to climate and human-induced change in Cantareira watershed, Southeast Brazil (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: The 2013–2015 drought in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo exposed the lack of resilience of the regional water supply system, highly dependent on the Cantareira reservoirs. In this paper, inflows to each of the four main Cantareira reservoirs are tested for systematic change. Persistent trends in streamflow, rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration are first evaluated. Streamflow was also tested for step change. Double-mass curves were employed to assess modification in the precipitation–runoff relationship. Subsequently, we used the climate elasticity method and the ABCD model to quantify the relative contribution of climate and human activities into the detected trends. Only Cachoeira and Atibainha sub-basins showed a significant downward trend in streamflow. The results for step change were also significant, and the year of occurrence coincided with breakpoints in precipitation–runoff relationship. For both Cachoeira and Atibainha, human activities had a more significant impact on streamflow reduction than climate variability. Land use and cover maps suggest that the reduction of pasture/abandoned land parallel to an increase in reforestation/silviculture is behind streamflow reduction. The results highlight the importance of coordinating land-use patterns and water management, as an important contributor beyond any considerations of a changing climate. Implications for better managing regional water resources are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
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    Water balance changes in response to climate change in the upper Hailar River Basin, China (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Projected climate change will have a profound effect on the hydrological balance of river basins globally. Studying water balance modification under changing climate conditions is significant for future river basin management, especially in certain arid and semiarid areas. In this study, we evaluated water balance changes (1981–2011) in the upper Hailar River Basin on the Mongolian Plateau. To evaluate the hydrological resilience of the basin to climate change, we calculated two Budyko metrics, i.e. dynamic deviation (d) and elasticity (e). The absolute magnitude of d reflects the ability of a basin to resist the influence of climate change and maintain its stable ecological function, whereas parameter e is used to assess whether a basin is hydrologically elastic. Results revealed modification of the hydrological balance during the study period has manifested as a decreasing trend of runoff and runoff-precipitation ratio. Correspondingly, basin-averaged evapotranspiration has also shown a decreasing trend, attributable mainly to precipitation. Furthermore, the calculated elasticity (e = 8.03) suggests the basin has high hydrological resilience, which indicates the basin ecosystem may maintain its hydrological function to a certain extent under a changing climate. The results of this study could assist water resource management in the study area and the prediction of ecosystem response to future climate change.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
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    Physical and economical evaluation of laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor by long-term relative cost–benefit analysis (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Two laboratory-scale single-stage submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated in parallel to examine the effect of different flux conditions and several fouling mitigation methods. After control operation (filtration only), three fouling control methods (relaxation, standard backwash and chemical backwash) at 27 litres per m2 per hour (LMH) flux and four different flux conditions (54, 36, 27 and 18 LMH) with standard backwash were applied. Physical performance of MBRs was evaluated based on the operational duration to reach maximum transmembrane pressure and the volume of permeate produced during the operational duration. Then relative cost–benefit analysis was carried out. Results showed that the combination of chemical backwash and standard backwash was the most effective for fouling mitigation in terms of physical improvement of MBR performance. However, the combination proved less economical (400% + α relative cost) than standard backwash alone (343% relative cost), because of the additional cost for pumps and chemicals. It also showed that lower flux (18 LMH) is desirable as it showed better physical performance (1,770% improvement as compared to the highest flux, 54 LMH) and proved more economical than higher flux configuration. Therefore, it is concluded that the operation with standard backwash at the lowest possible flux is the best combination to improve MBR performance as well as long-term cost–benefit.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Assessing the effects of four SUDS scenarios on combined sewer overflows in Oslo, Norway: evaluating the low-impact development module of the Mike Urban model (2020)
    IWA Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: Paved surfaces, increased precipitation intensities in addition to limited capacity in the sewer systems, cause a higher risk of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) offer an alternative approach to mitigate CSO by managing the stormwater locally. Seven SUDS scenarios, developed based on the concept of effective impervious area reduction, have been implemented in the Grefsen catchment using the Mike Urban model. This study evaluated the hydrological performance of two SUDS controls (i.e. green roof (GR) and rain garden (RG)) modules of the model and the effect of the SUDS scenarios on the CSOs using event-based and continuous simulations. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) along with flow duration curves (FDCs) has been used for evaluating the model performance. Event-based evaluations revealed the superior performance of the RG in reducing CSOs for larger precipitation events, while GRs were proven to have beneficial outcomes during smaller events. The study illustrated another way of assessing the continuous simulations by employing the FDCs. The FDCs were assessed against a discharge threshold at the outlet (which authorities can set as design criteria) of the catchment in terms of the extent, each scenario reduced occurrence and duration of outflow that invokes flow in the overflow pipe.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 8
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    Framework conditions to design sustainable business models for decentralised water treatment technologies in Viet Nam for international technology providers (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-06
    Description: The expansion of water-intensive industrial activities and the impacts of climate change are jeopardising the sufficiency of safe drinking water in several Southeast Asian countries. One is Viet Nam, where geogenic arsenic contamination further limits the availability of freshwater resources with a simultaneous increase in water demand. Innovative and sustainable water treatment technologies are required to meet these challenges. Equally, we assume that the provision of safe drinking water requires tailored business models (BMs). In this study, we focus on the key stakeholders and framework conditions to design tailored BMs providing safe drinking water to the low-income and middle-income population in Viet Nam. We consider decentralised technologies to be suitable due to their lower investment costs for implementation and the avoidance of strong path dependencies. We therefore conducted a literature review and interviews with international experts in the domain of decentralised water treatment technologies. Our results show that relevant aspects include a lack of financial resources, specific characteristics associated with Vietnamese culture, e.g. the importance of relationships and trust in the business domain, lack of education and vocational training, market saturation suggesting co-operation with existing water suppliers, lack of suitable partners, and deficiencies in the institutional environment.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
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    Enhancement of overloaded waste stabilization ponds using different pretreatment technologies: a comparative study from Namibia (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-06
    Description: Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are a well-established wastewater treatment technology in Namibia. However, they are often overloaded and we still lack concepts and technologies for improvement. Therefore, this study presents the full-scale implementation of two pretreatment technologies to reduce the inflow of organic and solid loads into a facultative pond. We specifically compared the effects of anaerobic biological and mechanical pretreatment by an upstream anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and a 250 μm micro sieve (MS). Not only in Namibia but also in most sub-Saharan countries, there is little experience with these technologies for the treatment of municipal wastewater in small and fast-growing local communities. Both technologies were tested in parallel for a period of 17 months and proved operational. While the UASB achieved better removal results with respect to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (TSS), the MS was more flexible in handling changing inflow patterns and had a much smaller footprint. The average total COD reductions of the MS and the UASB were 22 and 50%, respectively. TSS were removed by 45% with the MS and by 57% with the UASB reactor. Therefore, UASB and MS are viable options for the enhancement of existing WSP to reach better effluent values of the facultative pond.
    Print ISSN: 2220-1319
    Electronic ISSN: 2408-9370
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
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    Performance evaluation of potential inland flood management options through a three-way linked hydrodynamic modelling framework for a coastal urban watershed (2020)
    IWA Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: This study proposes a novel comprehensive hydrodynamic flood modelling framework over Mithi river watershed in Mumbai, India, a coastal urban area, to reduce the inundation extent by incorporation of different inland hydraulic scenarios. First, the study addresses the issue of data scarcity by adapting alternate robust techniques to estimate design rainfall, tidal elevation and discharge, the key inputs for a flood model. Following that, a three-way linked flood model has been developed in the MIKE FLOOD platform, considering river, stormwater, overland flow and tidal influence to generate flood inundation and subsequently hazard maps for various inland hydraulic scenarios, by incorporating different feasible cross-sections and lining materials. The flood inundation and hazard maps have been derived for 10-, 50- and 200-year return periods of design rainfall, discharge and tide to identify the best possible flood-reducing hydraulic scenario. It is observed that a ‘trapezoidal river cross-section lined with concrete’ relatively maximizes the reduction in flooding extent. The proposed framework can be implemented as an effective flood mitigation strategy in data-scarce, densely populated and space-constrained areas.
    Print ISSN: 0029-1277
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-7955
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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