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  • Articles  (6,230)
  • Oxford University Press  (4,934)
  • Emerald  (1,296)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (6,230)
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  • Articles  (6,230)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advancements in infra-red array detectors (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Despite many advances during the last decade in both infra-red sensor and solid state camera technology, until now little headway has been made in the production of cost-effective semiconductor sensor arrays capable of operating far into the infra-red. Old ideas, renewed by the capabilities offered by the latest micromachine technology, may change all this. Reviews the problems associated with building such sensor arrays before introducing some interesting new research results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910294664
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scannerless laser range camera (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The requirement to quickly obtain 3D measurements is common to a variety of tasks in different fields of applications, i.e. robotics, space craft rendezvous and docking scenarios and industrial assemblies. In this paper, a novel type of non-scanning optical 3D laser camera is presented. This is useful for both space and industrial applications. Avoiding any moving mechanical parts, the new sensor is able to exceed the frame rate and lateral resolution limits of common scanning devices, while providing both a grey-scale image and a dense range image of the scene at the same time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910294691
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A strategy for accurate guidance of a manipulator using laser interferometry-based sensing technique (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 292-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Laser interferometry-based sensing (LIS) technique has been proposed and established recently to track and perform dynamic measurements on a moving end-effector of a robot manipulator. In this paper, a technique using LIS system to perform guidance of a manipulator is proposed. The LIS system is used as a sensor to guide the end-effector of a robot manipulator. This is to be accomplished through the implementation of guidance error determination and compensation, and path generation in the control algorithm. This technique can be used to accurately guide the manipulator's end-effector to a specified location or along a specified path with a high level of accuracy. The structure and various components within the system and the control strategy are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910294727
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductive polymer-carbon black composites-based sensor arrays for use in an electronic nose (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 300-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Polymer-carbon black composites are a new class of chemical detecting sensors used in electronic noses. These composites are prepared by mixing carbon black and polymer in an appropriate solvent. The mixture is deposited on a substrate between two metal electrodes, whereby the solvent evaporates leaving a composite film. Arrays of these chemiresistors, made from a chemically diverse number of polymers and carbon black, swell reversibly, inducing a resistance change on exposure to chemical vapors. These arrays generate a pattern that is a unique fingerprint for the vapor being detected. With the aid of algorithms these patterns are processed and recognized. These arrays can detect and discriminate between a large number of chemical vapors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910294745
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Illumination for machine vision (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 20-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summarises the presentations made at the UK Industrial Vision Association's annual general meeting in September 1999, Nottiungham, UK, entitled "Innovations in illumination for machine vision".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010311356
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration of an optical roughness sensor with a co-ordinate measuring machine (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An optical roughness sensor is described that is ideally suited for integration with a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM). The CMM provides an extremely stable platform for moving the sensor head over the surface specimen. The sensor consists of a fibre optic head, data processing electronics and software for controlling the sensor and calculating surface texture parameters from the sensor's data. The software controls the data acquisition process, filters the data to remove sensor noise and calculates basic amplitude parameters that describe the texture profile of the surface. Tests have been conducted on surfaces and the results compared with stylus profilometer measurements on the same surface regions. Comparison of the amplitude parameter, Ra, shows differences of between 3 percent and 8 percent across the sample set for profiles in the 0.4 µm Ra range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010311365
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated microsystem for blue/ultraviolet detection (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fully integrated sensor microsystem for blue/ultraviolet radiation detection is presented. The photosensitive part combines a blue/UV selective stripe-shaped photodiode with a small compensation infrared photodiode. A transimpedance amplifier with 1 GO feedback resistor is integrated on the same silicon chip. The main features of the op amp are a low offset (〈0.5mV) and fail-safe operation. This sensor has a maximal responsivity of 150 mV/nW at ? = 420 nm, corresponding to 43 percent quantum efficiency. A ratio of the responsivities at 420 nm and 1 µm as large as 560 is achieved. The system has a noise equivalent power of 5 10-13 W. The 2.2 mm2 microsystem is realized in a standard CMOS 0.5 µm process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010311374
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pneumatic proximity-to-tactile imaging device (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 36-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development and the performance characteristics of a pneumatic proximity-to-tactile sensing device for automated recognition of manufacturing parts within flexible manufacturing environments. This tactile sensing device utilises a densely packed line array of IC piezoresistive pressure sensors, providing continuous variable back pressure output. The sensing elements incorporate a corresponding line matrix of air jets which form an air cushion between the sensing plane and the target when striking the object of interest. The back pressure output levels form the basis for the tasks of object detection and recognition. The system described is a research prototype and has been evaluated on a simple test rig: in this form it is not at a stage where it can be applied to a recognition situation on the shop floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010311383
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New sensors for new machine vision applications (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Provides details of a variety of industrial inspection systems that received funding from the European Union's HPCN-TTN (High Performance Computing Network-Technology Transfer Nodes) programme. Describes the inspection systems and the commercial benefits that were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010377994
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect inspection in transparent materials (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 294-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a machine vision system which can be used for the detection of defects in glass ribbon and plastic sheets. Uses a system of multiple line scan CCD cameras and scanned LED light sources to detect and measure defects both along and across the web.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010378001
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensors for dynamic characterisation of magnetic storage systems (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 307-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The areal (surface area density of bits) storage density of magnetic hard disks is continually increasing, with typical available commercial storage densities being around 10Gbits/in2. It is predicted that densities in excess of 40Gbits/in2 will be possible before the year 2003. A number of key issues arise from this development, such as the need to determine and control accurately the dynamic flying height (z-axis) of the read-write head, which is affected by the apparent distortion of the disk surface due to rotation-induced disk resonance. As a result of the increasing storage density the positional control of the head in the plane of the disk (x-y plane) also becomes more critical. This paper deals generally, but with a particular emphasis on optical and piezoelectric sensors used in our laboratory for characterisation of storage media and systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010351037
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sensor investigation for a concrete hydro-erosion robot (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 322-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Concrete decay has become a major ongoing problem for the developed world, affecting all manner of structures. The purpose of the reported research is thus to advance the prospects for the realisation of high capacity, robotic repair systems through sensor technology. Here, the particular target is the removal of defective concrete by the hydro-erosion method. The main advantages of the method are that it is kind to the structure while having the potential to produce high definition excavations. Sensing has been investigated for both prediction of the hydro-erosion task and real-time process feedback. The latter is complicated by the extremely destructive hydro-erosion environment, which precludes the use of conventional sensing probes. For this, vibration and process noise have been investigated to determine if diagnostic characteristics are detectable. To support the task, a predictive basis has been developed using non-destructive testing (NDT) sensors within a data fusion model. Covermeter, rebound hammer, impact echo and surface dampness NDT data are fed into this. Progress is reported on this part of the ongoing research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010378029
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micromachined accelerometer with microprocessor controlled self-test procedure (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a self-test procedure for a micromachined silicon accelerometer realized using a commercially available microprocessor. The accelerometer is fabricated using a combination of thick-film printing and silicon micromachining. It consists of a silicon structure with thick-film piezoelectric elements that act as sensors, detecting the deflections of the inertial mass, and also as actuators capable of performing a self-test routine. The self-test procedure must be performed at resonance and the microprocessor is used to identify the individual resonant frequency of each device and confirm the operation of the PZT elements. This work has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a microprocessor implemented procedure and has highlighted some interesting behavioral characteristics of the accelerometer. The microprocessor could also be used in the future to fully test and calibrate the device thereby ensuring correct and accurate operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110380575
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The UK gas sensor industry (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 98-104 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Reviews the state of the UK gas sensor industry. Considers the nature and scale of university research and the extent to which this has been exploited by UK gas sensor companies. Discusses the background to many leading UK companies, together with details of a number of recent acquisitions and recently established companies and their technologies. Concludes with a summary of new and emerging market opportunities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110388261
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low cost ultrasonic sensors for tele-operated vehicles (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a new reliable low-cost ultrasonic ranging system to assist in steering a powered wheelchair. Detection algorithms have been created and implemented on a micro controller based stand-alone system suitable for a tele-operated vehicle. The detection uses the gradient of the echo envelope and is resistant to noise and inconsistencies in the detection circuitry. The sensor array was considered as separate sensors, working independently so the system could quickly gather separate sets of range information. These sets were overlaid on to a 2D grid array. The new system is cheaper and simpler than available systems for powered wheelchairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010372377
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal sensor using the differential thermal analysis for the detection of relative humidity (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This article describes a new humidity sensor using the technique of differential thermal analysis (DTA). The energy of water vaporisation is estimated via the measurement of the Seebeck voltage of miniature thermocouples used in differential mode on a Peltier module causing condensation from the ambient air. This sensor uses the sensitivity of alloys V2VI3 containing [Bi, Te, Sb, Se], 400-440µV.K–1. Experimental measurements have been performed in a climatic chamber at constant temperature. The time variation of the differential Seebeck voltage with relative humidities HR varying from 10 to 90 per cent makes it possible to ide.pngy with precision the point of water evaporation. For each value of the relative humidity, it is directly a function of the condensate mass. The integration of these curves over time makes it possible to calculate the energy of vaporisation and the condensate mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110388333
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Sensors in biomedical applications. May they change the quality of life? (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 259-267 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sensors have gained a wide theoretical interest and practical application in biomedicine. They can be used for very different purposes and may offer unique possibilities. The paper gives a broad summary about the biomedical sensor application fields and about their technologies. Finally, the present status and perspectives are summarised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005997
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Fingerprint sensing and analysis (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 272-277 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Fingerprints have been used to identify people for 100 years, and as a form of authentication for almost two centuries. Today's computer and communications oriented world places great importance on authentication, and this article looks at how a new Swedish company, Precise Biometrics, has abandoned traditional fingerprint classification methods for authentication applications, after first describing those traditional methods used for both forensic and civil tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110406909
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Biosensors for glycaemic control (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: To overcome the problem of metabolic crashes as hypoglycaemic as well as hyperglycaemic episodes in diabetic patients the continuous or at least very frequent checking of the circulating intracorporal glucose concentration is necessary. Biosensors measuring glucose in vivo are suitable for estimating the transient interstitial glucose concentration in human beings. Biologically and/or biochemically caused processes are responsible for limiting the functional stability of implanted sensors. It is now possible to advance beyond the current practice of hand making glucose sensors in the laboratory and produce these sensors as industrial products with reproducible characteristics. This gives us a real chance to avoid hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic metabolic attacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110406954
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Improving the accuracy of temperature measurements (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Technology advances in the field of temperature measurement have led to a huge variety of sensors and measuring instruments now being available for making accurate measurements at relatively low costs. This article takes a "back to basics" look at three of the most popular temperature sensor technologies and offers advice on how to avoid the many pitfalls and traps that often destroy the accuracy of a temperature measuring system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110398044
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  • 21
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    Resources employed and innovation requirements in cactus pear packing lines (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 204-211 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In the last few decades the cultivation of cactus pears represents an important element in the economy of subtropical regions with scarce water resources. The increasing market competition from other countries has forced Sicilian producers to modernise the packing houses where the fruit is processed. The study carried out has shown that the technology employed in the newest packing lines is of a high level and that a low level of human, material and energy resources are necessary; moreover, packing and despining need further innovations. Trials conducted with an instrumented sphere IS100 has permitted critical points on the packing lines to be identified and to identify materials on which the fruit impacts during the processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110398062
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  • 22
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    A sensor for the sugar cane harvester topper (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 22 (2002), S. 242-246 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A robust low cost refractometer has been developed together with signal conditioning algorithms to enable sucrose content to be measured during the mechanical harvesting of the sugar cane plant. This technology will be applied to the harvester process that removes the tops of the cane to assist the harvester operator to cut the cane at the optimum cutting height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280210433089
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  • 23
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    New generation of humidity sensors (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 22 (2002), S. 300-302 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the design, fabrication and performance of a new form of humidity sensor based on CMOS technology. The sensor incorporates analogue signal processing and serial digital communications on a single silicon chip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280210444609
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  • 24
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    Smart sensors (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 22 (2002), S. 312-318 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The purpose of developing smart (analog and digital) sensors for networked machine/process monitoring, and other tasks, is to make them as easy and trouble free to deploy, program and maintain, as plugging a keyboard, or mouse into a computer. The IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards describe a set of open, common, and network-independent communication interfaces for smart transducers. ("Smartness" here means on-board data storage/processing capability, interfaced/ integrated with the analog and/or digital sensor.) Several companies and individuals involved in networked control systems of machines, and the measurement and control industries are developing these new standards, in the USA sponsored by the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society's Technical Committee on Sensor Technology (TC-9), and the US Department of Commerce NIST Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280210444627
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  • 25
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    Developments in thermal imaging technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The ability to see in the dark is a key differentiator in many military scenarios and the development of thermal imaging (TI) systems has provided the military with a battle winning capability. One of the current key thrusts is to be able to detect and identify targets at significantly longer ranges. The research programme in QinetiQ has been providing solutions to satisfy these requirements for many years. In addition, one of the major benefits from this research, has been the opportunity to provide TI sensors into the civil market for application including fire fighting. In this review many of the new concepts currently being developed are described and illustrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457866
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  • 26
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    Monitoring plasma jets containing micro particles with chromatic techniques (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 60-65 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A description about the use of the chromatic methodology for monitoring an arc plasma jet utilised for heating micro particles for forming plasma sprayed coatings is given. It is shown that the behaviour of both the plasma and heated micro particles are distinguishable from their different coordinates on an H-S polar map. Calibration with a standard ribbon lamp would appear feasible for tracking the temperature of the plasma heated micro particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310698030
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  • 27
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    The contribution of thermoreflectance to high resolution thermal mapping (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Thermal phenomena that occur in operating integrated circuits can disturb their functioning and even cause failures. In order to prevent such dramatic issues, it is necessary to study these phenomena by developing high-resolution thermal mapping of electronic devices. This can be done by using the thermoreflectance technique. The principle of thermoreflectance measurements is reviewed and various experimental setups are described. Experimental results show that this technique allows the mapping of both low and high frequency thermal phenomena at submicron scales.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457929
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  • 28
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    An entropy-switched adaptive smoothing approach for time series data (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 40-43 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a method of removing noise from time series data records whilst preserving salient features of short duration, such as sharp transitions and significant peaks. A practical example is drawn from fault-current testing of circuit breakers, for which the scheme was originally designed. It is demonstrated that the clarity of signal traces can be improved while preserving important transient features. However, the approach is generic and based upon the entropy gradient detection method used in image processing. Local entropy is used as a criterion for selecting the degree of smoothing required, so that features of interest can be preserved. Algorithm modularity allows ready adaptation for specific needs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457938
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  • 29
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    Radar is set to revolutionise road safety (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Solutions for using radar to alert drivers to obstacles in their path and possible collision already exist but they are too expensive. In most cases, only the more luxury models on the market offer the option of an adaptive cruise control system that uses radar. But the potential market and road safety benefits are massive. And much work is in progress to lower the cost of radar. This the reviews paper current state-of-the-art in radar technology and highlights two notable developments for cutting the cost.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468206
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    Wireless - introducing wireless proximity switches (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 116-122 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sensors and actuators are found in large numbers on every production line in every industry. And each and every one of them requires data and power cabling. Not only are these cables costly to install, they are also a frequent source of failure. ABB is introducing a novel wireless proximity switch that incorporates a communication module for the power supply, signal transmission and man-machine communication, and so has no need for cables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468215
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    Force control for industrial applications using a fuzzy PI controller (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 60-67 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a small revision on force control strategies is presented, stressing the implementation requirements of each strategy with the objective of clarifying the reasons of their poor practical utilization in industry. Furthermore, recognizing that direct force control approaches require system changes on actual robot control systems, which calls for manufacturer cooperation, an indirect force control approach is presented. The controller is introduced along with implementation description. The system is tested with an industrial deburring application that is also briefly introduced. Research experimental results of the proposed controller obtained in the laboratory, and experimental results obtained with the industrial deburring application are presented and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410515833
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    Remote gas detection using ambient thermal infrared (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 26-29 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a passive, open-path infrared gas detector that utilises thermal background radiation as the source. Explains its mode of operation, provides a specification and considers its route to market.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457893
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    Fibre Bragg sensors used to measure gas temperature in an airship (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 30-32 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the use of a distributed optical temperature sensor, based on fibre Bragg grating technology, to monitor the temperature distribution of helium within a prototype airship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457901
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    Non-contacting optical sensors for real-time water quality monitoring (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 24-25 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the development of low cost optical sensor systems for water quality monitoring developed under the "LOADMON" EU research programme. It uses two laser diodes as the sources: one emits blue light at 405?nm and the other red light at 670?nm. The former excites fluorescence of organic materials present in the sample and the red light creates a scatter signal from the suspended particles. The system uses a rotating mirror which allows the light spots to be swept across the sample's surface under computer control until they are below the detector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457884
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    US company develops high sensitivity gas detector based on novel laser technology (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 33-34 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a unique optical source, the quantum cascade laser (QCL) and its application to gas detection. The instruments can detect both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide at concentrations down to 10?ppb?m at atmospheric temperature and pressure with a 1?m absorption path-length. A QCL operating at 5.8?µm can be used during airborne surveys of atmospheric formaldehyde, a key intermediate in the oxidation of methane and other hydrocarbons which contribute to the formation of ozone precursors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310457910
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    Implementing wireless communications (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 102-108 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Engineers across many disciplines are becoming interested in wireless communication, however the plethora of standards, frequencies and technologies can lead to considerable confusion. This article presents some decision criteria to assist the reader selecting the most suitable technology. Further, it highlights other issues to prepare for integrating RF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468198
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    Wireless capsule endoscopy (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 128-133 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: With the introduction of the flexible fiber optic endoscope in 1950s visualization of the esophagus, stomach, upper small bowel and colon became possible. The flexible shaft of the instrument carried the fiber optic light bundles, power and the optical elements. It also contained cables, which allowed for control over the direction of the instrument. Therefore, the instrument was of relatively large diameter, making gastroscopy, small bowel endoscopy and colonoscopy an uncomfortable procedure requiring sedation. Recent advances in development of low power complementary metal-oxide silicon (CMOS) imagers, mixed signal application specific integrated circuit (ASICs) and white light emitting diodes (LEDs) made possible development of a new type of endoscope - the swallowable video capsule. We describe the development of a video-telemetry capsule endoscope that is small enough to swallow (11×26?mm) and has no external wires, fiber optic bundles or cables. Extensive clinical and healthy volunteer trials have proved the effectiveness of the wireless endoscope in detection of pathologies in the GI tract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310468233
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    Latest developments in machine vision - a review of image processing packages (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper gives an overview of image processing software packages available in the market, their current capabilities and areas of development, and the skills required to use them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481805
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    Haptic interfaces and devices (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 16-29 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Haptic interfaces enable person-machine communication through touch, and most commonly, in response to user movements. We comment on a distinct property of haptic interfaces, that of providing for simultaneous information exchange between a user and a machine. We also comment on the fact that, like other kinds of displays, they can take advantage of both the strengths and the limitations of human perception. The paper then proceeds with a description of the components and the modus operandi of haptic interfaces, followed by a list of current and prospective applications and a discussion of a cross-section of current device designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410515770
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    Sensing technologies bring new features to appliances (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 144-150 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the properties of pressure and inertial sensors and their application to domestic appliances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525931
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    A scalable, on-board localisation and communication system for indoor multi-robot experiments (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 167-180 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe the first prototypes of an inter-robot infrared localisation and communication system. The system detects the relative positions (both range and bearing) of autonomous mobile robots with an update rate of up to 20?Hz, a range of up to 3?m and an accuracy of 40?cm for range and 45° for bearing. In addition, each robot can send at least 1 byte of data to all the other robots within the range per update cycle. Flocking on a group of eight robots is used as a non-trivial real-world test of this system. We conclude the paper by discussing advantages, limitations, and future improvements of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525968
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    Switches and pressure sensors benefit from novel composite material (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 261-264 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new material has been developed consisting of metal particles intimately distributed in a polymer. This composite becomes a conductor under compression, tension or twisting, exhibiting a resistive range of one trillion to one, and following a smooth, repeatable curve. It has been shown that the conductivity arises from the quantum tunnelling effect. The material is used in a wide range of switches and sensors, as a replacement in standard components and also in novel applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410545371
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    Front-end signal conditioning used for resistance-based sensors in electronic nose systems: a review (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 23 (2003), S. 230-241 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The overall performance of an electronic nose system will depend on the individual performance of its constituent elements. Although often overlooked, it is clear that careful design/selection of the front-end signal conditioning circuit is of critical importance if optimal performance of the odour sensing system is to be achieved. In this paper circuits are reviewed, which have been employed as front-end signal conditioners for resistance-based sensors in electronic nose systems, with many of the conclusions drawn being equally applicable to other resistor sensors. The relevant equations governing the behaviour of each circuit methodology are derived and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The performance of the circuit is then quantitatively assessed in a specific test case, in which the maximum sensitivity of the circuit is calculated in relation to the task of interfacing to a theoretical thin-film conducting-polymer sensor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280310481850
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    Boom time for LIBS technology (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 353-357 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes recent developments in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and discusses emerging applications. These include military and security uses, environmental monitoring, process control and material analysis. The renewed interest in this technique has arisen from developments in optoelectronics which are poised to make LIBS instruments significantly less costly and smaller than in the past.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410558368
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    Embedding and characterization of fiber-optic and thin-film sensors in metallic structures (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 370-377 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: It is often important to acquire information such as temperature and strain values from metallic tools and structures in situ. With embedded sensors, structures are capable of monitoring parameters at critical locations not accessible to ordinary sensors. To embed sensors in the functional structures, especially metallic structures, layered manufacturing is a methodology capable of rapidly and economically integrating sensors during the production of tooling or structural components. Embedding techniques for both fiber-optic sensors and thin-film sensors have been developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410558403
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    Reducing uncertainty in low flows for bench-top wind tunnels (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 46-50 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - Bench-top wind tunnels are used extensively by the US Air Force for calibrating anemometers. As anemometers have improved, the need for reduced uncertainties in the bench-top wind tunnels was required. A three-pronged approach was used to reduce low velocity uncertainties by a factor of 2-3.Design/methodology/approach - The reduction in velocity uncertainties was achieved by upgrading the wind tunnel instrumentation that measured the pressure and differential pressure and by improving the velocity calibration of the bench-top wind tunnel. A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed to determine how much the instrumentation needed to improve. A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used to calibrate each wind tunnel at low velocities.Findings - The uncertainty analysis indicated that the main contributors to the velocity uncertainty were the differential pressure and the pressure measurements. These two process instruments were upgraded to reduce their individual uncertainties by a factor of 2. Additionally each bench-top wind tunnel was calibrated using the LDV with special emphasis on flows from 0.15-3.0?m/s. In all, nine wind tunnels were calibrated and the upgraded systems exhibited a reduction in uncertainties in the low flow region of a factor of 2-3.Originality/value - A need to reduce velocity uncertainties in bench-top wind tunnels was a requirement for the US Air Force calibration program. Upgraded instrumentation and individual calibration with an LDV provided the needed reduction. In the low flow region of 0.15 to 3.0?m/s, uncertainties were reduced by a factor of 2-3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510577834
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    Innovative date-coding technique (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 185-187 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - Describes the properties and uses of a new colour-change chemical for laser-printing of human and machine-readable data. Design/methodology/approach - Presents the characteristics and modes of application of the chemical, its advantages over the current techniques of inkjet printing and laser-marking, and a number of applications which show its distinctive features. Findings - This chemical gives faster throughput and better print clarity than existing laser scribing processes, and opens up new anti-counterfeiting techniques. Originality/value - Draws attention to an invention that will make an impact on factory date-coding procedures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510606435
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    calibrationIn situ (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To examine the possibilities for dry calibration or in situ calibration for flowmeters in the field. Design/methodology/approach - Reviews history and current situation with regard to in situ/dry calibration of flowmeters. Its acceptability for modern flowmeters is considered. Various options are considered to achieve dry calibration or in situ calibration. The possibility of action at a distance via the internet, for example, naturally follows from these developments. Findings - The paper concludes that this development is likely to be of importance to manufacturers. It will need to be addressed by certification authorities. Originality/value - The concepts will reduce the cost of calibration and the discussion should be of value to research workers, industry and government.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510606471
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    Comparing electronic probes for volumetric water content of low-density feathermoss (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 215-221 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - Feathermoss is ubiquitous in the boreal forest and across various land-cover types of the arctic and subarctic. A variety of affordable commercial sensors for soil moisture content measurement have recently become available and are in use in such regions, often in conjunction with fire-susceptibility or ecological studies. Few come supplied with calibrations suitable or suggested for soils high in organics. Aims to test seven of these sensors for use in feathermoss, seeking calibrations between sensor output and volumetric water content. Design/methodology/approach - Measurements from seven sensors installed in live, dead and burned feathermoss samples, drying in a controlled manner, were compared to moisture content measurements. Empirical calibrations of sensor output to water content were determined. Findings - Almost all of the sensors tested were suitable for measuring the moss sample water content, and a unique calibration for each sensor for this material is presented. Differences in sensor design lead to changes in sensitivity as a function of volumetric water content, affecting the spatial averaging over the soil measurement volume. Research limitations/implications - The wide range of electromagnetic sensors available include frequency and time domain designs with variations in wave guide and sensor geometry, the location of sensor electronics and operating frequency. Practical implications - This study provides information for extending the use of electromagnetic sensors to feathermoss. Originality/value - A comparison of volumetric water content sensor mechanics and design is of general interest to researchers measuring soil water content. In particular, researchers working in wetlands, boreal forests and tundra regions will be able to apply these results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510606507
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    Imaging developments benefit medical applications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 246-248 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - Reviews some of the improvements in image sensor technology that are yielding applications in the medical field. Design/methodology/approach - Discusses the characteristics and gives examples of cameras and imaging sensors used in endoscopy, microscopy, pharmaceutical label inspection and X-radiography. Reviews some innovative camera-based products for endoscopy, skin imaging and health monitoring. Findings - Improvements in camera resolution, miniaturisation and interfacing are widening the applications in medical imaging and enabling the development of some exciting new products addressing the needs of patients and medical staff. Originality/value - Identifies some suppliers of medical imaging devices and their applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510620079
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    A vision system for patient positioning in radiation therapy (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 261-270 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - The paper outlines a new approach for positioning a patient on the treatment table for radiation therapy sessions. The vision approach utilizes lasers and cameras for positioning and has several advantages over the conventional methods. Design/methodology/approach - The positioning is accomplished by comparison of a set of computed tomography (CT) contours (acquired from the patient) with a set of corresponding contours acquired by a 3D vision system from the same region of the patient's body. The overall positioning error calculated by the iterative closest point algorithm is used to reorient the treatment table. Various issues related to the acquisition and generation of the 3D spatial data are discussed. Findings - Positioning is accurate and can detect small movement in the patient's position. Research limitations/implications - Testing was done on a cast of a human torso and additional testing is required on in a hospital environment to fully test the efficiency of the approach. Practical implications - The method merges data readily available from standard CT imaging systems and 3D imaging systems. Therefore, the additional hardware requirements are minimal. The system integrates well with existing hardware, software and treatment practices. Originality/value - The method introduces a new approach to patient positioning employing a combination of sensor technologies. The approach is accurate, reliable, consumes less time and most importantly prevents the use of X-rays for patient positioning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510620114
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    Similarity-based modeling of vibration features for fault detection and identification (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 114-122 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To provide an overview of the similarity-based modeling (SBM) technology and review its application to condition monitoring of rotating equipment using features calculated from vibration sensor signals. Design/methodology/approach - Concentrates on the practical capabilities and underlying technology of SBM. Examines the effectiveness of it as an approach to detect and diagnose faults in an electric motor-driven shaft during variable speed operating conditions. Findings - The SBM is a non-parametric pattern recognition technology developed by SmartSignal that is applied generally to multivariate condition monitoring problems. A vibration sensor is monitored by first transforming the digitized time domain sensor signal into relevant features over time. These features are monitored continuously in real time to detect any discernable differences from normality. The deviations in turn, produce fault signatures in time-feature space that aid in fault diagnosis. Originality/value - Gives information on an approach that employs a multivariate similarity-based modeling technique to characterize the expected behavior of vibration signal features which enables the detection of incipient faults in rotating machinery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510585691
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    Metallic resonant strain gauges with high overload capability (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 144-147 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - This paper reports on a novel load cell and a novel torque transducer having stiffness and potential overload capability some ten times that of existing load cells and torque transducers based on the resistance strain gauges. Design/methodology/approach - Describes the practical capabilities and technology - the design, construction and characterisation. Findings - Both the load cell and the torque transducer use recently developed metallic triple beam resonators with thick-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) drives and pickups. The advantages of this technology are frequency output, high overload capability, high sensitivity, high resolution, and low-cost manufacture. Both the load cell and torque transducer output large changes in frequency (〉500?Hz for relatively low changes in strain level i.e. 〈200 microstrain for the load cell and 〈400 microstrain for the torque transducer), providing high sensitivity and high overload capability. Practical implications - Load cells and torque transducers employing the new metallic resonators are expected to be far more robust than those using metallic resistance strain gauges. Originality/value - Focuses on an instrument with important features of use in many applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510585736
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    Machine vision developments at IPOT 2005 (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 25 (2005), S. 188-191 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To draw attention to some recent developments in machine vision equipment. Design/methodology/approach - Presents advances in light emitting diode (LED) lighting, cameras and software, and gives examples of new products and their capabilities. Findings - New thermal management techniques allow LED lights to take over many machine vision illumination systems. Lights and cameras can be ruggedised to withstand wash down. Standard interfacing is being adopted for machine vision cameras. Originality/value - Highlights some new products which have applications including the food industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510606444
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    Electrochemical sensors a modern success story for an old idea (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-32 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at modern electrochemical gas sensors: they way they workand the range of gases they can detect. The largest application area is inportable gas detection equipment where the emphasis is on small size and lowpower demands. These sensors are also used for emissions monitoring,specifically from combustion sources. Concludes that portable multigasdetectors will continue to get smaller with a consequent reduction in size ofsensors and that a wider range of gas sensors will be available with advancesin electrochemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004255
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    Probes for high precision dimensional measurement (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-26 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at work carried out by The Centre for Manufacturing Metrology atBrunel University into developing new probes for high precision dimensionalmeasurement. Describes the conventional "touch-trigger" probe and theerrors in its performance. Also describes three prototype probes all based onfibre optic principles: a two dimensional Triggering Probe; a threedimensional Analogue Probe and a non-contact probe. Concludes that the2-D triggering probe is a simple construction but limited to2-D operation; the analogue 3-D is smaller in comparison withexisting types, comparable in accuracy and cheaper to manufacture, and thenon-contact probe has potential for future development with some formof "intelligent" data processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004247
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    A new age gas meter (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at the development of a new ultrasonic meter for the gas supplyindustry and explaining the transit time measurement principle on which itworks and the performance characteristics of the new meter. Concludes thatthe ultrasound gas meter could also have medical applications includinganaesthetics and hospital ward monitoring. There have been limited productionruns of the new gas meter and extensive trials are taking place in severalcountries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004254
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    Radio telemetry (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 10-15 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overview of radio telemetry, concentrating on low power,short-range systems which can be operated without equipment licences.Describes transmission mechanisms, aerials and the two main types of analoguemodulation: amplitude modulation [AM] and frequency modulation [FM].Outlines the developments in radio data links and modulation schemes, thebenefits of networks and the various methods of encoding data. Concludes thatone of the biggest problems in radio telemetry is the different regulationsacross Europe making it virtually impossible to design a transmitter that isacceptable in more than one country. However, in Europe the situation isslowly changing, with new common standards for defining, evaluating andtesting equipment coming into effect.
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    Horses for courses (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-24 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at radio frequency design relating to the expanding field of datatransmission with the arrival of purpose-made modules, particularly at418MHz. Describes the three main types of antennae to be considered at 418MHz, the vertical whip, the tuned loop and the helical. Discusses theparameters that are applied to systems of speed, distance, batteryconstraints, size, location of equipment and limited frequency allocation.Uses the example of a low power battery operated alarm system required toprovide security at a stables to show how various design problems can beovercome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004244
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    Fail safe radio remote control (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 25-26 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the basic principles of radio remote control, dealingspecifically with safety aspects, transmitters, receivers, transmittedtelegrams, the Hamming code to indicate the origination of errors, andemergency stop circuits. Concludes with the specification for DTI approval inthe UK and a list of typical applications for remote control systemsincluding cranes, ship unloaders, conveyors and ventilation fans.
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    Simple antennas (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-30 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the increasing need for simple and efficient antennas andlooks at the performance of quarter wavelength and helical antennas.Concludes the optimum performances from both antennas are ruled by the choiceof a suitable ground plane. The helical antenna is capable of producing acircularly polarized field, whereas the quarter wavelength antenna producesonly linearly polarized fields. Both types exhibit low efficiency, with thehelical antenna being less efficient owing to its short structure.
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    Development of fuzzy logic in embedded control (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 11-14 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the growth of a new technology called fuzzy logic and itssignificance for microcontroller-based embedded control solutions.Outlines the reasons for the emergence of fuzzy logic and explains themathematic principles behind fuzzy set theory. Using the example of an oventemperature control system, describes how fuzzy logic is applied to thepractical solution of a control problem rather than a conventional solution.Concludes that fuzzy logic has been used primarily in embedded controlapplication as a software-based methodology in closed-loopcontrol systems whilst a dedicated fuzzy hardware processor would optimallybe based on a parallel architecture, allowing the entire rule base to beevaluated in a parallel fashion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004241
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    Neural processing set to boost sensor technology (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-22 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the background to neural computing and the learning abilitiesof neural networks. Describes the design and operation of the NeuralInstruction Set Processor [NiSP], the world's first dedicated neural computeron a single chip. The key task performed by the NiSP, which forms the basisof most of the current applications of neural computers, is recognisingpatterns. This makes it deal for applications such as speech, vision andhandwriting recognition, biosensing to detecting intruders, and explosive anddrug identification. Ends with an example of the use of NiSP in theproduction of an intelligent vehicle sensor unit to help create a moreeffective traffic control system.
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    Supertag—stock counting off its trolley (1994)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-25 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the "Supertag" automatic identification system which is aninnovative electronic replacement for barcodes and which can also function asan anti shoplifting device. Each Supertag is a single integrated circuit chipplus a printed flat aerial. Using radio links, Supertag readers are capableof multiple identification and counting at electronic speed. Outlines thetechnical developments which brought about "electronic counting" and comparesthem with conventional RFID systems. Describes the potential used forSupertag including its ability to "read" the entire contents of a supermarkettrolley in a second, making it very attractive for use in the retailindustry.
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    PDF417 portable data files a new dimension in barcodes (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 15 (1995), S. 33-35 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines research work based on the application of coding theory andinformation theory to barcode systems design, with the aim of developing areplacement for traditional linear barcodes. The coding device needs to becheap to print and easy to read but also have the ability to store andretrieve a complete transaction file. The result of this work was PDF417, asymbol which can contain over a kilobyte of binary data or almost 2,000alphanumeric characters. Describes the key features of PDF417 and givesexamples of applications in the automotive industry, supply chaincommunications and military ID card systems. Concludes that PDF417 PortableData File technology opens the door to a wide range of important newapplication opportunities, sometimes complimenting and other times replacingthe traditional linear barcodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004261
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    KAO—vision aids floppy quality (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 15 (1995), S. 19-21 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes how a computer disk and storage media company [KAO Infosystemsof the USA]uses machine vision technology to maintain the quality of itsproducts by isolating problems and identifying ways of improving themanufacturing process. Emphasises the need to fully define applications andevaluate the technology before introducing a new element to an automationprocess and stresses the need to integrate the vision system hardware withthe plant's existing manufacturing equipment.
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    A 2-D symbology application at ups (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 15 (1995), S. 40-42 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the development of a 2-D matrix symbology and reader,designed to cope with the demands of a large parcel delivery business.Describes how the information for each parcel is encoded in atwo-dimensional array of hexagons surrounding central recognitionpatterns and discusses the technical challenge of developing a high speedconveyor belt reader. Concludes that this type of system could play animportant role in package delivery services in the future.
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    RFID enhances materials handling (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 15 (1995), S. 36-39 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes developments in radio frequency identification [RFID]techniques, using examples from existing applications in the motor industry,breweries and mail order companies. Looks at the miniaturization resultingfrom integrated circuit technology, the advantages of passive transpondersand one of the latest versions of transponder, the Multipage [M/P], a tagwhich contains the equivalent of 17 individual transponders in a single unit.Concludes that the advent of low-cost integrated RFID technology hasenabled new solutions to production problems in the materials handlingenvironment. Tagging brings improvements in efficiency, security andaccuracy by uniquely labelling units with the production process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004267
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    Recent developments in image capture for machine vision (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 15 (1995), S. 11-14 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes developments in cameras for machine vision, outlining thelimitations of cameras designed for television purposes and going on to lookat linear array and matrix-type video cameras. Examines the techniquesby which high resolution cameras achieve their results and also coversasynchronous triggering, stop-motion techniques, ways of maintainingspatial digitization, finishing with the design of lenses and geometricaldistortion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289510085534
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    RF tags overcome European hurdles (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Explains how radio frequency tagging has established itself in Australia and the USA, where 915MHz is acceptable for this purpose and pulsed power allows read distances of 7m or more to be achieved with a passive (no batteries) tag. Points out that in Europe there is no one acceptable frequency available in every country, so a pioneer Australian company has adopted 458MHz for UK use and 433MHz for Germany and some other countries. Describes some of the successful applications so far and points to future possibilities including monitoring of BSE in cattle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289610130956
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    Acousto-magnetics: stop the thief (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 19-20 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Spotlights acousto-magnetic technology and how it can be used to activate alarms (without false alarms). Assesses its suitability for reducing shop-lifting compared with Swept RF technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289610130974
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    Smart pallet system improves warehouse productivity (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 21-24 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a smart pallet system based on Texas Instruments' technology and its use in warehousing. Looks at the system's use at Unilever Italia, and concludes that it is a valuable tool for warehouse managers to speed up just-in-time orders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004280
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    Vehicle sensing gets an inflated image (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Studies safety measures in cars, such as airbags and automatic seat-belt tensioning. Provides details of how airbags function and of single-point sensing, three-point sensing, side-impact sensing and covers other developments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289610130965
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    The Smart Seat approach (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 25-30 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Observes that the provision of intelligent control is seen as the logical extension of existing seat-belt and airbag systems for passenger vehicles to optimize secondary safety performance. Demonstrates the need for discrete information about the driver/passenger in the vehicle in order to provide optimal control of seat-belt pre-tensioning; seat-belt reel-out (post-crash pulse); and air bag inflation timing and/or rate. Finds, from system modelling and statistical crash data, that such information as occupant mass and position with respect to vehicle interior and steering wheel are important parameters in the optimal control of the above integrated systems. Justifies these needs and shows that the design of a Smart Seat provides the necessary data. Explains that the design incorporates sensor systems, using a Mechatronic integrated approach.
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    Self-diagnostic gas sensors which differentiate carbon monoxide from interference gases for residential applications (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 37-39 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Highlights lessons which can be learned about residential carbon monoxide detectors. States that four types of sensor technology can be applied and points out the drawbacks of three of these. Describes the fourth technology, used in SEMDEC sensors, and discusses tests carried out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289610130992
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    Bio-chemical sensors (1996)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 16 (1996), S. 40-44 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sheds light on why there is now such a proliferation of new chemical sensors. Describes various olfactory sensors and their differing uses. Concludes that in some areas, although not as efficient as traditional methods, sensors do have some merit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289610131009
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    Digital signal processing (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 17 (1997), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Reviews the underlying principles of digital signal processing (DSP) with little recourse to mathematics. Aims to encourage experimentation to obtain a feel for the processes involved. DSP provides a powerful numeric means of extracting useful information from sensor data applied to a system. Discusses the basic concepts of such processing techniques and introduces some useful algorithms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289710163319
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    A digital data recording and playback system (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 17 (1997), S. 21-30 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a complex, high capacity, high speed digital data recording and playback system using four embedded processors running a mixture of LynxOS and task-specific assembler kernels. The system enables multi-channel asynchronous data to be recorded and reproduced with no loss of temporal fidelity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289710163328
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    Instrument calibration - a guide through the maze (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 17 (1997), S. 31-32 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Defines Certificates of Conformance, Calibration Certificates, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and National Accreditation for Measurement and Sampling (NAMAS). Shows how instrument users can be confident not only that their instruments are accurately calibrated, but also that they can be proved to be so, by using the services of NAMAS accredited laboratories.
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    Optical fibre sensing for intelligent monitoring using chromatic methodologies (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 44-48 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A brief description is given of chromatic optical fibre sensing with particular reference to the monitoring of semiconductor plasma processing. Via this particular example it is shown how such chromatic sensing forms a convenient basis for interconnecting the sensing function of fibre based devices with modern signal processing methodologies enabling intelligent monitoring systems to be assembled. The generic nature of chromatic sensing is illustrated by reference to a number of sensors for addressing different measureands and the route for extending the methodology for the intelligent monitoring of high voltage circuit breakers is indicated as an example of the wider application of the approach.
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    A new six degrees of freedom position sensor greatly improves flexible manufacturing - but will manufacturers adapt? (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Claims that manufacturing industry needs better multi-dimensional position sensors to keep pace with increased speed and capabilities of automated equipment and robots. The market for laser and vision sensors is growing at a rapid speed. However, most of the robot-mounted sensors are one-, two- or at most three-dimensional, while the robotics industry has progressed to six-axis machines, leaving a gross mismatch in its capability to perform and sense the required task. A new laser sensor described in this paper provides information on up to six degrees of position, enabling robots to sense as well as they can physically manipulate, and opening the door to vast improvements in flexible manufacturing. To expedite these improvements, the manufacturing industry should take a lead and not let an outdated norm hinder implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810796000
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    Optical metrology in manufacturing automation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 81-87 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Optical measurement sensors are increasingly available, often finding application in measurement and inspection of manufactured products. For example, theodolites and laser trackers are already used to calibrate jigs and tooling. Digital photogrammetry is used in dimensional inspection of assemblies such as aircraft wings. Such tasks demand high performance sensors with 2D and 3D capability, large working envelopes, high accuracy, low measurement latency and increased flexibility. The availability of sensors which meet and exceed such criteria is fuelling new possibilities in the manufacturing process itself. Fixed tooling may be eliminated and replaced by flexible fixturing under the control of embedded sensor systems. Sensor technology is reviewed and a novel application presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810209812
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    Photochromic ultraviolet light sensor and applications (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 176-177 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The need for a small, low cost, simple, personal UVR detector has been motivated by the growing concerns about adverse health effects induced by UV radiation. SolarTech Enterprises, LLC has developed several such photochromic detectors for UV radiation detection. Broadband detectors (290nm to 400nm) and wavelength specific detectors for UVB and UVA regions of the spectrum have all been developed by SolarTech.
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    Key to success for vision system users (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 178-182 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes an "innovation" in machine vision technology from Cognex, UK called PatMax. This is technology implemented in machine vision software that "understands" images. Describes the benefits of PatMax according to Cognex, UK.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810226390
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    Sensor controlled pyrolysis in consumer ovens (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 188-192 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis means to heat a material up to high temperatures at which its molecular structure is thermally cracked. The residues of the heated material are gases and ashes. In modern consumer ovens this method is used to clean the walls of the oven cavity. The cavity is heated up to about 480°C. At this temperature the dirt sticking on the walls is thermally cracked into gases and ashes. The approach of the system described in this paper is to estimate the quantity of dirt to be pyrolysed in the cavity. This is done by using a gas sensor. The sensor measures the concentration of the gaseous residues in the exhaust air of the oven. Evaluation of the sensor signal makes it possible to minimise the energy consumption during the process. Furthermore, the sensor can be used as a safety device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810226417
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    Magnetic field sensing utilizing GMR materials (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 230-236 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR) effect, discovered in France in 1988, has already been applied in magnetic sensors and has promise in other applications. The rapid acceptance of this technology is due to GMR's unique characteristics such as high sensitivity, good temperature stability, and excellent linearity over a wide sensing range. In this article GMR materials are described as are their application in magnetic field sensors. New GMR structures utilizing spin valves and spin dependent tunneling (SDT) will offer even more potential for expanding the horizon of solid state magnetic sensing. Comparisons are made to sensors using conventional technology. Integrated GMR sensors that have signal conditioning and output electronics monolithically integrated with the sensor offer further uses of this new technology. Beyond the sensor itself, other control system functions have the potential for using the same GMR materials to make magnetic isolators and nonvolatile memories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810240592
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  • 87
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    Oxford Sensor Technology - a story of perseverance (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the development over a period of 27 years of a novel sensor that uses the off-axis rotation of a lens to provide a circular scan of distance data. Applications include weld line tracking, waterjet cutting and many others requiring the measurement of curved and angled surfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810240600
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  • 88
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    "Spiral" sensors provide low cost position sensing (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 18 (1998), S. 242-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the development and fabrication of an inductive position sensing system based on low cost printed circuit technology. Applications include rotary, linear and 3D position sensing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289810240619
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  • 89
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    A CTFM acoustic spatial sensing technology: its use by blind persons and robots (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A binaural sonar sensor for blind persons which models the bat sonar is described. System performance with field plots are presented along with signal analysis on objects forming targets. The distal spatial resolution is little more than one wavelength at the lowest frequency of 50 kHz. The operating bandwidth is 50 kHz producing the power to discriminate between objects. Distance and direction information is obtained over a field of view of 50 degrees within one frequency sweep. Blind persons have demonstrated mobility akin to sighted mobility. This knowledge is of value in designing robots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910279120
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  • 90
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    Recognising leafy plants with in-air sonar (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 202-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Continuous Transmission Frequency Modulated (CTFM) ultrasonic sensors can be used to recognise plants. The echo from a plant is modelled as an acoustic density profile. Classification based on features extracted from the echo is more robust than classification based on the echo. Potential applications for this sensing system include landmark navigation and plant sensing for selective spraying of agricultural chemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910279139
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  • 91
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    A review of the alternating current field measurement inspection technique (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the principles of the a.c. field measurement technique, a non-contacting electromagnetic method of crack detection and sizing in metals. The development of the technique is covered, followed by examples of some of the many different applications the technique has been used for, including multi-sensor arrays for rapid manual inspection or for deployment by robotic manipulator in hazardous environments. Finally, recent work on replacing the normal multi-turn coil magnetic field sensors with newly available GMR sensors is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910279166
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  • 92
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    Real time mobile robot sonar with interference rejection (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 214-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new approach to rejecting interference between sonar systems is presented in this paper. The approach is based on identifying a transmitter by sending a double pulse with known separation. Using simple delayed pulse subtraction, a sonar receiver can test echo pulses quickly and simply for acceptance. This approach is implemented on a sonar system that is capable of accurately tracking objects at measurement rates exceeding 10 Hz. Two sonar sensors, each consisting of a transmitter and two receivers, are independently controlled to track objects from bearing and range measurements. Matched filtering is used to optimally estimate echo arrival times from which range and bearing angle are derived. Bearing accuracy is typically better than 0.1 degrees but degrades if there is air turbulence and temperature gradients. Bearing errors are shown experimentally to have significant autocorrelation at times of the order of seconds. The ability to reliably reject interference is demonstrated experimentally by both sensors simultaneously tracking the same plane object.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910279193
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  • 93
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    Automated 3D model-based free-form object recognition (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 24 (2004), S. 206-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we review the process of "3D modeling" and "model-based recognition" along with their potential industrial applications. We put a particular emphasis on the case scenario of robot grasp analysis for which 3D model-based object recognition seems to be a more palpable choice compared with the conventional tactile sensors solutions. We also put a particular emphasis on the main challenges in the areas of 3D modeling and model-based recognition and give a brief literature review of the latest research that was carried out to respond to these challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280410525995
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  • 94
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    Online focus control sensor for laser welding offers improved reliability without process intrusion (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A robust and non-intrusive focus control system for laser welding has been developed under a collaboration between GSI Lumonics (Rugby) and Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, as part of the Laser Engineering for Manufacturing Applications Programme (LEMA), funded by EPSRC. It uses the light generated by the process, together with the chromatic aberrations of the focusing optics to determine the focal position of the laser relative to the workpiece. Successful closed loop operation has been demonstrated over a wide range of welding conditions, including different materials and laser powers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910294628
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  • 95
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    Application of SpectraScan tunable diode laser instruments to fugitive emissions (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 19 (1999), S. 278-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The advantages of lasers over broad-band light sources for spectroscopic measurements have long been recognized. Laser techniques offer the ability to measure the concentrations of trace species in a gas stream in "real time" with sensitivity and molecular selectivity not possible with broad band spectroscopic techniques. Until recently, the use of laser-based instruments has been largely limited to laboratory or one-of-a-kind devices. However, the increased availability of solid-state tunable diode lasers, recent advancements in fiber optic coupling and advanced signal processing have made it possible to develop instruments that offer customers enabling technology at an affordable price. Spectrum Diagnostix has developed a family of tunable diode laser-based instruments used in a variety of applications including: fugitive release detection of HF and H2S in the refining and petrochemical industries, stack monitoring, and using extractive sample probe, in situ process control. SpectraScan instruments obtain their high sensitivity and chemical selectivity utilizing a technique known as wavelength modulated spectroscopy. Described simply, a near infra-red diode laser's wavelength is scanned rapidly and repeatedly through a molecular absorption line. A photodetector senses the instantaneous fraction of emitted laser power that is transmitted through the chemical bearing gas. Measurement of the relative amplitudes of offline to online transmission yields a precise value of the quantity of chemical along the laser beam's path. The amplitude modulated signals are then detected using established radio receiver and signal processing techniques. The SpectraScan monitors are designed for permanent installation in harsh industrial and petrochemical environments and are approved for Class I, Division 2 hazardous area use. Describes the SpectraScan instruments, their field applications, and reviews operating data compiled from open path measurements of HF in refineries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602289910296455
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    Optical fibre strain sensing for practical structural load monitoring (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes state-of-the-art optical technology, employing Bragg gratings, which has been used to develop an Optical Fibre Strain Sensing System. This system is capable of providing actual strain and temperature information for new and existing structures. The sensors, written into the core of standard single mode optical fibre, are embedded into the composite material, or surface bonded on to the structure for load monitoring. The system can be used as a design tool for engineers, for composite cure-monitoring, setting up of rigs etc., or can be used as a health monitoring tool to periodically monitor loading of bridges, buildings and pipelines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010319187
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    Signature analysis system: new technology to enhance quality in manufacturing (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 120-126 
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    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The demands for ever improving quality coupled with requests for constant cost reductions have never been as great as they are today. Technology has a major role to play in terms of providing improved measurement instrumentation and process control systems to enable today's manufacturers to supply tomorrow's improved products. Signature analysis, although used extensively in the R&D laboratories for many years now, is relatively new at the shopfloor level in manufacturing and assembly facilities as these systems tended to be quite expensive and not sufficiently easy to use. This article introduces the latest advances in signature analysis, specifically for the demanding environments of the assembly plant, and makes reference to real-world applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010319196
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  • 98
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    Acoustic gas sensor with ppm resolution (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Acoustic sensors based on the well-known relation between sound velocity and mean molecular mass are suggested for the determination of small concentrations of "pollutants", such as CO2, in air. The theoretical basis for high resolution is outlined, and a basic design is presented, together with experimental results. Sound velocity is measured continuously at high resolution in an oscillator controlled by the acoustic transit time between a transmitter/receiver pair operating in the 40kHz range. The static error band is better than +/-3 per cent of full scale, response time less than two minutes, and short-term resolutions of 0.3 ppm rms, and 3 ppm rms have been obtained in terms of frequency and CO2 concentration, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010319231
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  • 99
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    Conoscopic 3D measurement system (2000)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 20 (2000), S. 202-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the conoscopic laser sensor, three axis scanning system and software required to reverse engineer a complex 3D surface and produce code for a CNC milling machine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010372331
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  • 100
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    A broad beam Doppler speed sensor for automotive applications (2001)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 21 (2001), S. 28-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: On-board absolute speed sensors would be very useful in automotive applications in order to perform the measurement of the speed independently of the wheel rotation. Narrow beam Doppler sensors give a good accuracy but only operate if there is a reflecting obstacle in the antenna footprint on the road. Broad beam Doppler sensors have the advantage of offering a higher probability of getting a reflected wave, but they require multiple frequencies. A novel sensor is presented. It uses a single frequency emission, which leads to low cost devices. Simulations and measurements have been carried out which show that it is particularly well adapted to high-risk situations, for instance icy or very wet road surfaces, when only a few reflecting obstacles are present. In such situations, the accuracy of the measurement is typically of the order of 0.5 per cent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280110380566
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