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  • Articles  (736)
  • Emerald  (736)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (736)
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  • Articles  (736)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat-resistant anticorrosive paints based on Egyptian manganese ore (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Describes a study undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of heat-resistant paint formulations based on Egyptian manganese ore. Highly efficient heat-resistant paint formulations based on Egyptian manganese ore (high and medium grades) and silicon resin were prepared. The heat-resistance efficiency, as well as the physico-mechanical properties of the painted films were evaluated. Promising results were deduced which revealed that manganese ore imparts heat resistance protection for painted substrate up to 450°C. The anticorrosive properties of the mentioned paint formulations were moderate but their efficiency as heat resistant anticorrosive paint was improved by adding 1 per cent of melamine to the paint constituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710157223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The paint shop in the year 2000 (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the year 2000 as a benchmark, reviews the present position of the paint shop. In particular assesses the paint shop's reaction to change, for example change due to increased environmental awareness. Goes on to profile the present UK paint shop industry and the influences which are likely to enforce change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710796792
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Waterborne UV/EB curing systems (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Posits that, because of environmental awareness and concern for our surroundings, we should be using more friendly technologies such as radiation curing and waterborne systems instead of solvent-based formulas. The market is getting bigger for these "friendly" systems and discusses here the pros and cons of this. Concludes that a broad range of new applications is available and reduced environmental pollution, safer maintenance and higher product performance are the desired norms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710168708
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advances in powder coating technology for automotive applications (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Powder coatings are well established as a finishing technique in the automotive component market worldwide. These coatings offer benefits such as toughness and chip resistance. As the performance demands on powder coatings have increased then powder has continually risen to the challenge. Flexible coatings are supplied for brake tubing, machinable coatings for engine blocks and a new class of advanced durability powder offering resistance to five years of Florida weathering has recently been introduced. The new class of advanced durability powders offer significant advantages over most paint finishes for exterior durability while retaining all the traditional performances and application advantages of powder coatings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710174134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Moisture-curing reactive polyurethane hot-melt adhesives (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 300-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Describes the formulation of a hot-melt polyurethane reactive (HMPUR) adhesive that is cured by moisture. Looks at the advantages of hot-melt adhesives in general and reactive ones in particular. Further examines the properties of strength, resistance and flexibility for moisture curing reactive PUR hot melts and considerations in their use such as moisture availability, application equipment and thermal degradation. Finally, gives examples of real applications for HMPUR adhesives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710177690
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment/dispersant interactions in water-based coatings (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various types of ionic and non-ionic dispersants have been classified by their ability to stabilise titanium dioxide pigment suspensions in water. It was found that some non-ionic dispersants produced suspensions that exhibited full steric stabilisation as opposed to electrosteric stabilisation that occurs with ionic dispersants. A high level of steric stabilisation was found to relate to greater flocculation resistance in both the wet and dry phases, which can result in improved paint stability and higher opacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810227341
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Nordtest method shows contamination on surfaces (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 304-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure described in a new Nordtest method NT POLY 176 has been shown to determine relatively easily whether or not a surface is clean. One simply applies a well-chosen droplet of liquid and observes whether or not it spreads. If it spreads the surface can be considered clean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810237340
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment dispersion degree and its evolution in storage (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 298-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current size of individual particles in most pigments is usually below 1µm; this ensures powerful forces of attraction causing the particles to cling to one another forming aggregates. If pigment dispersion stability is not appropriate, particles join again and form flocculates. It is important to know the initial degree of dispersion, its evolution during coating storage and the influence on its dry film anticorrosive properties. Several anticorrosive coatings were formulated starting from an epoxy resin as binder, tin tannates as inhibitor and a red iron oxide-micronised talc mixture as inert pigment. Variables studied were pigment dispersion time and coating ageing time in storage. The degree of dispersion was determined by optical photomicroscopy to establish the shape and size of associated particles present in the system. The flow properties of anticorrosive coatings due to the different dispersion degree were evaluated through rheological tests. Coating film behaviour was also assessed for several dispersion times and ageing periods in laboratory, employing a salt spray (fog) cabinet and a 100 per cent relative humidity chamber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810237322
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-layer paint: the fire problem (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 361-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Considers the problems faced by the paints used in multi-occupancy dwellings in the event of fire. Examines the importance of adhesion properties of paint films. Gives details of a range of flame retardant coatings manufactured by Bollom Fire Protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810246944
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of paper sheets with different resins (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Presents findings from a study of the effects of treating unbleached bagasse paper sheets with different resin solutions. Unbleached kraft bagasse paper sheets were treated with different resin solutions such as nitrocellulose, melamine formaldehyde, silicone, short and medium alkyd resin and the physico-mechanical properties of the modified paper sheets were tested. The strength properties of treated paper sheets were highly improved especially in the case of treatment with melamine formaldehyde and silicone resin solutions. The effect of dipping time of paper sheets in different concentrations of resin solution on the strength properties was also investigated. Physico-mechanical properties of thermally treated modified paper sheets with resins were also clarified. Concludes that promising results in the improvement of insulation of treated paper sheets with resin are obtained by studying the dielectric-electric properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710157232
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of starch ethers using the dry process: carbamoylethyl and cyanoethyl starches and their copolymeric products with acrylamide/acrylonitrile mixture (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 88-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Carbamoylethyl starch (CrES) and cyanoethyl starch (CES) were prepared by making use of the concept of the dry process under conditions which were developed to form the bases of environmentally sound (clean) technology. The obtained CrES and CES were saponified using alcoholic NaOH solution. The CrES and CES along with their saponified products were further modified by subjecting them to graft polymerization with Aam/AN mixture. Saponification of the so-obtained grafted substances was also carried out. Presents the findings of these investigations which are explained in terms of structural changes in the starch, the -CN and CONH2 groups, the Aam/AN polymeric graft and the site of attachment of the latter on the modified starch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710161688
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Freeze-thaw stability of epoxy resin emulsions (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Epoxy resin emulsions are used in water-based coatings for surface protection of concrete and metal. An unfortunate drawback for most emulsions is their poor freeze-thaw stability. Epoxy emulsions are indeed unstable below 0°C, -5°C or -10°C, depending on the type of resin. In this study, other factors capable of influencing the freeze-thaw behaviour were investigated: e.g. solids content, amount and type of emulsifiers, solvents, protective colloids. Discusses methods for testing the quality of thawed emulsions as well as the physics involved in their destabilization. Freeze-thaw performance can be improved by different means but mostly not without sacrificing resistance properties of the coating. Therefore, avoiding temperatures below 0°C is still the best advice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710168717
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of radiant heat transfer in the curing of coatings on complex geometries and problematic substrates (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Details the use of infrared energy as a heat transfer mechanism to products that would not normally be regarded as candidates for this form of heating. Work undertaken between Eastern Electricity and Heraeus Noblelight to determine the benefits of infrared in combination with convective heat transfer applied to the curing of electrophoretic coatings on automotive body shells is given to illustrate complex geometric structures. Uses infrared heating applied to the curing of coatings on wooden substrates to highlight problematic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710174125
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyurethane dispersions for adhesive applications (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 296-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discusses the manufacture of polyurethane dispersions. States that excellent properties (including good early green strength, high ultimate bond strength, good open time, good adhesion to a variety of substrates, high heat resistance, low heat activation temperature, ability to be blended with other water based polymers and additives) can be obtained with lower environmental impact than for solvent-based adhesives. Discusses how price/performance can be improved through the addition of less expensive resins. Outlines major applications for polyurethane dispersions in automotive, furniture and footwear industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710177672
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron as the colouring impurity in bisphenol A (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 308-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Investigates the direct relationship between iron contamination of bisphenol A and its colour. Discusses the possibility of electrochemical migration of the metal impurity from installation material into reaction medium during the synthesis. Also suggests reducing the reaction time despite the less concentrated product obtained, especially since a better quality bisphenol A can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710177735
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advanced colour matching theory (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 6-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Traditionally, computer colour matching systems have employed the Kubelka-Munk algorithms. This approach makes many assumptions which do not hold true when colour matching in non-hiding applications such as printing inks, plastics and woodstains. A many flux mathematical model has been proven to give accurate colour matches across all regions of optical density. The GretagMacbeth ProPalette™ colour matching software employs this many flux approach; allowing the user to obtain a higher percentage of first time matches for transparent, translucent and opaque colours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810194320
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colloidal and film properties of carboxylated acrylic latices - effect of surfactant concentration (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of amount of conventional surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate in the synthesis of carboxylated acrylic latices prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization method were investigated. The properties considered were particle size and colloidal stability by addition of sodium chloride solution, on the latex system and water sorption, tensile strength at break and elongation, on latex films. It was found that the surfactant concentration had an important effect on the above mentioned properties. The particle size decreases with increasing surfactant concentration and the colloidal stability has a maximum value. The critical coagulation concentration value found in this work, seems to indicate an additional stabilisation of latex particles, due to a steric factor. The water uptake and the mechanical behaviour of latex films are affected considerably when SDS concentration rises. In conclusion, depending on the final use of latex, there is an optimal surfactant concentration for which the properties are appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810194410
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical noise measurement for evaluating anti-corrosive paints (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 168-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to outline the electrochemical noise method as a way of evaluating quickly (screening) coatings formulations in the laboratory. The standard configuration requires two test specimens and a reference electrode. Equipment is relatively inexpensive and is computer controlled. Data analysis is quite simple but to improve accuracy some treatment of the plots may be necessary. Some previously published results for application to water-borne coatings both intact and when scratched are reproduced here to illustrate the method. Comparison has been made with DC techniques. Application of the method to detached coatings is included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810218684
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new pigment to be used in combination with zinc dust in zinc-rich anti-corrosive paints (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zinc-rich paints (ZRP) are considered to be an important technological development for corrosion protection. The percentage of zinc corroded during the cathodic protection stage of zinc-rich coatings is relatively small in comparison with the initial total zinc content. This fact, together with the relatively high cost of zinc, the desire to avoid some interferences with the welding process, and the sedimentation of the zinc dust in cans, are some of the reasons to search for co-pigments (extenders) in ZRP formulas. In the paper the anti-corrosive performance of ZRP formulas including a new conductive inorganic co-pigment of low specific density (SVUOM) are shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810218594
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of driers on film properties of alkyd resin (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 378-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reports on a comprehensive study of the effects of different driers on film properties of alkyd resin. The driers selected for study were calcium naphthanate and the octoates of cobalt, manganese, lead and zirconium. The properties studied were hardness, adhesion, flexibility, film formation, skinning tendency, water and acid resistance, viscosity and drying time. Concludes that driers not only dry coatings (paints, varnishes, resigns, inks) but have significant effect on the film properties. Infers that a combination of manganese, lead and zirconium can be used as the most promising drier system for better coating properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710191351
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkyd emulsion paints: properties, challenges and solutions (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 12-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the properties of paints based on alkyd emulsion are discussed and they are divided into four categories. Colloidal stability of water based paints is predominantly governed by osmotic and electrostatic repulsion of both the binder and the pigment particles. The rheological behaviour of paints based on binder dispersions should be optimised by using thickeners with the proper mix of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymeric segments. Stability of drying properties of alkyd emulsion paints upon storage can be strongly improved by preventing the use of ketoximes as anti-skinning agents and by selecting the proper driers. Properties of the dried paints depend strongly on the process of film formation. The protective and aesthetical quality of films based on binder dispersions is governed by the key parameters of the resin that is within the droplets; viscosity, miscibility and the ability of the binder to undergo crosslinking. To obtain the total package of desired properties of water based paints it is necessary that all of the paint components are adjusted to each other. This can only be done if the companies that develop and market the raw materials work closely together. The use of fundamental knowledge in such co-makerships results in better and faster developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810194401
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicates of green colour - highly dispersed pigments (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The technique is presented for obtaining green pigments in the reaction of precipitation from sodium metasilicate solution and from chromium (III) salts. Sulphates and chlorides of chromium (III) as well as chromium sulphates from the tanning industry refuses were applied. The studies were directed to obtain pigments of the following composition: xCr2O3 ySiO2 zH2O. Basic conditions of precipitation process, filtration and drying of silicate pigments were established. Moreover, principal physicochemical parameters of the precipitated pigments were evaluated as well as the size and morphology of pigment particles being estimated by electron microscopy. The performed physicochemical studies aimed also at determining suitability of the pigments as fillers and carriers in oil paints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810203374
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technological development of water-based packaging inks for gravure printing (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 99-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In Graz, Austria, the European Rotogravure Association (ERA) held a conference where several companies presented new developments in the printing industry including the latest developments in the field of water-based ink systems. This paper discusses water-based inks for gravure printing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810693489
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abcite, new generation coatings for corrosion protection (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corrosion protection has long relied on a number of wet or dry processes including PVC, polyurethane, thermosetting polymer and thermoplastic coatings. Each of these have weaknesses, either in the level of protection provided, durability, cost, or ease of application. The introduction of DuPont's Abcite ethylene acid copolymer coating represents a major technology breakthrough as it offers a combination of properties with many advantages for a very wide range of applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810218549
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Lignin from waste black liquors - II: different lignins in phenol formaldehyde resin (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lignin precipitated from different black liquors wasted from the cooking of rice straw, bagasse and cotton stalks, to produce pulp and paper, can replace phenol by up to 40 per cent in phenol formaldehyde resin. The properties of the resin produced from bagasse lignin formaldehyde are nearly the same as when the resin IS produced from phenol formaldehyde. Replacement of phenol by lignin in phenol formaldehyde resin has an economical effect and reduces the pollution caused by draining black liquor into rivers and streams. The properties of the resin produced from rice straw lignin are lower than resin from bagasse and cotton stalk lignin. The effect of increasing the content of lignin in the resin on the resin properties was studied. The effect of polymerization time and temperature on the resin properties is also clarified. The molecular structure of the lignins used plays an important role on the properties of the phenol lignin formaldehyde produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910267571
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  • 26
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    Coating curing - the role of infrared (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article describes the background to the widespread application of infrared radiation as a curing technique for paints and coatings, from its origins in the 1930s to the present day. It explains the mechanism of infrared and elaborates on some of the developments which have been made in the technology, especially in terms of control and response. The benefits of infra-red drying and curing are further illustrated by reference to case studies demonstrating infrared in action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910280756
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  • 27
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    Properties of precipitated silicas, modified with 3-amino-propyltriethoxysilane as semi-finished product for preparation of pigments (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 270-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Surface of precipitated silica was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The optimum solvent was selected, in which the silane coupling agent was deposited on silica surface. Basic physicochemical properties of the modified silica were estimated. Methods of evaluating silica surface modification extent were presented, taking advantage first of all of its altered hydrophilicity and of differences in condensation extent of surface silanol groups. The modified silica was used as adsorbent capable of trapping water soluble organic amines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910294319
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    Studies on the particulation and percolation in ultrafine ceramic reinforced barrier layers (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discusses the particulation of organic barrier layers, based on laboratory-bench data, obtained from the exposure of painted panels in low, high or neutral pHelectrolytes. It also discusses their compatibility with the succeeding and preceding layers and the galvanic interactions at the layer substrate interfaces. Aspects like substrate effect, leaching of the micaceous iron powder, role of high temperature and hydrodynamic disturbances and distribution of ultrafine particulates have been highlighted using potential versus time plot, AAS data, and galvanic current measurements and XRD analysis. Exposure tests conducted under ambient conditions and under very strong hydrodynamic disturbances, revealed superior properties of the SiC particulated epoxy based barrier layers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010317843
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  • 29
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    Improvement of the water resistance of poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion wood adhesive (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 152-158 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four different approaches were taken to improve the water resistance of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) emulsion adhesives. The improved wood adhesives were tested according to the ISO 9020 standard. Tensile storage modulus (E') and glass transition temperature of the polymer films were measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis to quantify the influence of different approaches on those variables. Gel fraction and swelling ratio of the polymer film were measured to evaluate internal crosslink density. The experimental results showed that blending melamine/urea/formaldehyde (MUF) resin with PVAc emulsions modified the water resistance considerably and the film had a high E' since an interpenetrating network-type structure was formed in the polymer. The advantages and limitations of each modification were assessed on the basis of comparison of the results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010334303
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    Curing and film properties of palm stearin alkyds (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 283-292 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reports the effects of composition and curing temperature on the film properties of three water reducible enamels prepared from palm stearin alkyds. The properties studied were hardness, flexibility, and adhesion. While all the formulations exhibit excellent adhesion, generally increasing the melamine content and curing temperature can increase the hardness but reduce the resistance to cracking and deformation of the coating. Applies Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) to the study of the curing reactions. Finds that FTIR is able to identify the predominant cross-linking reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910294337
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    Surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for zinc pigment (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 279-282 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A lamellar zinc pigment reacts in aqueous alkaline media (e.g. water-borne paints) with the evolution of hydrogen. This corrosion reaction can be inhibited by certain surfactants. The most important structural part of the examined surfactants is the hydrophilic group; only anionic phosphate or phosphonate hydrophilic groups are effective corrosion inhibitors. Surfactants with carboxylate, sulfonate, amphoteric, cationic and non-ionic hydrophilic groups are ineffective. There seems to be also an influence of the hydrophobic group of the surfactants because a partial ester of phosphoric acid with a fluorinated hydrophobic group was the most effective corrosion inhibitor in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910294328
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    Wood adhesives from peanut skin tannin-formaldehyde resins modified with phenols (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Peanut skin tannin extract-formaldehyde condensates were modified with resorcinol and cashew nut shell liquid. The copolymer resins formed were used as thermosetting and cold-setting exterior grade wood adhesives for Sapele veneer panels. Results obtained showed that, on addition of paraformaldehyde, the resins modified with resorcinol cured at ambient temperatures while those modified with cashew nut shell liquid cured at higher temperatures. The bonded panels developed strength and durability satisfying the requirements of International Standard Specification for phenolic resin adhesives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910294346
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    Interaction of resins and metal pigments in water-borne printing inks (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 203-209 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In aqueous alkaline ink media aluminium pigments react with the evolution of hydrogen, whereas the more noble copper and brass pigments react by the absorption of oxygen, which can be measured gas-volumetrically. These different corrosion reactions can be inhibited with addition of certain binders for printing inks, such as styrene-maleic acid resins, maleic resins and to some extent styrene-acrylate resins. So, certain ink resins inhibit corrosion reactions of different noble metal pigments in a reducing hydrogen atmosphere (aluminium) as well as in an oxidizing oxygen atmosphere (copper and brass). The overall best resin is that with the lowest acid number. Atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements showed that a lower acid number pruduces a lower solubility of copper and zinc in the medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110402676
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    UV-radiation curing chemistry (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 278-286 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: UV-radiation curing has become a well accepted technology which has found its main applications in the coating industry, the graphic arts and microelectronics. The liquid to solid phase change proceeds within a fraction of a second on intense illumination at ambient temperature. The kinetics of such ultrafast polymerization have been followed in situ by real-time infrared spectroscopy. This technique proved well suited to assess the performance of the various constituents of a UV-curable formulation (photoinitiator, monomer, functionalized oligomer) from measurements of the actual polymerization rate and of the final cure extent. The photopolymerization of both radical-type (acrylates) and cationic type (epoxides, vinyl ethers) monomers has been examined, as well as that of monomer blends. Interpenetrating polymer networks have been synthetized by photocrosslinking of a hybrid acrylate/epoxide system which generates a hard and scratch-resistant polymer material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110404593
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    Heat build up testing of coloured steel panels: laboratory report for Jotun A/S (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 310-319 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of painted steel panels ranging in colour from white to black have been assessed for heat build up under the Australian summer sun. The heat build up in these panels varied considerably. Two different laboratory techniques were investigated for prediction of exterior heat build up in painted substrate. Both techniques proved to have some potential, in particular the second technique involving reflectance measurements in the region of 2,400-2,500nm. The work has also shown that a fairly good correlation exists between CIE L value and exterior heat build up in painted substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005993
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    The effect of zirconium oxide and quartz pigments on the heat and corrosion resistance properties of the silicone based coatings (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 10-15 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Silicone resin based protective coatings are generally used for high temperature applications. In this work, anti-corrosive and heat resistant properties of titanium dioxide, mica, zirconium oxide and quartz combination pigments with silicone resin as carrier vehicle in primer and top coat for mild steel surface have been evaluated. Promising results were obtained, showing that the ceramic pigments (zirconium oxide and quartz) impart heat-resistance protection for steel substrate up to 370°. Electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy, immersion studies and salt spray test results show good corrosion protection for the steel surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010309059
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    FT-IR spectroscopic studies on degradation of lac resin - part I: thermal degradation (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies the thermal degradation of lac resin by FT-IR spectroscopic techniques to determine functional group changes occurring in the degradative process. Compares FT-IR spectra of lac during different stages of thermal degradation; observes no indication of inter-esterification or dehydration from spectroscopic data, as proposed by earlier workers on the basis of wet chemical methods. Unequivocally concludes that inter-etherification (dioxolanation) and hydroperoxidation reactions are much more likely to occur during the thermal degradation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010309068
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    Use of unconventional oils in surface coatings: blends of alkyd resins with epoxy esters (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 82-87 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The alkyd resin of short oil length with low acid value was modified with novolac-based epoxy esters, prepared by using tobacco seed oil fatty acids. The prepared blends were cured using an aliphatic amine as curing agent. The films of cured resins were applied over various panels and their film characteristics were studied. It was found that the scratch hardness and corrosion resistance increased with the increase of epoxy esters in the blend. The chemical resistance was also studied and found to be better with increasing epoxy esters in the blends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010317825
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    Synthetic reaction of rosin-modified phenolic resin for offset inks (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The synthetic reaction of rosin-modified phenolic resin used as a vehicle for offset inks was studied. The two-step synthetic process to feed resol by dropping was adopted to control the formation of methylene quinone, which was derived from the dehydration of hydroxymethyl phenol. The methylene quinone could react with rosin and vegetable oil to form dibenzopyran cyclic product by Diels-Alder reaction. The dibenzopyran cyclic product was favourable for raising the molecular weight and the mineral oil tolerance of the modified resin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010317834
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    Anticorrosive performance of organic coatings on steel surfaces exposed to deionized water (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 206-215 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four different organic systems, containing either vinyl acetate resins or epoxy resins were applied on steel pretreated specimens exposed to deionized and deaerated water taken from the installations of the Public Greek Electricity Company. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, dielectric measurements and visual observations after salt spray test were performed for monitoring the changes of the organic systems characteristics at predetermined exposure time in the deionized - deaerated water. All four coating systems found providing protection on steel surfaces. The classification of their performance depends mainly on the composition of the primer, as well as, on the intrinsic characteristics of the other layers. Thus the system consisting of epoxy primer with zinc dust, epoxy high build layer and a two component epoxy paint with iron oxide is the one exhibiting the highest protection efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210432393
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    A kinetic study in emulsion polymerization of polyurethane-acrylate hybrids (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyurethane (PU) anionomer having 2-ethoxymethacrylate terminal groups was prepared in a methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate mixture as a reactive diluent, following a prepolymer mixing process. This prepolymer-acrylic monomer mixture was chain extended in a water/surfactant solution using different dispersion speeds. Stability tests of PU-acrylic monomer dispersions before polymerization were performed at different temperatures by following the particle size evolution. After the dispersion process the kinetics of batch emulsion polymerization at 70°C using different concentrations of initiator was investigated. Data are compared with published results of batch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate. The effect of triethylamine, used in the prepolymer synthesis, on the emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers was also studied. The kinetic results indicate that during emulsion polymerization of PU acrylic mixture, some coagulation takes place, mainly due to changes in ionic strength of the medium, before stable latex particles are formed. The presence of the PU prepolymer seems not to affect the kinetics of batch copolymerization of methyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate monomers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210442301
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    Application of water-borne binders to anticorrosive coatings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 357-364 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with comparison of aqueous polymer dispersions from the point of view of the application thereof to anticorrosive primers. The corrosion tests performed with the coatings formulated on various water-borne binders indicate considerable differences in the protective coating function. The differences in binders are given by the chemical composition and also by the sizes of polymeric particles forming the binder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210449052
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    Advancing powder coating formulations to meet new performance requirements (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 108-113 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Powder coatings were originally product led, depending entirely on the resins available (epoxy, epoxy polyester). Now more market led coatings are required for specific properties for certain applications. In Europe powder coatings have gained more share of the general industrial paint market and there has been a move away from TGIC during the last two years. Low temperature resins are now more popular and superdurable resins give extended durability. Deals particularly with speciality finishes.
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    Application of spinel pigments in anticorrosive heat-resistant coatings (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 164-172 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The anticorrosion protection of metal using organic coatings destined for applications at temperatures in a range of 200-500°C is a specific problem, both from the binder base and appropriate anticorrosive pigment points of view. A prospective and efficient solution is provided by using anticorrosive spinel-type pigments. The stability of spinel-like compounds consists of the stabilities of their compositions and structures, which manifest themselves in the stability of physicochemical structures thereof, also in constancies of color and application properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010334321
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    Progress in coating systems for use on overhead line towers (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 222-228 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Evaluates the use of water-based coating systems for industrial construction maintenance, as compared to the traditional, but more environmentally hazardous, solvent-based systems. Concludes that, when an appropriate system is chosen, the performance of water-based systems stands up to comparison with that of their conventional solvent-based equivalents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010339344
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    Effect of silane coupling agents on properties of sodium-aluminium silicate P-820 (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 277-288 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies on the surface modification of sodium-aluminium silicate P-820 using silane coupling agents are described. The best modifiers were selected, which induced a change of the silicate surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. Physicochemical analyses of the modified silicate were performed. The methods of evaluating silicate surface modification degree were presented. The degree of hydrophobization of silicate surface was determined by a calorimetric method. Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) was used to determine the degree of condensation of the silicate surface silanol groups. Studies on morphology and microstructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. Attempts were made to apply the unmodified and modified sodium-aluminium silicate P-820 as filler and pigment in silicate and dispersion paints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010353500
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    Low-cost multipurpose coatings from alkyd-ketonic blends (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 344-349 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reports a comprehensive study of the effects of blend ratios (aliphatic alkyd and cyclohexanone formaldehyde resins) on coating properties. Solvent and drier systems used for preparation of blends are also included in the present work. The properties studied were hardness, adhesion, flexibility, gloss, storage stability, impact resistance, chemical resistance and drying time. A blend ratio of 50:50 (w/w) aliphatic alkyd-ketonic resins showed a significant improvement in adhesion, hardness, gloss, storage stability and acid resistance.
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    Corrosion inhibition of aluminium and zinc pigments by copolymers (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 6-12 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aluminium and zinc pigments corrode in aqueous alkaline paint media with the evolution of hydrogen. Maleic acid-styrene-acrylic ester copolymers were synthesized by copolymerisation of maleic acid anhydride, styrene and different (meth)acrylic esters. Three acrylic esters (ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl) and two methacrylic esters (n-dodecyl, n-octadecyl) were used; the copolymers with long-chain acrylic esters are amphiphilic. Additionally, a commercial (non-amphiphilic) styrene-maleic acid copolymer (SMA) with similar molecular mass and acid number was tested. The corrosion reaction of aluminium and zinc pigments in aqueous alkaline media can be inhibited by addition of these copolymers. But aluminium and zinc pigments react completely differently with the examined copolymers. With addition of the amphiphilic maleic acid-styrene-acrylic ester copolymers to aluminium pigment dispersions the evolved hydrogen volumes decrease with increasing chain-length of the acrylate monomer in the copolymers, whilst with zinc pigment the hydrogen volumes increase, which is just the opposite compared with aluminium. Furthermore, there exist mathematical correlations between the number of carbon atoms of the ester alcohol of the acrylate monomer in the copolymers and the hydrogen volumes evolved.
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    Formulation and characterisation of anticorrosive paints (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 33 (2004), S. 99-104 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Styrene-acrylic resin paints having a pigment volume concentration of 31 per cent and consisting of a constant level of ethylene glycol, titanium oxide, water, rheological agent, inhibitor and defoamer and variable levels of dispersant (x), anticorrosion pigment (y) and wollastonite (z) were prepared. Such emulsion paints were applied to the flat carbon steel test panels. The dried paint films were subjected to various standard anticorrosion tests. The results obtained showed different types of relationship between the anticorrosive behaviour of the paints and variables x, y and z. The antifouling properties of the paint films were obtained through corrosion tests in a marine-industrial environment at ambient temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420410524911
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    Self-stratifying coatings for industrial applications (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 300-306 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the self-stratifying coatings concept, which is a tool to formulate film-forming compositions based on incompatible polymer blends capable of producing coatings having polymer/polymer composite structures and outstanding performance in a number of application fields. The self-stratifying concept is applicable to waterborne, solvent-based and powder coatings, requiring specific formulations and frequently also conditions of application and film formation. Micro-heterogeneous and non-homogeneous-in-layer (or ultimately double-layer) film structures obtained by one-coat application of a single coating composition render considerable enhancement in coatings properties (mechanical, protective etc.) particularly various surface/interfacial properties (e.g. scratch-resistance, mar-resistance and adhesion durability, etc.).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310497445
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    Synthesis and characterisation of new coumarin derivatives as ultraviolet absorbers (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 326-330 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novel coumarines having an ester group in position 4 had been prepared via a new methodology utilising ylides. Such a new method made it possible to prepare a new class of bis coumarines. The new coumarins derivative obtained showed good UV absorption properties in the range of 250-410?nm making them good UV absorbers of commercial potential.
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    Preparation of and photo- and electroluminescence characteristics of ZnS:Cu phosphor (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 358-363 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: ZnS:Cu phosphors were prepared by co-precipitating Cu along with ZnS using H2S and thiourea. Phosphors giving luminescence at around 530?nm were prepared. The difference in the characteristic properties among the samples prepared appeared to be due to the formation of nanoparticles during the preparation of the samples by different methods.
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    Fire retardant unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with fiberglass (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 114-120 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fire retardant materials made of unsaturated polyester resin containing different halides and antimony trioxide were studied. In the present work the addition of a substance rich in halogen such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and antimony trioxide Sb2O3 to the composite made of unsaturated polyester and fiberglass as a reinforced material has been studied. The addition of fire retardant material (PVC) and (Sb2O3) enhanced the fire retardancy of the product with remarkable low effect on the mechanical properties of the products. The electrical properties of the products are studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110384686
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    Corrosion behaviour of steel with a polymeric coating in sea-water (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 234-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the behaviour of a soluble resin coating on a steel substrate was carried out by open circuit potential and electrochemical techniques. Exposure conditions were with artificial sea-water and natural sea-water. The anticorrosion properties of the soluble resin material and its protection of the steel panel from marine corrosion were estimated by comparison with the untreated steel. The weight effect of the film coating and the temperature of the media were also studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110402667
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    Physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings, subjected to accelerated ageing, of mixes of propellants with polymers (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A scheme for manufacturing lacquers from mixes of waste single-base propellants with halogen-containing polymers is proposed. Examines the physical and mechanical characteristics (decrease of mass of coating, hardness, adhesion, and impact strength) of created coatings subjected to accelerated ageing, by two methods. Compares and analyses results obtained in testing. Results show that coatings from mixes of propellants with polymers are more stable than conventional nitrocellulose lacquers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005634
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    Methods of theoretical study of branched structures: comparative analysis (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For numerical treatment of resin-containing systems and forecasting of their properties, certain models of branching are needed. In this review, existing theoretical models of systems containing branched structures (polymers, aggregates, etc.) are analyzed and compared. The criteria of selection of the optimal theoretical model comprise chemical and physical problems available for solution, simplicity of such solution, connection between theoretically forecasted and experimental results, and the time needed for computing. It is concluded that, according to these criteria, the optimal (between existing models) is the statistical polymer method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110408373
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    Parameters affecting long-term performance of painted galvanised steels (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aim of this work was to investigate which parameters affect the long-term performance of coil coated galvanised steel sheet. Therefore, the paint adhesion and corrosion resistance of selected painted pre-treated galvanised steel substrates were studied. The systems investigated included chromate-free pre-treatments and primers. The polymer coated panels were tested by using: T-bend, combined cross cut and adhesion, prohesion and QUV-A tests. The surface energy of the painted panels was determined by contact angle measurements and outdoor testing of the panels was also initiated. The test results showed that the primer was the most important parameter for painted metal alloy coated steel, but the long-term performance of the system also depends on the compatibility of all four layers, i.e. substrate, pre-treatment, primer and topcoat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000006510
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    Anticorrosive properties of the SrO–ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 system pigments in coating compositions (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 6-16 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four pigments derived from the SrO–ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 system were tested in a solvent coating system based on a modified alkyd resin and water-borne system based on a styrene–acrylate dispersion. The pigments pastes were applied on activated steel panels and after conditioning standard corrosion tests were performed comprising the determination of resistance to humid atmospheres containing SO2 and also the resistance to a neutral salt fog. Test results were compared with those performed on the coatings prepared with standard anticorrosion pigments of Zn3(PO4)2.2H2O, Ca(BO2)2, Zn(BO2)2 a Ba(BO2)2. Some tested pigments revealed at least comparable corrosion-inhibition properties with standard pigments. Coatings based on alkyd resins gave better results than those prepared form water-borne system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210412548
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    Using the maleinized liquid polybutadiene as a binder for the anticorrosive coatings (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 17-26 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper deals with using the maleinized polybutadiene as a binder in anticorrosive coating compositions. This aqueous emulsion can be as a binder mixed with the styrene–acrylate dispersion in any ratio, evaluating thus positively a series of final anticorrosive coating properties. The aqueous emulsion binder based on the maleinized polybutadiene was compared to other aqueous (alkyd, urethanized alkyd, or polyurethane) emulsions. The coatings formed by the aqueous maleinized polybutadiene emulsion and styrene–acrylate dispersion show a far higher efficiency than the coatings consisting of a styrene–acrylate dispersion alone with respect to anticorrosion protection function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210412557
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    Anticorrosive performance of organic coatings on steel surfaces exposed to deionized water (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 74-83 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four different organic systems, containing either vinyl acetate resins or epoxy resins were applied on steel pretreated specimens exposed to deionized and deaerated water taken from the installations of the Public Greek Electricity Company. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, dielectric measurements and visual observations after salt spray test were performed for monitoring the changes of the organic systems characteristics at predetermined exposure time in the deionized - deaerated water. All four coating systems found providing protection on steel surfaces. The classification of their performance depends mainly on the composition of the primer, as well as, on the intrinsic characteristics of the other layers. Thus the system consisting of epoxy primer with zinc dust, epoxy high build layer and a two component epoxy paint with iron oxide is the one exhibiting the highest protection efficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210420350
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    Characterization, surface modification, and evaluation of Egyptian dolomite ore as an extender pigment for paint (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 226-233 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dolomite is of immense importance for industrial applications. It is occuring in many locations in Egypt. Complete investigation and identification of the ore has been performed via chemical analysis and spectro-photometric measurements using X-ray fluroscence, X-ray diffraction and electron microscope. The X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that Egyptian dolomite is a crystalline material and electron microscope analysis showed that it has a lameller shape. Egyptian dolomite sample was evaluated as an extender pigment according to standard international specifications and proved to be excellent one for coating applications. Surface modification of dolomite ore particles has been carried out using stearic acid in cyclohexane. The modification concerned with the determination of adsorption isotherm, sediment volume, sedimentation rate, and dispersion properties to determine monolayer surface coverage of the ore particles. The unmodified and modified dolomite samples have been incorporated in anticorrosive primer formulations. The painted films were tested and examined in the laboratory accelerated corrosion test. Promising results were achieved and the films showed high performance as efficient extender pigment for coating applications that can replace satisfactorily its similar imported pigments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210432410
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    Polyesteramide resins from dehydrated castor oil and various dibasic acids (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 310-314 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Attempt has been made in this study, to utilize castor oil in the preparation of polyesteramide resins. Castor oil was first converted into dehydrated castor oils (DCO) to improve drying characteristics. DCO was then converted into diethanolamide {(N, N- bis hydroxethyl) castor oil amide} of mixed fatty acids using 0.5 per cent sodium methoxide as a catalyst and converted to polyesteramide resins after reacting with various dibasic acids such as phthalic anhydride, sebacic, succinic and adipic acids in presence of xylene as azeotropic solvent. The resins obtained were then analysed for its physico-chemical, film performance properties and resistance to various chemicals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210442347
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    Modified titanium white covered by AlO and SiO - characteristics and application in acrylic paints (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 31 (2002), S. 290-296 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study, titanium white was investigated, covered with aluminium oxide and silica. The titanium white was produced by Chemical Works Police S.A. under the catalogue symbol of R-210. Surface of titanium white was modified with silane coupling agents, such as 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (A-174), vinyltrimethoxysilane (U-611) and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (U-15D). The unmodified and the modified titanium white was subjected to physicochemical analysis. Moreover, tests were performed aiming at defining morphology, surface structure, and dispersion of the particles as related to, first of all, the type of applied modifier. Product evaluation took advantage of modern investigative techniques, including SEM and DLS. Modified and unmodified titanium whites were applied as pigments in acrylic paints. The modified Titanium dioxide in particular improved strength and utility properties of studied paints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420210442329
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    Soybean oil modified polyesteramide resins (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 4-9 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyesteramide resin based on the condensation of hydroxyethylamide derivatives of fatty acids of soybean {N, N'-bis(2 hydroxyethyl)soybean amide} and various dibasic acid and anhydride were synthesized. Physico-chemical characteristics and film forming properties of these resins were determined to prove its suitability as a vehicle for surface coatings. The study reveals that resins can be used for the baked type of finishes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310454875
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    Amine-randomised poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) as impact and adhesive modifier for epoxy resin (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adhesive and impact properties of cured epoxy resins, modified with amine-randomised poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) (ARPEHA) liquid rubber, as a function of the concentration of the liquid rubber, have been investigated. ARPEHA was synthesised by the reaction of the carboxyl-randomised poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) (CRPEHA) liquid rubber with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulphone. CRPEHA was synthesised by solution co-polymerisation of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid. ARPEHA modified cured epoxy resins were formed by curing with an ambient temperature-curing agent, triethylene tetramine. The modified epoxy resins were evaluated with respect to their adhesive and impact properties. The optimum properties were obtained at around 12.5?phr (parts per hundred parts of epoxy resin) of modifier. Analysis of the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of two-phase microstructures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310464775
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    Rheological studies of shellac (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The melt-viscosity of shellac at various temperatures, the solution viscosity of shellac and the solution viscosity of several shellac-based varnishes were investigated using a cone and plate rheometer. The study revealed information regarding yield stress (minimum force required for initiating flow) and thixotropic properties of shellac and shellac-based materials. Such information will be useful for developing shellac-based moulded articles and shellac-based varnish compositions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310464810
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    Effects of magnesium chloride on the properties of wood and non-wood fibrous paper sheets treated with sodium silicate (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 175-184 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study examines the effects of using magnesium chloride as a precipitating agent of sodium silicate on the mechanical, optical and fire retardant properties of the resulting paper sheets. Two types of treatments (internal and external), were carried out to investigate such effects on the paper sheets prepared from wood pulp and from non-wood fibrous, bagasse pulp. The results obtained showed that the treatment of paper sheets with either sodium silicate or sodium silicate-magnesium chloride led to a decrease in the activation energy of the initial main degradation stages. Wood pulp-paper sheets treated with sodium silicate showed better fire retardant properties than the sodium silicate-magnesium chloride treated wood pulp-paper sheets. A reverse trend was noted in the case of paper sheets made from bagasse pulp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310475647
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    Evaluation of itaconic acid/aromatic diamine adducts as novel antioxidants polymers. Part 1: Evaluation as antioxidants for natural rubber vulcanizates (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 219-234 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Itaconic acid was reacted with phenylene diamine (ortho, meta and para) and o-tolidine in boiling dekalin, using Dean and Stark apparatus. The polymers prepared were evaluated for their suitability as antioxidants for natural rubber vulcanizates. The amide polymers prepared showed high efficiency as antioxidants for rubber vulcanizates, exceeding the performance of commercial antioxidants. In addition, the results obtained are encouraging and support the use of these polymers from both the environmental and economical points of view.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310481578
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    Electrodeposition of biomedical hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy substrate (2003)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 32 (2003), S. 319-325 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work concerns the electrodeposition of highly pure brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) on titanium alloy substrates and the transformation of the brushite to hydroxyapatite (HAp) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 as a coating for orthopaedic implants. Thus, the electrodeposition of electrolyte containing calcium nitrate and ammonium hydrogen phosphate was carried out. The influences of the substrate surface treatment, the electroplating conditions (bath composition, current density, pH value and temperature) and the hydrothermal post treatment conditions on the deposition rate, the throwing power, the adhesion, the morphology and the structure of the coating were evaluated. High adhesion bond strength (around 23?mPa) was achieved on a rough clean substrate, which is slightly higher than plasma sprayed HAp coating on titanium alloy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420310497463
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    Laboratory viscometry - a review (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 357-362 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discusses the various methods that are used for measuring the viscosity of paints and inks in the laboratory environment and suggests what equipment is most suitable for different applications. Identifies the most common sources of errors in making measurements and emphasizes the importance of calibration in obtaining accurate and reproducible results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429710693318
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    FTIR spectroscopy of lac resin and its derivatives (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 26 (1997), S. 378-381 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Applies Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to the study of lac resin, a complex natural resin of insect origin, and some of its derivatives. Compares the result obtained by this method with those from earlier studies that used classical methods of chemical analysis (the so-called wet methods). Finds that FTIR has several advantages over the classical methods but, as spectroscopic assignments are still only tentative because of the complex nature of the lac resin, the FTIR data requires supplementing by other instrumental techniques such as FT-Raman spectroscopy and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004464
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    Aviox CF Primer: a new generation primer for aircraft maintenance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 28-33 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Repainting aircraft is a laborious and time-consuming process, involving stripping, surface preparation and then painting. It is possible to distinguish two different systems for aircraft re-painting, owing to their prime application area, referred to as the "European system" and the "USA system". Examines these two systems and discusses the health and environmental aspects, along with their level of corrosion protection. Examines the properties of a new binder system, referred to as the KETAC-System. As a result of the formulation of this new binder a new primer system was developed. The development of this primer , known as Aviox CF Primer, was carried out in close co-operation with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, the results of which are reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810693407
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    Characterization and evaluation of silica fume as an extender pigment for surface coating applications (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 88-98 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Silica waste fume is a byproduct produced in the manufacture of ferrosilicon. The sample, which was very fine and rich in silica, was characterized using chemical and spectrophotometric measurements (XRD and electron microscope). The silica fume was incorporated in anticorrosive paint formulations based on alkyd resin to replace partially or completely the imported diatomaceous silica. The various paint formulations were evaluated and the physico-mechanical properties as well as the corrosion protection properties of the painted films have been studied. Promising results were achieved, which showed that silica fume can replace satisfactorily the imported diatomaceous silica from the economical and environmental points of view.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810203383
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    Anticorrosive spinel-type pigments of the second generation (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 225-230 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The spinels are non-toxic anticorrosive pigments suitable for both solvent-type and water-dilutable coating compositions. Their efficiency in the coatings is comparable to that of the phosphate-based pigments. The high-temperature synthesis procedure running in the solid state allows the preparation of spinels containing Ca, Zn, Mg, and Fe cations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810227332
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    A study of anti-corrosive effects of Artemisia oil on steel (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 33 (2004), S. 287-292 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of natural Artemisia oil on the corrosion of steel in molar hydrochloric acid were studied by the measurements of weight loss, electrochemical and EIS polarisation. The results obtained revealed that Artemisia oil reduced the rate of corrosion. The corrosion inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of inhibitor concentration. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies clearly revealed that the presence of the natural Artemisia oil did not alter the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction and acted essentially as a cathodic inhibitor. Good agreement between gravimetric and electrochemical polarisation results was noted. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of steel in 1M HCl, with and without the oil in the temperature range of 308-353?K, indicated that inhibition efficiency increased with temperature. The adsorption of Artemisia oil on the steel is followed by Frumkin adsorption isotherm.
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    New simple method to measure polymer surface tension (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 27 (1998), S. 374-378 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Surface tensions of polymers can be accurately determined by observing whether droplets of liquids spontaneously spread or not. The polymer surface tension will be higher than the surface tension of a liquid which spreads, and lower than that of a liquid which remains as a droplet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810246962
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    High performance UV-cured coatings containing fluorinated monomers (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 26-30 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: UV-curable systems based on the copolymerisation of a typical acrylic resin with low amount of fluorinated monomers (less than 1 per cent w/w) were prepared. The bulk properties of the films were unchanged, while a strong modification of the surface was obtained, depending on the monomer structure, on its concentration and on the type of substrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910252333
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    Preparation of some organotin polymers via new synthetic route (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 83-88 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aims to prepare some organotin polymers based on N-substituted acrylamide and methylacrylamide acid esters via a new synthetic route. Tri-n-butyltin-?-bromoacrylate monomer (TBTBA) was prepared and polymerisation carried out. Organotin polymers were prepared via the new synthetic route by exchange reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910264114
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    Controlling worker exposure to coating powders (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article provides a summary of the Health and Safety Executive's (HSE) work over recent years to address occupational exposure to particulates during the manufacture and use of coating powders. It contends, in particular, that many users of coating powders are not controlling exposure to total inhalable particulate (TIP) (i.e. the total inhalable dust in the air from all sources), and that these control issues would exist even if TGIC (triglycidyl isocyanurate) was not being used. TGIC is a curing agent for polyester coating powders which is classified as a Category 2 mutagen. HSE is raising awareness that control of exposure is generally poor whatever powders are being used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910280765
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    Measuring the perception of glossy surfaces (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many markets customers judge the quality of products by their surface appearance. The term gloss describes the perception of the shiny appearance of a surface when light is reflected from that surface. Imperfections in a surface cause some of the light to be reflected/scattered at angles away from the specular and this impacts on the visual assessment of appearance. A method has existed for measuring surface reflectance for the last 50 years, but its usefulness has been limited by an inability to equal the human eye in discerning subtleties such as haze or distinctness of reflected images. A portable instrument has now been developed to take measurements about the specular, spaced at less than three minutes of arc. This paper explains how this high resolution supports the introduction of additional indices to define haze, distinctness of image and peak specular reflectance while retaining the definition of "gloss" as described in the standard method ISO2813.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910280738
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  • 81
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    Protection of reinforced concrete by coatings and corrosion inhibitors (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of coatings (organic and inorganic) for the protection of reinforced concrete is widespread. The advantages of inorganic coatings are that they are stable in UV-radiation, non-combustible, do not foul and have a microcrystalline texture, while organic coatings have the advantage of low permeability of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and water. The aim of the present work was to compare, in the presence of chloride ions, the performance of an acrylic dispersion and a silicate coating, when the latter was or was not combined with a corrosion inhibitor (N-N'-dimethylaminoethanol). The behaviour of the silicate coating was examined as its use is increasing due to environmental reasons and as it can be applied for the rehabilitation of old structures. Half-cell potential measurements, mass loss and carbonation depth measurements, as well as chloride diffusion rate revealed that the acrylic dispersion provides better protection of reinforcing steel in concrete than the silicate coating, but the combination of the silicate coating with the corrosion inhibitor provides the best level of concrete protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010334312
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  • 82
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    Heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors for aluminium and zinc pigments (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aluminium and zinc pigments react in aqueous alkaline media (e.g. water-borne paints) by the evolution of hydrogen which can be measured gasvolumetrically. Certain organic heterocycles are well-known corrosion inhibitors for different metals. The six different heterocyclic compound which were examined inhibited the corrosion reaction of zinc pigment in aqueous alkaline media. The most efficient inhibitors were 1H-benzotriazole at pH 8 and 10 and 2-(5-aminopentyl)benzimidazole only at pH 10. In contrast, with addition of all heterocycles there was no corrosion inhibition on aluminium pigment. This complete difference in the corrosion inhibiting effect of the heterocycles with respect to the two different metal pigments can be explained with Pearson's "Principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010353519
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  • 83
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    Effects of non-isometric pigment particles in organic coatings for corrosion protection (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 288-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies the effects of non-isometric pigments on the anticorrosion properties of coating films. The optimum concentrations for using iron mica, muscovite, and graphite have been determined. The results obtained on using the natural iron mica are compared to those obtained with a synthetic product. As binders for the coatings epoxy resin, polyurethane and alkyd resins were used. The results allow the conclusion that on the pigmentation with iron mica the protection function of top coatings against the corrosive media can be considerably increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010353456
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  • 84
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    Studies on the properties of silicone resin films on mild steel (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 29 (2000), S. 364-368 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical properties of two types of silicone resin were examined. The resin was coated on mild steel panels and allowed to cure for one week. The resin-coated panels were heated according to ASTM specification D 2485. The thermal stability of the resin coatings was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The chemical resistance property of the resin coatings was also studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420010362519
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  • 85
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    Development of polyamide curable modified epoxy novolac resins with improved adhesion and chemical resistance (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 66-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To prepare modified epoxy resins from resorcinol, cresol and phenol for improved adhesion and chemical resistance. To evaluate the properties of such modified epoxy resins. Design/methodology/approach - Epoxy novolac resins (ENRs) were synthesised by condensing epichlorohydrin with novolacs based on different types of substituted phenols for improving adhesion and chemical resistance. Various compositions were made by incorporating different proportions of polyamide resin. The chemical and adhesive strengths of the conventional epoxy and the modified epoxy resins were characterised. Findings - The modified ENR using substituted phenols showed significant enhancement of chemical and adhesive strengths over the conventional DGEBA resin. The modified ENR had an increased number of glycidyl groups (thus increased functionality) of resin, which was responsible for improved chemical and adhesive strengths over the conventional DGEBA resin. Research limitations/implications - The EPN resins used in the present context was synthesised from phenol, resorcinol and cresol and cured by polyamide resin of different amine values. Besides, it could be synthesised from phenolphthalein p-aminophenol and p-ter-butylcatachol, etc. Practical implications - The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improving the adhesive and chemical resistance of cured epoxy phenol novolac resins. Originality/value - The method for enhanced adhesive and chemical resistance of cured epoxy was novel and could find numerous applications in surface coating and adhesive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510585139
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  • 86
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    Enhancement of the dimensional stability of natural wood by impregnates (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 72-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To investigate the effects of acetylation process as a chemical treatment method to improve the dimensional stability of wood, or as a pre-treatment step to enhance the dimensional stability of wood by impregnates. Design/methodology/approach - Esterification of two species of wood were carried out by vapour and liquid phase acetylation processes. With the vapour phase acetylation process, wood with different acetyl contents were obtained by changing the length of time of treatment. With the liquid phase acetylation, different acetyl content were obtained by changing the acetylating mixture or by activating wood with acetic acid for different periods of time and at different temperatures prior to the acetylation processes. The acetyl content and the conditions of impregnation improving the dimensional stability were modelled and optimised. The success of acetylation process for improving the affinity of wood towards the impregnation was also demonstrated. Findings - Vapour phase acetylation process was preferable over liquid phase acetylation for improving both water resistance and dimensional stability of wood species examined. Liquid acetylating of wood, as a pre-treatment step enhanced the effect of impregnates, especially the linseed oil to improve relevant wood properties. The greater improvement was obtained at 3?h impregnation time and 190°C curing temperature for 1?h. Research limitations/implications - Despite the success in improving the affinity of wood species to novolac by pre-acetylation, increasing the curing time and curing temperature led to deterioration of the water resistance and dimensional stability. Practical implications - Pre-acetylation of the wood provided a practical solution to rendering the natural wood greater water resistance property using commercial impregnates. Originality/value - The method for acetylation of wood prior to impregnation was novel and could be used for inhibiting wood against moisture absorption during storage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510585148
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  • 87
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    Preparation and utilisation of quaternised pyrodextrins in paper making (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To evaluate the effects of different levels of quaternised pyrodextrin as wet-end and filler retention aid additives in papermaking. Design/methodology/approach - The pulp furnishes used in this study were a mixture of bleached rice straw pulp with bleached sulphite softwood pulp at a ratio of 60:40. The beaten pulps (never dried) were treated with different grades of modified starch (Pyrodextrins). The results obtained were compared with those of several commercial polymers, such as Accostrength®86, cationic starch and polyacrylamide. Findings - The results obtained from this study showed that addition of 0.3 percent of British Gum (BG) (Degree of Substitution at 0.058) grade pyrodextrin to the pulp slurry, especially in case of kaolin as paper filler gave the most significant improvement in paper properties as well as filler retention. The results obtained also showed that the filler retention and paper properties were better/higher for all pyrodextrins studied than those obtained from both Accostrength®86 and polyacrylamide. Research limitations/implications - Using quaternised pyrodextrins as wet-end additives and filler retention aids improved all mechanical properties of treated paper, except the brightness which decreased very slightly. Practical implications - The grade of pyrodextrins used in this work could be used to improve the physical and strength properties of paper sheets. Originality/value - Different types of pyrodextrin namely, Dexy-84 (D-84), Dexy-86 (D-86) and British Gum (BG) could be used as paper wet-end additives and filler retention aids in paper making processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510585157
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    A novel approach to the synthesis of a non-toxic, platy pigment for anticorrosive paints (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To develop a method for the preparation of micaceous zinc ferrite (MZF), anticorrosive pigment having desirable chemical and physical properties. Design/methodology/approach - MZF pigment was prepared after firing the oxidised solid molten salts without washing. The MZF pigment obtained was characterised using X-ray diffraction analysis, crystal size analysis, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The pigment obtained was also evaluated chemically with respect to moisture content, content of water-soluble salts, hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and weight loss; and physically with respect to particle shape, colour, specific gravity and oil absorption. Commercially available micaceous iron oxide and zinc ferrite pigments were also characterised in comparison. Findings - A spinel, MZF pigment was prepared using relevant oxidised solid molten salts. The preparation produced a lamellar structure with a basic nature giving not only barrier protection but also chemical passivation of the substrate. Research limitations/implications - The anticorrosive properties of the pigments obtained could be evaluated using more conventional methods such as salt-spray test. Practical implications - The pigment prepared could be used as a highly efficient pigment for anticorrosion coating for steel. Originality/value - The method for the preparation of MZF pigment was novel. The pigment obtained could be used in various resin systems to produce anticorrosive paints for steel protection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510597974
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    Application of complex esters in poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols and plasticats (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 154-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To evaluate the efficiency of complex esters as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride plastisols and plasticates. Design/methodology/approach - Several poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols and plasticates were prepared with standard phthalate plasticizers and complex esters and were characterised using standard and laboratory methods. Findings - The use of mixtures of three new CE with standard phthalate plasticizers increased the physical, mechanical and electric characteristics of the resulting PVCPs and PVCPl. Research limitations/implications - The use of three new CE, obtained by esterification of dicarboxylic acids (adipic, sebacic, pelargonic), poly(ethylene glycol) and i-octanole, as plasticizers of poly(vinyl chloride) plastisols and plasticates was investigated. The use of CE based on other organic acids could be explored. Practical implications - The results confirmed the efficiency of plasticization of PVC by CE. Such a finding has significant industrial implication. Originality/value - Several findings are original and are of importance to relevant industry. The new CE with high molecular weights were effective plasticizers of PVC. The efficiency of the plasticizers depended on their chemical structure. The molecular weight of the CE had no influence on the compatibility of plasticizers and other components of the PVC plastisols and plasticates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510598009
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    Synthesis and characterisation of organotin phthalimide polymers (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 218-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To prepare and characterise organotin polymers via a new synthetic route by exchange reactions of poly-N-acryloyloxy- and poly-N-methacryloyloxy-tetrabromophthalimide with hydroxy- and aminotri-n-butyltin benzoates. Design/methodology/approach - Preparation of N-acryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NATP) and N-methacryloyloxytetrabromophthalimide (NMTP) by the reaction of N-hydroxytetrabromo-phthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride. The exchange reactions of the resulting polymers with amino and hydroxytri-n-butyltin benzoate were carried out. The structure of the resulting compounds was characterised. Findings - NATP and NMTP were prepared by the reaction of N-hydroxy-tetrabromophthalimide with acryloyl or methacryloyl chloride in the presence of TEA. The monomers prepared were easily polymerised. The exchange reactions of poly-NATP and poly-NMTP with amino and hydroxytri-n-butyltin benzoate were studied. The structure of the polymers and copolymers prepared was confirmed by tin analysis, IR and 1HNR spectroscopy. Research limitations/implications - The new monomer described in the present investigation may be useful for the preparation of organotin polymers by a new synthetic route. Also, the organotin polymers prepared had good film properties and were suitable for film formation. Practical implications - The method for the preparation of monomer is simple and the exchange reactions provide a simple and practical solution for preparation of some classes of organotin polymers and copolymers. Originality/value - The method of preparation of organotin polymers was novel and may be useful for preparation of other organotin polymers and copolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510609105
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    The meanings of colour: preferences among hues (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 6-14 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Colour preferences have both scientific significance and relevance to manufacturers. Despite claims that these preferences are unsystematic and that saturation and brightness exert more influence on judgements than hue, a substantial body of research suggests that the rank order of preference for hues - blue, red, green, violet, orange, yellow - emerges with some degree of consistency and, in particular, blue is regularly preferred to other hues. Five explanations of this trend are considered: preferences are simply conventional; blue is more neutral and less susceptible to extremes of judgement than other hues; preference for blue is a by-product of more general principles; blue has largely positive associations; blue has an evolutionary significance. It is proposed that further investigation of the connotations of hues will provide insight into the pattern of colour preferences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910252315
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    Preparation and characterization of some polyesterurethanes and polyesterurethane-ureas based on hydroxy terminated polyesters (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 70-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydroxy terminated polyesters were prepared by the reaction of tetrabromophthalic, phthalic, and maleic anhydrides with polyethylene glycol via melt condensation technique. They were characterized by hydroxy number, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. Also, the fire retardancy of polyesters was evaluated as varnish films on plywood strips. The polyesters were reacted with excess toluene -2, 4- diisocyanate to yeild isocyanate terminated prepolymers which were subsequently reacted with 5, 5- dihydroxymethyl-2-trichloro-methyl-1,3- dioxane or ethelene diamine. These polymers were characterized by Ir and 1H NMR spectra, viscosity measurements, and thermogravimetric analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910264097
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    TiO manufacture and life cycle analysis (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Titanium dioxide pigments have been produced commercially for eight decades. The industry has seen many developments from the humble beginnings with uncoated, impure, anatase pigments to the highly refined TiO2 pigments of today. For the past four decades there have been two commercial routes for making TiO2 pigments - sulphate and chloride. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to produce TiO2 by both routes with greater environmental awareness. To compare the overall impact of TiO2 manufacturing processes on the environment, life-cycle assessments of several process options are described in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910271297
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  • 94
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    Dyes from benzamide (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 28 (1999), S. 230-232 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aqueous sodium chloride solution, containing benzamide was electrolysed (pH = 2), using platinised titanium anode and graphite cathode. The filtrate of the reaction mixture (pH = 4.5) was diazotised and coupled with a-naphthol in NaOH and also with ß-naphthol in NaOH. Dyes were produced. These dyes were matched with the standard dyes prepared from aniline. Uv-visible absorption spectral study reveals that the dyes produced are slightly different from the standard dyes. During the course of the reaction benzamide is converted into aniline with a long chain polymeric unit having a free amino end; and/or a polymeric unit which generates a free amino end during the process of diazotisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429910280747
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  • 95
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    Aspects of the performance of PVAc adhesives in wood joints (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various modifications of polyvinyl acetate emulsion wood adhesive were made and their performance evaluated in standard tests. The results are interpreted in the context of adhesion theories and the chemical structures of the polymers and wood. The adhesion of the polymers to wood and the cohesive strength of the polymers are the two predominant factors determining the performance of the adhesives. Adhesive strength in thermosetting resins is enhanced by irreversible chemical reactions that create extensive networks within the adhesive layer and strong bonds to the wood substrate, leading to strong and durable joints that passed all of the performance evaluation tests. Most of the PVAc emulsions exhibited good adhesive performance in the dry state, but failed in water soak and boiling water immersion tests since their adhesion and cohesion are mainly based on weaker physical interactions. Emulsions with (hard) core-(soft) shell morphology and correspondingly high glass transition temperatures gave poor performance under all conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110381599
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  • 96
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    Analysis of bleaching processes in aluminium pigmented chlorinated rubber coatings under osmotic effect (2001)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 30 (2001), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aluminium pigmented chlorinated rubber coatings, widely used for steel ship protection, can be bleached when exposed to total immersion conditions. A deep study on the development of the decolouration processes of these coatings, applied on rolled steel specimens exposed to total immersion conditions in aqueous solutions with different salinity, has been carried out. The relationship between external salinity and contamination by sodium chloride of the steel/coating interface in the bleaching processes has been analysed. Besides, the influence of the osmotic processes in the coating bleaching has been established. Periodic visual inspections of the coating films, together with a deep analysis of the coating microstructure, by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy provided with microsonde analysis, were used. The bleaching processes of the coatings mainly depend on the salinity of the external solution, while the influence of the steel/coating interface contamination is not relevant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420110381634
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    Molecular characterisation and corrosion studies of oligomer-transition metals complexes (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 33 (2004), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oligomer (semicarbaside-phethalic acid) and its complexes with Fe(III), Co(II) and UO2(II) chloride were prepared and characterised using elemental analysis, spectral (1H NMR, infrared and UV-Vis) and magnetic measurements. Extensive studies suggested that the Fe(III), Co(II), and UO2(II) oligomer complexes were octahedral dimers. Thermal analyses (thermal gravitational analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA)) of the complexes were carried out and the relevant activation energies were calculated. The effect of the oligomer on the corrosion of iron metal in acidic media (2?M H2SO4) was studied. It was found that the oligomer inhibited the corrosion of iron metal in acid media. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of these compounds was calculated based on weight loss and potentiostatic measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420410512059
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    Halamine polymers: 1. Preparation and characterisation of new pyrimidinone biocidal polymers based on poly-4-vinylacetophenone (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 33 (2004), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of novel halamine polymers known as pyrimidinone biocidal polymers were prepared by reacting poly-4-vinylacetophenone with urea and benzaldehyde to form 1H,3H,6H,-4(4'-polystyreno)-6-phenyl-pyrimidin-2-one, which on chlorination yielded 1Cl,3H,6H,-4(4'-polystyreno)-6-phenyl-pyrimidin-2-one. The same reaction was also carried out using the derivatives of benzaldehyde such as p-nitrobenzaldehyde and p-methoxybenzaldehyde under the same reaction conditions. .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420410524885
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  • 99
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    A study of the influence of solvents on the dispersive characteristics of silica, modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, as filler for plastic and paint systems (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 33 (2004), S. 142-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out on the modification of silica with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in various solvents. The modified silica obtained was subjected to comprehensive evaluations of physicochemical properties, including the bulk density and the capacities to absorb water, dibutyl phthalate and paraffin oil. Particle size, particle size distribution, uniformity of the particles, tendency to form agglomerates, as well as particle surface morphology, were also examined using SEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The properties of the modified silica obtained were compared to evaluate the effects of the solvents used during the surface modification of the silica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420410537250
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    Dyeability of flax fabric modified by copper ammonia (2005)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Pigment & resin technology 34 (2005), S. 29-32 
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    ISSN: 0369-9420
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purpose - To evaluate the efficiency of modifying flax fibre using copper ammonia solution for improved dyeability and to optimise the conditions of such a modification. Design/methodology/approach - Treatments of flax fibre using copper ammonia solution were carried out under various conditions, i.e. the compositions of the solution and the length of time for treatment. The dyeability, the dyeing colour depth, the tensile strength and the structure of the untreated and treated flax fibres were characterised. Findings - The modification of flax fabric using copper ammonia solution could improve the dyeability and the dyeing colour depth of the flax fabric. The treatment appeared to reduce the crystallinity and the orientation index of the flax fibre, which was the main cause to the improved dyeability and dyeing colour depth of the flax fabric. The optimum conditions for the treatment were as follows: concentration of Cu2+ at 20?g/L, Cu2+/NH3 ratio at 12?:?1 and time of treatment at 6?min. Research limitations/implications - Whilst effective in improving the dyeability of the flax fibre, the treatment led to a reduction in the tensile strength of the treated flax fabric. Practical implications - The method developed provided a simple and practical solution to improve the dyeability of flax fibre. Originality/value - The method for treatment of flax fibre was novel and could be used for industrial production process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699420510572575
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