ALBERT

Beschreibung: Volcanic ashes can threaten the human respiratory system through inhalation. In this study we investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ashes from the Pomici di Avellino (PdA) eruption, an Early Bronze Age (ca. 3.9 ka) Plinian event from Somma-Vesuvius volcano, southern Italy, whose wide dispersal affected most of the Italian peninsula. In particular, we analysed particle size, shape, composition, and surface reactivity of samples from both proximal and distal locations. Our results indicate that some tephra layers north of Rome have a phonolitic composition and match that of PdA eruption; they reach grain-sizes 〈2 μm (~13.5%), thus having the potential to enter the deep respiratory system. Furthermore, the reactivity in free radical generation makes these products potentially able to cause oxidative stress within cells. While commonly no volcanic hazard assessment is made in areas far from active volcanoes, this study highlights that fine ashes from future similar large eruptions, producing high amount of highly fragmented material, can pose a health hazard even in remote, non-volcanic areas, hundreds of km away from the vent, suggesting that further studies on ash toxicity (e.g., in vitro toxicity studies) are required.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 107826

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: Several high spatial resolution thermal infrared (TIR) missions are planned for the coming decade and their data will be crucial to constrain volcanic activity patterns throughout pre- and post-eruption phases. Foundational to these patterns is the subtle (1−2 K) thermal behavior, which is easily overlooked using lower spatial resolution data. In preparation for these new data, we conducted the first study using the entire twenty-two-year archive of higher spatial, lower temporal resolution TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. This archive presents a unique opportunity to quantify low-magnitude temperature anomalies and small plumes over long time periods. We developed a new statistical algorithm to automatically detect the full range of thermal activity and applied it to 〉5000 ASTER scenes of five volcanoes with well-documented eruptions. Unique to this algorithm is its ability to use both day and night data, account for clouds, quantify accurate background temperatures, and dynamically scale depending on the anomaly size. Results improve upon those from the more commonly used lower spatial resolution data, despite the less frequent temporal coverage of ASTER, and show that high spatial resolution TIR data are equally as effective. Significantly, the smaller, subtle thermal detections served as precursory signals in ∼81% of eruptions, and the algorithm's results create a framework for classifying future eruptive styles.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 113704

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: This paper presents the results from a geographic information systems (GIS) workflow, which was used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of volcanoes in the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic Bakony- Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Volcanism occurred during the tectonic inversion in a back-arc setting and a compressive/transpressive tectonic regime on the hottest and thinnest lithosphere of continental Europe. The main goal of this study is to clarify the effect of the pre-existing structure of the upper lithosphere in the distribution of the volcanic centers across the volcanic field using an innovative GIS methodology. Orientation of the volcanic field was compared to the orientation of the faults in the BBHVF, and in its larger vicinity, which resulted in correspondence, suggesting the dominance of the SW-NE direction. The directions of the volcanic lineaments fit well to the two main fault directions. The fault-volcano proximity analysis suggests that the fault plane of a thrust fault was an important structural feature during the lifespan of the volcanism. All results suggest that the fault plane of a regionally significant Cretaceous thrust fault (Lit ́er Fault) might have served as a temporary pathway for the ascending magma, whereby (similarly to other, smaller faults) redirecting the magmas causing clustering of the volcanoes. This highlights the importance of major upper crustal structural heterogeneities for magma transport in a compressive tectonic system, espe- cially in the case of active, monogenetic volcanic fields from a volcanic hazard perspective. The present GIS workflow can be effective in analyzing the spatial patterns of the volcanism and its connection with crustal structures at monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 107940

Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: We present the first investigation of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using observations from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. GNSS data from a total of 93 receiver stations located within ±20 degrees of the geomagnetic equator across the globe were used. The data covered periods of years 2014 and 2019 which are respectively years of high and low solar activity in solar cycle 24. We define a parameter known as the Standard deviation of Residual TEC (SRT) to characterize the EPB intensities. The EPB occurrence was defined by day-night differences of the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI). We observed a high correlation (r ∼ 0.80) between the magnitudes of the SRT and ROTI during the EPB occurrence, but the correlation is low (r ∼ 0.37) during non occurrence of EPB. The EPB intensities are greater during seasons with high occurrence rates. The EPB intensities and occurrence rates are also greater during the high solar activity. We found that the post-sunset intensities are greatest in the Atlantic region, followed by the African region, then the American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order. The post-midnight intensities are greatest in the African region, followed by the Atlantic, American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 106097

Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: The Mekong River Basin: Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast, Volume Three presents real facts, data and predictions for quantifying human-induced changes throughout the Mekong watershed, including its estuaries and coasts, and proposes solutions to decrease or mitigate the negative effect and enable sustainable development. This is the first work to link socio–ecological interaction study over the whole Mekong River basin through the lens of ecohydrology. Each chapter is written by a leading expert, with coverage on climate change, groundwater, land use, flooding drought, biodiversity and anthropological issues. Human activities are enormous in the whole watershed and are still increasing throughout the catchment, with severe negative impacts on natural resources are emerging. Among these activities, hydropower dams, especially a series of 11 dams in China, are the most critical as they generate massive changes throughout the system, including in the delta and to the livelihoods of millions of people and they threaten sustainability.

Beschreibung: Recent demands by developing countries, like India, that developed countries need to reach net-negative emissions, must be negotiated seriously under the UNFCCC. Failure to acknowledge that limiting global average temperature rise to 1.5°C leaves very little carbon budget for equitable redistribution risks further ambiguity on how to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals.

Beschreibung: Highlights • Climate engineering presents a novel challenge for global environmental governance • Institutional and discursive structures co-shape global environmental governance • A lack of joint analyses of both structures impedes understanding of governance emergence • A joint neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist analysis addresses this gap • Varying structures shape differing climate engineering governance decisions in several forums Abstract The Anthropocene is giving rise to novel challenges for global environmental governance. The barriers and opportunities shaping the ways in which some of these complex environmental challenges become governable on the global level are of increasing academic and practical relevance. In this article, we bring neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist perspectives together in an innovative framework to analyse how both institutional and discursive structures together bound and shape the global governance opportunities which become thinkable and practicable in the face of new global environmental challenges. We apply this framework to explore how governance of climate engineering – large scale, deliberate invention into the global climate system – is being shaped by discursive and institutional structures in three international forums: The London Convention and its Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Environment Assembly. We illustrate that the ‘degree of fit’ between discursive and institutional structures made climate engineering (un)governable in each of these forums. Furthermore, we find that the ‘type of fit’ set the discursive and institutional conditions of possibility for what type of governance emerged in each of these cases. Based on our findings, we critically discuss the implications for the future governance of climate engineering at the global level.

Beschreibung: Highlights • Developed an innovative weighted outlier detection function that adaptively selects the best outlier detection technique, markedly improving precision and robustness in multibeam echosounder data analysis. • Demonstrated superior performance of the weighted function over traditional methods, achieving higher precision, recall, and F1 scores, pivotal for accurate seafloor mapping. • Enhanced data quality for geoscientific applications by effectively identifying and removing outliers without introducing data voids, preserving the integrity of multibeam sonar data. • The function’s significance extends to supporting sustainable environmental and resource management practices through improved accuracy in seabed mapping. • Discussed the adaptability of the method to various outlier patterns and its limitations, highlighting the need for further research and validation across different marine environments and data types. Abstract Multibeam sonar data are a valuable tool for seafloor mapping and geological studies. However, the presence of outliers in multibeam data can distort the results of analyses and reduce the accuracy of seafloor maps. In this paper, we define a weighting function based on the performance of various outlier detection techniques (OTDs) for detecting outliers in multibeam data, which calculates an outlier probability score for each sounding. Our results show that each OTD has its own strengths and weaknesses, and that a combination of outlier detection techniques is promising to improve reproducibility, explainability and the accuracy of the detection process. To address the challenge of detecting outliers in multibeam data, we propose a weighted outlier detection function that outperforms individual outlier detection techniques in terms of precision, recall and F1 scores by considering their strengths and combining them in a way that accounts for variations in the data. The function detects various types of outliers with high precision and recall values, resulting in valuable improvements in outlier detection performance for multibeam data. Overall, our proposed workflow has the potential to significantly improve the way multibeam data cleaning is performed, with the weighted outlier detection function being applied first, detecting most of the outlier automatically, followed by a domain-expert review of a small group of soundings whose automatic outlier labelling is not unequivocal.

Beschreibung: The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was launched successfully in February 2018. It is China's first satellite to measure geophysical fields with scientific goals in both space and solid earth physics. In this work, we used CSES scalar magnetic data to derive a global lithospheric magnetic field model between ±65° geographic latitudes. The nightside data from March 2018 to November 2022 under quiet space weather conditions were selected. Then, the core and external fields were removed with the CHAOS-7 model. After further data quality control, the data were used to build a lithospheric magnetic field model using a spherical harmonic analysis. The obtained CSES model was compared with the CHAOS-7, CM6, and MF7 models in terms of power spectra and anomaly details, which confirmed that the CSES scalar data had good quality and could provide a reliable lithospheric magnetic field model up to degree 42.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 107036

Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio

Beschreibung: JCR Journal