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  • Elsevier  (21,089)
  • 2020-2024  (21,089)
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  • 1
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    The Arctic Nearshore Turbidity Algorithm (ANTA) - A multi sensor turbidity algorithm for Arctic nearshore environments (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Science of Remote Sensing, Elsevier, 100036
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: The Arctic is greatly impacted by climate change. The increase in air temperature drives the thawing of permafrost and an increase in coastal erosion and river discharge. This leads to a greater input of sediment and organic matter into coastal waters, which substantially impacts the ecosystems by reducing light transmission through the water column and altering the biogeochemistry, but also the subsistence economy of local people, and changes in climate because of the transformation of organic matter into greenhouse gases. Yet, the quantification of suspended sediment in Arctic coastal and nearshore waters remains unsatisfactory due to the absence of dedicated algorithms to resolve the high loads occurring in the close vicinity of the shoreline. In this study we present the Arctic Nearshore Turbidity Algorithm (ANTA), the first reflectance-turbidity relationship specifically targeted towards Arctic nearshore waters that is tuned with in-situ measurements from the nearshore waters of Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk in the western Canadian Arctic. A semi-empirical model was calibrated for several relevant sensors in ocean color remote sensing, including MODIS, Sentinel 3 (OLCI), Landsat 8 (OLI), and Sentinel 2 (MSI), as well as the older Landsat sensors TM and ETM+. The ANTA performed better with Landsat 8 than with Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 3. The application of the ANTA to Sentinel 2 imagery that matches in-situ turbidity samples taken in Adventfjorden, Svalbard, shows transferability to nearshore areas beyond Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    High-resolution carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of cultured brachiopods: Effect of pH, temperature and growth (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Highlights • δ13C and δ18O profiles increase from exterior to interior until reaching a plateau. • Primary Layer δ13C reflects the δ13C of the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon. • In high pCO2 experiments, δ13C and δ18O closer to equilibrium fields. • Brachiopods grow according to an incremental growth model. Abstract Brachiopod shells are ubiquitous since the Early Cambrian up to now. As they secrete a shell made of low-magnesium calcite, more resistant to diagenesis than biocarbonates richer in Mg, their geochemical signatures are generally considered a powerful tool for paleo-environmental and paleo-climatic reconstructions. However, gaps in knowledge still remain on the underlying controls of the shell chemistry, in particular at a high spatial resolution. In this study, in situ oxygen and carbon isotope measurements by SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) were performed in brachiopod shells of the cold-temperate water species Magellania venosa, constituted of a primary and a secondary layer. The individual specimens studied here grew under controlled conditions mimicking the natural environment and in experiments under low-pH (high pCO2) and high-temperature conditions. Transversal carbon and oxygen profiles showed a “brachiopod pattern” typical of extant two-layered brachiopods, with the primary layer depleted in 18O and 13C relative to equilibrium and the secondary layer showing a gradual increasing trend until reaching a near-equilibrium plateau. Overall, shells cultured at low pH were found to have δ18O and δ13C values closer to equilibrium when compared to shells from the control experiment. These near-equilibrium values may reflect a decrease in shell precipitation rate, leading to less kinetic effects, and/or a more rapid kinetics for the equilibration between DIC species and water. By close pairing of seawater δ18O and δ13C to that of shell microstructure, our study enables us to derive layer-specific C and O enrichment factors, which show the extent of pH and temperature effects superimposed on the seawater δ18O and DIC δ13C signal inherited. Finally, we show that during brachiopod shell growth, newly precipitated calcite is added to the calcite already existing, thus empirically validating the conceptual accretionary growth model proposed by Ackerly (1989).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Genetic diversity of the Atacama Desert shrub Huidobria chilensis in the context of geography and climate (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: Highlights: • Huidobria chilensis is an endemic shrub distributed in the south of the Atacama Desert with a disjunct population at the northern coast. • Population and genetic structure correlate with geographic distance and geological factors. • Rain fall and fog, as well as ground water, must be regarded as important factors for populations at the coast and the Andean valleys, respectively. • A combination of different software tool to analyze GBS data allowed a good understanding of the population structure and genetic diversity. Abstract: Survival in hyperarid deserts is a major challenge for life in general and for plants in particular. The Atacama Desert presents harsh conditions such as limited rainfall, crusted soils, high soil salinity, high altitude, and intense solar radiation. These conditions, together with paleoclimatic variations over the last 10 million years, have influenced the genetic structure and connectivity of plant populations, resulting in a diverse flora with high endemism. However, the diversification of most lineages appears to be relatively recent, in contrast to the reported age of the Atacama Desert and the onset and expansion of hyperarid conditions since the late Oligocene and early Miocene. A prominent exception is Huidobria chilensis (Loasaceae), which is thought to be endemic to the Atacama since the Eocene. However, it is still not understood why this plant has been successful in adapting to the harshening environmental conditions. To investigate its genetic structure in relation to the history of the Atacama Desert, we studied 186 individuals from 11 populations using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). A total of nearly 56 k genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed for population structure and genetic diversity. We identified four genetic clusters corresponding to geographic regions: the coastal region south of Tocopilla, the Cordillera de la Costa around Chañaral, and the Copiapó catchment 1 and 2. Genetic diversity within and between these clusters was analyzed along with rainfall, altitude, and landscape data. Although the genetic data support `isolation by distance’ as a major factor for genetic divergence between populations, the study also reveals the influence of topography on the distribution of H. chilensis and highlights the role of hydrologically connected watersheds and rivers in plant migration and colonization. This shapes the species' evolutionary trajectory and genetic diversity. Understanding these patterns in H chilensis lets one draw general conclusions about adaptation and survival strategies of plants in extreme desert environments such as the Atacama.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    On the length and intensity of the West African summer monsoon during the last interglacial African humid period (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 328, pp. 108542-108542, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Double dare: Climate change and volcanic activity threatens local populations of Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) and M. bourneti Simon, 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) are ubiquitous inhabitants of the twilight zone of most hypogean sites across Europe. The two species are broadly distributed in Italy, including Sicily, where they show a remarkable segregation along the altitudinal gradient of Mount Etna. Thanks to our recent sampling activities in this area, we create a georeferenced dataset allowing the application of Species Distribution Modelling aiming at evaluating the current and the future habitat in light of the impacts caused by climate change on the local populations. We predicted a relatively wide suitable area for M bourneti, ranging from the sea level up to 1100 m a.sl., whereas for M. menardi the suitable area encompasses a narrow mid altitude strip, extending halfway between the areas suitable for M. bourneti, and the highly unsuitable volcanic uplands, heavily disturbed by the volcanic activity. The averaged future predictions for 2070 under RCP 8.5 scenario, show that M. bourneti will expand its range upwards, in areas that are now suitable for M. menardi. In turn, predictions for M. menardi indicate an extreme reduction of the current strip of suitable habitat, likely determining its local extinction. Our findings are further corroborated by the analysis of the bioclimatic niche of the two species assessed via multidimensional Hutchinsonian hypervolume, being much smaller in M. menardi compared to of M. bourneti. In light of our results, it seems likely that having wider climatic preference, M. bourneti will substitute M. menardi in most of its current range in Sicily. Future interventions aiming at the conservation of M. menardi on Mount Etna are strongly advised.
    Description: Published
    Description: e02699
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cave-dwelling spiders ; Mount Etna ; Lava caves ; Climate change ; Niche segregation ; Species distribution modelling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Exploring the tidal responses of ocean worlds with PyALMA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Observations of the tidal response of celestial bodies quantified by the Love numbers are highly relevant in planetary geophysical investigations because they provide unique insight into the interior structures. For example, the high sensitivity of tidal deformations to the properties of the oceans detected beneath the icy surfaces of some moons is of paramount importance for investigations of their habitability. We present here PyALMA3, a software framework developed in Python devoted to the computation of planetary Love numbers. PyALMA3 is based on ALMA3, a previous version developed in Fortran. Conversion to Python significantly improves the accessibility and portability of the software. We tested PyALMA3 by applying it to the exploration of the tidal responses of Europa and the other Galilean moons. We show that accurate modeling of effects such as the viscoelastic deformations of ice and the water density gradient in the ocean (variations of 2–3% on the real part of k2) will be important in the context of geophysical investigations that will be conducted by future missions targeting icy moons, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116120
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Galilean satellites ; Tides ; Planetary interior ; Ocean planets
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from a finite difference approximation of elliptic operators (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: When approximating elliptic problems by using specialized approximation techniques, we obtain large structured matrices whose analysis provides information on the stability of the method. Here we provide spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from the approximation of the Laplacian via ad hoc finite differences. The analysis involves several tools from matrix theory and in particular from the setting of Toeplitz operators and Generalized Locally Toeplitz matrix-sequences. Several numerical experiments are conducted, which confirm the correctness of the theoretical findings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10-43
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Toeplitz matrix ; Generating function and spectral symbol ; Approximation of differential operators
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    UNFCCC must confront the political economy of net-negative emissions (2021)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Recent demands by developing countries, like India, that developed countries need to reach net-negative emissions, must be negotiated seriously under the UNFCCC. Failure to acknowledge that limiting global average temperature rise to 1.5°C leaves very little carbon budget for equitable redistribution risks further ambiguity on how to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Arguments and architectures: Discursive and institutional structures shaping global climate engineering governance (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Highlights • Climate engineering presents a novel challenge for global environmental governance • Institutional and discursive structures co-shape global environmental governance • A lack of joint analyses of both structures impedes understanding of governance emergence • A joint neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist analysis addresses this gap • Varying structures shape differing climate engineering governance decisions in several forums Abstract The Anthropocene is giving rise to novel challenges for global environmental governance. The barriers and opportunities shaping the ways in which some of these complex environmental challenges become governable on the global level are of increasing academic and practical relevance. In this article, we bring neo-institutionalist and post-structuralist perspectives together in an innovative framework to analyse how both institutional and discursive structures together bound and shape the global governance opportunities which become thinkable and practicable in the face of new global environmental challenges. We apply this framework to explore how governance of climate engineering – large scale, deliberate invention into the global climate system – is being shaped by discursive and institutional structures in three international forums: The London Convention and its Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the United Nations Environment Assembly. We illustrate that the ‘degree of fit’ between discursive and institutional structures made climate engineering (un)governable in each of these forums. Furthermore, we find that the ‘type of fit’ set the discursive and institutional conditions of possibility for what type of governance emerged in each of these cases. Based on our findings, we critically discuss the implications for the future governance of climate engineering at the global level.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Format: archive
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