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  • Cell Press  (242,170)
  • 1
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    Evolution via somatic genetic variation in modular species (2021)
    Cell Press | Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Highlights: Recent genomic data reveal that somatic genetic variation (SoGV) is widespread, but evolutionary consequences of this within-organism level of genetic diversity are largely ignored. In modular plant, animal, and fungal species featuring somatic asexual (=clonal) reproduction and long life spans, the segregation of somatic variation into independent modules (ramets) may create phenotypic diversity subject to selection. Recent genomic data suggest that SoGV can be transferred into gametes in species with late-sequestered, transient germlines (all plants and fungi, some basal animals). Somatic evolution is nested within sexual reproduction and needs to be better integrated into population genetic theory for a large number of species encompassing plants, fungi, and basal animals. Somatic genetic variation (SoGV) may play a consequential yet underappreciated role in long-lived, modular species among plants, animals, and fungi. Recent genomic data identified two levels of genetic heterogeneity, between cell lines and between modules, that are subject to multilevel selection. Because SoGV can transfer into gametes when germlines are sequestered late in ontogeny (plants, algae, and fungi and some basal animals), sexual and asexual processes provide interdependent routes of mutational input and impact the accumulation of genetic load and molecular evolution rates of the integrated asexual/sexual life cycle. Avenues for future research include possible fitness effects of SoGV, the identification and implications of multilevel selection, and modeling of asexual selective sweeps using approaches from tumor evolution
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    Antiphage small molecules produced by bacteria – beyond protein-mediated defenses (2023)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Bacterial populations face the constant threat of viral predation exerted by bacteriophages (‘phages’). In response, bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms against phage challenges. Yet the vast majority of antiphage defense systems described until now are mediated by proteins or RNA complexes acting at the single-cell level. Here, we review small molecule-based defense strategies against phage infection, with a focus on the antiphage molecules described recently. Importantly, inhibition of phage infection by excreted small molecules has the potential to protect entire bacterial communities, highlighting the ecological significance of these antiphage strategies. Considering the immense repertoire of bacterial metabolites, we envision that the list of antiphage small molecules will be further expanded in the future.
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    Metabolic interactions shape a community's phenotype (2022)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Metabolic interactions between auxotrophs and prototrophs in microbial communities are understudied. Yu et al. showed how intracellular as well as intercellular metabolism affects community fitness in the absence and presence of abiotic stress, that is, drugs.
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    Near-term deployment of novel carbon removal to facilitate longer-term deployment (2023)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Scenarios—which account for the costs of and interactions among different mitigation options—show that we will need to remove hundreds of gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere over the course of the century to limit warming to well below 2°C, make efforts to limit it to 1.5°C, and ensure the sustained well-being of our planet. Yet at present, only 2 Gt is being removed per year, and nearly all of it is from forestry—only 0.1% is from novel forms of carbon removal. This commentary shows that the deployment of novel CO2 removal (CDR) over the next decade, its formative phase, is likely to be consequential in determining whether CDR will be available at scale and in time to reach net-zero CO2 emissions consistent with the Paris Agreement’s temperature goal.
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  • 5
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    Seafloor integrity versus critical metal supply (2021)
    Elsevier | Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2023-10-06
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Widely rhythmic transcriptome in Calanus finmarchicus during the high Arctic summer solstice period (2021)
    Cell Press
    In:  EPIC3iScience, Cell Press, (101927)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Solar light/dark cycles and seasonal photoperiods underpin daily and annual rhythms of life on Earth. Yet, the Arctic is characterized by severalmonths of permanent illumination (‘‘midnight sun’’). To determine the persistence of 24h rhythms during the midnight sun, we investigated transcriptomic dynamics in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus during the summer solstice period in the Arctic, with the lowest diel oscillation and the highest altitude of the sun’s position. Here we reveal that in these extreme photic conditions, a widely rhythmic daily transcriptome exists, showing that very weak solar cues are sufficient to entrain organisms. Furthermore, at extremely high latitudes and under sea-ice, gene oscillations become re-organized to include 〈24h rhythms. Environmental synchronization may therefore be modulated to include non-photic signals (i.e. tidal cycles). The ability of zooplankton to be synchronized by extremely weak diel and potentially tidal cycles, may confer an adaptive temporal reorganization of biological processes at high latitudes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel (2023)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in LeClerc, H., Tompsett, G., Paulsen, A., McKenna, A., Niles, S., Reddy, C., Nelson, R., Cheng, F., Teixeira, A., & Timko, M. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. IScience, 25(9), (2022): 104916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916.
    Description: Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel.
    Description: This work was funded by the DOE Bioenergy Technology Office (DE-EE0008513), a DOE DBIR (DE-SC0015784) and the MassCEC. The authors thank WenWen Yao, Department of Environmental Science at WPI, for TOC analysis, Mainstream Engineering for heating value characterization of the oil and solid samples, Wei Fan for assistance in obtaining SEM images and, Julia Martin and Ronald Grimm for their assistance in collecting XPS data, and Jeffrey R. Page for his assistance with oil upgrading and analysis. HOL was partially funded for this work by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship award number 2038257. A portion of this work was performed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance user facility, which is supported by the NSF Division of Materials Research and Division of Chemistry through DMR 16-44779 and the State of Florida.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical engineering ; Catalysis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    A Roadmap for Using the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in Support of Science, Policy, and Action (2020)
    Cell Press | Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The health of the ocean, central to human well-being, has now reached a critical point. Most fish stocks are overexploited, climate change and increased dissolved carbon dioxide are changing ocean chemistry and disrupting species throughout food webs, and the fundamental capacity of the ocean to regulate the climate has been altered. However, key technical, organizational, and conceptual scientific barriers have prevented the identification of policy levers for sustainability and transformative action. Here, we recommend key strategies to address these challenges, including (1) stronger integration of sciences and (2) ocean-observing systems, (3) improved science-policy interfaces, (4) new partnerships supported by (5) a new ocean-climate finance system, and (6) improved ocean literacy and education to modify social norms and behaviors. Adopting these strategies could help establish ocean science as a key foundation of broader sustainability transformations.
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  • 9
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    Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator (2022)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tian, Y., Liu, X., Li, J., Deng, Y., DeGiorgis, J. A., Zhou, S., Caratenuto, A., Minus, M. L., Wan, Y., Xiao, G., & Zheng, Y. Farm-waste-derived recyclable photothermal evaporator. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(9), (2021): 100549, https://doi.org/10.1016./j.xcrp.2021.100549
    Description: Interfacial solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technique for efficient desalination. Although increasing efforts have been made, challenges exist for achieving a balance among a plethora of performance indicators—for example, rapid evaporation, durability, low-cost deployment, and salt rejection. Here, we demonstrate that carbonized manure can convert 98% of sunlight into heat, and the strong capillarity of porous carbon fibers networks pumps sufficient water to evaporation interfaces. Salt diffusion within microchannels enables quick salt drainage to the bulk seawater to prevent salt accumulation. With these advantages, this biomass-derived evaporator is demonstrated to feature a high evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun with broad robustness to acidity and alkalinity. These advantages, together with facial deployment, offer an approach for converting farm waste to energy with high efficiency and easy implementation, which is particularly well suited for developing regions.
    Description: This project is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant no. CBET-1941743. This project is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under EPSCoR Cooperative Agreement no. OIA-1655221.
    Keywords: Biomass ; Recyclable ; Manure ; Farm waste ; Photothermal evaporation ; Desalination
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  • 10
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    A pushing mechanism for microtubule aster positioning in a large cell type (2020)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Meaders, J. L., de Matos, S. N., & Burgess, D. R. A pushing mechanism for microtubule aster positioning in a large cell type. Cell Reports, 33(1), (2020): 108213, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108213.
    Description: After fertilization, microtubule (MT) sperm asters undergo long-range migration to accurately position pronuclei. Due to the large sizes of zygotes, the forces driving aster migration are considered to be from pulling on the astral MTs by dynein, with no significant contribution from pushing forces. Here, we re-investigate the forces responsible for sperm aster centration in sea urchin zygotes. Our quantifications of aster geometry and MT density preclude a pulling mechanism. Manipulation of aster radial lengths and growth rates, combined with quantitative tracking of aster migration dynamics, indicates that aster migration is equal to the length of rear aster radii, supporting a pushing model for centration. We find that dynein inhibition causes an increase in aster migration rates. Finally, ablation of rear astral MTs halts migration, whereas front and side ablations do not. Collectively, our data indicate that a pushing mechanism can drive the migration of asters in a large cell type.
    Description: We would like to thank Dr. Jesse Gatlin for sending us the Tau-mCherry fusion protein for imaging live MTs. We would also like to thank Dr. Timothy Mitchison, Dr. Christine Field, and Dr. James Pelletier for supplying us with CA4, p150-CC1, and EB1-GFP peptides, as well as for fruitful discussions. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Charles Shuster and Leslie Toledo-Jacobo for constructive feedback when preparing the manuscript. We thank Bret Judson and the Boston College Imaging Core for infrastructure and support. This material is based upon work supported by NSF grant no. 124425 to D.R.B.
    Keywords: Dynein ; Aster ; Microtubule ; Centrosome ; Pronucleus ; Fertilization ; Aster position
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    Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization (2022)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stolp, Z. D., Kulkarni, M., Liu, Y., Zhu, C., Jalisi, A., Lin, S., Casadevall, A., Cunningham, K. W., Pineda, F. J., Teng, X., & Hardwick, J. M. Yeast cell death pathway requiring AP-3 vesicle trafficking leads to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Cell Reports, 39(2), (2022): 110647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110647.
    Description: Unicellular eukaryotes have been suggested as undergoing self-inflicted destruction. However, molecular details are sparse compared with the mechanisms of programmed/regulated cell death known for human cells and animal models. Here, we report a molecular cell death pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to vacuole/lysosome membrane permeabilization. Following a transient cell death stimulus, yeast cells die slowly over several hours, consistent with an ongoing molecular dying process. A genome-wide screen for death-promoting factors identified all subunits of the AP-3 complex, a vesicle trafficking adapter known to transport and install newly synthesized proteins on the vacuole/lysosome membrane. To promote cell death, AP-3 requires its Arf1-GTPase-dependent vesicle trafficking function and the kinase Yck3, which is selectively transported to the vacuole membrane by AP-3. Video microscopy revealed a sequence of events where vacuole permeability precedes the loss of plasma membrane integrity. AP-3-dependent death appears to be conserved in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.
    Description: Funding sources: National Institutes of Health, United States grants AI144373 and NS127076 (J.M.H.), AI115016 and AI153414 (K.W.C.), and AI052733, AI152078, and HL059842 (A.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China 31970550; and the Priority Academic Program Development of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutes (X.T.).
    Keywords: Yeast ; Programmed cell death ; Vesicle trafficking ; AP-3 ; Vacuole ; Cryptococcus ; Yck3 ; Regulated cell death ; Lysosome ; Vacuolar membrane permeabilization
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  • 12
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    Ciliary flows in corals ventilate target areas of high photosynthetic oxygen production (2022)
    Cell Press
    In:  EPIC3Current Biology, Cell Press, ISSN: 09609822
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-30
    Description: Most tropical corals live in symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae algae whose photosynthetic production of oxygen (O2) may lead to excess O2 in the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) above the coral surface. When flow is low, cilia-induced mixing of the coral DBL is vital to remove excess O2 and prevent oxidative stress that may lead to coral bleaching and mortality. Here, we combined particle image velocimetry using O2-sensitive nanoparticles (sensPIV) with chlorophyll (Chla)-sensitive hyperspectral imaging to visualize the microscale distribution and dynamics of ciliary flows and O2 in the coral DBL in relation to the distribution of Symbiodiniaceae Chla in the tissue of the reef building coral, Porites lutea. Curiously, we found an inverse relation between O2 in the DBL and Chla in the underlying tissue, with patches of high O2 in the DBL above low Chla in the underlying tissue surrounding the polyp mouth areas and pockets of low O2 concentrations in the DBL above high Chla in the coenosarc tissue connecting neighboring polyps. The spatial segregation of Chla and O2 is related to ciliary-induced flows, causing a lateral redistribution of O2 in the DBL. In a 2D transport-reaction model of the coral DBL, we show that the enhanced O2 transport allocates parts of the O2 surplus to areas containing less chla, which minimizes oxidative stress. Cilary flows thus confer a spatially complex mass transfer in the coral DBL, which may play an important role in mitigating oxidative stress and bleaching in corals.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Optogenetic mapping of cerebellar inhibitory circuitry reveals spatially biased coordination of interneurons via electrical synapses (2014)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cell 7 (2014): 1601–1613, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.047.
    Description: We used high-speed optogenetic mapping technology to examine the spatial organization of local inhibitory circuits formed by cerebellar interneurons. Transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 exclusively in molecular layer interneurons allowed us to focally photostimulate these neurons, while measuring resulting responses in postsynaptic Purkinje cells. This approach revealed that interneurons converge upon Purkinje cells over a broad area and that at least seven interneurons form functional synapses with a single Purkinje cell. The number of converging interneurons was reduced by treatment with gap junction blockers, revealing that electrical synapses between interneurons contribute substantially to the spatial convergence. Remarkably, gap junction blockers affected convergence in sagittal slices, but not in coronal slices, indicating a sagittal bias in electrical coupling between interneurons. We conclude that electrical synapse networks spatially coordinate interneurons in the cerebellum and may also serve this function in other brain regions.
    Description: This work was supported by a CRP grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore and by the World Class Institute (WCI) Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (NRF grant number WCI 2009-003).
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    Affinity purification of label-free tubulins from xenopus egg extracts (2021)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Reusch, S., Biswas, A., Hirst, W. G., & Reber, S. Affinity purification of label-free tubulins from xenopus egg extracts. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100151, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100151.
    Description: Cytoplasmic extracts from unfertilized Xenopus eggs have made important contributions to our understanding of microtubule dynamics, spindle assembly, and scaling. Until recently, these in vitro studies relied on the use of heterologous tubulin. This protocol allows for the purification of physiologically relevant Xenopus tubulins in milligram yield, which are a complex mixture of isoforms with various post-translational modifications. The protocol is applicable to any cell or tissue of interest. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hirst et al. (2020).
    Description: This article was prompted by our stay at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole, MA, in the summer of 2016 funded by the Princeton-Humboldt Strategic Partnership Grant together with the lab of Sabine Petry (Princeton University). We are grateful to the National Xenopus Resource (NXR) for supplying frogs. For mass spectrometry, we would like to acknowledge the assistance of Benno Kuropka and Chris Weise from the Core Facility BioSupraMol supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). We thank the Protein Expression Purification and Characterization (PEPC) facility at the MPI-CBG; in particular, we thank Aliona Bogdanova and Barbara Borgonovo. We thank all former and current members of the Reber lab for discussions and helpful advice, in particular Christoph Hentschel and Soma Zsoter for technical assistance. S.R. acknowledges funding from the IRI Life Sciences (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Excellence Initiative/DFG). W.H. was supported by the Alliance Berlin Canberra co-funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2290 and the Australian National University.
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  • 15
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    A novel interception strategy in a miniature robber fly with extreme visual acuity (2017)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Current Biology 27 (2017): 854–859, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.050.
    Description: Our visual system allows us to rapidly identify and intercept a moving object. When this object is far away, we base the trajectory on the target’s location relative to an external frame of reference [1]. This process forms the basis for the constant bearing angle (CBA) model, a reactive strategy that ensures interception since the bearing angle, formed between the line joining pursuer and target (called the range vector) and an external reference line, is held constant [2; 3 ; 4]. The CBA model may be a fundamental and widespread strategy, as it is also known to explain the interception trajectories of bats and fish [5 ; 6]. Here, we show that the aerial attack of the tiny robber fly Holcocephala fusca is consistent with the CBA model. In addition, Holcocephala fusca displays a novel proactive strategy, termed “lock-on” phase, embedded with the later part of the flight. We found the object detection threshold for this species to be 0.13°, enabled by an extremely specialized, forward pointing fovea (∼5 ommatidia wide, interommatidial angle Δφ = 0.28°, photoreceptor acceptance angle Δρ = 0.27°). This study furthers our understanding of the accurate performance that a miniature brain can achieve in highly demanding sensorimotor tasks and suggests the presence of equivalent mechanisms for target interception across a wide range of taxa.
    Description: This work was funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-15-1-0188 to P.T.G.-B. and K.N. and FA9550-15-1-0068 to D.G.S.), an Isaac Newton Trust/Wellcome Trust ISSF/University of Cambridge Joint Research Grant (097814/Z/11/Z) to P.T.G.-B., a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellowship (BBSRC, BB/L024667/1) to T.J.W., a Royal Society International Exchange Scheme grant to P.T.G.-B. (75166), a Swedish Research Council grant (2012-4740) to K.N., and a Shared Equipment Grant from the School of Biological Sciences (University of Cambridge, RG70368).
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  • 16
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    In Vitro reconstitution and imaging of microtubule dynamics by fluorescence and label-free microscopy (2021)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hirst, W. G., Kiefer, C., Abdosamadi, M. K., Schäffer, E., & Reber, S. In Vitro reconstitution and imaging of microtubule dynamics by fluorescence and label-free microscopy. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100177, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100177.
    Description: Dynamic microtubules are essential for many processes in the lives of eukaryotic cells. To study and understand the mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and regulation, in vitro reconstitution with purified components has proven a vital approach. Imaging microtubule dynamics can be instructive for a given species, isoform composition, or biochemical modification. Here, we describe two methods that visualize microtubule dynamics at high speed and high contrast: (1) total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and (2) label-free interference reflection microscopy.
    Description: We thank the AMBIO imaging facility (Charité, Berlin) and Nikon at MBL for imaging support. We thank all former and current members of the Reber lab for discussion and helpful advice, in particular Christoph Hentschel and Soma Zsoter for technical assistance. S.R. acknowledges funding by the IRI Life Sciences (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Excellence Initiative/DFG). W.H. was supported by the Alliance Berlin Canberra co-funded by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2290 and the Australian National University. C.K. thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG, JA 2589/1-1). C.K. and M.A. thank Steve Simmert and Tobias Jachowski former and current members of the Schäffer lab.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Microscopy
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  • 17
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    Microfluidic encapsulation of Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts using hydrogel photolithography (2021)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geisterfer, Z. M., Oakey, J., & Gatlin, J. C. . Microfluidic encapsulation of Xenopus laevis cell-free extracts using hydrogel photolithography. STAR Protocols, 1(3), (2020): 100221, doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100221.
    Description: Cell-free extract derived from the eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis is a well-established model system that has been used historically in bulk aliquots. Here, we describe a microfluidic approach for isolating discrete, biologically relevant volumes of cell-free extract, with more expansive and precise control of extract shape compared with extract-oil emulsions. This approach is useful for investigating the mechanics of intracellular processes affected by cell geometry or cytoplasmic volume, including organelle scaling and positioning mechanisms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Geisterfer et al. (2020).
    Description: This work was made possible by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant no. 2P20GM103432. It was also supported by additional funding provided by the NIGMS under grant no. R01GM113028, the NSF Faculty CAREER Program under award no. BBBE 1254608, Whitman Center fellowships at the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Biomedical Scholars program of the Pew Charitable Trusts. We thank Drs. Aaron Groen and Tim Mitchison for their intellectual contributions and involvement in some of the pioneering experiments that set the foundation for this approach.
    Keywords: Biophysics ; Cell Biology ; Cell isolation ; Microscopy ; Model Organisms
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  • 18
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    The gut microbiota of rural Papua New Guineans : composition, diversity patterns, and ecological processes (2015)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cell Reports 11 (2015): 1-12, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.049.
    Description: Although recent research revealed an impact of westernization on diversity and composition of the human gut microbiota, the exact consequences on metacommunity characteristics are insufficiently understood, and the underlying ecological mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we have compared the fecal microbiota of adults from two non-industrialized regions in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with that of United States (US) residents. Papua New Guineans harbor communities with greater bacterial diversity, lower inter-individual variation, vastly different abundance profiles, and bacterial lineages undetectable in US residents. A quantification of the ecological processes that govern community assembly identified bacterial dispersal as the dominant process that shapes the microbiome in PNG but not in the US. These findings suggest that the microbiome alterations detected in industrialized societies might arise from modern lifestyle factors limiting bacterial dispersal, which has implications for human health and the development of strategies aimed to redress the impact of westernization.
    Description: This study was partly funded by BioGaia AB. BioGaia had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. A portion of this research is part of the Microbiomes in Transition Initiative at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). This research was conducted under the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at PNNL, a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.
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    Convergent evolution of sodium ion selectivity in metazoan neuronal signaling (2012)
    Cell Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cell Reports 2 (2012): 242–248, doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.06.016.
    Description: Ion selectivity of metazoan voltage-gated Na+ channels is critical for neuronal signaling and has long been attributed to a ring of four conserved amino acids that constitute the ion selectivity filter (SF) at the channel pore. Yet, in addition to channels with a preference for Ca2+ ions, the expression and characterization of Na+ channel homologs from the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, a member of the early-branching metazoan phylum Cnidaria, revealed a sodium-selective channel bearing a noncanonical SF. Mutagenesis and physiological assays suggest that pore elements additional to the SF determine the preference for Na+ in this channel. Phylogenetic analysis assigns the Nematostella Na+-selective channel to a channel group unique to Cnidaria, which diverged 〉540 million years ago from Ca2+-conducting Na+ channel homologs. The identification of Cnidarian Na+-selective ion channels distinct from the channels of bilaterian animals indicates that selectivity for Na+ in neuronal signaling emerged independently in these two animal lineages.
    Description: This study was supported by a research grant from the Austrian National Science Foundation (FWF P 21108-B17) to U.T., and by a United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Grant (IS-4313-10) and an Israeli Science Foundation grant (107/08) to M.G.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 20
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    Neural control of dynamic 3-dimensional skin papillae for cuttlefish camouflage (2018)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in iScience 1 (2018): 24-34, doi:10.1016/j.isci.2018.01.001.
    Description: The color and pattern changing abilities of octopus, squid, and cuttlefish via chromatophore neuro-muscular organs are unparalleled. Cuttlefish and octopuses also have a unique muscular hydrostat system in their skin. When this system is expressed, dermal bumps called papillae disrupt body shape and imitate the fine texture of surrounding objects, yet the control system is unknown. Here we report for papillae: (1) the motoneurons and the neurotransmitters that control activation and relaxation, (2) a physiologically fast expression and retraction system, and (3) a complex of smooth and striated muscles that enables long-term expression of papillae through sustained tension in the absence of neural input. The neural circuits controlling acute shape-shifting skin papillae in cuttlefish show homology to the iridescence circuits in squids. The sustained tension in papillary muscles for long-term camouflage utilizes muscle heterogeneity and points toward the existence of a “catch-like” mechanism that would reduce the necessary energy expenditure.
    Description: This work was funded by an AFOSR grant no. FA9550-14-1-0134, Isaac Newton Trust/Wellcome Trust ISSF/University of Cambridge Joint Research Grant (097814/Z/11/Z) to P.T.G-B., and a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellowship (BBSRC, BB/L024667/1) to T.J.W.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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