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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (25,582)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (32,736)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARTEL STABILITY AND THE CURVATURE OF MARKET DEMAND (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The stability of collusion is analysed for a family of demand functions whose curvature is determined by a parameter varying between zero and infinity. When the number of firms is low, firms may prefer to act as quantity setters in order to increase cartel stability if demand is sufficiently convex. Otherwise, price-setting behaviour enhances their ability to collude. As the number of firms tends to infinity, Cournot behaviour is preferable to Bertrand behaviour in order to stabilize collusion, independently of the characteristics of market demand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00639.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE SCOPE FOR COLLUSION AND COMPETITION IN A REGULATED VERTICALLY INTEGRATED INDUSTRY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the competitive implications of input price controls in a partially regulated industry where a vertically integrated firm has exclusive control over an input with natural monopoly characteristics. Such industry structures are commonly encountered in activities such as telecommunications, railways, electricity and water supply. It is shown that in a Cournot game such input price controls are unambiguously benefical to consumers. However, it is further demonstrated that there exist circumstances in which these controls may make the non-integrated firm worse off. Thus if the objective of input price regulation is to protect the non-integrated firm, such controls may prove to be counterproductive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00635.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE MARKET FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Franchised distribution accounts for a substantial proportion of retail sales each year. This form of vertical integration is frequently found in the accompaniment of parallel distribution through company-owned establishments. Similarly, franchise contracts are characterized by mixed compensation strategies. This paper contains empirical models of the market for franchise opportunities where incentives for mixed distribution and compensation strategies are evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00626.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRIME, DETERRENCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses aggregate data from 42 police-force areas over 12 years to test predictions of Becker's economic model of crime. The effects of measures for deterrence on the incidence of three types of acquisitive criminal activity (burglary, theft, robbery) in England and Wales are explored. Mixed support for the Becker model emerges. The growth in unemployment is seen to impact positively on two of the three types of criminal activity examined. Per capita household income is seen to have a negative effect on the recorded rates of burglary and theft, but there is some evidence that the income variable is a proxy for the effects of unemployment. Poor housing conditions and the relative youth of the population were also found to play a role in the determination of criminal activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00629.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COST FUNCTIONS AND COST EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION: A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER APPROACH (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper develops a cost frontier model of electricity distribution and estimates it on data for the 12 regional electricity companies of England and Wales. It is found that some significant cost drivers in cross-section estimation are insignificant when the model is estimated on panel data, highlighting the well-known drawbacks of cross-section estimation. Panel data estimation suggests that the main determinants of distribution operating costs are the number of customers in the area and simultaneous maximum demand. These results and the efficiency rankings of the companies are not sensitive to changes in error distribution assumptions and sample size. There is also significant evidence of economies of scale. There is a small but significant effect on cost efficiency from privatization, but this is as likely to be due to the changes in accounting policies at the time of privatization as any real effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1996.tb00623.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEOREM WITH ENDOGENOUS LABOUR SUPPLY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note demonstrates that the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem, stated in terms of factor endowment ratios, is valid independent of the slope of the labour supply curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00614.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper develops simple statistical test procedures for generalized decomposable poverty measures. It is shown that the estimates of the decomposable poverty indices, including the overall and various subgroup poverty indices, have (asymptotic) jointly normal distributions. The full variance-covariance structure is derived and can be estimated consistently without prior specification of the population density underlying the sample data. The (overall/decomposed) poverty indices can thus be used as tools for statistical inference instead of simply as descriptive statistics. We illustrate the test procedure by examining the contributions of whites and non-whites to total US poverty in 1975 and 1985.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00619.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BILATERALISM IN THE INTERWAR WORLD ECONOMY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Discriminatory protectionist policies in the 1930s are assumed to have led to a collapse of multilateral trading patterns. This paper examines the trends in bilateralism during the interwar period for a sample of ten countries. The findings show that, with the exception of Germany between 1934 and 1938, the level of bilateralism fluctuated but did not see a significant trend increase in the period of increased protectionism during the 1930s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00610.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRATEGIC TRADE POLICY WITH INTERNATIONALLY OWNED FIRMS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The consequences of international firm ownership for strategic trade policy are examined both in a general and in a simple linear model of an international duopoly with two governments using production subsidies as policy instruments. At first sight, the case for strategic trade policy seems to be weakened, because international ownership reduces a government's incentive for rent-shifting. Closer inspection shows, however, that there are ownership structures leading to optimal policies which induce the duopolists to behave more collusively. This tends to resolve the conflict between national and international rationality in a policy game with retaliation and makes strategic trade policy look more attractive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00611.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARNINGS DISTRIBUTION: HOW ARE HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS RELATED? (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the links between individual and household distributions of earnings. Using a sample of 1991 data from the UK, considerable complexity is uncovered in the structure of the household earnings distribution. This is due to heterogeneity of earners and positive ‘clustering’ of earners within households. The structure of the clustering behaviour of earners for different household types is estimated, and the contribution of clustering to overall earnings inequality is evaluated. Perhaps surprisingly in view of the observed clustering behaviour, it is found that clustering has reduced overall inequality, although the mean-adjusted distribution of individual earnings is insignificantly different from the distribution of household earnings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00606.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DEPRECIATION, OBSOLESCENCE AND THE ROLE OF CAPITAL IN GROWTH ACCOUNTING: A REPLY TO OULTON (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00599.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIVARIATE COINTEGRATION APPROACH TO THE DETERMINATION OF RESERVES AND BANK CREDIT: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper estimates both long-run reserves and long-run money demand equations using the multivariate cointegration approach. An economic model is constructed, based on the monetary approach to balance of payments in which the monetary authorities can control money supply through changes in bank credit. The vector auto-regressive methodology is used to derive latent equilibrium relationships, and the short-run error correction equations are estimated for both nominal money stock and reserves. A response function for the short-run changes in bank credit is developed. Given the institutional system and slow adjustments, a response function of changes in bank credit to lagged changes in reserves performs well for the period 1960–88.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00601.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INDUSTRIAL LICENSING, BRIBERY AND ALLOCATION EFFICIENCY (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In less developed countries where an industrial licensing policy governs the entry of new firms, and when government officials awarding these licenses are corrupt, an incumbent firm may deter entry by bribing the official to deny the license. The paper demonstrates that such bribery can lead to the exclusion of more efficient firms from the market. This contradicts the established result that bribery does not affect allocation efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.1995.tb00603.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONVERGENCE AND THE U.S. STATES: A TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . After decades of apparent convergence, state and regional per capita earnings diverged between 1978 and 1988. A central tenet of the convergence hypothesis is that shocks to relative state and regional earnings, such as those of the 1978 to 1988 period, are transitory. We find evidence for convergence for the U.S. states and regions during the 1929 to 1990 period after allowing for a break in the rate at which the various states and regions were converging in 1946. An important finding of this research is that the US. states and regions achieved per capita earnings convergence by 1946.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01120.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Social and Demographic Accounting, edited by Geoffrey J.D. Hewings and Moss Madden. Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change, by William D. Nordhaus. The South as an American Problem, edited by Larry J. Grffin and Don H. Doyle. Imagineering Atlanta: The Politics of Place in the City of Dreams, by Charles Rutheiser. Planning for Cities and Regions in Japan, edited by Philip Shapira, Ian Masser, and David W. Edgington. Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformations on the Chinese Frontiers, by Piper Rae Gaubatz. Community, Culture, and Economic Development: The Social Roots of Local Action, by Meredith Ramsay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01124.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SPATIAL BARRIERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING IN HOUSING MARKETS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE CONNECTICUT RIVER ON HOUSING RETURNS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Relative to financial securities markets, information is a scarce commodity in real estate markets. If information diffuses quickly in real estate markets, then we can infer that telecommunications play an important role. On the other hand, spatial barriers such as rivers can slow down the assimilation of relevant information if face-to-face contacts are an important source of information. We examine whether and how the Connecticut River (along with bridges) alters the nature and strength of spatial diffusion of information on housing returns. We report strong evidence that the Connecticut River slows down the spatial diffusion of information and that its effects are consistent with face-to-face contact, as opposed to telecommunications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01108.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    DOES MANUFACUTRING MATTER? A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC VIEW OF KALDOR'S LAWS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01112.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Gravity Models of Spatial Interaction Behavior, by Ashish Sen and Tony E. Smith. Urban Consumer Theory, by Geoffrey K. Turnbull. Corporate Geography: Business Location Principles and Cases, by Risto Laula-jainen and Howard A. Stafford. The Geography of Finance: Spatial Dimensions of Intermediary Behavior, by David J. Porteous. Sovereign Nations or Reservations? An Economic History of American Indians, by Terry L. Anderson. Peasantry to Capitalism: Western Östergötland in the Nineteenth Century, by Göran Hoppe and John Langton. Convergence and Divergence Among European Regions, edited by H. W. Armstrong and R. W. Vickerman.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01115.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF BRANCH FACILITIES AND MAIN FACILITIES WITH CONSUMER SEARCH (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines the socially optimal locations of branch facilities (or small stores) and main facilities (or large stores) on a finite linear market that is uniformly populated from position 0 to position 1. Each consumer has a probability w of finding the desired service (or product) at a branch facility, and a probability 1 of finding the desired service (or product) at a main facility. Two types of consumer search are considered: phone search and visit search. Different assumptions are made about the numbers of branch facilities and main facilities (each involving one or two facilities of each type). Under visit search, the socially optimal locations of branch facilities tend to be closer to main facilities than under phone search, and this tendency is more pronounced for smaller values of w.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01266.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    DISCRETE SPATIAL CHOICE MODELS FOR AGGREGATE DESTINATIONS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In problems of spatial choice, the choice set is typically more aggregated than the one considered by decision-makers, often because choice data are available only at the aggregate level. These aggregate choice units will exhibit heterogeneity in utility and in size. To be consistent with utility maximization, a choice model must estimate choice probabilities on the basis of the maximum utility within heterogeneous aggregates. The ordinary multinomial logit model applied to aggregate choice units fails this criterion as it is estimated on the basis of average utility. In this paper, we derive and discuss a model which utilizes the theory underlying the nested logit model to estimate the appropriate maximum utilities of aggregates. We also demonstrate that the aggregate alternative error terms are asymptotically Gumbel, thereby relaxing the assumption of extreme value distributed error terms. This is accomplished with help from the asymptotic theory of extremes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01269.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    ZONE PRICING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Our purpose is to study a spatial price policy often encountered in the real world, known as zone pricing. This price policy consists in determining simultaneously several delivered prices together with the geographical zones in which they apply. It is shown that zone pricing approximates perfect spatial price discrimination and that the firm's profit increases with the number of zones. Furthermore, the number of markets supplied by the firm rises with the number of zones. Finally, zone pricing is compared to other standard spatial price policies and possible extensions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01270.x
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  • 22
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    STATE PER CAPITA INCOME CONVERGENCE SINCE 1950: SHARECROPPING'S DEMISE AND OTHER INFLUENCES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Prevailing theories wrongly attribute post-1950 convergence of state per capita incomes to (1) neoclassical adjustment mechanisms, (2) institutional sclerosis, and (3) southern industrialization. But convergence-essentially a weakening of southern poverty–resulted mainly from the South's overcoming its legacy of slavery: the sharecropper-tenant system, agricultural dependence, high black population percentages, poor education, and low wage rates. Sharecropping was the dominant feature; abject poverty among sharecroppers dragged southern income to its knees. Sharecropping's collapse and attendant South-to-North migration affected the legacy's other features in ways that raised income. Manufacturing growth and transport improvements caused relative income in the West to decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01292.x
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  • 23
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    THE ECONOMIC LAW OF MARKET AREAS: A FURTHER DISCUSSION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The Economic Law of Market Areas, so named by Fetter, is concerned with the division of a territory between two competing centers. It is argued that this Law can be conveniently examined in terms of six cases, each of which is specified by a combination of differentials in freight rates and prices at the two centers. The locational significance of each case is considered, along with the form and dimensions of the market-area boundary between the two centers. Three of the cases are each shown to subsume a special case. It is further shown that for any case except one, a reversal of the differentials between the two centers, while resulting in a symmetrically-equivalent outcome, requires a different (and usually substantial) respecification of the case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01295.x
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  • 24
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    BAYESIAN SMOOTHING OF RATES IN SMALL GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An enormous amount of socio-economic and public-health data come as rates (e.g., unemployment, per capita income, mortality rates, census undercount) reported in small geographic areas. The U.S. Census Bureau regularly publishes data series at the county level, although the county is often a small area chosen for administrative convenience rather than by design. The reported rates can be regarded as a noisy representation of the true geographic distribution of rates over the small areas. This article presents a Bayesian statistical method of smoothing raw rates. In order to illustrate the important features of the method, a data set on undercoverage in the 1980 U.S. Census will be used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01298.x
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  • 25
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Road Pricing: Theory, Empirical Assessment and Policy, edited by Börje Johansson and Lars-Göran Mattsson. Pension Incentives and Job Mobility, by Alan L. Gustman and Thomas L. Steinmeier. The Making of the Urban Landscape, by J. W. R. Whitehand. The End of the Line: Lost Jobs, New Lives in Postindustrial America, by Kathryn Marie Dudley. China's Rural Entrepreneurs: Ten Case Studies, edited by John Wong, Rong Ma, and Mu Yang. Regional Integration: The West European Experience, by William Wallace.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01300.x
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  • 26
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    SELECTION BIAS IN SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC MODELS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The problem of spatial autocorrelation has been ignored in selection-bias models estimated with spatial data. Spatial autocorrelation is a serious problem in these models because the heteroskedasticity with which it commonly is associated causes inconsistent parameter estimates in models with discrete dependent variables. This paper proposes estimators for commonly-employed spatial models with selection bias. A maximum-likelihood estimator is applied to data on land use and values in 1920s Chicago. Evidence of significant heteroskedasticity and selection bias is found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01412.x
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  • 27
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    EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF OFFICE RENT AND AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES: A CASE STUDY OF TORONTO (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An equilibrium model of office location is applied and tested in the Toronto metropolitan area. The model focuses on the role of communication among firms which is the driving force behind the spatial agglomeration of office firms. The model calculates the equilibrium floor rent in each district, given the existing building stock. The performance of the model is tested in terms of the goodness of fit between observed and estimated office rent in each district. By using the model, we estimate the value of agglomeration economies which is defined as changes in productivities caused by increases in the number of office firms. It is shown that the agglomeration economies in the office sector are much larger than those in manufacturing, and the external effects of agglomeration are considerably large.
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    SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION IN BRITISH UNEMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The recent literature on local unemployment in Britain and the U.S. is reviewed, and a model estimated for Britain which is consistent with the findings of that literature. Spatial econometric techniques are applied to test and elaborate on that model. The results indmte the presence of significant spillovers in adjustments to local demand shocks. These spillovers occur over a wide spatial field and are strongest after a lag, suggesting that they reflect migration behavior. In addition, highly localized spatial interactions are found, consistent with commuting adjustments in response to shocks. Incorporating these effects eliminates spatial autocorrelation from the residuals. A simulation exercise is undertaken to demonstrate the effects of supply- and demand-side shocks on the model solution.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    THE INTRAMETROPOLITAN DISTRIBUTION OF R&D ACTIVITIES: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The paper presents a first attempt to unveil the underlying determinants of the geography of R&D labs within contemporary metropolises. To this end, the study builds on the premise of contemporary intraurban location and pricing models, suggesting that intraurban variations in property rents must reflect the imputed location preferences of firms or their workforce, as well as the extent to which local institutional constraints hinder these preferences. Against this background, the study proceeds with the econometric analysis of R&D property rent differentials within Greater Los Angeles. The empirical results indicate that access to research and nonresearch universities, transportation access, access to a host of worker amenities, as well as zoning and other local regulations play a critical role in shaping the intraurban geography of R&D labs.
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    A ROBUST APPROACH TO PREDICTING FLUCTUATIONS IN STATE-LEVEL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Economic forecasting models are famous for performing well over short time periods and then suffering rapidly deteriorating performance when economic conditions change. This behavior makes composite forecasting models valuable in situations where large forecast errors cause considerable losses. A composite forecasting model for state-level employment is proposed here. This method is designed to protect state budget processes by producing robust forecasts of changes in employment and the related revenue collections. An application to Georgia nonagricultural employment is presented which demonstrates the benefits of this technique. The example shows that the method can forecast such series accurately without the forecaster having to choose in advance a single model specification to all economic conditions.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this article:Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function, by Michael Batty and Paul Longley.Nonlinear Evolution of Spatial Economic Systems, edited by Peter Nijkamp and Aura Reggiani.Environmental Modeling with GIS. edited by Michael F. Goodchild, Bradley O. Parks, and Louis T. Steyaert.From Combines to Computers: Rural Services and Development in the Age of Information Technology, by Amy K. Glasmeier and Marie Howland.The Geography of Innovation, by Maryann Feldman.Restructuring for Innovation: The Remaking of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry, by David P. Angel.The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning, by John Sewell.The Formation of American Local Governments: Private Values in Public Institutions, by Nancy Burns.The New Geography of European Migrations, edited by Russell King.Methodology for Land and Housing Market Analysis, edited by Gareth Jones and Peter M. Ward.Drought Follows the Plow, edited by Michael H. Glantz.
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    ON THE INTERPRETATION OF FIXED INPUT COEFFICIENTS UNDER AGGREGATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A fixed input coefficient is traditionally interpreted as the additional input from one sector that is required for an additional unit of output in another sector. It is shown that this ratio of increments is, in general, not fixed under aggregation. A tight upper and lower bound for its variation are derived. A necessary and sufficient condition for the ratio to be fixed is obtained. As a consequence, adopting the common assumption of fixed input coefficients implies that additional assumptions at any subaggregate level are required. Similar results are given for the Leontief inverse, whose typical element is usually interpreted as the additional output in one sector that is required for an additional unit of final demand in another sector.
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    EVOLUTION OF URBAN SYSTEMS IN THE PARETO PLANE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Distributions of city sizes are usually characterized by their Pareto index. This, however, turns out to be a rather restrictive view, for the Pareto distribution is known to become singular whenever the Pareto index becomes smaller than one, a case which is fairly frequent in empirical distributions. We show that the introduction of finite Pareto distributions in which city sizes are bounded from above solves a number of difficulties encountered by the rank-size rule and by the unbounded Pareto distribution. Combined with the use of finite Pareto distributions, the green-belt model that has been introduced previously is reexamined. It implies definite constraints for the long-run evolution of urban systems; it is in the cases of countries experiencing a process of fast urbanization that these constraints are of greatest significance. The implications of the model are confronted with empirical evidence concerning the evolution of urban systems in major industrialized countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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    EDITORS’NOTE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    INDUSTRIAL CENTERS AND REGIONAL GROWTH IN THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL INPUTS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A large proportion of regional production takes place in nontraded goods and services. In addition, significant productivity increases can be observed in some segments of this sector. Starting from these two empirical observations we construct a model of growth in a two-region setting with factor mobility. The growth process is based on endogenous technological change in the nontraded input sector, whose output serves as an input in the production of one of the two final goods, the so-called industrial good. We consider two extreme cases, one with locally limited, the other with interregional knowledge spillovers. Conditions are established under which interior solutions with production of local inputs and steady-state growth in both regions result, and others under which we find a core-periphery pattern with growth concentrated in one region only. The stability of the equilibria is discussed by considering the transition processes. Finally, it is shown that catching-up as well as leapfrogging may occur, if new technologies become available.
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    TIME, HEDONIC MIGRATION, AND HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A hedonic migration model is developed where regional amenities are viewed as influencing household production within the framework of the new demand theory. The inputs to household production are goods, time and housing. It is shown that economic growth in the economy as a whole will increase the relative attractiveness of regions that are relatively time-saving, in the sense that they have a lower time elasticity of household production. Hence, migration will flow into time saving regions and housing costs in those regions will rise as real GDP grows.
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    BOOKS RECErVED (1995)
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    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    COMPETITIVE LOCATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY OF COSTS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper, we study the centroid problem from competitive location theory for a linear market with uniform demand, assuming that the leader has imperfect information about the follower's fixed and marginal costs. It is shown that the general version of this problem can be formulated as a nonlinear programming problem and the exact solution can be obtained analytically in a special case. A simple strategy is also given for the general problem, and it is proven that this strategy has a guaranteed error bound. It is demonstrated that uncertainty of costs might lead to market failure in the centroid problem, but this disappears if the game is repeated and the firms learn from observing each other's moves. It is also shown that it is possible for the leader to obtain optimal expected profit at a low perceived risk, with only sufficient, and not necessarily perfect, information. These two observations lead to our primary conclusion from the study that although cost uncertainty is a realistic feature of most competitive location models, there are very effective ways of dealing with it.
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    NEGATIVE FEEDBACKS IN THE ECONOMY AND INDUSTRIAL LOCATION (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Incorporating regional asymmetry and negative feedbacks (congestion) in a model of economic geography and international trade shows that complete specialization of production at one location is unlikely. We identify an agglomerating force: the home market effect, and two spreading forces, competition for demand from immobile sectors of production and congestion. We demonstrate that negative feedbacks can explain the economic viability of small industrial regions observed in the real world. Simulations clarify the basic structure of the model.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED—NOVEMBER 1996 (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01125.x
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    PRICING POLICY REACTIONS TO AGGLOMERATION IN A MARKET WITH SPATIAL SEARCH (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Price dispersion (variation) and agglomeration are common characteristics of spatial markets, in particular, markets with imperfect consumer information and search. However, pricing and location strategies in these markets are not well analyzed since spatial search is difficult to model without restricting the spatial dimension of the problem. This paper analyzes pricing and location strategies in a market with spatid search using a probabilistic modeling strategy that does not restrict search patterns in the plane. Specifically, the analysis considers the pricing strategy of an isolated firm in response to the agglomeration of competing firms. Results indicate that spatial and temporal price dispersion are effective responses to competitors'agglomeration. However, the relative effectiveness of these strategies varies with market conditions. In addition, agglomeration can have some counterintuitive effects. This paper also provides insights into existing theories of spatial search and spatial competition in spatially-restricted (linear and circular) markets.
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    REPLY TO SUBSIDIES, ADDITIONALITY AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In Wren (1994) I find that industrial subsidies have significantly greater employment effects in small firms, and interpret this as arising from the poorer access that these firms have to private funds. Holden and Swales (1996) criticize this interpretation, arguing that financial constraints typically limit the effectiveness of subsidies. In this paper I show that their results arise from the particular properties of the homogeneous production function. More generally, I show that the effectiveness of assistance increases with the marginal cost of private funds and is greater in those firms facing financial constraints. As such, differential access to private funds can explain the greater effectiveness of assistance found in small firms.
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    THE LONG-RUN ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL FISCAL POLICIES IN METROPOLITAN AREAS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper uses new estimates of metropolitan factor demand and output supply functions to study how federal, state, and local fiscal policies affect metropolitan economies. We illustrate our work with findings for ten metropolitan areas in five states for changes in state corporate income taxes, local property taxes, the federal corporate income tax, an investment tax credit, interest rates, public capital stocks, output prices, and tax and regulatory policies affecting gross wages. It is clear from these simulations that a policy that is nominally the same everywhere will have repercussions that vary widely across regions and cities.
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    THE EFFECT OF RETAIL FIRM OWNERSHIP ON PRICE EQUILIBRIUM (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: . This paper examines the effect of retail firm ownership on price equilibrium using a simple linear-city model. It is shown that price divergence emerges due to the differences in retail firm ownership, because retail firms under different ownership internalize shopping externalities differently. It is also shown that if a commercial center has two specialized retail firms, these stores charge the same markup for different goods at the equilibrium.
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    SUBSIDIES, ADDITIONALITY AND FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: A COMRIENT ON WREN (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper comprises a detailed investigation of the properties of the analytical model introduced in Wren (1994) to evaluate the effect of industrial subsidies on firm employment. We deal specifically with the link between additionality and whether the firm is finance constrained, adding a more flexible formulation for the financial constraint than the two given in Wren. We use the model to question Wren's view that additionality will be greatest in financially constrained firms. We argue that financial constraints potentially restrict leverage and therefore in important, relevant circumstances, limit the effectiveness of subsidies.
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    COMPETITIVE FACILITIES: MARKET SHARE AND LOCATION WITH RANDOM UTILITY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A new approach is proposed for calculating the expected market share. It is assumed that consumers patronize a facility according to a utility function, selecting the facility with the highest utility value. However, consumers'ratings of the utility components are stochastic by some random distribution. Therefore, the buying power of customers located at the same point is divided among several facilities. A probability that a consumer patronizes a certain facility can be calculated. Consequently, the expected market share by competing facilities can be estimated. This calculation is more than 1,000 times faster than repeating a simulation enough times to achieve a reasonable accuracy.The distance decay calculated using the new approach is approximately exponential. A procedure for finding the optimal location anywhere in the plane for a new facility that maximizes the market share is also introduced.
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    EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS FOR CONSTRUCTING PROPER HIGHER ORDER SPATIAL LAG OPERATORS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper extends the work of Blommestein and Koper (1992)–BK–on the construction of higher-order spatial lag operators without redundant and circular paths. For the case most relevant in spatial econometrics and spatial statistics, i.e., when contiguity between two observations (locations) is defined in a simple binary fashion, some deficiencies of the BK algorithms are outlined, corrected and an improvement suggested. In addition, three new algorithms are introduced and compared in terms of performance for a number of empirical contiguity structures. Particular attention is paid to a graph theoretic perspective on spatial lag operators and to the most efficient data structures for the storage and manipulation of spatial lags. The new forward iterative algorithm which uses a list form rather than a matrix to store the spatial lag information is shown to be several orders of magnitude faster than the BK solution. This allows the computation of proper higher-order spatial lags “on the fly” for even moderately large data sets such as 3,111 contiguous U. S. counties, which is not practical with the other algorithms.
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    MILL AND UNIFORM PRICING A COMPARISON (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper we examine profit, price, output and welfare under mill and uniform pricing in a monopolistic spatial market with nonlinear demand, a general consumer distribution function, and a general transportation cost function. We show that if demand is convex (concave) then the optimal uniform price minus the average unit transportation cost is lower (higher) than the optimal mill price, output under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than output under mill pricing, and welfare under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than welfare under mill pricing, provided other respective conditions are satisfied.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: New Directions in Spatial Econometrics, edited by Luc Anselin and Raymond J.G.M. Florax. Urban Travel Demand Modeling: From Individual Choices to General Equilibrium, by Norbert Oppenheim. The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth Century, by W. G. Huff. Water in the Arab World: Perspectives and Prognoses, edited by Peter Rogers and Peter Lydon. China Deconstructs: Politics, Trade and Regionalism, edited by David S. G. Goodman and Gerald Segal. Technological Change, Economic Development and Space, edited by Cristoforo S. Bertuglia, Manfred M. Fischer, and Giorgio Preto. Local and Regional Development During the 1990s Transition in Eastern Europe, edited by Markku Tykkyliiinen. Territorial Competition in an Integrating Europe, edited by Paul Cheshire and Ian Gordon. State Per-Capita Income Change Since 1950 Sharecropping's Collapse and Other Causes of Convergence, by Leonard F. Wheat and William H. Crown.
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    THE SHORT-RUN AND LONG-RUN FACTOR-MARKET CONSEQUENCES OF IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper applies the production-theory approach to assess the impact on domestic wages and employment of immigration to the United States. Inputs are disaggregated between recent immigrants, non-recent immigrants, native workers, and capital. Census cross-sectional data for 1980 and for 123 metropolitan areas are used. Empirical estimates are reported for alternative functional forms with special attention devoted to required curvature conditions which have frequently been violated in previous work. Elasticity estimates are reported for alternative settings, including for the short run where we view domestic factor prices as given and the long run where we treat them as flexible.
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    WORKER DISPLACEMENT AND JOB-SEARCH: A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO REEMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This study investigates the human, and in turn the regional, consequences of industrial restructuring in the United States. Our methodology presumes that labor market outcomes of displaced workers can provide considerable information on the structural properties of local labor markets, and subsequently upon the capacity of such areas/regions to reemploy additional workers. The examination follows two steps. In the first, a multivariate model of reemployment likelihood is developed and subsequently estimated. Separate equations are obtained for various resons of the country, a disaggregation that permits one to identify how postdisplacement reemployment, and its determinants, vary systematically across space. In the second step, the above estimates are decomposed into two elements, one of which is reflective of regional structural conditions. Based upon this methodology and estimates obtained in the first step, regions of the country are compared as to magnitude of their structural economic problems, and thus as to their capacity to gainfully reemploy additional workers displaced by plant closure or relocation.
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    THE EFFECTS OF TAXES, EXPENDITURES, AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Data for 28 metropolitan areas over a 15-year period are used to determine the impacts of government spending, taxes, and public infrastructure on total employment and disaggregated employment. After carefully controlling for the government budget constraint we find that taxes are negatively related to total employment and education spending is positively related to total employment. Nevertheless, we find that it is difficult for metropolitan areas to influence the composition of their employment with government tax and expenditure policies. Moreover, at current levels of public infrastructure, marginal changes in infrastructure have no strong effect on employment.
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    COMPARATIVE REGIONAL POLICY IMPACT ANALYSIS: EX POST EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper addresses the issue of ex post impact analysis of regional policies in the European Community. The analysis is both methodological and applied in nature. After a concise overview of existing impact assessment methods, a two-step approach by means of an exploratory frequency method and an explanatory rational expectations-based model is proposed in order to provide an empirical framework for cross-regional comparative evaluation of the performance of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The seope and applicability of the method is illustrated by means of a case study for Dutch regions.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON STATE- LEVEL MANUFACTURING CAPITAL FORMATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We quantify the effect of environmental regulations on regional capital formation in the manufacturing sector. Our model integrates environmental regulations into a choice-theoretic model derived from Tobin's q theory of investment. It is postulated that more stringent environmental regulations raise the firm's cost of production both directly and indirectly, thus reducing the firm's q value and lowering the rate of capital formation. The empirical results indicate that the effect of environmental regulations on net capital formation is modest. We do find that environmental regulations affect regions differently. More stringent environmental regulations will improve the relative position of manufacturers in the North-east, South Atlantic and West. Over one-fourth of the dollar losses in manufacturing capacity would occur in five states: Texas, California, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Michigan.
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    THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN AREAS: TESTING FOR THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE PARETO DISTRIBUTION USING A GENERALIZED BOX-COX TRANSFORMATION FUNCTION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A widely held opinion among urban economists and geographers is that the Pareto distribution is an accurate representation of the urban size distribution of many countries around the world. This paper focuses attention on the appropriateness of the procedures used in the literature in arriving at this conclusion. We employed the generalized Box-Cox transformation function, which permits estimation of many functional forms for testing the Pareto distribution as special cases. The results obtained are illuminating albeit somewhat surprising. Except for one country the Pareto distribution is overwhelmingly rejected in favor of the general Box-Cox function. In more than 30 percent of all countries this form collapses to a reciprocal function. Moreover, as far as the overall goodness of fit is concerned, our results show that the General Box-Cox function is superior to the Pareto form.
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    THE MARKET VALUE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS IN ALTERNATIVE FISCAL REGIMES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Land price differentials have long been used as a proxy for the value of environmental improvements in cost/benefit analysis. Both the empirical and theoretical literatures have largely ignored two important facts, however: Taxes financing local improvements are often distortionary, and amenities which influence property values in turn impact the fiscal budget, and hence the tax rate and final economic burden. Put another way, the economic cost of an improvement is endogenous to both the amenity level and the revenue structure. Extending the story in this direction for a system of open or closed spatial cities, the paper finds land rent measures to be a biased measure of the willingness to pay for amenities financed by either head taxes (benefit taxes), property taxes (excise taxes), or highway tolls (user fees). These results are used to correct the conventional specification of empirical property value regression models, which traditionally account for neither tax revenue effects nor the excess burden of distortionary taxation.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
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    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book review in this Article: Urban Change and Renewal: The Paradox of Place, edited by Philip Garrahan and Paul Stewart. Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study, by C. R. Whittaker. New Visions for Metropolitan America, by Anthony Downs. Technopolis: High-technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California, by Allen J. Scott. Spatial Development in Indonesia, edited by Tschango John Kim, Gerrit Knaap, and Iwan J. his. Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatization, by Jose A. Gomez-Ibanez and John R. Meyer. A Billion Trips a Day: Tradition and Transition in European Travel Patterns, edited by Ilan Salomon, Piet Bovy, and Jean-Pierre Orfeuil. Crisis on the Rio Grande: Poverty, Unemployment, and Economic Development on the Texas-Mexico Border, by Dianne Betts and Daniel J. Slottje, with Jesus Vargas Garcia.
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    LONG-TERM FORECASTING OF NONCOINTEGRATED AND COINTEGRATED REGIONAL AND NATIONAL MODELS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Johansen's (1988) multivariate test for cointegration is first applied to four models involving quarterly state data and five variables, along with a national model based on Friedman and Kuttner's (1992) model of money demand, which uses three variables. Each regional model consists of frequently used national and state series, for which theory suggests the possible cointegration of several series pairs. Beginning with all five series, however, one state model is found to be cointegrated over each of 20 successive estimation intervals. The money demand model and one state model are not cointegrated over the same intervals. In the cointegrated case, five-year experimental forecasts show that error correction mechanism (ECM) and Bayesian ECM models outperform all other approaches. More importantly, forecasting performance improves further by respecifying the ECM model based on three cointegrated series pairs rather than the five-component cointegrating vector. For the two noncointegrated systems, the first-difference model suggested by the cointegration/ error correction literature is far superior to VAR in levels over both shortand long-term horizons.
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    A CONTEXTUAL THEORY OF RETAIL CENTRAL PLACES ON A LINEAR MARKET (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper presents an initial version of a new theory of central places for retailing activities. Confined to a linear market and using the Contextual Theory of Demand to model consumer behavior, the model extends the economic theory of central places (Eaton and Lipsey, 1982). In its present form, the model specifies four parameters that control the spatial relationship between the locations of households and the equilibrium locations of central places: expenditure shares in consumption, transportation cost functions, storage costs by commodity, and capital costs of retailers. The locational equilibria of the model are optima when all costs are considered.
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    DEVELOPMENT POLICIES, URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND DEFORESTATION: THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND TAX POLICY IN A TWO-SECTOR MODEL (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We model an economy of a developing country that produces an exportable manufactured good in an urban sector and a nontradable rural good. Manufacturing faces a fixed wage, which encourages urban unemployment. Changes in cultivated area in the rural sector involve deforestation or reforestation at frontiers. Government taxes to pay for urban infrastructure that assists the manufacturing sector. Increases in urban infrastructure may relieve or exacerbate frontier deforestation but expands manufacturing employment and reduces urban unemployment. Rural transportation improvements exacerbate frontier deforestation but expand employment in the urban manufacturing sector. A larger population, ceteris paribus, widens the rural-urban wage gap and exacerbates deforestation, but may cause manufacturing employment to expand or contract.
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    BOOK NOTES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01407.x
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    UNDERSTANDING SPATIAL INERTIA: CENTER OF GRAVITY, POPULATION DENSITIES, THE WEBER PROBLEM, AND GRAVITY POTENTIAL (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper we attempt to clarify the theoretical links between the concepts of “center of gravity” and “point of maximum population density” which describe the present, and the concepts of “minimum of the comprehensive Weber problem” and “maximum comprehensive gravity potential” which guide the future. Critical values of the characteristic parameters of the relevant functions are estimated. Implications for the understanding of spatial inertia are discussed.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this article:Does Economic Space Matter? Essays in Honour of Melvin L. Greenhut, edited by Hiroshi Ohta and Jacques-Franqois Thisse.Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility, by Bennett Harrison.Manufacturing on the Move, by Robert W. Crandall.Japanese Auto Transplants in the Heartland Corporatism and Community, by Robert Perrucci.Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge, by Gillian Rose.Securing Peace in the Middle East: Project on Economic Transition, edited by Stanley Fischer, Leonard J. Hausman, Anna D. Karasik, and Thomas C. Schelling.Environmental Degradation and Desertification in Ghana: A Study of the Upper West Region, by Kwasi Nsiah-Gyabaah.The Geographical Analysis of Population with Applications to Planning and Business, by David Plane and Peter Rogerson.Regional Networks, Border Regions and European Integration, edited by Riccardo Cappellin and Peter W.J. Batey.The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation, edited by Ernest R. Forbes and D. A. Muise.Valuing Nature: The Decline and Preservation of Old Growth Forests, by Douglas E. Booth.
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    THE LAW OF ONE PRICE IN A NETWORK: ARBITRAGE AND PRICE DYNAMICS IN NATURAL GAS CITY GATE MARKETS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper we develop a model of the law of one price in a network where many markets are linked with a structure of paths. We show that arbitrage-free prices depend on the structure of the network and so do price dynamics. Our estimates indicate that local bypass and open access pipeline transportation were instrumental in opening arbitrage paths to natural gas city markets and causing their prices to converge. Spot markets in the city gates, pipeline hubs, and production fields, that are scattered over distant points in the vast pipeline network in the United States, now form a single market.
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    THE ROLE OF DEFENSE CUTS IN THE CALIFORNIA RECESSION COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS AND INTERSTATE FACTOR MOBILITY (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This study develops a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of California to examine the impact of recent defense cuts on the state's economy. The study demonstrates use of a CGE model to examine the sensitivity of regional economy models to assumptions about factor migration. Model variants include input-output and closed economy models as limiting cases. The results show that the California economy is sensitive to defense cuts. The multiplier relating the impact of defense cuts to state product ranges from one to almost five, depending on the degree of interstate factor mobility.
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    RURAL RETAIL BUSINESS THRESHOLDS AND INTERDEPENDENCIES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The occurrence of rural retail activity may be related to the concept of threshold, which suggests the direct relationship between surrounding populations and the hierarchical functions provided. Empirid studies have typically examined individual categories of retail firm concentration or multiplication in isolation of the extent of other retail activities. This study develops models of retail business concentration for sparsely populated rural markets, and emphasizes proper statistical treatment of the discrete firm-count data. The analytical approach specifies systems of multivariate count data models that can capture the interdependencies among merent types of retail firms. The degree of interdependence is tested and shown to be a significant statistical feature of the model of rural retail firm counts.
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    STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN LABOR DEMAND AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN LOCAL LABOR MARKETS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . It seems quite clear that the US. economy in the late 1970s and early 1980s was exposed to an accelerated rate of structural change resulting from energy price shocks, increased international competition and technological change. It is of considerable interest, then, that previous attempts to examine structural unemployment in this period find that structural shift in employment generally were not Significant determinants of the unemployment rate. This paper revisits this issue using a measure of structural job shifts drawn from the literature on establishment job creation and destruction. The results show that changes in the structure of labor demand across industry by establishment-size sectors had a statically significant and empirically important positive effect on the unemployment rate in a sample of 200 metropolitan labor markets during the 1976 to 1984 period.
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    STRUCTURAL ESTIMATION OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY AND HOUSING TENURE CHOICE (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This study is devoted to studying households'decisions to move and whether to rent or own after moving. It employs dynamic discrete choice models which condition households'decisions on their circumstances at every point in time during the length of the observation while accounting for individual heterogeneity. The results show that key dynamic elements, captured by means of lagged dependent variables, as well as household heterogeneity, are significant determinants of the tenure choice and mobility decisions. Moreover, homeowners are found to be responsive to housing market conditions when adjusting their housing stock. Housing-price appreciation is found to discourage renters from becoming homeowners. Finally, our results reject the proportional monetary transaction costs specification suggesting that monetary transaction costs might be fixed.
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    IMPACT OF RIGIONAL FACTORS ON PRODUCTIVITY IN CHINA (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The regional production environment in China is decomposed into five regional factors: education endowment, foreign direct investment, agglomeration, producer's market accessibility, and consumer's market accessibility. The impacts of these regional factors on the Chinese machinery building industry and food manufacture industry are estimated across 30 regions. The estimates are highly significant and show that these regional factors substantially affect regional productivity. Across regions and over time, the capital return rate is positively related to the ratio of the total regional factor impact to the wage rate.
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    GRAVITY MODEL APPLICATIONS IN HEALTH PLANNING: ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN HOSPITAL MARKET (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper a gravity model is formulated to model a hospital patient flow system. Both spatial and nonspatial measures of separation are used to estimate the model. Travel time was found to provide improved fits over linear distance in modeling patient flow behavior. Transformations of travel time (square root and log) were found to improve model performance further. Model diagnostics suggested additional spatial separation measurw, separation measure parameters demonstrated stability over time. The model is used to forecast the effects of health care financing reform and hospital closure on patient flows in an urban hospital market. Universal health coverage was found to dramatically improve access to hospital services for lower income patient populations. Hospitals at risk for closure were forecast to receive increased patient flows. Medical school hospitals are expected to lose patients after implementation of health reform, with important implications for graduate medical education. Hospital closures were shown to have negative effects on access to services in poor neighborhoods, but relatively little effect on access in the system as a whole.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED—AUGUST 1996 (1996)
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    A LONG-RUN INTERPRETATION OF REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: . Regional input-output (I-O) analysis is traditionally motivated by a short-run, extreme Keynesian vision of markets. In this paper we argue that an appropriately formulated, investment-endogenous, I-O system replicates the long-run equilibria of a wide range of regional models, many of which do not operate as I-O systems in the short run. In particular, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework to illustrate the impact of an aggregate demand disturbance on an I-O and standard neoclassical model. When run forward over a number of periods, the results from the capacity-constrained neoclassical model asymptotically approach the I-O outcome. We use sensitivity analysis to examine the speed of adjustment of the neo-classical system and investigate barriers to the attainment of the I-O result.
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    MODELING SPATIAL STRUCTURES THROUGH EQUILIBRIUM STATES FOR TRANSITION MATRICES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In this paper we present a model for spatial interaction within a network of towns. This interaction is modeled through equilibrium states for certain Markov chains where, in particular, explicit formulas for these states are given. Our model exploits and intertwines ideas from gravity models, the competing destinations model and the intervening opportunities model. The central idea in the paper is to capture the effect of spatial structure in a framework where interaction is determined by the global network configuration.
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    COUNTYWIDE EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION GROWTH: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1980s (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: . Regional scientists remain interested in studying interregional differences in the growth rates of population and employment. Following the earlier work of Carlino and Mills, this paper examines growth trends at the county level in the US. during the period 1981–1989. Five major sectors of employment are examined. A partial adjustment model is developed that captures intercounty differences in amenities, business and fiscd conditions, demography, employment structure, and relative location. Some evidence is given that population and employment growth was simultaneous, although feedback effects apparently were not strong.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED—MAY 1996 (1996)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    THE STRUCTURE OF METROPOLITAN FACTOR AND PRODUCT MARKETS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In this study we use a translog profit function and iterate seemingly unrelated regressions to estimate a system of factor demand and output supply functions for metropolitan economies. Our sample includes all metropolitan areas defined by the Census in 1977 for the period 1962 to 1982. Estimation shows that all price elasticities are elastic and that the signs are as expected. These results hold true for virtually all model specifications. Our findings indicate that federal, state, and local tax policies have significant impacts on factor demand and output supply. Public investment plays a positive and significant, but small, role in increasing output and in complementing other factors, although this influence has declined over time. Additionally, capital provided by the private sector has a substantially larger impact on output and employment than does capital provided by the public sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01099.x
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    WELFARE GAINS FROM REMOVING LAND-USE DISTORTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN CHANGE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper analyzes the effect of eliminating apartheid land-use restrictions in South Africa using a simplified version of the standard urban model. When freedom of residential location is granted, black township residents compete for land near the center of the core cities, pushing white residents to less accessible locations. Black consumption rises and white consumption falls in response, but the increase in total land rent is sufficient to compensate for white losses. The resulting aggregate welfare gain is a natural consequence of eliminating the distortion imposed by the apartheid system. These conclusions are robust to a number of modifications of the basic model.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED—FEBRUARY 1996 (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1996.tb01106.x
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    MILL PRICING AND SPATIAL PRICE DISCRIMINATION MONOPOLY PERFORMANCE AND LOCATION WITH SPATIAL RETAIL MARKETS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Most of the monopoly spatial price discrimination literature explicitly assumes uniform population density over space. It also implicitly assumes that firms (plants) are spatially isolated from each other with production and retail points that coincide in location. While departures from these assumptions have been explored separately in the literature, it remains to examine performance and location when these assumptions are relaxed simultaneously. What emerges in this paper is a model where density functions approximate a pair of cities isolated from other cities. Each city has its own retail market, while the location of a single production or wholesale point is determined by characteristics of the two markets. Comparisons of mill pricing and spatial price discrimination found in the spatial monopoly literature can be interpreted as special cases of the more general framework provided here.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 36 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Geography of Change in South Africa, edited by Anthony Lemon. Dynamic Urban Transportation Network Models: Theory and Implications for Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems, by Bin Ran and David E. Boyce. Immigration and Ethnicity: The Integration of America's Newest Arrivals, edited by Barry Edmonston and Jeffrey S. Passel. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, by W. Brian Arthur. Dynamics of Office Markets: Empirical Findings and Research Issues, by John M. Clapp. Whose Backyard, Whose Risk Fear and Fairness in Toxic and Nuclear Waste Siting, by Michael B. Gerrard. Rural China in Transition: Non-Agricultural Development in Rural Jiangsu, 1978–1990, by Samuel P. Ho. Law, Space, and the Geographies of Power, by Nicholas K. Blomley. Stemming Middle-Class Decline: The Challenges to Economic Development Planning, by Nancey Green Leigh. Local Economic Development: Analysis and Practice, by John P. Blair. City-Building in America, by Anthony M. Orum.
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    OBNOXIOUS FACILITY LOCATION IN THE INTERIOR OF A PLANAR NETWORK (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The problem of locating a point that is as far as possible from arcs and nodes of a network is investigated. Each arc or node may have a different multiplicative factor (weight) for its distance. A graphical solution approach, as well as a computational algorithm, is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01299.x
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    CAPITALIZATION OF URBAN TRAVEL IMPROVEMENTS INTO RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE: SIMULATIONS WITH A UNIFIED MODEL OF HOUSING, TRAVEL MODE AND SHOPPING CHOICES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . An equilibrium model of multimodal travel time improvements is developed and calibrated for the New York Metropolitan Area. The model employs a unified treatment of housing type, residential location and commuting mode choices with shopping (destination, frequency and mode) choices. Benefits of halving subway headways are reflected in consumer surplus and capitalized into producer surplus, with the latter divided between housing and commercial real estate. Sensitivity tests and simulations on other modes are also presented. Unlike the subway mode, across-the-board travel time improvements for bus, auto and commuter rail reduce central area housing rents, but auto improvements yield higher total benefits and increases in commercial rents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01409.x
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    ON THE BIAS OF MULTIPLIER ESTIMATES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper considers the bias of the matrix of multipliers when the underlying data are random. The traditional approach is to specify the stochastic nature of the input coefficients directly. It is shown that this approach implies a transactions table which is biased in a most unbalanced way. Next the practitioner's point of view, i.e., taking the transactions table as the source of random errors, is adopted. One of the results states that, within each row of the multiplier matrix, either the biases are zero, or positive biases are canceled out by negative biases in the sense that their weighted average is zero. The conditions are based on the idea that information on aggregates is more exact than information on their details. The usual asumptions of independence and unbiasedness of the individual errors are avoided. The results are shown to have a direct interpretation in connection with the RAS-updating procedure.
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    A STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Many rural regions are characterized by unstable economies. Studies that investigate economic instability in these regions, however, tend to examine the effects rather than causes of its occurrence. Efforts to diminish instability can only be successful if they address its sources. Using an input-output model, a conceptual decomposition of the variance of gross output is used as a means of identifying supply and demand sources of instability. This framework can be used for empirical investigations into the causes of economic instability, and for the design of stabilization policies. Data limitations, however, may preclude some applications of the technique.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01414.x
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    ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY OF RURAL NEVADA WATER SYSTEMS: A HEDONIC SHADOW COST FUNCTION APPROACH (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The efficiency of the water utility firms in rural Nevada and their input optimization are examined in this study. The empirical methodology incorporates a hedonic specification of the nonminimum globally concave cost function in estimating the effect of the regulatory environment and the quality of water services on the optimum utilization of inputs. Allocative distortions are introduced through shadow prices and are specified as functions of regressors which make distortion factors firmand input-specific. The results show that 76 percent of the water utilities of rural Nevada in the sample overutilize energy relative to labor. The impact of allocative distortions on each firm's cost is also computed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01416.x
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    THE URBAN ENTERPRISE ZONE (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an analytical framework of urban enterprise zones in a context of regional development. The direct and indirect impacts of urban enterprise zones on regional economies such as job creation, urban unemployment, agricultural wage and changes in the regional economic structure are analyzed by incorporating the intermediate goods sector. The study suggests that the establishment of urban enterprise zones is a beneficial and effective policy instrument which can be used in promoting urban renewal and regional economic growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01255.x
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    FLEXIBLE FORM METHODS FOR MEASURING RENT GRADIENTS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: We develop and demonstrate an empirical methodology for measuring rent gradients in the presence of consumers that have varying tastes for distance to the city center. We derive easily calculated measures of rent gradients, own price elasticities, and income elasticities. We demonstrate the ease of calculation of these functions, even in the presence of consumers who have nonidentical preferences. We also demonstrate how to test for bias in rent gradient estimation that arises from assuming identical preference functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01257.x
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    A NOTE ON REAL WAGE RIGIDITY AND STATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper extends the research of Hyclak and Johnes (1989) in analyzing the relationship between the rigidity in real wages and state unemployment rates. It presents evidence contrary to the empirical findings of Hyclak and Johnes in that measures of real wage rigidity are not robust over time in explaining changes in state unemployment rates. Moreover, an alternative proxy accounting for divergent growth patterns across states does not significantly affect changes in state unemployment rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01261.x
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1995.tb01263.x
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    SCALE ECONOMIES, REGIONAL EXTERNALITIES, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF UNEVEN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper presents a model of regional development which attempts to explain differing patterns of growth in two regions. The model is an extension of Krugman's model of uneven development, but it incorporates not only scale economies within each region but also regional externalities across the regions. Depending on relative magnitudes of net scale economies of the two regions, the model entails different regional development patterns: uneven development, stable or joint development, or a mix of the two. The novel feature of the present model is that different regional development patterns can be explained within the same analytical framework.
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    ADDITIVE-RATIO MEASURES OF INTERACTMTY IN INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEMS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . A general axiomatic framework is developed for analyzing alternative measures of interactivity between the sectors of a given activity system (such as the industrial sectors of an economy). Within this overall framework, we analyze an ordinal class of additive-ratio measures which has been applied to a wide variety of systems, including both economic and ecological systems of activities. Our main result is to show that such measures can be characterized by four interactivity axioms. In addition, a wide variety of alternative measures are compared to additive-ratio measures in terms of this axiom system.
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    LOGNORMAL EXTRAPOLATION AND INCOME ESTIMATION FOR POOR BLACK FAMILIES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 35 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In studies of urban and state income distribution, the estimation of percentile incomes within intervals reported by the Bureau of the Census has often been done under the assumption that incomes are uniformly distributed. This paper shows that income may be significantly underestimated if the assumption is applied to lower-level percentiles in the black family income distribution. Consequently, conclusions about the level and determinants of the relative income of poor black families may be misleading.
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    Competitive strategies and new technology: an empirical investigation in the UK polymer processing industry (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines how companies can achieve competitive advantage by fitting their business strategies to the way in which new technology implementation is managed. In particular, the inter-relationship between strategy, technology and performance is examined. Five strategic types and seven types of technological objectives were used to find combinations which were associated with high performance. It was found that companies pursuing a prospector strategy (a strategy based on product innovation) combined with technological objectives emphasizing marketing, image and technical development were the highest performing group of companies. The lowest performing companies were those where strategy was dominated by price competition.The general conclusion of the paper is that, in order to achieve competitive advantage, companies need to see technology objectives as an inherent part of strategy. The study was carried out on a sample of twenty companies within the polymer processing industry, but the findings should be applicable to companies in other industries, and particularly to smaller companies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00969.x
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    Core competencies and the strategic management of R&D (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is an increasing concern amongst R&D managers and their immediate ‘customers’ and sponsors within companies to have reliable mechanisms to direct R&D simultaneously toward effective rapid innovation and accumulation of long term technological strength. This is leading R&D managers to seek analytical tools to help them identify technologies which have particular significance for competitive advantage, for multiple SBUs, and for longer term strategic positioning, and to manage them in ways which do not leave them at the mercy of business unit strategies, but situate them closer to the core of corporate strategies. This paper conducts an examination of the parallel literature on the idea of core competencies as a new paradigm in corporate strategy and shows that core competencies can be useful focusing devices for assisting in the creation of this linkage between the technological and non-technological aspects of the corporate strategy agenda. Implications are drawn out for: R&D decisions in the areas of shaping strategic research programmes; funding and organisation regimes for R&D and measuring the effectiveness of R&D.
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    Information asymmetries and technological innovation in large engineering construction projects (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research on technological innovation shows that information asymmetries between suppliers and buyers constitute a major barrier to the successful introduction of new products. Most of this research, however, puts the burden of overcoming these asymmetries on producers of new products. In the case of large engineering construction projects innovation is often the result of joint problem solving by owners, prime contractors, consultants, and equipment suppliers. In this paper we examine the relationship between innovativeness of large engineering construction projects and internal owner capabilities, degree of control over project, and dependence on external organizations, We use data on power plant construction projects to test hypotheses derived from agency and organization theories of innovation. Our results indicate that organization theories of innovation are on the whole better predictors of the impact on innovativeness of owner's capabilities and relationship to external organizations.
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    R&D Management Conference on ‘Quality and R&D’ (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00973.x
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    In this issue (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1996.tb00954.x
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    The development of networks between engineering contractors and their clients: the special case of partnering (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 26 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper sets out to show how partnering arrangements between engineering contractors in process plant contracting and their process industry clients have led to increasing collaborative contributions at the ‘front end’ of capital asset formation. Partnering arrangements are seen here as formalised long-term contracts between process plant contractors and their clients, intended to apply to engineering and other services in major capital projects over a number of years.While research does not appear to have been affected to a significant extent, partners seem to be interacting increasingly on process development and design. One outcome of partnering is to increase the contractors' involvement in their clients' overall business objectives. As a result of this change in the character of their services, contractors are more inclined to seek opportunities to improve plant efficiency, rather than following given specifications. This interaction of entities with a different focus and, to some extent, different skills is a potential source of innovation which to date has not been realised to any great extent.
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