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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Between 1979 and 1997, successive Conservative governments sought to reduce the scale of public sector activity and to introduce competition in the provision of public sector services. A central feature of this policy was the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). CCT was initially confined to blue collar services but, by means of the Local Government Act 1992, it was extended to white collar, professional services, including financial services. However, though potentially extremely significant, the support for and implications of such a policy are issues which have been inadequately researched. Because of this, research has been under-taken into financial services CCT and has included a questionnaire survey of 300 professionally qualified accountants employed in 17 local authorities in the North West of England, drawn from county councils, district councils and metropolitan authorities. The article presents the findings of the survey, with a particular focus on the views of accountants on CCT in general and financial services CCT in particular. In addition, it provides evidence that the CCT process, irrespective of views on CCT and its appropriateness for specific activities, has changed culture and attitudes in the case of local government finance professionals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The publication of a new report from the Audit Commission, coupled with the Labour government’s declared intention to modernize local authority decision making, marks the return to the policy agenda of long-familiar questions. This paper tests some of the assumptions underlying the reform programme against recent research evidence. Moves to improve effectiveness through establishing a ‘cabinet’ system, or delegation to officers or ‘lead’ councillors are considered in the light of councillors’ own preferences and practices. The ways in which councillors spend their time and their perceptions of the appropriateness of its distribution between activities is explored. The paper then examines the extent to which authorities have chosen to experiment with and adapt their own structures, and considers whether central imposition of radical change is either necessary or advisable.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Political mechanisms of accountability were marginalized by Conservative government reforms during the 1980s and 1990s which sought a more market-oriented approach within the public sector in order to enhance ‘consumerism’. In education, parents were given more choice between schools and were provided with more information on school performance. The promotion of market accountability has involved a reduction in the powers of local education authorities (LEAs) which had been central to the operation of political accountability. However, whilst market-based forms of accountability were firmly enhanced in principle by the legislation, to what extent have the forms of accountability operating within LEAs changed in practice? Interviews with Chief Officers and the Chair of the Education Committee are used to identify changing perceptions and practices of accountability in LEAs in Wales. The findings indicate that although local politicians and officials have been forced to operate within the legislative framework of market accountability, they have sought to impede its successful implementation. The policy community in Wales facilitated the LEAs’ capacity to respond in this way. The market-based reforms conflicted with fundamental values held in Wales, which remain those of professional accountability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The characteristics and functioning of international policy processes are examined through the analysis of a case which explores the development of policy towards doping by athletes. Changes are traced in the dominant perception of the issue of doping in sport from a series of relatively self-contained problems which could be addressed by individual sports federations or competition organizers to one that requires extensive co-operation between federations and governments, and which has brought the issue of harmonization of policy to the forefront. The interests of the policy actors are identified and the role of two key organizations, the Council of Europe and the International Olympic Committee, in facilitating closer co-ordination, is examined. It is argued that the process is best understood by using the concept of a policy network as both a metaphor and as an analytical tool. The value of the concept of an epistemic community is also considered and it is suggested that not only are doctors and scientists marginal in shaping anti-doping policy, but that there are also limited conditions under which epistemic communities can fulfil an effective role in the policy process.
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: At the same time that comparative and international political scientists have been confronting the problems of analysing state behaviour under conditions of uncertainty, state-centred political scientists are attempting, somewhat belatedly, to deal with the increasing complexity and uncertainty which underpins modern governance. Yet despite similar research agendas these disciplines have continued to speak past each other. This article contends that policy transfer analysis can provide a context for integrating some key concerns of these disciplines. Further, we argue that the process of policy transfer should be examined through a structure and agency approach with three dimensions: global, international and transnational levels, the macro-level and the interorganizational level. This three-dimensional model employs the notion of a policy transfer network as a middle-range level of analysis which links a particular form of policy development (policy transfer), microdecision making in organizations, macrosystems and global, transnational and international systems. It is hoped that this approach will stimulate an empirical research agenda which will illuminate important policy developments in domestic and world politics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: How does network analysis fit into the development of public administration as an academic discipline? This article tries to bridge theoretical developments in public administration between the middle of the 1970s and the first half of the 1990s. The benchmarks being used are (1) the now classical account by Vincent Ostrom of The Intellectual Crisis in (American) Public Administration - published 25 years ago this year - and (2) Christopher Hood’s reconstruction of core values in (British) new public management. Rather than representing analytical developments as an endless succession of different or even mutually exclusive approaches, this contribution tries to reconcile different foci for analysing public administration. Administrative theory provides us with a rather stable meta-theoretical framework for studying the meaning of quality in government, governance and public administration at various levels of analysis. By relating the emergence of network analysis in PA to parallel developments such as the resurgence of (neo-)managerial and (neo-)institutional analysis, it also becomes clear that network analysis is useful as an analytical device, but that it needs to be linked to theoretical perspectives that provide us with operational assumptions about ‘networks’. Network analysis in itself only provides split ground for reinventing government and refounding public administration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The policy network literature has provided important insight into the way in which public policy is made in Western societies. Most network studies have focused on processes within networks and have paid little attention to the conceptualization of policy outcomes and the theoretical link between network type and policy type. This article defines and categorizes environmental policy and suggests a proposition on the link between network types and environmental policy types. It is argued that the existence of tight and closed policy communities in sectors subject to environmental regulation is associated with the introduction of low cost environmental policies. In contrast, open and loose issue networks are associated with high cost environmental policies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Multi-organizational partnerships are now an important means of governing and managing public programmes. They typically involve business, community and not-for-profit agencies alongside government bodies. Partnerships are frequently contrasted with competitive markets and bureaucratic hierarchies. A more complex reality is revealed once partnerships as an organizational form are distinguished from networks as a mode of social co-ordination or governance. Data from studies of UK urban regeneration partnerships are used to develop a four-stage partnership life cycle: pre-partnership collaboration; partnership creation; partnership programme delivery; and partnership termination. A different mode of governance - network, market or hierarchy - predominates at each stage. Separating organizational form from mode of governance enables a richer understanding of multi-organizational activity and provides the basis from which theory and practice can be developed. The key challenge for partnerships lies in managing the interaction of different modes of governance, which at some points will generate competition and at other points collaboration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Networks have been a research issue in public administration for many years. Because of the difficulty of measuring networks, they have often been treated as a metaphor, a conceptual scheme, or a management technique (networking). The work on networks in public administration is almost all of the case study and rarely of the comparative case variety. This article presents the results of two studies of networks using social network analysis as a technique for studying structural relationships between organizations. This technique is utilized to show both the research and practical potential of network analysis as an evaluation methodology for organizations that jointly produce a service. In the first study, the network provides mental health services to seriously mentally ill adults. In the second study, the network attempts to prevent young people from abusing drugs and alcohol. The two studies were undertaken for different reasons. The first was an elaborate comparative study of four mental health networks and the relationship between network design and performance. The second was a much simpler consulting effort to help a local prevention partnership create linkages to other community organizations. However, in both of the studies the goal was to measure the structural ties in the network based on various types of relationships that exist in a given field of practice. These linkages are ties that bind the network together and become data that can be used to compare networks on their degree and type of integration. The article makes the argument that links in a network are one way that scholars can compare networks in similar or different policy domains. At the same time, the article argues that analysing linkages in an organization’s network is an effective and practical means of determining how well integrated any given organization is in a network.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper examines whether privatization and exposure to product market competition leads to changes in labour management and industrial relations. Three sets of propositions are examined: privatization will lead to lower changes in industrial relations institutions and processes; privatization will lead to lower average levels of remuneration relative to public sector firms; and privatization will lead to relatively higher levels of efficiency. In each instance it is hypothesized that competition will add to ownership effects. These propositions are examined drawing on data derived from the UK bus industry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Since their introduction in 1984 Challenge funds have been widely adopted by central government. They are now used by twelve government departments to distribute competitively more than £3,250 million of Exchequer funds. The introduction of Challenge funds appears to have been politically driven, usually focusing on the objectives of cost and efficiency rather than quality and equity. They represent a further manifestation of the introduction of competition and ‘market style’ structures. This paper examines the key features of 41 Challenge funds and their operational characteristics. Numerous benefits, such as cost savings and innovation, arising from the introduction of Challenge funds have been put forward. By reviewing other studies, which have investigated the impact of the introduction of competition in producer and consumer markets, and through comparison with previous schemes it is possible to examine the potential impact of Challenge funds. Administrative and monitoring mechanisms are found to be centralizing control, despite assertions to the contrary. There is a growing concern that the level of information collection required is too arduous and it is used to control and regulate schemes rather than as a method of investigating where operations could be improved. Leverage from Challenge funds has been no more successful than earlier non-competitive initiatives. Competitive bidding could stifle innovation and participatory democracy is not encouraged or facilitated by Challenge funds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Representatives of Dutch organizations were traditionally given a chance to defend the interests of their members in the many boards, councils and commissions that together form the corporatist channel in The Netherlands. The harmony and welfare the Dutch population has enjoyed since the Second World War are ascribed in part to the work of these institutions. They helped to bridge political gaps of class and religion by building compromise and consensus. But advisory committees and councils have also been described as somewhat shady and essentially closed institutions, forming an iron ring around the departments that hampered necessary policy changes. In this article, based on case studies on the selection of members of committees and a survey of all members of committees advising the central government, we will explore to what extent committees can still be described as bastions of conservatism. We will briefly describe selection processes, sketch a portrait of committee members and compare some characteristics of committee members and civil servants of individual ministries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this article attention is drawn to a striking difference between recent attempts to reform local government in the Netherlands and in Germany. What has been the prime focus of attention in the Netherlands in the 1980s is being emphasized in Germany in the 1990s, and what is being emphasized in the Netherlands in the 1990s has been the prime focus of attention in Germany in the 1980s. Trends in local goverment reform in the Netherlands have been going from a focus on more efficiency to a focus on more democracy, while trends in local government reform in Germany have been going the other way around. Likely explanations for these intersecting reform trends are built on four pillars: financial crises, legitimacy crises, formal institutions and informal institutions
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Since the mid-1980s, successive French governments have attempted to ‘modernize’ the structures and methods of public administration. Although this vocabulary of ‘modernization’ is distinctly French, many of the actual reforms appear, at first sight, to be based on imported ‘new public management’ doctrines. In this article, we analyse the recent French reforms and the ideas underpinning them and we attempt to locate these reforms in their comparative context, employing data from a wide range of official reports and secondary sources and from a series of semi-structured interviews with senior officials. We build on the analyses of Hood (1991 and 1995) and Wright (1994) that if many governments are dealing with similar problems by adopting similar approaches to reforms based on private sector man-agement methods, the actual nature of the reforms in any individual state depends on the national context, or ‘initial endowment’. In France, the importance of administrative law, the successful experience of nationalized, monopoly, public-service providers in the post-war period, the political weight and established rights of civil servants, and the idea of the ‘general interest’, represented at the local level by the prefect, explain many of the distinctive features of the hybrid modernization reforms. In short, an analysis of the policy of modernization and its origin leads to conclusions which are highly consistent with new institutional explanations of policy making (Hall 1987)
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the introductory article to the special issue on Comparing Networks, the editors discuss the meaning of the concept of networks in relation to other recent conceptual developments in public administration such as (neo)institutional and (neo)managerial analysis. They trace the broadly understood historical development of network analysis back to the late 1960s and early 1970s and highlight some important factors in its development up to the present-day demands placed on public administration by both globalization and decentralization. The result is organizational fragmentation. Network analysis makes it clear that people working in government and administration will have to learn to think of organization as an external, not internal activity. The prospect is that hierarchical control will be replaced by continuing processes of bargaining among interested parties within most fields of public administration.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Quasi-market transformation (QMT) refers to the process by which the dominant organizational form in a field is replaced, following the introduction of a quasi-market. In this article, analysis of comparative case-study data reveals that, until the early 1990s, a common interpretive scheme, or set of values and norms, underpinned a set of structures and systems in many UK hospitals. These similarities of form are represented as the directly managed (DM) hospital archetype. When change initiatives challenged this archetype, the outcomes were negotiated and the interpretive scheme remained largely unscathed. Following the introduction of a quasi-market in 1991, a new trust hospital interpretive scheme has emerged. For the first time, UK hospitals have experienced transformation and now display an alternative set of structures and systems. This article explains how the trust hospital archetype has become legitimized through different tracks of change within individual hospitals.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article offers an introduction to Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems as it pertains to public administration and policy, as a first step towards both a critique and its empirical application to empirical reality. It reconstructs Luhmann’s early writings on bureaucracy and policy-making and shows how this early, more empirical work grounded his abstract theory of social systems in general and the political system in particular. The article also introduces some central concepts of Luhmann’s more recent work on the autopoietic nature of social systems and considers the latter’s consequences for bureaucratic adaptiveness and governmental steering in the welfare state. One of the main benefits of applying Luhmann’s theory to public administration, the article concludes, is that it conceptualizes the central concerns of public administration within a complex picture of society as a whole, in which both the agency that issues decisions and the realm affected by these decisions are included.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article presents a study of the local government review process in West Sussex. As in any local government reorganization the career and status concerns of individuals and broader positions of coalitions dominant in different organizations provide the dynamic to a ‘play of power’ which is in turn conditioned by external events and contextual factors. Underlying the analysis is a concern to assess whether in particular the presence of an independent commission facilitated the application of an element of policy analysis and learning into the process. It is concluded that little in the way of a reflective and deliberative process occurred. Equally it is noted that to achieve such qualities in public decision-making is a challenging and daunting task when major organizational interests are at stake.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Four sets of reforms of the National Health Service are employed to illustrate the changing character of policy making in this sector over a thirty year period, from the production of a carefully developed technocratic blueprint for its organization to the promulgation of a series of bright ideas accompanied by incentives for local actors to develop them into concrete organizational arrangements consonant with these ideas. We term this latter approach ‘manipulated emergence’ and relate it to the literatures of organizational culture and of post-Fordism. The approach adopted by the 1997 Labour government is largely, though not wholly consistent with this, and it remains to be seen whether the high-water mark of manipulated emergence has passed.
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  • 33
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article examines the implementation of privatization policies in two ‘Next Steps’ agencies. This is discussed with reference to the broader theoretical and empirical questions of how do institutions change and when are political actors constrained in implementing their policy choices. Cortell and Peterson’s framework for explaining institutional change, and the concept of intra-state policy networks are used to analyse the cases. The differential outcomes identified illustrate how constraints operate and how these may be overcome by strategic actors to produce change. Constraints in these cases arose from fragmentation and dependence in central government, from differing institutionalized beliefs and from the development of intra-state networks between the departments and agencies. The paper concludes by suggesting that the type of intra-state networks created through agencification can be seen to have an effect on policy outcomes and are worthy of more detailed research.
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  • 34
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article examines the claim that, by the late 1980s, the Welsh Office possessed sufficient autonomy to implement policies that diverged from those of the functional Whitehall ministries. Two case studies, housing and education, are examined as these are areas where institutional autonomy and distinctive needs might be expected to be most apparent in Wales. The conclusion of this article is that the claims of Welsh exceptionalism (certainly in terms of policies) have been much exaggerated and that the ‘centre’, Westminster and Whitehall, was able to impose its preferred policies in Wales, whatever appearances to the contrary.
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  • 35
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Teaching Public Administration in Belgium, Jan Beyers and Yves Plees The Teaching of Public Administration in the UK, Chris Bellamy Teaching Public Administration in Ireland, Bernadette Connaughton Regionalism: a Review Article, Martin Rhodes Shrinking the State. The Political Underpinnings of Privatization , Harvey Feigenbaum, Jeffrey Henig and Chris Hamnett Public Policy Instruments. Evaluating the Tools of Public Administration, B. Guy Peters and Frans K.M. van Nispen Carrots, Sticks and Sermons. Policy Instruments and their Evaluation, Marie-Louise Bemelmans-Videc, Ray C. Rist and Evert Vedung Community Organizing. Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy , Ross Gittell and Avis Vidall Deregulation in the European Union: Environmental Perspectives , Ute Collier New Instruments for Environmental Policy, Jonathan Golub Re-imagining Political Community, Daniele Archibugi, David Held and Martin Köhler
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  • 36
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article is a revised version of an inaugural lecture, delivered at the University of Leeds on 30 April 1998. The focus of the lecture and, thus, of this article is concerned with administrative history and the civil service. The first part of the article is about the pioneers of the academic study of public administration, and the subject’s relationship with political philosophy. The second part examines the role of the Webbs and the British approach to public administration. The third part evaluates the contribution of the academics of the ‘Golden Age‘ of public administration. The fourth part deals with changing perceptions of public administration, with a particular emphasis on developments in the civil service; it is deliberately self-referential. The final part briefly considers the future of the academic study of public administration, concluding that it has one.
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  • 37
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Like other liberal-democratic governments, Australia has been going through a process of dramatic change in political and administrative structures and processes. There has been the well-documented shift from controlling inputs to managing for results which has resulted in the desired enhancement of executive government’s responsibility and accountability for outcomes. A clear understanding of the evolving process of cabinet decision making points the way ahead to the next phase of reform. What lies ahead could, indeed, be more revolutionary than what has been achieved to date. Weber’s dynamic concept of authority and domination, when understood as Weber himself used it, can tell one much about change and future possible evolution. It helps, heuristically, to indicate that government decision-making processes have already evolved to a sophisticated level. However, there is still much development that should be undertaken to maintain the quality of decision making. For instance, the move to small policy-advising departments and separated administrative programme-delivery agencies could be seen as a natural evolution and quite predictable. Good governance relies much on attaining a balance, in Weber’s terms, between the ethics of intention (means) and the ethics of responsibility (ends). Together, they make the ‘true man’ who can have a ‘vocation of politics’ says Weber – but the ‘true man’ is hard to find. What is needed, therefore, are decision-making processes that are good at drawing out this balance. Well-established patterns of social action, encapsulated in Weber’s sociology and typographically oriented hermeneutics, can help identify how this could be achieved. For instance, when one understands Weber’s ideal types of authority structure as the core of a comprehensive conceptual model with constant interplay and movement over time, one can get a hint of how government decision making could be further enhanced.
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  • 38
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A number of new governance structures has been introduced in the Danish public sector. These include contract agencies, user boards, boards of directors, marketization, corporatization, involving voluntary organizations in public services, EU-funded state border crossing co-operation, and Europeanization in many forms. Despite their obvious dissimilarities, these governance structures have one thing in common: they challenge the foundations of the public sector and territorial representative democracy by blurring the distinctions between politics and administration; between public and private; and between national and international. If politicians and voters are deprived of the capacity to make these distinctions, political responsibility is bound to fade away. Also, each new governance structure down-loads degrees of indeterminateness in the public sector since they may interact in unforeseen ways and introduce new actors, roles and practices in the public sector. This may cause the development of a more flexible public sector marked by ‘local’ appropriateness and adaptability but also by a multitude of inconsistent models and principles. To avoid the latter, a general discourse on values and their institutional requirements and the invention of public ‘domains’ is needed.
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  • 39
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Policy network analysis has been criticized for failing to adopt a sufficiently dynamic approach to the study of policy-making processes. There have been, however, a number of studies illustrating how policy networks change, recognizing that they are not static entities but respond to changes in the policy environment. This article applies policy network analysis to the negotiation of plans to implement the 1994 EC Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive in the UK and provides a further contribution to the literature on the formation and transformation of policy networks. The analysis reveals significant changes in the structure and operation of the policy network during the period studied. The reasons for such changes confirm those put forward by other policy network analysts, such as the power of the actors involved and conflicts between them. Other reasons include the role of the government and the tight schedule laid out by the directive.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Books reviewed:Nicolai Dose And Matthias Finger, Public Administration In Germany And Switzerland: A Review SymposiumAndrew Jordan, The Multi-Level Politics Of European Environmental Governance: A Review ArticleTineke A. Abma, Evaluation For The 21st Century. A HandbookLennart Lundquist, Unmasking Administrative EviAnne Bergmans, Understanding Policy FiascoesMartha Blomqvist, Understanding Gender And OrganizationsLotte Jensen, Rationality And Power. Democracy In PracticeBill Jenkins, Strategic Planning And Management In Local GovernmentSusana Borrás, Policy-Making In The Eu. Conceptual Lenses And The Integration ProcessPekka Kettunen, Interaktive Politik In Europa. Regionen Im Netzwerk Der IntegrationTanja A. Börzel, Eu Committees As Influential PolicymakersTorill Nyseth, Government Is Us. Public Administration In An Anti-Government EraPeter Bogason, Teaching Political Science: Http://Www.Apsanet.Org/Teaching/Teaching On And By The Www
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Local Public Spending Bodies (LPSBs) occupy an important position in the contemporary structures of governance in the UK. As exemplars of many of the diverse characteristics of the New Public Management, LPSBs inhabit the fuzzy space between the public and private spheres, both in terms of organizational structure and service delivery. One finding from recent research into the internal governance of three kinds of LPSBs – Further Education Colleges, Housing Associations and Training and Enterprise Councils – was that the language of strategy predominated over that of policy on the boards of such organizations. In this article we assess the significance of this finding. We contend that the two terms are not interchangeable and that a vital distinction needs to be maintained between them. Specifically we argue that policy refers to collections of decisions grounded in public values whereas the concept of strategy, particularly as currently understood in the context of the New Public Management, refers to the positioning of an organization in its struggle to survive and grow. We conclude that LPSBs have been invited to behave strategically within a framework of increasingly centralized policy objectives and resource allocations.
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  • 43
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Following publication of the government’s proposals for a statutory framework of Best Value, and the introduction of regulations increasing the flexibility of CCT pending its abolition, this paper examines the relationship between the compulsory regime and its likely successor. First, the paper suggests that the Best Value frame-work is likely to impose a range of regulatory, monitoring and enforcement constraints similar in effect to the formal requirements that operate under CCT. Continuity with Conservative policy will be reinforced practically through transitional arrangements for the gradual abolition of CCT and the phased introduction of its replacement. Second, the paper argues that contracting is likely to continue to have a significant role under the new regime as the natural adjunct to the voluntary competitive processes that will be the preferred management tools for securing improvements in service performance. Open tendering and public-private sector partnership arrangements, both of which imply contractual governance, are given explicit priority in the consultation document over benchmarking, performance indicators and other comparative public management mechanisms. Third, the paper argues that local authorities are likely to want to retain and develop contracting arrangements that potentially permit a degree of control over service provision that might not be available were more radical service-providing alternatives to be adopted, involving the complete transfer of functions outside the public sector and/or their vesting in independent companies. Finally, the paper assesses the transition from CCT to Best Value from the theoretical perspective of responsive and reflexive regulation. Following a brief account of the reflexive failures of CCT, the paper argues that, although the Best Value framework is characterized by inherently reflexive processes involving self-review, consultation and standard-setting, its relative success is likely to depend ultimately both on the tightness with which legislation is drafted and on the manner of its practical interpretation, implementation and enforcement.
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  • 44
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 45
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The period between 1957 and 1964 was one of immense yet underestimated political and administrative change. It culminated in what many have seen as a golden age in Whitehall. This is reflected by the wealth of records now available for the study of government and policy networks. The period is thus an ideal one for collaboration between historians and political scientists.The decisional case study examined in this article focuses on the early years of the Public Expenditure Survey Committee, as viewed from the perspective of welfare policy. The drive to ‘modernize’ government started with attempts to ‘roll back the state’ and to hive off the implementation of policy to executive agencies, very similar to those pursued in the 1980s by Mrs Thatcher and Next Steps. The reasoned rejection of such a policy was symbolized by the creation of PESC, a centralized attempt to allocate resources rationally. PESC itself, however, was initially a failure. External circumstances, such as the breakdown of political and administrative networks within the core executive, and internal tensions, including the Treasury’s covert attempt to impose its own departmental interest, led the Cabinet Secretary to conclude that the prioritization and strict control of forward expenditure commitments was ‘not possible’. This case study demonstrates how future studies of the core executive might be broadened and deepened.
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  • 46
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article discusses (1) the uses, advantages and drawbacks of the biographical approach in the study of public administration and (2) the application of theories of leadership to senior British civil servants. The argument is advanced that biographical case studies - looking at the personal qualities, careers and achievements of top mandarins - can illuminate the exercise of leadership in Whitehall and the changing role and culture of the civil service.
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  • 47
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The period since 1979 has witnessed more radical change in the civil service than in any other peacetime era in its history. Such has been the order of change that Lord Bancroft, the former Head of the Home Civil Service, has suggested that the civil service was in danger of being ‘demolished’ and of there being a return to the ills of the ‘unreformed’ service before the 1850s. This would be to take the ‘two steps back’ of the article’s title before the Northcote-Trevelyan report and the Warren Fisher era. Against the background of this possible outcome, this article evaluates the Next Steps programme and the other initiatives promoted by recent Conservative governments, before concluding that the requirements of the work and a markedly unified career civil service need not be compatible, and that there is at least the possibility that the various changes when fully implemented could represent ‘one step forward’.
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  • 48
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The term ‘multi-level governance’ synthesizes the overlapping nature of the European Union and implicit theories of EU-state-subnational interdependence. Although stimulating as an overriding framework, the concept’s explanatory powers are not self-evident. Using illustrations from implementation of the structural funds within three French regions, this article endeavours to operationalize multi-level governance by concentrating upon what it could help to study and what it might contribute in terms of analysing change. A case is made for focusing research upon variations in patterns of governance through developing a rapprochment between the study of public action and that of political representation.
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  • 49
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Using a transaction cost perspective, this article explores the administrative costs involved in quasi-market systems of public service delivery. Employing the historical example of the interwar National Health Insurance scheme, it revives Beveridge’s early criticisms of the duplication and expense incurred by the utilization of approved societies for benefit administration purposes. To this we should add the costs incurred by central audit and actuarial evaluation, the main mechanisms through which the societies were centrally regulated. The article concludes that, thanks to regulatory requirements, this poly-centric system of public administration was more expensive than a state-run equivalent – and that this message has significance for recent reforms. In the course of the analysis, the narrowness of a ‘pure’ transaction cost perspective is demonstrated and common assumptions concerning distinctions between ‘the state and the market’ in administrative structures are drawn into question. The division of public administration into these two typologies is arguably based on a false dichotomy.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Far-reaching managerial changes to the public sector in the UK have been occurring in the last few years. Broadly described as the ‘new public management’ (Hood 1991, 1995) these changes have reached new levels of intensity ever since the Conservative Government came to power in 1979. The article argues that the government should be accountable for these changes but not in a way which simply justifies its actions to the body politic but rather by going beyond this to a complete critical evaluation to assess their merit and worth. It is this exposure which will provide its real accountability. This article addresses the contextual factors surrounding the possibility of conducting such a wide-ranging evaluation. It traces a range of different examples which highlight the resistance of the previous government to an open-ended evaluation tracing the sizeable investment in implementation rather than careful policy experimentation and evaluation that has occurred. Finally, and most importantly the article explores the constitutional position of the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) and the National Audit Office (NAO) who could conduct the wide-ranging evaluation which is deemed necessary. The conclusion of the article is that there is a need for an evaluation and any resistance of the government could be overcome if the C&AG and NAO exercised their constitutional right to conduct an evaluation of the reforms.
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  • 51
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the build up to general elections there is invariably a wealth of discourse on constitutional and transitional issues and even on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the civil service, but rarely is there any debate on the manner in which politicians manage the government machine. This article seeks to address this deficiency. It examines the operational factors common to the core executive, assesses the problems usually associated with the government as an organization and reviews alternative solutions. Finally, it offers managerially oriented advice, reasoning that it is the role of policy analysts to prescribe and that it is irresponsible to ignore this function. it is clearly emphasized that management solutions are not synonymous with business solutions. The article draws on universal principles of management, seeking to avoid normative suggestions and concentrating instead on practical considerations. Those considerations include personnel selection, collective responsibility, leadership style, organizational structure and team mentality. The conclusion is that strong managerially based leadership should not be dismissed as incompatible with the political constraints placed upon Prime Ministers but rather it should e the predominant impulse.
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  • 52
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 53
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article contrasts the principles and prescriptions behind the UK model of utility regulation in the post–privatization period with its workings in actual practice, focusing in particular on the case of the telecommunications services industry as an exemplar of the broader picture.It diagnoses that the system has not evolved, as its primary architect (Littlechild) prescribed, into the rule – where feasible – of the competitive order in UK utility industries. Instead it has metamorphosed into a different system that Hayek termed ordered competition. The unintended consequences of this miscegenation are then evaluated.The conclusion is that a fundamental policy choice remains to be made as to the basic form of the system in the future: whether it should continue as a system of ordered competition as now, or whether it should become a regime characterized by open and effective competition (where feasible) as envisioned by Littlechild originally.
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  • 54
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 55
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the public consultation exercises mounted by the Local Government Commission for England under its successive Chairmen, Sir John Banham and Sir David Cooksey. The Commission was evidently proud of this aspect of its work, emphasizing repeatedly its unprecedented nature: in itself an unremarkable claim in the context of British local government structural reviews. This article suggests that, in terms of quality and value for money, as opposed to sheer scale, the consultation programme - and particularly the three principal tranches of MORI residential surveys - was less laudable. The article examines each of these surveys: the stage one community identity polls, which might have contributed to the government’s intended ‘community index’, had the latter not previously been rejected by the Commission; the stage three option consultation surveys, the Banham Commission’s instrument for the hybridization of English local government, which prompted accusations of policymaking by opinion poll; and the stage three ‘re-review’ surveys for the Cooksey Commission, which had already indicated its disinclination to accord local public opinion any special weighting in its deliberations. The article attempts to summarize, in two key tables, both the results and the impact of the Commission’s public consultations, and in doing so to trace the progress of the review from an initially proposed 99 new unitary authorities, down to 50, then 38, and back up to the final total of 46.
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  • 56
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 57
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Leach, Steve Davis, Howard and Associates Enabling or Disabling Local GovernmentMidwinter, Arthur Local government in Scotland
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  • 58
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: A notable feature of European Union Directives is that they are initially somewhat loosely worded, necessitating constant (re)interpretation by the European Court of Justice. This process may itself eventually necessitate the publication of a new version of a Directive, once again creating tensions between member states. Few Directives illustrate this better than that concerned with the ‘acquired’ rights of employees in the case of business transfers which has recently been revised more than twenty years after its original publication. This article sets out to explore, mainly in the context of the UK: the context and content of the original Directive; its particular relevance for the increasingly popular practice of contracting out; the role played by the European Court of Justice in both clarifying and, arguably, clouding the issues; the process of revising the Directive. It concludes with an assessment of the current state of play.
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  • 59
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Recently, some European social scientists have claimed that the old legal-bureau-cratic model of administration has been replaced by a new paradigm in public administration, characterized by a strong emphasis on collaboration in local inter-organizational networks. The proponents of this policy network approach take a clearly voluntaristic view on policy implementation; network actors build consensus in negotiation processes, and the role of central government is restricted to that of goal-setter, facilitator and mediator. Thereby, phenomena like power and steering are overlooked. This paper gives an account of a major Swedish reform in the area of old-age care, whereby the boundaries between regional and local areas of responsibility for care of the elderly were displaced. By using a variety of control methods, central government was able to structure and steer the old-age implementation networks. The consequences of this central steering were different on different administrative levels: for the county councils, the reform has resulted in a specialization for the core areas of primary health care and hospital treatment, whereas the municipalities have had to diversify their areas of activity. Thus, to understand the effects of the reform, implementation networks must be viewed as both hierarchical and horizontal power structures, where national government, from a hierarchically superior position, can affect formally horizontal relations between actors by creating patterns of interdependence. Central government’s steering has taken on less direct forms than the traditional ones, but indirect forms of steering can certainly be efficient, especially when several mutually reinforcing control methods are combined.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Machinery of government arrangements attract a diverse and detailed literature, but surprisingly little comparative research. This article provides a graphically presented indication of functional changes in the architecture of national government in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom between 1950 and 1997. An analysis finds interesting national differences, with sharp changes in practice in Australia and Canada, but more gradual incremental adjustment in the United Kingdom. The correlation between parties and machinery change is weak for Canada and the United Kingdom, but all countries demonstrate stronger links between elections, new prime ministers and machinery of government changes. Further, all tend to oscillate between many specialist departments and fewer, broader agenciesThe explanation for such machinery change, we argue, is found in the political, policy and administrative calculations made by prime ministers in Westminster-style parliamentary systems
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Recent writing on the professions has given little consideration to the state’s potential for threatening a professional formation. This paper argues that the reorganization of probation officer training in England and Wales is an instance of stateled de-professionalization. The process of problematizing the issue and the steps taken to try and mobilize public endorsement for radical policy change are traced, as are the counter-moves of groups attempting to maintain the existing training arrangements. This illuminates two aspects of contemporary public debate in the UK. First, it demonstrates the impact of the requirement that public sector organizations and occupations show ‘enterprise’ by successful self-promotion. Second, the episode is located within Habermas’s concept of the public sphere, in which participation itself – let alone any possibility of achieving the desired outcome – now appears to depend upon relative resources and on attracting the attention of influential news media
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Today French academic studies of government are dominated by a particular form of public policy analysis which cannot be explained using literal translations. Instead this article endeavours to explain the nature of French research carried out in this vein by tracing its development over the last thirty years and focusing in particular upon the role of conflict within political science and sociology. Despite the considerable strengths of public policy analysis, however, doubts have recently emerged as to its capacity to adapt to the theoretical and empirical challenges raised by contemporary politics
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Students of public administration have often focused on behaviour and attitudes without relating them explicitly to bureaucratic structure. They have also concentrated on structural descriptions, and on reorganization processes. These steps are, beyond doubt, necessary and important. However, connecting structure and policy making in order to learn about the consequences of alternative arrangements can be assumed to be the ultimate concern of academics as well as of practitioners. The relationship between formal structure and actual decision behaviour is an issue of enduring theoretical interest. At the same time, insights into how organizational change might affect policy-making and performance are crucial for most high-level officials. I will proceed by identifying theoretical components that assign a role to the formal administrative structure in this respect. The empirical studies I draw on are mainly confined to research on central government bureaucracies at the national level, and how their structures affect substantive policy making
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  • 64
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 65
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 77 (1999), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Books reviewed:Tom Ling, The British State Since 1945: an IntroductionRobert Pyper (ed.), Aspects of Accountability in the British System of GovernmentDavid Richards, The Civil Service under the Conservatives 1979–1997. Whitehall’s Political PoodlesKen Young and Nirmala Rao, Local Government Since 1945Kieron Walsh, Nicholas Deakin, Paul Smith, Peter Spurgeon and Neil Thomas, Contracting for Change: Contracts in Health, Social Care, and Other Local Government ServicesCharles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political HistoryDavid Marsh (ed.), Comparing Policy NetworksNeill Nugent (ed.), At The Heart Of The Union. Studies of the European CommissionKenneth Hanf and Ben Soetendorp (eds), Adapting to European Integration. Small States and the European UnionFiona Hays-Renshaw and Helen Wallace, The Council of MinistersJustin GreenwoodRepresenting Interests in the European UnionErik Albæk, Lawrence Rose, Lars Strømberg and Krister Ståhlberg, Nordic Local Government. Developmental Trends and Reform Activities in the Post-War PeriodMark Considine and Martin Painter (eds.), Managerialism: the Great DebatePeter DeLeon, Democracy and the Policy SciencesBusiness Division of Brunel University, BOLA – The Business Open Learning Archive
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  • 66
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Between 1982 and 1992 Roy Griffiths, then Managing Director of the Sainsbury supermarket chain, wrote two reports which led to significant changes in the organization and management of health and social services in the UK. This article provides a detailed account of the policy process which led to the latter of these reports, which dealt with community care, in order to assesses Griffiths’ personal contribution to policy making.
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  • 67
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Policies in areas or subsystems which are dominated by well-established policy communities tend to stability. However, policies that have firm political support and a solid ideological underpinning are occasionally subject to marked and whole-sale shifts which then stabilize around a new equilibrium position. This article examines one such discontinuity in policy: British coastal water policy between the 1950s and the 1990s. Once the concern of engineers and local authority interests, the question of how to deal with the sewage generated by coastal communities is now deeply contested between a wide variety of different actors including environmental groups and European authorities. What was once a relatively well-managed, professionalized policy community has become unstable as new ideas and domestic regulatory structures have forced the government to justify principles and practices that were implicit or simply rhetorical. This empirical example of what Weale has termed the ‘new’ politics of pollution, is tested against models of social learning developed by Paul Sabatier and Peter Hall, both of which lay great stress on the importance of changing ideas and beliefs as the main ‘motor’ of policy change.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article presents an empirical analysis of the privatization process at Comhlucht Siuicre Eireann Teoranta (CSET), the Irish Sugar Company. The CSET privatization was significant in being the first in the modern Irish political context. It was also significant in that the primary momentum for the process was generated and sustained by strategic action at firm level. Yet, it was a transformation in which firm strategists were rarely in full control of events, and one that had national as well as organizational implications. The analysis suggests that even the most robust of firm-level models of change alone provides an inadequate guide to fully understanding such processes. It examines the case for viewing them through a more multi-level perspective.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 71
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article reports on data collected on ministerial resignations and non-resignations 1945–1997. It analyses the reasons why ministers resign and patterns that emerge in terms of the types of issues that are more likely to lead to resignation, and variances between different Prime Ministers, parties and over time. It provides the first fully quantified analysis of ministerial resignations in Britain in the post-war period to enhance the impressionistic analyses which have been offered before.
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  • 74
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: There has long been a disparity between the practice and the neo-Diceyan doctrine of accountability in British central government. This article shows that the New Public Management (NPM), while not itself the root cause of such disparity, has nevertheless both exacerbated and further exposed existing fault-lines. This much is evident from an examination of NPM’s theoretical bearings and from brief case studies of the Child Protection Agency and the Prison Service. Reflecting broad and deep-seated forces, the NPM is unlikely to disappear. Thus although there are certain attractions in retaining neo-Diceyan assumptions, it may be more appropriate to reconstruct the formal doctrine. Drawing upon Spiro’s notion of ‘multicentric’ accountability and within the context of calls for wider constitutional reform, the article sketches the basis for a new doctrine, having regard to relevant moralities and practicalities.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Public organizations vary considerably. Yet little attention has been paid to the systematic analysis of this diversity. Drawing on case studies of four public organizations and a survey on all central government organizations in Denmark, variations in tasks, environments, constituencies, and central governance are conceptualized. Public organization tasks can be analysed at three levels ranging from user-oriented outputs, general outputs which can further be divided into policy goals, scope of profile, standard setting and capital accumulation, to the normative base of the public sector. Public organizations vary with regard to the emphasis put on level of output and on how the different aspects of the tasks are interrelated. Variations in constituencies and exchange cycles with the environment are further related to different task profiles. Finally it is shown that central oversight organizations compete with other actors in the public organizations’ environment in the governance of public organizations. From an organizational point of view ‘the state’ appears to have a humble and remote position.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In April 1995 a viewing platform built by the Department of Conservation collapsed at a New Zealand wilderness location, Cave Creek, plummeting 14 people to their deaths. The tragedy was unprecedented in New Zealand public administration. This article examines the concepts of political accountability and responsibility in the light of the disaster and the findings of the commission of inquiry into it. It does so with reference to the New Zealand state sector reforms, and theoretical and conceptual contributions to the understanding of (public) policy fiascos and disasters. Although public accountability requirements were fulfilled in the case of Cave Creek there was an unsatisfactory resolution of political responsibility. A fuller appreciation of vindicative political responsibility is needed in tragic cases of this kind where the humanity and justice of impersonal governmental systems need to be at least symbolically affirmed. However, the prospects for such a wider sense of proportion may not be enhanced in a managerialist era.
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    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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  • 78
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    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Two very serious prison escapes in 1994–5 prompted the Home Secretary, Michael Howard, to dismiss the Prison Service head, Derek Lewis (a contracted businessman) who successfully sued for full compensation and costs. This sacking and law suit were unprecedented events which highlighted familiar tensions about the ‘policy’ and ‘administrative’ (‘operational’) distinction and what passes for the theory of individual ministerial responsibility to Parliament. This article reviews four serious prison security failures in England and Northern Ireland since 1983 and the standard ministerial posture blaming operational error rather than their own policy framework. Drawing on interviews with relevant senior figures, the exceptionally politically sensitive case of executive agency status for the Prison Service of England and Wales is considered. The ‘Lewis vs. Howard’ affair is placed in its context of the increasingly managerial ambitions of both ‘incomer’ and career civil servants which conflict with traditionally comprehensive, but symbolic, ministerial responsibility.
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    Public administration 76 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Britain is generally perceived as having a hierarchical and unified political system with power concentrated in the central institutions of the state. This conception has not only influenced analysis but has affected the behaviour of politicians. However, in recent years both conceptions of the state and, how it operates, have been challenged. Conventional approaches concerned with the internal workings of the state have largely taken the nature of power as unproblematic. Consequently they have oversimplified the nature of power relationships within the state. In the last five or ten years the dominant conceptions of the core state have been questioned by theoretical and empirical challenges such as globalization, the core executive, the reform of government, bureau-shaping and new approaches to power. The article analyses how these challenges require a reconceptualization of the central British state.
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    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article examines the policy of Fifth Republic governments towards the modernization of the French civil service, with particular reference to the period since 1989. It has three main objectives. The first is to clarify the terms of the French debate about the crisis of the state, which is necessary to an understanding of the intellectual context of reform. The second is to describe and analyse the various strands of ‘administrative modernization’ policy. The third is to provide an interim assessment of the impact on the structure and culture of the civil service of what is an on-going programme of administrative reform. The origins and development of modernization policy are examined from a ‘regulationist’ perspective which emphasizes that modernization is intended to re-assert the legitimacy and effectiveness of state action, most notably by deconcentrating the manaement of public policies to the ‘local’ civil service.
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  • 81
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    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In the last decade experiments with decentralized democratic governance and citizen involvement have been launched throughout Europe in functional domains as varied as housing, environmental planning, primary schools and care for the elderly. This article analyses such democratization processes through the lense of cultural theory as formulated by Thompson, Ellis and Wildavsky (1990). It argues that cultural theory provides a framework for understanding why formal democratic rights and rules are not necessarily matched by democratic images among actors. It draws on empirical material from the Danish social housing sector, which is widely recognized for its decentralized governance system and extensive tenant involvement.
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    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Thain, Colin and Wright, Maurice, The Treasury and Whitehall: the Planning and Control of Public Expenditure, 1976–1993Thompson, Helen, The British Conservative Government and the European Exchange Rate Mechanism 1979–1994Chandler, J.A. (Ed.), The Citizen’s CharterSmith, T.A. and Young, A.M.M., Th Fixers: Crisis Management in British PoliticsTindale, Stephen (ed.), The State and the Nations, the Politics of DevolutionMcLaverty, Peter, The Politics of Empowerment?Boston, Jonathan, Martin, John, Pallot, June, Walsh, Pat, Public Management: The New Zealand ModelSchick, Allen, The Spirit of Reform: Managing the New Zealand State Sector in a Time of Change – A Report Prepared for the State Services Commission and the Treasury, New ZealandMcLeay, Elizabeth, The Cabinet and Political Power in New ZealandOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Governance in Transition: Public Management Reforms in OECD CountriesKettl, Donald and Milward, Brinton (eds), The State of Public ManagementLynn, Laurence E., Public Management as Art, Science and ProfessionGummett, Philip (ed.), Globalization and Public PolicyFitzmaurice, John, The Politics of Belgium, a Unique FederalismHandler, Joel F., Down from Bureaucracy: The Ambiguity of Privatization and EmpowermentNagel, Stuart S., Crotty, William and Scarritt, James (eds), Political Reforms and Developing NationsCherry, Steven, Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1860–1939Surrey, John (ed.), The British Electricity Experiment. Privatization: the Record, the Issues, the LessonsLedwith, Sue and Colgan, Fiona (eds), Women in Organisations Challenging Gender PoliticsGrayson, Leslie and Davies, Howard (eds) Inlogov Informs on Quangos
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    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
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    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article examines the findings from longitudinal case study work conducted in the 1992-96 period in two organizations in the United Kingdom health care and post office sectors. The study highlights the many cultural, political and technical issues that emerge in the strategy and implementation of IT-enabled re-engineering projects. The radical re-engineering perspective and model for change presented by Hammer and Champy (1993) are compared against empirical findings. These suggest that the Hammer and Champy advice contains many limitations. The cases show the specific circumstances in which radical re-engineering can be effective, in managerial terms, but also point to conditions under which a unitary perspective on the organization often cannot address adequately many critical political and cultural issues. Moreover, the case histories point to the dangers of an over reliance on a methodological holism that can rarely be delivered in complex large-scale organizations, given the scale of change envisaged; and the difficulties engendered by over-emphasizing the need for transformation, and ‘starting again’, and downplaying the role of history and continuity in both the study and management of organizational change.
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    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Policy networks is a powerful analytical concept. However, it must be combined with a model of the actor if the analyst is to move beyond description and into the more interesting field of policy explanation. This article argues that this may be done by the use of ‘new institutionalism’. It first demonstrates that policy networks may be understood as institutions, i.e. as rules constraining the actions of the participating actors. It then outlines the contribution which institutional theory may make to policy analysis. This is done by giving an institutional answer to three questions which the policy network literature has not successfully addressed. Why do networks come into existence? Why do networks change? Why are networks so persistent? The institutional logic is illustrated in a case study of a Danish intergovernmental policy network: the annual budget negotiations between the state and local authorities. The main lesson to draw from this exercise is that when the insights from policy network analysis are combined with the theoretical insights from ‘new institutionalism’, it is indeed possible to start providing explanations of policy networks and their impact on policy outcomes.
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    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Political craft is an essential qualification of senior officials in the German Federal ministerial administration. The emphasis on political craft as a vital complement to administrative-technical competence reflects a policy-making system that is characterized by multi-party government, an assertive Parliament, a strong opposition, influential Lander, and growing informalization. In fostering political craft, three institutions play a key role: (i) the Chancellery; (ii) the political support units to the executive leadership; and (iii) the parliamentary parties in the Bundestag, which employ Federal ministerial officials on temporary leave. The centrality of these institutions in Federal policy-making makes them into outstanding training grounds for future top officials.
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    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
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    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The 1994 Fundamental Expenditure Review (FER) of the UK Treasury was a radical overhaul of organization that had major implications for the way the Treasury conducts its business. This article examines the origins and implications of FER, paying particular attention to the ‘strategic’ philosophy of controlling public expenditure encapsulated within it. Ostensibly an expression of modern economic rationalism overturning outmoded administrative practices, the FER approach to public spending control might alternatively be interpreted as a manifestation of a recurring ‘econocrat’s fallacy of control’ which aims to remove redundancy, random search mechanisms and external veto points from control systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article uses the Department of National Heritage (DNH) founded in 1992 to illustrate the current debate over changing governance in Britain (such as the hollow core and self-steering networks) given the development of small, central policy-oriented ministries supervising a penumbra of policy networks. The article argues that the DNH has at its disposal a number of power resources – ministerial activism, policy review and guidance, systematic review, and finance – which enable it to give a determined steer to its autonomous networks. The implication of this is that real structural change should not obscure the resources at the disposal of the centre in their relationship with their policy networks: government is not just another organization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The article argues that institutions of parliamentary democracy are currently being undermined and calls for the development of new means of democratic empowerment. The meaning of ‘democratic empowerment’ differs sharply depending on whether one refers to a predominantly aggregative, or a predominantly integrative strategy of empowerment. The article seeks to clarify the phrase. For a predominantly aggregative strategy of empowerment, as proposed by Paul Hirst, the primary means of empowerment is exist. For a predominantly integrative strategy of empowerment, proposed by David Burns, Robin Hambleton and Paul Hoggett the primary means of empowerment is voice. The article concludes that a democratic strategy of empowerment must aim to balance exit and voice options. An example of how balance could be institutionalized is found in Denmark.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article investigates the impact which the institutional development of the European Union (EU) and the new public management (NPM) have had on the process of recruitment and training of senior public officials in the United Kingdom between 1970 and 1995. Information provided by directors of personnel and training has enabled the extent of change observed in three government departments – Agriculture, Transport and Health – to be measured on a numerical scale. This is combined with a historical analysis rooted in practitioner experience. The evidence from both sources suggests that whereas NPM pressures have had a relatively similar impact on recruitment and training practices in all three departments, the response to EU pressure is much stronger in the Ministry of Agriculture than in the Departments of Transport and Health. The EU impact in Agriculture is particularly strong in respect of recruitment and career progression, the only area and the only department in which our index suggests that policy has been more heavily influenced by European pressures than by NPM. These findings reflect the strength of the political commitment to NPM and the power of the central departments in imposing it across Whitehall; and in the case of Agriculture the development of a cadre of senior officials who have almost all had experience of working in or with the EU institutions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Vickers, Geoffrey Sir The Art of Judgement: A Study of Policy MakingBlunden, Margaret and Dando, Malcolm (eds.) Rethinking Public Policy-making: Questioning Assumptions, Challenging Beliefs.Essays in Honour of Sir Geoffrey Vickers on his CentenaryHay, Colin Re-stating Social and Political ChangeBarberis, Peter (ed.) The Whitehall Reader. The UK’s Administrative Machine in ActionBekke, Hans, Perry, James and Toonen, Theo (eds.) Civil Service Systems in Comparative PerspectiveThe Constitution Unit, University College London Delivering Constitutional ReformNagel, Stuart S. (ed.) Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management, Volume 7Kirkpatrick, Ian, Lucio, Miguel Martinez (eds.) The Politics of quality in the Public SectorPeters, B. Guy and Rockman, Bert A. (eds.) Agenda for Excellence 2: Administering the StateHeyen, E.V. (ed.) Yearbook of European Administrative History, Volume 5: Bureaucratisation et Professionalisation de la Politique Sociale en Europe (1870–1918)Caulfield, Janice and Wanna, John (eds.) Power and Politics in the City: Brisbane in TransitionKickert, W. and Van Vught, F. (eds.) Public Policy and Administration Sciences in the Netherlands
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Survival of the public service ethos in Britain has been called into question following introduction of the ‘new public management’ and marketizing reforms in much of the public sector. This article examines how these developments have occurred in the NHS, using survey data to analyse NHS board members’ substantive ethical values. Unexpectedly the results suggest that NHS board members with a predominantly NHS background appear less ethically conservative, more flexible and less risk–averse than those recruited from non–NHS backgrounds; and that as yet the NHS management ‘culture’ is not very homogenous in respect of ‘business ethics’. The NHS reforms also appear to accentuate the tensions between transparent public accountability in NHS management and incentives not to publicize certain types of information. Recent codification of NHS ‘business ethics’ can be understood as an attempt to buttress the public service ethos against the increased moral strains of a quasi–market.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article deals with developing relationships between local authorities and local non–elected public service agencies in England and Wales. It classifies local authority responses to the growth of the non–elected state. Account is taken of varying agency characteristics and the constraints and dilemmas they face. From the local authority vantage point what is at stake is organizational (re)positioning in a changing institutional environment. Insights derived from strategic management are therefore utilized. But resource dependencies and exchanges also manifest themselves in these emerging relationships. Moreover, account must be taken of the scope for local authorities to be ‘network managers’ given the structural reconfiguration of the local state. The analysis therefore takes on board organizational networking theoretical frameworks. Although central government remains best placed to manipulate the ‘rules of the [new and uncertain] game’, interesting possibilities present themselves if local authorities can show more strategic skill than in the recent past.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The public sector in the UK has become the object of constant reform and change as part of the government’s project to increase the remit of the private sector and the role of markets. There is much debate about the effect such a move to market relations has on public services. There is increasing concern with the way market–based reforms are linked to a new pattern of organizational structure and strategy that negates and/or opposes the traditional political processes associated with the public sector. This article focuses on the case of the Royal Mail to explore how such a transformation is both complex and contested. It reveals how ‘the market’ within the public sector is to a large extent politically constructed, and that the public–private dichotomy over–simplifies what is a complex process of negotiating meaning, forming alliances, lobbying for support, handling conflict and exerting influence. It demonstrates how various readings of ‘the market’ emerge, and that any solutions of how to become more commercial can be the result of political machinations. The implications of this analysis go beyond Royal Mail and can be generalized across the public sector.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) such as the UK National Audit Office and the French Cour des Comptes play important roles within the institutional mechanisms of the democratic state. They are given high independence in order to secure public accountability for, first, the probity and legality of public spending and, second, economy, efficiency and effectiveness. During the last twenty years several SAIs’ mandates have been adjusted to reflect the latter, more managerialist, concerns.This article asks two questions: first, what evidence do these SAIs offer as to the quality and effectiveness of their activities in carrying out their mandates and, second, to what extent does their self–reporting appear to have been influenced by the precepts of the ‘New Public Management’ (NPM)? To address these questions an analysis is carried out of the annual reports and other relevant documents of the Finnish, Swedish, French and UK SAIs, and of the European Court of Auditors. The analysis shows considerable differences of approach. These may well be related to the differing constitutional positions and administrative cultures of the SAIs concerned. In conclusion we identify different concerns which are associated with either a fervent embracing of NPM criteria by SAIs or, alternatively, with an apparent rejection of those approaches.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Polish Commissioner for Citizens’ Rights Protection was established during the Communist regime but survived the transition to plural democracy after 1989, despite suggestions that the Office was a survival from the Communist era which ought to be dismantled as part of the transition to democracy. His role has involved securing respect for the law by officials who were accustomed to ignore it so long as they followed the Communist Party’s ‘line’. Equally, many citizens still find challenging officialdom daunting because of their experience of the old regime. Hence much of the Commissioner’s work has entailed pursuing official illegalities through the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Administrative Court, rather than pursuing claims of maladministration. The Commissioner has become engaged in several of the major controversies facing Polish society, in particular the introduction of religious instruction into the public schools and the circumstances in which an abortion may legally be carried out. Also, there have been many complaints about the government’s inability to maintain social security payments. Furthermore, successive Commissioners have criticized the inability of President and Sejm to agree on a new constitution. The Commissioner is now securely established among European ombudsmen and the Office has become an important factor in ensuring his country’s compliance with its international obligations, especially in the field of human rights.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Public administration 75 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Politikwissenschaft , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article uses Benson’s ‘political economy’ model of inter-organizational relations to interpret inter-authority relationships during the course of the local government review process in England (1992-95) and in particular to explain the preparedness of large numbers of district councils to support proposals which implied their own destruction. Six more specific influences are identified which led to this outcome:(i) The changing pattern of expectations and perceived possibilities as the Review progressed.(ii) The conflictual context of relations within the network linking individual counties and districts, and their respective associations.(iii) The influence of the districts’ national representative body - the ADC - which was arguing strongly for a ‘super-district’ solution.(iv) The plausibility of the view of some mergers as de facto takeovers of one authority by another.(v) The special nature of local authorities as (party) political institutions as well as public sector bureaucracies.(vi) The rationing of information through central-local networks, in the context of ‘unclear rules’.It is concluded that with certain modifications Benson’s framework provides a helpful explanatory mechanism.
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