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  • Elsevier  (5,804,731)
  • American Geophysical Union  (232,449)
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  • 1
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    A commentary on holocene relative sea-level histories of far-field islands in the mid-Pacific by F. Tan, N. S. Khan, T. Li, A. J. Meltzner, J. Majewski, N. Chan, P. M. Chutcharavan, N. Cahill, M. Vacchi, D. Peng, B. P. Horton, [Quat. Sci. Rev. 310: 107995; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107995] (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Alongslope mean flow and an associated upslope bolus flux of tracer in a parameterization of mesoscale turbulence (2000)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: We explore a parameterization for mesoscale turbulence, closely related to that of Gent and McWilliams, in which forcing terms proportional to the isopycnal flux of potential vorticity appear in the averaged momentum equations. We show that in the presence of variable bottom topography, the parameterization predicts alongslope mean flow and a corresponding upslope bolus (eddy) flux of tracer that is associated with an alongslope-directed bottom eddy stress. The upslope bolus flux is in qualitative agreement with observations of a cold dome over seamounts. The predicted alongslope flow corresponds to flow fields found in geostrophic turbulence experiments and has some similarity (although conceptually very different, as discussed in the text) to Holloway's prediction based on statistical mechanics. By considering continuous stratification as a limiting case of a multilayer model, we show how to treat the surface and bottom boundaries. Practical application of the parameterization is illustrated using a three-dimensional -coordinate ocean circulation model that is very similar to the Bryan–Cox–Semtner model. The model-computed flow is consistent with observations of anticyclonic flow around a seamount. We show that the bottom eddy stress associated with the parameterization can be large, even compared to the annual mean surface wind stress, and hence could have important implications for the biology and water mass distribution of the coastal ocean as well as for the large-scale ocean circulation. From the climate modelling perspective, the approach adopted here provides a single formalism that combines the advantages of the Gent and McWilliams parameterization with alongslope mean flow similar to that suggested by Holloway.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 3
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    Properties influencing flux and diatom uptake of mercury and methylmercury from estuarine sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-13
    Description: Highlights • Mercury methylation in sediment rapidly transported into water and diatoms. • CH3Hg flux was highest for sediments with higher sulfide and organic content. • Mineral and compressed sediment released minor Hg and CH3Hg. • Higher sediment Hg species flux does not correlate with high sediment content. • Stable isotope incubations provide substantial insight to environmental Hg cycling. Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a conspicuous and persistent global pollutant. Ionic Hg can be methylated into noxious methylmercury (CH3Hg), which biomagnifies in marine tropic webs and poses a health risk to humans and organisms. Sediment Hg methylation rates are variable, and the output flux of created CH3Hg are dependent on sediment characteristics and environmental factors. Thus, uncertainties remain about the formation and flux of CH3Hg from sediment, and how this could contribute to the bioaccumulative burden for coastal organisms in shallow ecosystems. Cores were collected from 3 estuarine locations along the Eastern USA to examine how sediments characteristics influence the introduction of Hg and CH3Hg into the base of the food chain. Stable isotopes of inorganic 200Hg and CH3199Hg were injected into sediments of individual cores, with cultured diatoms constrained to overlying waters. Five different treatments were done on duplicate cores, spiked with: (1) no Hg isotopes (control); (2) inorganic 200Hg; (3) CH3199Hg; (4) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg isotopes, (5) both 200Hg and CH3199Hg into overlying waters (not sediment). Experimental cores were incubated for 3 days under temperature and light controlled conditions. These results demonstrate that upper sediments characteristics lead to high variability in Hg cycling. Notably, sediments which contained abundant and peaty organic material (∼28 %LOI), had the highest pore water DOC (3206 μM) and displayed bands of sulfur reducing bacteria yielded the greatest methylation rate (1.97 % day−1) and subsequent diatom uptake of CH3200Hg (cell quota 0.18 amol/cell) in the overlying water.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Seaweed and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: Seaweeds and their bioactive compounds, particularly polysaccharides and phenolics can be regarded as great dietary supplements with gut health benefits and prebiotics. These components are resistant to digestion by enzymes present in the human gastrointestinal tract, also selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and the production of fermentation products such as short chain fatty acids. Commonly, the health benefits of seaweed components are assessed by including them in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation system containing human fecal inocula that mimics the environment of the human large bowel. Regarding to the complex interactions between dietary components, gastrointestinal physiological processes, and gut microbiota are difficult to model in vitro. Consequently it is important to follow up the promising in vitro results with in vivo animal or human testing. The aim of this chapter is to have a comprehensive review on the application of seaweeds and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics, and understand the trends, gaps and future directions of both scientific and industrial developments. This work contributes to develop and expand new platform of seaweed utilization for higher-value products, particularly to functional food and nutraceutical industries in order to serve the social demand for health awareness and support economic development.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Dynamics of the 2021 unrest at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano from ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and seismic data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The Changbaishan Tianchi intraplate volcano is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes of NE Asia, characterized by a summit caldera formed after the 946 CE ‘Millennium’ Plinian eruption. From December 2020 to June 2021, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at Tianchi were significantly higher than during background periods, with hundreds of earthquakes (46 events per month in average) and reaching a local magnitude of ML 3.1. This study reports a comprehensive deformation analysis and geophysical inversion scheme aimed to unveil the dynamics of this period. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis results of 32 ALOS-2 images from 2018 to 2022 show that the surface deformation is a combination of seasonal fluctuations (± 25 mm in average, with a maximum ± 45 mm) and a long-term positive component. The least squares linear regression of the deformation time series and temperature data, isolates the seasonal fluctuations, revealing a clear upliftsubsidence process from June 2020 to July 2021 in the caldera area. To constrain the Tianchi plumbing system dynamics, a combined inversion scheme consisting of three deformation sources is designed. The inversion results and the seismic records indicate that Tianchi volcano has experienced a low-level unrest episode from December 2020 to June 2021. The shallower plumbing system, located at about 5–9 km depth and modelled by pressurized spheroids, underwent a cumulative volume increase of 26 × 106 m3 from November 2018 to April 2021, followed by a volume decrease of 9 × 106 m3 from April to July 2021. This suggests magma uprising from the 14 km deep storage zone to the shallower plumbing system, followed by depressurization of the plumbing system due to the escape of fluids. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the magma and fluid migration dynamics within the Tianchi multi-level plumbing system for the first time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103775
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Rhythms of behavior: are the times changin’? (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Elsevier, 60, pp. 55-66, ISSN: 0959-4388
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: Animal life is rhythmic. Here we provide an overview of various rhythmic behaviors, connected environmental factors and endogenous mechanisms. We not only cover terrestrial species, but also highlight aquatic environments with typically complex interconnected rhythms. We further address diel, seasonal and potential lunar rhythms of humans. While we cannot be complete, we aim to emphasize three aspects: First, to raise awareness for the all-encompassing presence of behavioral rhythms and their importance in ecology and evolution. Second, to raise awareness how limited our mechanistic understanding is, besides analyses in a small set of model species. Finally, we discuss how anthropogenic effects can affect behavioral rhythmicity and how this might affect ecosystems in the future, as ‘For the times they are a-changin'’.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Low-pH waters discharging from submarine vents at Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) after the 2002 gas blast: origin of hydrothermal fluids and implications for volcanic surveillance (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: A geochemical survey of thermal waters collected from submarine vents at Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) was carried out from December 2002 to March 2007, in order to investigate i) the geochemical processes controlling the chemical composition of the hydrothermal fluids and ii) the possible relations between the chemical features of the hydrothermal reservoir and the activity of the magmatic system. Compositional data of the thermal water samples were integrated in a hydrological conceptual model, which describes the formation of the vent fluid by mixing of seawater, seawater concentrated by boiling, and a deep, highly-saline end-member, whose composition is regulated by water-rock interactions at relatively high temperature and shows clear clues of magmatic-related inputs. The chemical composition of concentrated seawater was assumed to be represented by that of the water sample having the highest Mg content. The composition of the deep end-member was instead calculated by extrapolation assuming a zero-Mg end-member. The Na–K–Ca geothermometer, when applied to the thermal end-member composition, indicated an equilibrium temperature of approximately 300 °C, a temperature in agreement with the results obtained by gas-geothermometry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 246-254
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: low-pH waters; shallow submarine hydrothermal springs; Panarea Island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    January 2002 volcano-tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: In January 2002, Nyiragongo volcano erupted 14–34 × 106 m3 of lava from fractures on its southern flanks. The nearby city of Goma was inundated by two lava flows, which caused substantial socioeconomic disruption and forced the mass exodus of the population, leaving nearly 120,000 people homeless. Field observations showed marked differences between the lava erupted from the northern portion of the fracture system and that later erupted from the southern part. These observations are confirmed by new 238U and 232Th series radioactive disequilibria data, which show the presence of three different phases during the eruption. The lavas first erupted (T1) were probably supplied by a residual magma batch from the lava lake activity during 1994–1995. These lavas were followed by a fresh batch erupted from fissure vents as well as later (May–June 2002) from the central crater (T2). Both lava batches reached the surface via the volcano's central plumbing system, even though a separate flank reservoir may also have been involved in addition to the main reservoir. The final phase (T3) is related to an independent magmatic reservoir located much closer (or even beneath) the city of Goma. Data from the January 2002 eruption, and for similar activity in January 1977, suggest that the eruptive style of the volcano is likely to change in the future, trending toward more common occurrence of flank eruptions. If so, this would pose a significant escalation of volcanic hazards facing Goma and environs, thus requiring the implementation of different volcano-monitoring strategies to better anticipate where and when future eruptions might take place.
    Description: Published
    Description: B09202
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Nyiragongo ; forecasting ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the western sector of the Sabatini Volcanic District and the Tolfa Mountains (Central Italy) (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: A geochemical survey of 197 fluid discharges (cold and thermal waters and bubbling pools) and 15 gas emissions from the western sector of the Sabatini Volcanic District and the Tolfa Mountains (Latium, Central Italy) was carried out in 2007–2008. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid discharges indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) relatively shallow aquifers with Ca(Na,K)–HCO3 and Ca(Mg)–HCO3 compositions when trapped in volcanic and sedimentary formations, respectively; and 2) a deep reservoir, which is hosted in the Mesozoic carbonate sequence, rich in CO2 and having a Ca–SO4(HCO3) composition. Dissolution of a CO2-rich gas phase into the shallow aquifers produces high-TDS and high-pCO2 cold waters, while oxidation of deep-derived H2S to SO4 2− generates low-pH (b4) sulfate waters. The δ13C–CO2 values for gas emissions (from−2.8 to+2.7‰vs. VPDB) suggest that the origin of CO2 associated with the deep fluids ismainly related to thermo-metamorphic reactions within the carbonate reservoir, although significant mantle contribution may also occur. However, R/Ra values (0.37–0.62) indicate that He is mainly produced by a crustal source, with a minor component from a crust-contaminated mantle. On the basis of the δ13C–CH4 and δD–CH4 values (from −25.7 to −19.5‰ vs. VPDB and from −152 to −93.4‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively) CH4 production is associated with thermogenic processes, possibly related to abiogenic CO2 reduction within the carbonate reservoir. The δ34S–H2S values (from+9.3 to +10.4‰ vs. VCDT) are consistent with the hypothesis of a sedimentary source of sulfur from thermogenic reduction of Triassic sulfates. Geothermometric evaluations based on chemical equilibria CO2–CH4 and, separately, H2S suggest that the reservoir equilibriumtemperature is up to ~300 °C. The δDand δ18O data indicate thatwater recharging both the shallow and deep aquifers has a meteoric origin. Fluid geochemistry, coupled with gravimetric data and tectonic lineaments, supports the idea that significant contributions from a deep-seated geothermal brine are present in the Stigliano thermal fluid discharges. Exploration surveys investigated this area during 70's–90's for geothermal purposes. Nevertheless, presently the area is still under-exploited. The presence of thermal waters and anomalous heat flow together with the demographic growth of the last years,makes this site a suitable location for direct applications of the geothermal resource.
    Description: Published
    Description: 160-181
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry Water Gas Stable isotope Geothermometry Central Italy ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy) (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: In this paper, fluid source(s) and processes controlling the chemical composition of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in gas discharges from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy) were investigated. The main composition of the Etnean and Volcano gas emissions is produced by mixing, to various degrees, of “magmatic” and “hydrothermal” components. VOCs are dominated by alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, with minor, though significant, concentrations of O-, S- and Cl(F)-substituted compounds. The main mechanism for the production of alkanes is likely related to pyrolysis of organic matter-bearing sediments that interact with the ascending magmatic fluids. Alkanes are then converted to alkene and aromatic compounds via catalytic reactions (dehydrogenation and dehydroaromatization, respectively). Nevertheless, an abiogenic origin for the light hydrocarbons cannot be ruled out. Oxidative processes of hydrocarbons at relatively high temperatures and oxidizing conditions, typical of these volcanic-hydrothermal fluids, may explain the production of alcohols, esters, aldehydes, as well as O- and S-bearing heterocycles. By comparing the concentrations of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the fumarolic discharges with respect to those of background air, it is possible to highlight that they have a geogenic origin likely due to halogenation of both methane and alkenes. Finally, CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) abundances appear to be consistent with background air, although the strong air contamination that affects the Mt. Etna fumaroles may mask a possible geogenic contribution for these compounds. On the other hand, no CFCs were detected in the Vulcano gases, which are characterized by low air contribution. Nevertheless, a geogenic source for these compounds cannot be excluded on the basis of the present data.
    Description: Published
    Description: D17305
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: etna, vulcano, VOC ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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