ALBERT

Description: A chronology constructed from satellite-derived thermal imagery is presented to describe the formation and life history of warm-core ring 82-B. A comparison is made with warm-core ring 81-F in order to illustrate similarities that may be common to warm-core rings that traverse the region of the Slope Water occupied by 82-B. Particular attention is paid to discrete events identified from analysis of changes in the surface thermal field. Significant events include interactions between the ring and the Gulf Stream, warm (Gulf Stream) and cold (shelf) streamers and interaction with other vortices. The events are documented by following changes in ring size, shape, translation, and surface thermal structure. Observations determined from the infrared satellite imagery are supported by hydrography, acoustic velocity profiling and drifter trajectories.

Description: National Science Foundation

Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.

Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.

Description: The GFD Program in 2008 ran with a special theme, in view of the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the program. The first two weeks of Principal Lectures dealt with "Perspectives and Challenges" of the subject, and we commemorated by having ten different lecturers with a diversity of viewpoints and opinions. Though the lectures thereby took less of a pedagogical flavour, each afternoon we saw the fellows grill the lecturers in informal afternoon tutorials. Also by way of celebration, the Oceanographic Institution threw a 50th anniversary party in honour of the Program and the "Founding Fathers." This was held on one of the lawns in front of Walsh Cottage on Friday, June 27th. We saw a variety of familiar faces, some from the very first years of the Program, others from more recent summers. George Veronis and Jack Whitehead read short pieces about the past fifty years, including the unveiling of the "2008 AGU Award for Excellence in Geophysical Education" awarded to the Program by the American Geophysical Union. The party was skillfully organized by Janet Fields and uniformly enjoyed by all. In 2008 the Sears Public Lecture was delivered by Andy Ingersoll (CalTech) and entitled "Weather and Climates of Other Worlds: Lessons for Earth." Andy, a participant of the program for many years, described the insights that could be drawn regarding our own climate from observing those of the other planets in the solar system, observations made particularly clear and compelling by recent space missions. Over a hundred people gathered at Redfield for the lecture, many of whom paused afterwards to enjoy conversation and refreshments at the reception that followed. Other novelties at the 2008 program included Bill Dewar's delivery of a seminar at Walsh in full Scottish regalia, kilt and all. Last, and of course most importantly, we had an industrious group of fellows who rose to the challenge of the Program and contributed tremendously to the anniversary. As always, the WHOI Academic Programs Office and the Physical Oceanography Department provided the administrative backbone to the summer, and Walsh Cottage was perfectly unchanged in its intimacy and rustic atmosphere. Jeanne Fleming, Penny Foster and Janet Fields contributed importantly to the smooth running of the program.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-0325296 and by the Office of Naval Research, Processes and Prediction Division, Physical Oceanography Program under grant N00014-07-10776

Description: The fiftieth year of the program was dedicated to Nonlinear Waves, a topic with many applications in geophysical fluid dynamics. The principal lectures were given jointly by Roger Grimshaw and Harvey Segur and between them they covered material drawn from fundamental theory, fluid experiments, asymptotics, and reaching all the way to detailed applications. These lectures set the scene for the rest of the summer, with subsequent daily lectures by staff and visitors on a wide range of topics in GFD. It was a challenge for the fellows and lecturers to provide a consistent set of lecture notes for such a wide-ranging lecture course, but not least due to the valiant efforts of Pascale Garaud, who coordinated the write-up and proof-read all the notes, we are very pleased with the final outcome contained in these pages. This year’s group of eleven international GFD fellows was as diverse as one could get in terms of gender, origin, and race, but all were unified in their desire to apply their fundamental knowledge of fluid dynamics to challenging problems in the real world. Their projects covered a huge range of physical topics and at the end of the summer each student presented his or her work in a one-hour lecture. As always, these projects are the heart of the research and education aspects of our summer study.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE-0824636 and the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-09-10844.

Description: The topic of the Principal Lectures for the forty-ninth year of the program was “Boundary Layers”. The subject centers around those problems in which the boundary conditions lead to a large gradient near the boundary. Nine of this year’s principal lectures were given by Joe Pedlosky and the tenth was given by Steve Lentz. The fluid mechanics of boundary layers was reviewed, first starting from its classical roots and then extending the concepts to the sides, bottoms, and tops of the oceans. During week four, a mini-symposium on “Ocean Bottom and Surface Boundary Layers” gathered a number of oceanographers and meteorologists together to report recent advances. And, finally, Kerry Emanuel of MIT delivered the Sears Public Lecture to a packed hall in Clark 507. The title was “Divine Wind: The History and Sciences of Hurricanes.”

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-0325296 and by the Office of Naval Research, Processes and Prediction Division, Physical Oceanography Program under grant N00014-07-10776

Description: The success of this summer's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Program owes much to Myrl Hendershott's excellent and engaging survey of the Oceans General Circulation, including recent developments In the Theory of Recirculation Gyres and Thermocline Ventilation.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Number OCE-89-01012

Description: The topic for the 30th Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Program was "The Influence of Convection on Large- Scale Motions." The principal lecturer, Kerry Emanual, presented the essential elements of dry convection, the thermodynamics of moist air, and moist convection (both precipitating and not). Building upon this excellent summary of the fundamentals of atmospheric convection, he then discussed its role in the dynamics of squall lines, tropical cyclones, and the 40-day tropical wave. Moist convection has not been discussed in recent GFD seminars, and Kerry's lectures provided a superb introduction to the topic for both Fellows and Staff. Other meteorologists discussed recent theoretical and observational research on atmospheric convecting systems. Convectively-driven flows in the ocean were described by Peter Killworth; Ed Spiegel and Christian Elphick reviewed the theory of nonlinear convection. These views of convection in other systems lent valuable perspectives on the atmospheric problem.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-82-G-0079, and the National Science Foundation through grant Number DMS-85-04166.

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 68-72, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: The general circulation of the oceans was the topic of concentration for the 1968 WHOI Summer Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

Description: National Science Foundation

Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 69-41, series later renamed WHOI-.

Description: The principal theme of this eleventh Summer Program has been Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. As in the past, we have explored the region of overlap in technique and theory of our summer theme and other aspects of Fluid Dynamics. An interesting example of this overlap is the application of the physics of salt-finger instability, a significant oceanographic process, to instabilities due to differential rotation in the sun, a critical problem in stellar evolution.

Description: National Science Foundation

Description: Swirling and Swimming in Turbulence was the theme at the 2010 GFD Program. Professors Glenn Flierl (M.I.T.), Antonello Provenzale (ISAC-CNR, Turin) and Jean-Luc Thiffeault (University of Wisconsin) were the principal lecturers. Together they navigated an elegant path through topics ranging from mixing protocols and efficiencies to ecological strategies, schooling and genetic development. The first ten chapters of this volume document these lectures, each prepared by pairs of this summer’s GFD fellows. Following on are the written reports of the fellows’ own research projects.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N000-14-09-10844 and the National Science Foundation through Grant No. OCE 0824636

Description: The theme for the Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics for the summer of 2011 was Shear Turbulence: onset and structure. Ten days of principal lectures by FabianWale e and Rich Kerswell began the summer, and a large number of seminars on this and a variety of other topics then continued through the eighth week. These lectures are presented in these Proceedings and form (we believe) the most complete, connected account of this subject) Eleven fellows from around the globe helped to record the principal lectures, and each carried out a project of his/her own, presented in seminar during the tenth and nal week. All these lectures and projects are also presented in this Proceedings volume. The further seminars presented throughout the summer by visitors and (in some cases) by GFD faculty are also listed here. The popular Sears Lecture was given by L. Mahadevan. The title was On growth and form: geometry, physics and biology. It was indeed popular, drawing a large and enthusiastic audience.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0824636 and the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-09-10844

Description: A workshop on the physics, chemistry and biology of warm core rings was held at the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute in Wellington during 18-22 January 1982, under the auspices of the U.S./Australia and U.S./New Zealand Cooperative Science Programs. The purpose of the workshop was to elicit joint discussions and exchange of ideas between groups of scientists actively working on warm core rings or eddies. The workshop consisted of 34 scientific papers summarizing accomplishments resulting from work in warm core rings; working group discussions on particular disciplinary and multi-disciplinary problems associated with ring structure and dynamics; and a final session summarizing the current state of knowledge about rings, and indicating directions for future research.

Description: U.S.-Australia Cooperative Science Program; U.S.-New Zealand Cooperative Science Program; DSIR (New Zealand); CSIRO (Australia)

Description: This bibliography marks the end of several years of sporadic attempts to put together a set of references on rings. The scope of the effort encompasses the chemistry, biology, and physics of the long-lived, coherent features which are commonly referred to as rings after Fuglister (1972). There is a vast literature on the mesoscale eddy field in different parts of the world. The present set of references includes a subset of this body of work. The basic criterion used in the compilation of this bibliography is fairly narrow compared to the range of eddies found in the world's oceans. The emphasis here is on the highly nonlinear features formed due to the instability processes in boundary currents and in the planetary scale jet which surrounds the Antarctic. The nomenclature "ring", refers to the strong encircling current which forms a kinematic trap in which the core of the ring is embedded.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 85 (1980): 6661-6666

Description: Imposed horizontal density differences in a nonrotating fluid generate vertical circulation which has vanishing vertically integrated transports. When the system is rotating, geostrophic velocities can balance the density differences and the vertically integrated transports need not vanish locally. In a two-layer fluid, fin ite amplitude disturbances lead to barotropic flows that have the same direction as the velocity in the layer that thickens as a result of the disturbance. Specific calculations are carried out for the geostrophic adjustment model in situations that approximate those in which 18° water is formed south of the Gulf Stream. The upper layer transport that results from sudden cooling (as simulated by density differences that are initially unbalanced geostrophically) is in the same direction as the Gulf Stream transport and comparable to it in magnitude. A lower level transport of the same magnitude flows in the opposite direction with a maximum value about an internal radius of deformation to the right of that of the upper layer. The barotropic transport is about 1/ 5 as large and flows downstream in the Gulf Stream and upstream to the right of the Gulf Stream.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0671 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 77-19451 and OCE 78-18460.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 30-47

Description: Available potential energy (APE) is defined as the difference between total potential plus internal energy of a fluid in a gravity field and a corresponding reference field in which the fluid is redistributed (leveled) adiabatically to have constant stably-stratified densities along geopotential surfaces. Potential energy changes result from local shifts of flu id mass relative to geopotential surfaces that are accompanied by local changes of enthalpy and internal energy and global shifts of mass (because volumes of fluid elements are not conserved) that do not change enthalpy or internal energy. The potential energy changes are examined separately by computing available gravitational potential energy (GPE) per unit mass and total GPE (TGPE) per unit area. A technique for estimating GPE in the ocean is developed by introducirtg a reference density field (or an equivalent specific volume anomaly field) that is a function of pressure only and is connected to the observed field by adiabatic vertical displacements. The full empirical equation of state for seawater is used in the computational algorithm. The accuracy of the estimate is limited by the data and sampling and not by the algorithm itself, which can be made as precise as desired. The reference density field defined locally for an ocean region allows redefinition of dynamic height ΔD (potential energy per unit mass) relative to the reference field. TGPE per unit area becomes simply the horizontal average of dynamic height integrated over depth in the region considered. The reference density surfaces provide a precise approximation to material surfaces for tracing conservative variables such as salinity and potential temperature and for estimating vortex stretching between surfaces. The procedure is applied to the MODE density data collected in 1973. For each group of stations within five 2-week time windows (designated Groups A-E) the estimated GPE is compared with the net APE based on the Boussinesq approximation and to the low-frequency kinetic energy measured from moored buoys. Changes of potential energy of the reference field from one time window to the next are large compared with the GPE within each window, indicating the presence of scales larger than the station grid. An analysis of errors has been made to show the sensitivity of the estimates to data accuracy and sampling frequency.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 999-1010

Description: During 1975-78, 35 free-drifting buoys measured surface currents in the Gulf Stream region. The buoy trajectories trace numerous paths of the Stream and show that the Stream is strongly influenced by the New England Seamounts. This influence is manifested as 1) a quasi-permanent, 100 km, southeastward deflection of the Stream and the frequent occurrence of a ring meander over the seamounts; 2) large-amplitude meanders beginning at the seamounts and extending eastward; and 3) small, 20 km diameter eddies which appear to be generated locally by individual seamounts. A chart of the mean temperature field at a depth of 450 m agrees with several of the patterns seen in the buoy trajectories. West of the seamounts, the mean path of the Gulf Stream is eastward; over the seamounts, the path turns sharply northeastward and the isotherms in the Stream abruptly diverge.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C- 0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 78-18017.

Description: General information about mooring locations, durations and data gathered by the Moored Array Project (also known as Buoy Group) between late 1963 and 1978 is listed. Also included is a comprehensive list of scientific and technical publications written by the Buoy Group staff.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 77-19403 .

Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 83 (1978): 6136-6144

Description: During 1975 several shipboard expendable bathythermograph surveys plus satellite infrared imagery provided a nearly synoptic view of the distribution and number of Gulf Stream rings in the western North Atlantic. Twelve rings were identified; nine were cyclonic (cold core) rings and three were anticyclonic (warm core) rings. This is the largest number of rings ever observed during a short period of time (4 months). Evidence suggests that the mean movement of these rings was southwestward.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-08765.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 36 (1978): 725-734

Description: Relatively energetic low frequency fluctuations in horizontal currents are found to exist below the thermocline in the northern trough of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. For example, deep eddy kinetic energy levels there are about twice as large as those observed at similar relative depths in the MODE-I region. Eddy kinetic energies are about 2-10 times larger than mean kinetic energies. The vertical distribution of eddy kinetic energy is frequency dependent, increasing toward the thermocline for the longer time scales and intensifying toward the bottom at higher frequencies. In addition to the expected mean westward motion of Norwegian Sea Overflow Water through the northern trough of the fracture, rather consistent mean southward flow is observed at a depth immediately above the overflow.

Description: Prepared f or the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083- 400.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research, Volume 35, 1977, pp. 21-28

Description: Very large (5-10 cm s-1) long-term averaged zonal flows have been observed near 4000 m depth in the vicinity of a recently hypothesized (Worthington, in press) horizontally restricted subtropical gyre in the deep western North Atlantic. The Reynolds stresses associated with low frequency fluctuations may play a significant role in the dynamics of this deep mean flow, possibly inducing a significant downstream increase in transport of the Gulf Stream, perhaps driving the deep gyre.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-66-C-0241; NR 083- 004 and N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE75-03962.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 7742- 7748

Description: The development and decay of the large eddy in the northern Somali Basin and its smaller associated eddies each southwest monsoon in the northwestern Indian Ocean has been monitored for four consecutive years by a time series of temperature sections obtained along the tanker sea lane across the Somali Basin. The evidence suggests that the large eddy first forms between 4°N to 12°N during late May and tends to remain approximately in this location throughout the entire southwest monsoon.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 111-133

Description: Time-averaged horizontal currents obtained from long-term moored instruments deployed in the western North Atlantic over the Sohm Abyssal Plain along 55W exhibit two segments of weakly depth-dependent flow: one, near 36N, predominantly westward and narrow or jet-like (~ 200 km wide or less); the second primarily eastward, located near 37.5N, about 200-300 km south of the mean position of the axis of the Gulf Stream (its width cannot be estimated quantitatively with the data available because only one mooring with adequate vertical coverage is clearly located in this flow regime, but an upper bound of roughly 200 km seems plausible). In both cases, long-term mean zonal currents between 600 and 4000 m depths (nominal) vary in amplitude from only 6 to 10 cm s-1 (approximately). The vertical structure of the westward recirculation varies with horizontal position, being both surface and bottom intensified. The possibility exists that the identification of these weakly depth-dependent flow regimes may point to one way of increasing the transport of the Gulf Stream. That is, flow with weak vertical shear is added offshore of the more baroclinic segment of the Stream, and possibly recirculated accordingly. This notion is generally consistent with all previous investigations which find the weakest vertical shears at the offshore edge of the Stream, wherever and however examined, and in particular with the addition of transport to the Florida Current over the Blake Plateau, after emerging from the Straits of Florida (Richardson, Schmitz, and Niiler, 1969). The horizontal patterns of the two weakly depth-dependent flow regimes found at 55W may be quite complex, containing variability on comparatively short and intermediate scales, associated to some extent with bottom topography. A specific example of the effect of bottom topography on the 55W data has been presented by Owens and Hogg (1980). It is hypothesized that the observations described here may indicate the presence of a previously unknown, weakly depth-dependent smaller scale gyre recirculating within the subtropical gyre, with the former confined between the New England Seamounts and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. It should be emphasized that other horizontal and vertical structures may be characteristic of different locations in the recirculation of the North Atlantic. Eddy kinetic energy (Schmitz, 1978) and the off-diagonal component of Reynolds' stress are also to some extent weakly depth-dependent in each of the weakly depth-dependent mean flow regimes noted above, relative to more mid-ocean locations. At one site in particular, the off-diagonal component of the Reynolds' stress is found to be essentially depth-independent. The observation of weak depth-dependence in association with relatively strong abyssal currents for the recirculation regime could in principle help rationalize (Schmitz, 1977; Stommel, Niiler and Anati, 1978; Wunsch, 1978) some of the difficulties in geostrophica\ly balancing (at the leading order of approximation!), according to Worthington (1976), the North Atlantic Circulation in this type of region. Estimates of contributions to momentum balances (based on the available moored instrument data) involving horizontal gradients of the Reynolds' stresses, or of the momentum transport by the time-averaged flow, are typically at least an order of magnitude less than the Coriolis force associated with the zonal (or downstream) mean flow component, and possibly also the meridional (or cross-stream) flow component at most locations, thereby precluding violation of geostrophy at leading order by these effects. Geostrophic terms associated with estimates of the curvature of the Reynolds' stresses and/or mean momentum flux could be significant at the next order of approximation in the immediate vicinity of the Gulf Stream or near topographic features. Niiler (1979) has developed a model of an eddy-driven mean flow, where the eddy-terms in the vorticity equation are locally significant only in the Gulf Stream, but with a basin-wide mid-ocean flow driven in response to the noncompensated eddy-induced pressure gradient at the offshore edge of the region where eddy effects are locally significant dynamically. Two recent hydrographic sections across the Gulf Stream and recirculation along SSW were found to be in mass balance geostrophically, relative to the bottom (McCartney, Worthington and Raymer, 1980).

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-78-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-03982.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 147-172

Description: A hydrographic section made in July 1977 from the research vessel KNORR revealed a large-scale meridional distortion of the normal water mass distributions at 55W in the North Atlantic. Cells of pure Labrador Sea Water were found within both the Gulf Stream and the westward recirculation of the gyre. A large cell of Mediterranean Water was found in the Slope Water, in contact with a cell of Subarctic Intermediate Water. Water at 11°C to 13°C within both the Gulf Stream and the Slope Water was anomalously saline. Throughout the Slope Water, Gulf Stream, and northern Sargasso Sea there was very little standard Western North Atlantic Water in the temperature ranges 3.4° to 9.0°C and 11° to 13°C. It is suggested that these meridional distortions are due in part to an increase in the amount of rotation of the horizontal velocity vector with depth during 1977 that was observed with current meters in the northern Sargasso Sea. An increase in the westward return flow strength may also have contributed. The ultimate cause of the anomalous property distributions and currents may be changes in the production rate and strength of the source waters for North Atlantic Deep Water and western North Atlantic Water such as Labrador Sea Water, Mediterranean Water, and Eighteen Degree Water. The first and the last are known to have undergone convective formation events, in March 1976, and March 1977, respectively, in the period preceding the 1977 survey. The July 1977 section shows evidence of the recirculation of the new convectively formed Eighteen Degree Water.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004, N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 and for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration Office of the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 75-03962.

Description: From 1975 to 1978, thirty-one satellite-tracked free-drifting surface buoys were launched in the Gulf Stream system. Most of these buoys were launched in cyclonic rings, as part of an interdisciplinary Gulf Stream ring experiment, Other buoys were launched in anticyclonic rings and the Gulf Stream itself; one buoy was launched in a cyclonic Kuroshio ring. The basic data set consists of buoy trajectories and sea surface temperature and velocity measurements along trajectories. The main results consist of a series of 19 buoy trajectories in rings from which the movement of rings is inferred and a series of 20 buoy trajectories in the Gulf Stream. Rings frequently coalesced with the Gulf Stream, and some reformed as modified rings. The trajectories of buoys in the Stream reveal that at times surface currents are strongly influenced by topographic features such as seamounts and ridges. Most buoys in the Stream continued to move eastward until they reached the vicinity of the Grand Banks (50°W) where they rapidly fanned out, some moving northward, others eastward across the mid-Atlantic Ridge, still others southward and westward .

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 75-008765 and OCE 77-08045.

Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(C2), 1978, 901–914

Description: Expendable bathythermograph observations have revealed large cold core cyclonic current rings to the east of 60°W in a region that mechanical bathythermograph observations (Parker, 1971) indicated to be devoid of rings. As a class these rings are larger than typical Gulf Stream rings that form and drift west of 60°W. The typical diameter (15°C at 500 m) there is around 100 km, while the eastern Sargasso rings are 200 km and more in diameter. Several of these eastern rings were observed on each of four cruises in the northern Sargasso Sea in 1974 and 1975. The overall picture of the region east of 60°W obtained was a very noisy one, dominated by large‐diameter, large‐amplitude eddies. One of the eastern rings was seen in all four cruises and was observed to drift westward for over 730 km at an average speed of 4.4 km/d, starting at 56°30′W and 34°40′N and passing north of Bermuda. The character of the dissolved oxygen anomalies in the cores of the eastern rings suggests a possible formation region at the eastern end of the Sargasso Sea gyre, around 40°W. Hence the eastern rings may have already been a year old when first observed in November 1974. A single deep hydrographic section showed the center of the deep circulation to lie considerably further southwest than the near‐surface circulation center, although this could be a distortion due to a large seamount. Moored current meter data suggest a level of no motion within eastern rings at about 2000 m, giving a weak anticyclonic circulation of 4 × 106 m3/s below that level, compared with the 45 × 106 m3/s cyclonic circulation above 2000 m. On several occasions, smaller‐scale upward displacements of the thermal structure were seen at the sides of eastern rings. It is not known whether these represented interactions with smaller rings or some breakdown of the circular symmetry.

Description: Th is work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract N000!4-74-C0262, NR083-004, and by the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Office of the National Science Foundation, under grant OCE 75-03962.

Description: Thirty-nine neutrally buoyant SOFAR floats were tracked in the western North Atlantic at depths of 700 m and 2000 m. These floats were launched in an effort to measure the deep current structure of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation near 55°W. Three separate deployments were made in April and October 1980 and July 1981. The floats were tracked by means of moored autonomous listening stations. The basic data consist of float trajectories, and temperature, pressure, and velocity measurements along the trajectories. This report describes the GUSREX experiment and instrument performance. It presents plots illustrating the horizontal structure and scales of the general circulation in the Gulf Stream and its recirculation for the period October 1980 to May 1982.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE 81-09145

Description: High quality bottom boundary layer measurements obtained in the CODE region off Northern California are described. Bottom tripod velocity measurements and supporting data obtained during typical spring and early summer conditions and during a winter storm are analyzed to obtain both velocity profiles and mean bottom stress and bottom roughness estimates. The spring/summer measurements were taken in June, 1981 during CODE-1 at C3 (90 m) by Grant and Williams, WHOI; the winter storm data was taken in November 1980 prior to CODE-1 at the R2 (80 m) site by Cacchione and Drake, USGS. The mean near-bottom (〈 2m) velocity profiles are logarithmic (R2 〉 0.993) much of the time for everyday flows; deviations are primarily due to kinematical effects induced by unsteadiness from internal waves. Stress profiles show the logarithmic layer corresponds to a constant stress layer as expected for the inertial region of a boundary layer. Stress estimates made from dissipation and profile techniques agree at the 95 percent confidence level. Typical z0 values estimated from measurements greater than 30 cm above the bottom have magnitudes of approximately 1 cm; an order of magnitude larger than the physical bottom roughness. Corresponding u* values have typical magnitudes of 0.5-1.0 cm/sec; more than twice as large as expected from a usual drag law prediction (corresponding to over a factor of four in mean stress). These values are demonstrated to be consistent with those expected for combined wave and current flows predicted theoretically by Grant and Madsen (1979) and Smith (1977). The u* values estimated from the CODE-1 data and predicted by the Grant and Madsen (1979) model typically agree within 10-15 percent. Similar results are demonstrated for the winter storm conditions during which large sediment transport occurs. (Typical z0 values are 4-6 cm; typical u* values are 3-6 cm/sec). The waves influencing the mid-shelf bottom stress estimates are 14-20 second swell associated with Southern and Western Pacific storms. These waves are present over most of the year. The results clearly demonstrate that waves must be taken into account in predicting bottom stress over the Northern California Shelf.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14938.

Description: The Bedford Institute of Oceanography, E.G.&G., National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Geological Survey, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution have conducted separate moored array experiments during 1974- 1980 to study various aspects of the regional circulation in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent Scotian and New England shelf and slope regions. The mean currents and current variances measured in these experiments are summarized here in tabular and graphical form, together with other information about each experiment. While there have been few measurements made in the interior of the Gulf of Maine, the map of mean subsurface currents demonstrate (a) a net inflow of Scotian shelf water past Cape Sable into the Gulf, (b) a net inflow of slope water through the Northeast Channel into the Gulf, (c) a partially closed anticyclonic circulation around Georges Bank, and (d) a net outflow of shelf water south of Nantucket from the Gulf of Maine into the New England shelf.

Description: Funding was provided by the Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management under Contract AA 551-MU0-18 and by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-14941.

Description: At 1300 hours on 12 September 1981 the research vessel ENDEAVOR departed Woods Hole on a 22 day cruise to study the physical, chemical and biological structure of warm core ring 81-D. The cruise was the first of 5 ENDEAVOR cruises planned as part of the NSF/NASA-sponsored Warm Core Ring study.

Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation OCE under Grant OCE 80-16983.

Description: The principal lectures of this twelfth Summer Program were given by Joseph Pedlosky of the University of Chicago. On the following page one sees Dr. Pedlosky demonstrating advanced effects caused by rotation and stratification. Only in his last few lectures do these novel phenomena emerge from the analysis.

Description: National Science Foundation

Description: The lectures by Marten Landahl, recorded in the first part of this report, served as the introduction to the study of turbulence which was the principal theme of the nineteenth summer program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract NGG014-77-C-0466

Description: The emphasis in this year's GFD program has been somewhat different from the past. We have tried to expose a theoretically oriented audience to the new body of observations pertaining to the Arctic and Antarctic circulation. We have, however, not departed from our traditional goal of encouraging broad based inquiries into the field of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. We would like to believe that the breadth of interest and enthusiasm exhibited in these reports will stimulate future work in Polar Oceanography and Fluid Dynamics.

Description: Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-C-0671

Description: This report presents trajectories and time series of velocity, pressure, and temperature for twelve neutrally-buoyant floats launched during the Gulf Stream Recirculation EXperiment (GUSREX) and two from earlier experiments, that continued to operate after May 1982. These float data were obtained from Autonomous Listening Stations (ALSs) deployed from May 1982 to August 1985.

Description: Funding was provided by the national Science Foundation under Grant Numbers OCE 81-09145 and OCE 81-17467

Description: We are conducting an interdisciplinary study of the structure and dynamics of Gulf Stream \Warm Core Rings by a time series investigation of selected rings. This program consists of highly integrated components which include physical, chemical, and biological investigation and modeling studies. These components are designed to provide information on the structure of rings and exchange mechanisms at ring boundaries, on their marine chemistry, and on the environmental controls of biological activity of selected constituents associated with Warm Core Rings. This research is being conducted by approximately two dozen investigators from thirteen marine institutions. An interdisciplinary program of the scope proposed is required in order to understand the interdependence among biological, chemical, and physical processes in the ocean. This study of the structure and evolution of Warm Core Rings will enhance the understanding of fundamental oceanic processes and the role of rings in the region where they occur.

Description: At 1300 hours on 12 September 1981 (day 255} the research vessel ENDEAVOR departed Woods Hole for a 22 day cruise to study the physical, chemical, and biological structure of warm core ring 81-D. The cruise was the first of 5 ENDEAVOR cruises planned as part of the NSF/NASA-sponsored Warm Core Ring study. The ATLANTIS II also took part in the field study.

Description: This is the final data report of all mooring data collected by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2010-2012 during the experiment A Crossroads of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. The objectives of this experiment were (1) to obtain an improved direct estimate of the mean and low-frequency variability of the deep westward transport of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), and (2) to gain a better understanding of the causes of the low-frequency variability in the transport of overflow waters through the CGFZ, especially of the role of the North Atlantic Current in generating this variability. The mooring deployment and recovery cruises were on German research vessels, courtesy of Drs. Monika Rhein and Dagmar Kieke: the R/V Meteor cruise M82/2 in August 2010 and R/V Maria S. Merian cruise MSM 21/2 in June 2012, respectively. The CGFZ moored array complemented other moored arrays being maintained by German scientists just west of the CGFZ (Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders, or PIES) and the Faraday Fracture Zone (current meter and microcat moorings). A set of eight moorings were set up across the CGFZ to measure the intermediate and deep water variability for a two-year period, from a depth of 500 m to the ocean floor. The moorings held a total of three McClane Moored Profilers (MMPs), 10 Nortek and 18 Aanderaa current meters, and 36 Seabird MicroCATs, deployed from 18-20 August 2010 through 28-30 June 2012. This yielded a nearly two-year record of velocity, temperature, salinity and pressure. The MMPs profiled every five days, and resulted in a high-resolution time series of temperature, salinity, pressure and velocity data across the interface between the generally eastward flowing Labrador Sea Water carried underneath the North Atlantic Current, and the westward flowing deep Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-0826656

Description: The warm-core rings program held an intensive 2-week data processing and analysis workshop during the period 6 to 19 July 1983 at the Alton Jones Campus Conference Center of the University of Rhode Is land. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together all of the program's principle investigators, their graduate students and technical associates, and scientific collaborators in order to jointly discuss and analyze the multifaceted data sets collected on the five multi-ship cruises to Gulf Stream warm-core rings (see Warm-Core Rings Executive Committee, 1982 and Joyce and Wiebe, 1983 in Section V of this report for overviews of the field program). The workshop was structured to permit individuals and working groups maximum flexibility in organizing their work schedules (see section two, overall workshop organization plan). Lectures of 30 to 60 minutes were held in the morning and afternoon to permit investigators to summarize their findings and to foster the exchange of data and ideas about the structure, dynamics and evolution of warm-core rings. Morning lectures focused on the surface and seasonal thermocline waters of the ring core; afternoon lectures focused on the thermostad and deeper ring water masses as well as flow fields generated by interactions with the Gulf Stream and continental shelf and Slope Water. A list of lecturers and lecture titles is given in section two.

Description: National Science Foundation

Description: The University Research Initiative Program is a cooperative project between woods Hole oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard. The objectives of this 5-year Office of Naval Research funded program are to advance the state of the art in ocean data telemetry, interpretation of remotely sensed data from satellite, and numerical modeling of ocean circulation. Ocean data telemetry is being addressed by several development projects whose aim is to reliably transfer data from in situ oceanographic instruments to laboratory computers on the shore. The satellite oceanography group is developing expertise in analyzing, manipulating, displaying and archiving data from all of the major satellite oceanographic sensors. The numerical modeling initiative is working on a family of circulation models which can be connected at their boundaries to cover the important mesoscale and basin wide flow regimes. These ambitious plans are intended to bring new technologies developed in the communications, electronics, satellite sensing and computer science fields into everyday use in oceanography so that they can be ready for the global science programs planned for the 1990's.

Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-86-K-0751.

Description: Lagrangian measurements of low frequency currents in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream and its recirculation region in the western Sargasso Sea were made by tracking SOFAR floats. These floats were tracked using acoustic time of arrival information from an array of five Autonomous Listening Stations {ALSs) which were moored in the western Sargasso Sea. The ALSs performed almost flawlessly, returning over 90 percent of the possible data. Floats were released in three deployments of seven floats each in November 1982, February 1983, and June 1983. The floats were launched in initially coherent arrays (approximately 20 km spacing) at 34°N, 70°W, Site "L", and were ballasted for 700 m depth. The SOFAR floats themselves functioned with somewhat less than expected reliability; four floats failed fairly soon after launch, and several other floats suffered failures of their temperature and pressure telemetry. The majority of the SOFAR floats launched in this program produced long, and interesting trajectories. These new data will be valuable for estimating first order flow statistics in the dynamically important recirculation region, for visualizing interactions between the Gulf Stream and the New England Seamount Chain, and for estimating one and two particle diffusivities in a region of very high eddy energy.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under grant Number OCE 81-17 467.

Description: This is the final data report for all acoustically-tracked subsurface RAFOS floats deployed for the “Deep Water Dispersion Experiment: RAFOS Float Study in Support of Analysis of Possible Consequences of Large Scale Oil-Spills under Various Scenarios” (DWDE). This study is part of the larger program “Deep and Shallow Particle Dispersion and Biological Connectivity over the Continental Slope in the Western Gulf of Mexico”, of the Gulf of Mexico Research Consortium (CIGoM). The objective of the DWDE project was to measure and evaluate the ocean circulation at various depths in order to estimate the rates and pathways by which a passive tracer (e.g. pollutant, nutrients, etc.) would spread. The experiment consisted of the deployment 93 RAFOS floats and five sound source moorings (needed for tracking the floats underwater) over the course of five cruises, between June 2016 and January 2019, in the Perdido region of the Gulf of Mexico. The floats were deployed nearly simultaneously at stacked depths of 300 and 1500 dbar, in sets of 2-4 instruments per station, for calculating dispersion statistics. Mission lengths for the floats were set to ~12 to 18 months. Included in this report are cruise summaries, statistics and notes on sound source and float performance, sound source drift calculations, description of the RAFOS float data processing steps, and figures.

Description: Funding was provided by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology - Mexican Ministry of Energy - Hydrocarbon Fund, project 201441. This work was completed through a contract by the Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada (CICESE) under Grant No. 188355 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.