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  • 1
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    Taylor & Francis
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Human social life is constrained and defined by our cognitive and emotional dispositions, which are the legacy of our foraging ancestors. But how difficult is it to reconstruct the social systems and cultural traditions of those ancestors? The Archaeology of Human Ancestry provides a stimulating and provocative answer, in which archaeologists and biological anthropologists set out and demonstrate their reconstructive methods. Contributors use observations of primates and modern hunter-gatherers to illuminate the fossil and artefactual records. Thematic treatment covers the evolution of group size; group composition and the emotional structure of social bonds; sexual dimorphism and the sexual division of labour; and the origins of human cultural traditions. The Archaeology of Human Ancestry is an essential introduction to the subject for advanced undergraduates and researchers in archaeology and biological anthropology. It will also be used by workers in psychology, sociology and feminist studies as a resource for understanding human social origins.
    Keywords: homo ; erectus ; hominid ; evolution ; archaeological ; record ; early ; reproductive ; success ; modern ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Taylor & Francis | Cells in Evolutionary Biology | CRC Press
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The rules by which anatomical size and shape are generated have intrigued scientists for centuries. In 1638, Galileo suggested a mathematical relationship between proportional changes in the shape of bones as animals increase in size, which he argued was a functional necessity for weight bearing (1914). The formalism of Galileo, whereby, physical forces and mathematical laws became integrated with studies of size and shape in biology, was most conspicuously encapsulated over a hundred years ago in the 1917 monumental tome by D’Arcy Thompson entitled, On Growth and Form (Thompson 1917). In a breathtakingly comprehensive manner, Thompson synthesized the observations of numerous predecessors and contemporaries, and through countless examples built a theoretical and experimental framework for describing changes in morphology that persists to this day (Stern and Emlen 1999; Arthur 2006).
    Keywords: cellular control ; evolution ; biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Taylor & Francis | Race and Human Diversity
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Race and Human Diversity is an introduction to the study of human diversity in both its biological and cultural dimensions. Robert L. Anemone examines the biological basis of human difference and how humans have biologically and culturally adapted to life in different environments. The book discusses the history of the race concept, evolutionary theory, human genetics, and the connections between racial classifications and racism. It invites students to question the existence of race as biology, but to recognize race as a social construction with significant implications for the lived experience of individuals and populations. This second edition has been thoroughly revised, with new material on human genetic diversity, developmental plasticity and epigenetics. There is additional coverage of the history of eugenics; race in US history, citizenship and migration; affirmative action; and white privilege and the burden of race. Fully accessible for undergraduate students with no prior knowledge of genetics or statistics, this is a key text for any student taking an introductory class on race or human diversity.
    Keywords: 1000 Genomes ; 23 and Me ; Biogeographic ancestry ; Genotypes ; HapMap ; Lewontin ; Mitochondrial Eve ; Spencer Wells ; Thermoregulation ; biodiversity ; biology ; black lives matter ; blacklivesmatter ; charles darwin ; developmental plasticity ; diversity ; dutch famine ; epigenetics ; evolution ; evolutionary theory ; gene introgression ; genetics ; health inequality ; health outcomes ; history of race ; human adaptation ; human diversity ; human genetic diversity project ; human genome ; hunger winter ; mendel ; nutrition ; paleo diet ; police violence ; race ; skin color ; skin colour ; white privilege
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; competition ; development ; evolution ; fecundity ; growth rates ; host preferences ; life tables ; mortality ; natural selection ; net reproductive rate ; oviposition traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux partiel de reproduction nette (R inf0 sup* ) dépend de l'espèce de la plante sur laquelle les œufs sont pondus et du nombre de larves entrant dans la graine. La survie larvaire est réduite par 1/(le nombre de larves par graine) parce qu'une seule larve se développe dans une graine. La fécondité n'est pas modifiée par la compétition subie par les larves, la mortalité larvaire a l'effet le plus important sur R inf0 sup* . Les femelles éliminent ou réduisent la compétition larvaire en dispersant leurs œufs uniformément et font si peu d'erreurs avec une hyperdispersion que l'évolution d'un comportement plus précis n'accroîtrait R inf0 sup* que de 4% au maximum. Des femelles retournant à une distribution des œufs au hasard provoqueraient une réduction de R inf0 sup* de 25% au moins. Les légumineuses généralement cultivées dans l'Inde du Sud sont des hôtes acceptables quand elles sont présentées seules. Le choix des femelles entre 2 hôtes élève R inf0 sup* de 30% ou plus par rapport à une distribution au hasard. Les préférences les plus nettes concernent des combinaisons présentant la plus grande différence de R inf0 sup* . Les femelles qui hyperdispersent leurs œufs, choisissent leurs hôtes et évitent les pertes par compétition en empêchant que les œufs ne donnent plus de descendants que ne le ferait une ponte au hasard. Les particularités de la ponte sont variables et héritables. Les lignées se sélectionnent bien, en fonction de la dispersion de leurs œufs sur les graines, de la discrimination des plantes hôtes, et de la modulation de leur taux de ponte. La sélection naturelle maintient ces particularités du comportement d'une façon sédentaire.
    Notes: Abstract The deposition of eggs by this strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) departs from randomness in three ways; eggs are uniformly dispersed, oviposition rates drop when beans begin to carry 2 or more eggs, and there are sharp host preferences. Using random egg placement for the unspecialized condition, these traits are evaluated for their effect on a female's contributions of offspring to the next generation (R0, the net reproductive rate). The major increases in R0 result from females dispersing eggs so uniformly that larval competition is either reduced or eliminated. Females reduce their oviposition rate when the larva from an egg added to a bean is almost certain to die in competitive encounters. Host preferences and larval survival in a host are positively associated with the abundance of the host in South India. The three oviposition traits act together to give and R0 that is 25–50% than that of eggs placed at random. These traits are known to be variable and heritable, hence, the conditions necessary for natural selection are statisfied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: olfaction ; EAG ; sensory physiology ; antennal sensitivity ; interspecies hybrids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleyrodidae ; greenhouse whitefly ; nitrogen ; host selection ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller cv 'Tres Cantos', were supplied with high (308 ppm), medium (140 ppm) and low (84 ppm) nitrogen doses in order to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on feeding and oviposition site selection by greenhouse whitefly adults, T. vaporariorum (Westwood). The nitrogen and water content was higher in plants supplied with 308 N ppm than in plants with medium or low nitrogen doses and no differences were found in soluble sugar content. The leaves of the upper plant stratum (leaves 1–5) had the greatest nitrogen and water content, independent of the nitrogen dose applied. The plants were exposed to T. vaporariorum adults into a greenhouse under two current (late autumn-winter and spring-early summer) situations of the tomato crop in the Mediterranean area. The distribution of whitefly adults on the plants was affected by the nitrogen dose in both experimental conditions, the number of adults was higher on the plants supplied with high nitrogen dose. Within plants, adult distribution was affected by leaf position, the upper plant stratum being preferred for feeding. Whitefly females selected for oviposition and laid more eggs on plants and leaves of plants with higher nitrogen and water contents. We conclude that whitefly host selection for feeding and ovipositing are related to differences in nitrogen and water content of the host plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fecundity ; host plant quality ; Pistia stratiotes ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; nitrogen ; trichomes ; oviposition ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We determined the influence of larval host quality of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) on the fecundity and egg distribution of the biological control agent Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Different nutritional levels were produced by growing plants with relatively low and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Female and male pupal biomass were significantly greater when the larvae were fed leaves from the high fertilizer plants. Although the fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence total fecundity, there was an indirect effect as adults from larger pupae were more fecund. Regardless of treatment, ovipositing females formed a depression in the leaf surface by removing trichomes into which they deposited the egg masses. Most of the egg masses were laid on the lower leaf surface, on leaf positions 5–8 (counting from the young inner to the outer leaves) and during days 1–2 post-eclosion. Most of the eggs were laid in masses but about 12% were solitary. Females fed the low fertilizer treatment laid a greater proportion (mean ± s.e.) of their eggs as solitary eggs (17.3 ± 3.4% of total eggs) than did females fed the high fertilizer treatment (8.3 ± 2.3% of total eggs). The increased percentage of solitary eggs laid by the females from the low quality larval diet may be an adaptive response to decrease competition among the progeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 137-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sex ; sexual selection ; mate selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; assortative mating ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using computer simulations I studied the simultaneous effect of variable environments, mutation rates, ploidy, number of loci subject to evolution and random and assortative mating on various reproductive systems. The simulations showed that mutants for sex and recombination are evolutionarily stable, displacing alleles for monosexuality in diploid populations mating assortatively under variable selection pressure. Assortative mating reduced excessive allelic variance induced by recombination and sex, especially among diploids. Results suggest a novel adaptive value for sex and recombination. They show that the adaptive value of diploidy and that of the segregation of sexes is different to that of sex and recombination. The results suggest that the emergence of sex had to be preceded by the emergence of diploid monosexual organisms and provide an explanation for the emergence and maintenance of sex among diploids and for the scarcity of sex among haploid organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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