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  • Articles  (56)
  • Other low-carbon energy technologies  (35)
  • Sustainable/low carbon buildings  (21)
  • Oxford University Press  (56)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (56)
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  • Articles  (56)
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  • Oxford University Press  (56)
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  • 1
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    Calculations of effectiveness factors and the criteria of mass transfer effect for high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Natural gas is an extremely important bridge fuel to a low-carbon energy economy for improving local air quality. Coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) is an effective way to convert the high-carbon energy (coal) into the low-carbon energy with rich hydrogen (natural gas). For the modern coal to SNG industry, the high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst plays an important role, and the advanced evaluation process should necessitate the elimination of mass transfer effect. Some simple but effective model catalysts, such as slab and sphere, can be very helpful in defining the reaction conditions, and thus facilitating the evaluation process for real HTM catalysts. In this work, slab and sphere model catalysts were adopted to derive mass transfer and reaction-coupled equations, the numerical methods were used to solve the coupled equations for the concentration profiles in catalysts, and the effectiveness factors were accordingly calculated. By taking advantage of the Thiele module and the Weisz–Prater module , the criteria for the elimination of mass transfer effect in the HTM catalyst evaluation process were successfully defined. This work also complements the Weisz–Prater criterion by incorporating ‘negative reaction orders’.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    A novel low-carbon space conditioning system incorporating phase-change materials and earth-air heat exchangers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The energy expended for conditioning buildings around the world is worryingly large and increasing every year. Currently, almost half of houses around the world use some type of energy-expensive conventional air-conditioning system. These systems are high emitters of gases such as carbon dioxide and so high contributors to climate change. Consequently, alternatives must be considered. Earth–air heat exchangers (EAHEs) and phase-change materials (PCMs) may be options; they have, however, limitations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid space-conditioning system combining EAHEs with PCMs, which uses surfaces as sources of heating or cooling to provide better temperature distribution across a space and comfort enhancement with low energy use. The idea is to use an EAHE to provide cool air to discharge the PCM, consequently helping to overcome most of the limitations of both strategies. Two of a series of experiments undertaken to test the proposed system are reported in this article. The EAHE + PCM system compared with a reference room could decrease temperature swings by up to 47%. The system was proved to work although further work is required to make it commercially viable.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    3D analysis of the incident diffuse irradiance on the building's surfaces in an urban environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The design of a future building with very high-energy efficiency demands from the architect to study the available solar resources in this urban environment. The purpose of the presented methodology is to study the variations in all components of the incident solar radiation daily, monthly and seasonally for all building facades. This is realized in the computer program 3D–SOLARIA. In the focus of the paper is the estimation of the background component of the incident diffuse solar irradiation on a building facade under orthogonally obstructed sky, using anisotropic sky view factors.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part I (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The assessment of building envelope sustainability using existing building performance assessment methods is still a challenge and yet to be fully addressed. This is due to the single-dimensional nature and lack of integration of sustainable performance values. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in the building envelope requires considering many factors including life cycle considerations. As such, in an effort to develop an integrated approach that combines relevant sustainable development factors and life cycles, an integrated performance model (IPM) was developed. The IPM is an essential tool developed to aid the sustainable design of the residential building envelope that can reduce carbon emission and whole residential building energy consumption and ensure sustainable performance of the building envelope.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure drop of AL2O3/water nanofluid in helically coiled tubes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Passive convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by improving the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid, changing flow geometry or both. This work presents a numerical study to investigate the combined effect of using helical coils and nanofluids on the heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in turbulent flow regime. The developed computational fluid dynamics models were validated against published experimental data and empirical correlations. Results have shown that combining the effects of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles and tube coiling could enhance the heat transfer coefficient by up to 60% compared with that of pure water in straight tube at the same Reynolds number. Also, results showed that the pressure drop in helical coils using Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for volume fraction of 3% was six times that of water in straight tubes (80% of the pressure drop increase is due to nanoparticles addition), while the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop penalty factor was found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Readdressing working fluid selection with a view to designing a variable geometry ejector (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: A number of factors influence the performance of an ejector, e.g. working fluid, geometry and operating conditions. In the present work, six low-environmental-impact working fluids were evaluated for their use in an ejector cooling system running on low-temperature thermal energy. The numerical analysis was based on a model applying the 1D constant-pressure mixing theory. Ejector performance was assessed for the temperatures of the generator, evaporator and condenser in the range of 80–120°C, 5–15°C and 25–40°C, respectively. The results indicated that owing to its high coefficient of performance and moderate operating pressures throughout the entire ejector cycle, isobutane is a good choice for a refrigerant. The area ratio required for running the ejector in critical mode, under changing operating conditions, varied in a significant range regardless of the selected refrigerant. This clearly indicates the importance of a variable geometry ejector design to strengthen the position of ejector cooling systems among other refrigeration technologies.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Constructal optimization of a disc-shaped body with cooling channels for specified power pumping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The thermal performance of a disc-shaped heat generation body with cooling channels is investigated by using constructal theory based on previous model of heat convection on a disc and previous analytical method of heat conduction on a disc. By taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective, the optimal aspect ratio of the elemental sector in the radial-pattern disc is obtained for the specified power pumping of the elemental sector; the optimal width ratio of the first-order and elemental cooling channels and the optimal dimensionless radius of the elemental sector are obtained for the specified power pumping of the disc. There exists a critical radius of the disc to determine whether the radial-pattern design and branched-pattern design should be adopted. These conclusions are different from those obtained by Wechsatol et al. 's model, and the essential reason for these differences is that the power pumping is specified in this article, but not the specified flow rate number in Wechsatol et al. 's model. Finally, the assumption about the heat capacity of the coolant and the thermal conductivity of the disc is validated. An analytical method is introduced in this article, which can provide another thought for the constructal optimization of disc with heat convection. The optimal constructs of the discs are obtained for the specified power pumping, which provides some different guidelines for the design of disc with heat convection.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Computational study of a 2D capillary pump evaporator (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Capillary pump loop (CPL) is a two-phase heat transfer device considered as a useful solution for thermal control applications in spacecrafts, satellites and electronic components. The purpose of this paper is to study various aspects of the working state of the CPL evaporator. A two-dimensional computational model was developed in order to analyze the flow and the phase transformation inside a cylindrical evaporator. At the present analysis, different cases were studied by changing liquid saturation temperature, inclination angle of the evaporator and the length of the porous heated wick. Water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134 were used as working liquids for numerical experiments. Results present the evaporator capability to vaporize each working liquid and find out its possibility of dry-out causing failure. This information is useful in choosing the best working liquid for an evaporator, enabling bigger amounts of heat to be transferred.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Failure of natural ventilation strategy in a sustainable house in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In recent years, the concept of green building is becoming popular in China. Architects and engineers have the opportunity to actually implement green building practices. This paper reveals the failure of a naturally ventilated LEED-certified townhouse development project in China mentioned in recent research. The house owners made great alterations for the purpose of decoration, which removed or minimized the effectiveness of natural ventilation elements in the original design. The research shows that the houses show ‘International Style’ because the natural ventilation design principles were not fully applied in the design and the localized natural ventilation strategies were not fully considered by means of computational simulation in the design stage. Also, the lack of communication between designers and the owners caused the removal of most natural ventilation elements of these houses during the occupancy period. The authors advocate three criteria to avoid failures of natural ventilation design: localized/ climate adaptive design, relationship among design elements and design intention awareness.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    Design guideline for application of earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled with solar chimney as a natural heating system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In the present paper, design of solar chimney (SC) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) to meet the thermal need of flat buildings are studied regarding adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Investigation on the effects of geometric features shows that the design of SC with the air gap and outlet sizes of 0.2 m and also EAHE with the diameter and length of 0.5 and 25.0 m reveals better performance. Thermal comfort analysis shows that the SC is capable to power the underground heating system during few hours of the sunny days even at the ambient temperature as low as 0°C and the heating demand of 1000 W without needing the auxiliary devices. In addition, the required numbers of SCs and the underground air channels are strongly influenced by environmental outdoor conditions and heating demand of building and are approximately calculated by: $$\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ and }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ 2 }\times (\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 })+\hbox{ 1, }$$ respectively.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Adaptive facade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative façade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building façade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive façade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building façade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    The retrofitting of an old style semi-detached house for energy reduction and carbon savings under the UK climate (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The impact of climatic change through greenhouse gas emission is a recognized major global crisis. Energy use in residential and commercial buildings is a major part of the total consumption in European countries and is estimated to be ~40% of the total load. Currently, the concept of building retrofit has become a top priority for the UK government in order to meet the national plans for reducing CO 2 emissions by 80% compared with 1990 levels by 2050. This study presents the simulation results for a case study of energy and CO 2 emission savings of a nineteenth century semi-detached building in the UK. The building was refurbished to high standards of energy efficiency, with four simulation scenarios developed for analysis: As-built, As-built 1965, As-reality and post-retrofit. DesignBuilder software was used to simulate the annual energy consumption and carbon emissions in all cases. In addition to this, thermal imaging and air-tightness tests were conducted and the results were used to validate the models. The post-retrofit results showed there is a significant reduction in energy consumption that exceeded 80% with carbon emissions being reduced above 70%. Economic analysis of each retrofit scenario was then undertaken, and results showed payback varied between 9 and 40 years due to the fluctuation in fuel prices and construction retrofit materials. The models indicate performance of the building post-retrofit can be significantly improved in terms of energy reduction and CO 2 emission savings. Further research is being performed to improve performance through field monitoring and installation of innovative retrofit technologies.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Numerical analysis of solar-assisted seasonal 'open' thermochemical heat storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: In the last decade, interest in heat storage systems has been increasing. These systems will have increasing importance for utilization of solar energy in domestic heating systems. As solar energy is a diurnal cyclic resource, storing excess solar energy for long- or short-term periods will both increase the utilization of solar energy systems and decrease fossil fuel consumption. The relatively new heat storage method using thermochemical storage has shown some significant advantages such as low heat loss (-〉 zero), high heat storage density and low space requirement. These important properties make thermochemical storage a promising alternative for long-term energy storage. In the present study, a numerical investigation on ‘open’ seasonal thermochemical storage has been undertaken. The simulation results show that the volume/mass of the absorbent, mass flow rate and relative humidity of air have significant importance on the reaction kinetics and system performance during the system discharging process. Conversely, total collector area, solar radiation and mass flow rate of air are important parameters during the charging process. The results conclude that, overall, reactor design is the most important factor for storage performance. In addition, reaction advancement ( X ) has a significant importance on process efficiency.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    High-efficiency ventilation and heating systems by means of solar air collectors for industry building refurbishment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: For the purpose of energy conservation, modern buildings are becoming more and more air-tight and generally rely on a mechanical ventilation system. According to the literature, solar air heating systems can contribute in a cost-effective way to the heating and ventilation of utility buildings. Especially cost-efficient, unglazed, façade-integrated solar air collectors seem to be an attractive new market for façade renovation. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating heating energy on facades, a demonstration plant based on an unglazed solar air collector was installed in 2013 in the façade of a demonstration building and was intensively studied using energy metering.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Optimization of building-integrated photovoltaic thermal air system combined with thermal storage (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Photovoltaic (PV) combined with phase change material (PV/PCM) system is a hybrid solar system that uses a PCM to reduce the PV temperature and to store energy for other applications. This study aims to increase the integrated PV efficiency of buildings by incorporating PCM while utilizing the stored heat in PCM for controlling indoor conditions. Experiments have been carried out on a prototype PV/PCM air system using monocrystalline PV modules. Transient simulations of the system performance have also been performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics package based on the finite volume method. The results from simulation were validated by comparing it with experimental results. The results indicate that PCM is effective in limiting temperature rise in PV device and the heat from PCM can enhance night ventilation and decrease the building energy consumption to achieve indoor thermal comfort for certain periods of time.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Thermal energy storage: the role of the heat pipe in performance enhancement (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: Heat pipes and thermosyphons—devices of high effective thermal conductivity—have been studied for many years for enhancing the performance of solid, liquid and phase change material (PCM) heat stores. However, as the applications of heat storage widen, from micro-electronics thermal control to concentrated solar heat storage and vehicle thermal management, and even for chemical reactor isothermalization, the challenges facing heat storage increasingly are moving from those associated with the ‘standard’ diurnal storage, in itself a problem for low thermal conductivity materials, to response times measured in a few hours or even minutes. While high thermal conductivity metals such as foams can be impregnated with a PCM, for example, to increase local conductivity, the rapid heat input and removal necessitates a more radical approach—heat pipes, possibly with feedback control, with innovative PCM interfaces. This paper reviews the use of heat pipes in conventional and rapid response PCM and liquid or cold storage applications and introduces some novel concepts that might overcome current limitations.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Identifying bottlenecks in charging infrastructure of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through agent-based traffic simulation (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Description: The effect of different charging infrastructure configurations on the electric-driven distance of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (e-mileage) has been investigated, using an agent-based traffic simulation. Our findings suggest that the same e-mileage can be achieved with fewer charging poles if the poles support charging from several parking slots around them, and the charging cable is switched from one vehicle to the next. We also find that the charging power supported by most Finnish charging stations, 3.7 kW, and the cable switching delay of 1 h seem to be sufficient for effective workplace charging.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Heat pipe heat exchangers could be employed as run-around coils in air conditioning systems for enhanced dehumidification and cooling. This article reviews some of the works conducted on the cooling and dehumidification aspects in various air conditioning systems. They have been proved to be effective in enhancing dehumidification and reducing air conditioning costs especially in hot and humid tropical countries.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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  • 19
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    Towards clean and sustainable distributed energy system: the potential of integrated PEMFC-CHP (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The mitigation options to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by the UK government are discussed in this paper, including the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, clean renewable energy integration and a proposed system of integrated fuel cell combined heat and power (FC-CHP) technology. Analysis shows that the use of CCS technology within the current infrastructure can abate half the electricity-associated CO 2 emissions; however, this comes at a high cost penalty. The emissions associated with domestic heat cannot be prevented without changes in the energy infrastructure. Hydrogen-powered fuel cells can provide clean energy at a range of scales and high efficiencies, especially when employed with a CHP system. However, production of CO 2 -free hydrogen is essential for fuel cell technology to contribute substantially to a low carbon economy globally. In this work, three methods were investigated for small-scale distributed hydrogen production, namely steam methane reforming, water electrolysis (WE) and cold plasma jet (CPJ). The criteria used for comparisons include the associated CO 2 emissions and the cost of energy production. CPJ decomposition of methane shows a high potential when combined with integrated FC-CHP technology for economically viable and CO 2 -free generation of energy, especially in comparison to WE. Including the value of the solid carbon product makes the plasma system most attractive economically.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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  • 20
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    Endoreversible modeling and optimization of multistage isothermal chemical engines under linear mass transfer law via Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: A multistage continuous isothermal endoreversible chemical engine system with a finite driving fluid is investigated in this paper, and the mass transfer law obeys the linear mass transfer law [ $$g\propto \mathrm{\Delta }\mu $$ ]. Under the condition that both the initial time and the initial key component concentration in the driving fluid are fixed, the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system and the corresponding optimal concentration configuration of the key component in the driving fluid are derived by applying Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) theory, and numerical examples for three different boundary conditions are given. The results show that the difference between the chemical potential of the key component and the Carnot chemical potential for the maximum power output is a constant, and the key component concentration in the driving fluid decreases with the increase of time nonlinearly; when both the process period and the final concentration of the key component are fixed, there is an optimal control strategy for the maximum power output of the multistage chemical engine system, and the maximum power outputs of the system and the corresponding optimal control strategies are different for different final concentrations. The obtained results can provide some theoretical guidelines for the optimal designs and operations of practical energy conversion systems.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    The performance and in-use experience of low to zero carbon technologies in an experimental energy home (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: In the UK, finances and resources are invested into the application of new technologies, construction materials and control systems for homes, with the aim of improving energy efficiency. One such example is the experimental BASF house, built to study the thermal performance to achieve a comfortable home that uses energy efficiently. The house includes low to zero carbon (LZC) technologies that are promoted to reach a higher level within the UK Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH). For this study a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design (Creswell JW. Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd edn. Sage Publication, 2009; Nataliya VI, Creswell JW, Stick SL. Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: from theory to practice. Field Methods 2006;18:3) that has been developed in the field of social and behavioural sciences has been applied, consisting of two distinctive phases: quantitative and qualitative. The rationale behind is for the quantitative data and its analysis is used to understand system performances while the qualitative data explain the numerical results in-depth, through the subjects in study, the occupants' perceptions. This article presents conclusions from an investigation into the use and performance of a biomass boiler and passive design features, derived from a live-in experience in a well-insulated and airtight CSH Level 4 home over two consecutive winter periods (2008–9 and 2009–10), which is part of on-going research project. The study also discusses a number of issues regarding the effective efficiency and appropriateness of the systems, which were selected based on a desire to comply with regulations for a better rated home rather than on their user friendliness and comfort for the occupants of a sustainable home; jeopardizing people's safety in times.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of the Atkinson engine by using NSGA-II (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Recently, several studies have been conducted regarding the Atkinson cycle and Atkinson engine which have resulted in various thermal efficiency and output power analysis. In the present study, output power and engine thermal efficiency are maximized via employing the NSGA-II approach and thermodynamic analysis. The multi-objective evolutionary approach on the basis of the NSGA-II method is implemented throughout this work for optimizing the above-mentioned variables. To evaluate the aforementioned goal, two objective functions which comprises the power output ( W ) and cycle efficiency ( ) have been included in the optimization process simultaneously.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Mitigation countermeasures to face urban warming (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The study of height variation on outdoor ventilation for Singapore's high-rise residential housing estates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: This article is concerned with external ventilation levels within a multi-story Housing and Development Board (HDB) residential estate, focusing toward a deeper understanding of wind flow with respect to different levels of height variation (HV). This study analyzed through parametric study, using numerical simulations with the realizable k – turbulence model, the various scenarios of HV within a typical residential HDB estate or precinct. It is found that external wind flow within the precinct for both the pedestrian and mid-height levels are affected differently by the HV value. Some rules of thumbs can be established for HVs in the efficient use of outdoor ventilation.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Improving the performance of thermochromic coatings with the use of UV and optical filters tested under accelerated aging conditions (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: The role of the materials used in the urban fabric is highly important for the microclimate and the energy loads of the cities. This has led to the research and development of innovative solutions with advanced thermal and optical properties. Thermochromic coatings that are reflective in summertime and absorptive in wintertime can address the demand for lower surface temperatures and energy savings. The function, however, of thermochromic materials in outdoor spaces is complex as they degrade when interacting with solar radiation. Various techniques with UV absorbers and UV filters prove that ultraviolet radiation is not the only parameter that affects thermochromism. This study aims to go one step forward and investigate the factors that destroy the reversible thermochromic circle besides UV radiation. Combinations of UV and optical filters were used on thermochromic coatings applied on concrete tiles under accelerated aging conditions of a one-month period to isolate the parts of solar spectrum that cause the photodegradation. The measurements of reflectance and color prove that the use of UV filter did not improve significantly the dark phase of thermochromic effect, while at the white phase, SR was reduced by 5% and SRvis was reduced by 9.7% compared with the uncovered sample. Covering the sample with red filter, which cuts off wavelengths below 600nm, protects most efficiently the reversible color change of the thermochromic coating as the solar reflectance at the dark phase remains unaffected during the whole experimental period.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Control of micro-CHP and thermal energy storage for minimising electrical grid utilisation (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The efficient use of combined heat and power (CHP) systems in buildings presents a control challenge due to their simultaneous production of thermal and electrical energy. The use of thermal energy storage coupled with a CHP engine provides an interesting solution to the problem—the electrical demands of the building can be matched by the CHP engine, while the resulting thermal energy can be regulated by the thermal energy store. Based on the thermal energy demands of the building the thermal store can provide extra thermal energy or absorb surplus thermal energy production. This paper presents a multi-input multi-output inverse-dynamics-based control strategy that will minimise the electrical grid utilisation of a building, while simultaneously maintaining a defined operative temperature. Electrical demands from lighting and appliances within the building are considered. In order to assess the performance of the control strategy, a European Standard validated simplified dynamic building physics model is presented that provides verified heating demands. Internal heat gains from solar radiation and internal loads are included within the model. Results indicate the control strategy is effective in minimising the electrical grid use and maximising the utilisation of the available energy when compared with conventional heating systems.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Toolbox engineering software for the analysis of sunlight on buildings (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: In this report, solar radiation and daylight functions for the analysis of shadows, irradiance and radiant exposure on building facades in urban environments are presented. The functions are fully developed in MS Excel using Visual Basic for Applications.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part II (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The impact of environment on building and the impact of building on the environment have necessitated that building envelopes be made sustainable. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in building envelopes requires considering many factors including life cycle consideration through an integrated approach. As such, an integrated performance model that combines sustainable development values in a single performance framework was developed. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to apply this model to selected building envelope case studies. The model application indicates that sustainable performance of building envelope in an extreme weather and climatic condition is significantly influenced by the energy efficiency performance of the development.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Thermodynamic optimization of a triple-shaft open intercooled, recuperated gas turbine cycle. Part 2: power and efficiency optimization (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The power and the efficiency of a triple-shaft open intercooled, recuperated gas turbine cycle are analyzed and optimized based on the model established using thermodynamic optimization theory in Part 1 of this paper by adjusting the low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop, the mass flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. First, the power output is optimized by adjusting the intercooling pressure ratio, the air mass flow rate or the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path. Second, the thermodynamic first-law efficiency is optimized subject to a fixed fuel flow rate and a fixed overall size by seeking the optimal intercooling pressure ratio, the compressor inlet pressure drop and optimal flow area allocation ratio between the low-pressure compressor inlet and the power turbine outlet. The numerical examples show that increase in effectiveness of intercooler increases power output and its corresponding efficiency and increase in effectiveness of recuperator decreases power output appreciably but increases its corresponding efficiency; there exist an optimal low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop and an optimal intercooling pressure ratio, which lead to a maximum power. For a fixed fuel mass rate and a fixed overall area of low-pressure compressor inlet and power turbine outlet, maximum thermodynamic first-law efficiency is obtained by optimizing low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop and intercooling pressure ratio. The double-maximum thermodynamic first-law efficiency is obtained by searching optimal flow area allocation between low-pressure compressor inlet and power turbine outlet.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Transient simulation of a solar absorption cooling system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: With non-renewable energy sources depleting quickly, solar energy could prove a viable option owing to its abundance and eco-friendliness. Modeling and simulation of a solar energy-driven single-stage absorption chiller was carried out using the transient simulation software ‘TRNSYS’. An evacuated tube collector coupled with an insulated tank served as heat source for the absorption chiller. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency parameters of the collector as well as the loss coefficient for the storage tank. These parameters along with standard chiller performance data were used to model the system. The influence of climatic conditions, storage capacity and various control schemes with and without auxiliary heating on the output of the system is analyzed and presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermochemical cooling system based on adsorption pumping pipe (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Based upon the theoretical principle of the thermochemical energy storage pumping pipe system, a new cooling system has been presented. In order to analyse the performance and design of the system based on adsorption pumping pipe process, a simplified mathematical model is developed. Both simulation and experimental results are given and discussed. The comparison of various methods (ammonium dissolves, evaporation of CO 2 , etc.) showed that it is the simplest and most reliable to use adsorbents such as zeolite in this cooling system. A total of 250 g zeolite 13X could reduce the temperature of 330 ml by 15°C in 2–3 min (for beverage self-cooling applications). For future work, a large scale demonstration system is required to prove the viability and long term performance of thermochemical cooling/energy storage system.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Thermodynamic optimization of a triple-shaft open intercooled-recuperated gas turbine cycle. Part 1: description and modeling (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: Considering the flow processes of the working fluid with the pressure drops, a thermodynamic model for a triple-shaft open intercooled-recuperated gas turbine cycle is established using thermodynamic optimization theory in Part 1 of this paper. The relative pressure drops associated with the flow through various cross-sectional areas are derived as functions of the low-pressure compressor inlet relative pressure drop. The analytical formulae of the cycle's power and efficiency are derived. The performance of the model cycle is optimized by adjusting the compressor inlet pressure, the mass flow rate and the distribution of pressure losses along the flow path in Part 2 of this paper.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Existing buildings' operation and maintenance: renovation project of Chow Yei Ching Building at the University of Hong Kong (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Existing buildings' operation and maintenance is the key part of improving the buildings' performance and energy consumption saving. Being different from the new building, existing buildings' retrofits have many difficulties and challenges. This paper is based on a real project at the University of Hong Kong, and studies the process of the retrofits and energy audit for the existing buildings. It also studies how to optimize the operation and maintenance of the building and how to measure and verify the results after the retrofits.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Analysis of a SrCl2-NH3 solid sorption refrigeration system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: The performance of a solid sorption refrigeration system that uses SrCl 2 and NH 3 as the working pair is analysed based on the heat and mass transfer aspects of the solid sorbent reactors (absorber/generator). The transient, heat and mass transfer model duly considers the effects of reactor wall mass and contact conductance between the reactor wall and the bed. A decent comparison is obtained between the theoretical results and published experimental results on a reactor. The complete system consisting of two absorber/generators, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator is then analysed using the heat and mass transfer model of the reactors. Results are obtained in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP). Results show the possibility of optimizing the bed and operating parameters so as to obtain high COP and/or SCP. The bed thickness, sink temperature and the global reaction advancement are found to affect the performance of the system significantly.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Design configurations analysis of wind-induced natural ventilation tower in hot humid climate using computational fluid dynamics (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Wind-induced natural ventilation tower is one of the effective devices in enhancing indoor air quality. It can be designed and integrated as part of building components. This paper investigates the performance of various design configurations of a wind-induced natural ventilation tower with the focus on Venturi-shaped roofs and towers. The Venturi-shaped roofs and towers are used to create negative pressure in order to enhance the extraction air flow rates of the wind-induced natural ventilation tower. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is used to analyse each of the design configurations. The different design configurations are based on roof tilt angles, roofs' shapes, tower heights and shapes of the wind-induced natural ventilation tower. The parameters analysed are extraction air flow rates and air flow pattern. Based on the CFD simulation results of various design configurations, the ‘biconcave’-shaped wind tower has the best design configuration with 14 568.66 m 3 /h extraction air flow rates at 0.8 m/s external wind velocity.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Power and power density analyzes of an endoreversible modified variable-temperature reservoir Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-05
    Description: The mistakes in recent literatures are analyzed, and a new model for an endoreversible closed modified Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition coupled to variable-temperature reservoirs is established using finite-time thermodynamics in this paper. The range of isothermal heat addition modification is determined, and the analytical formulae of the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency and dimensionless power density of the cycle are derived. The effects of the cycle parameters on the global performances of power output and power density and the performances at maximum power design and maximum power density are analyzed by numerical calculations. The results show that there exist optimal compressor pressure ratios, respectively, which lead to maximum dimensionless power output and maximum dimensionless power density, that the optimal compressor pressure ratio and the thermal efficiency at maximum power design are always smaller than the corresponding ones at maximum power density design, and that dimensionless power output and maximum specific volume at maximum power design are always bigger than the corresponding ones at maximum power density design. The results imply that the power density design possesses the advantages such as smaller equipment volume and higher thermal efficiency at the cost of disadvantages such as bigger compressor pressure ratio and power output loss. Maximizing the power density gives a compromise between power and the size of the engine. The calculations also show that an endoreversible closed modified Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition cannot work at the maximum thermal efficiency design point.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Investigating the potential of adding thermal mass to mitigate overheating in a super-insulated low-energy timber house (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: Evidence suggests that many UK dwellings are subjected to overheating or will be at some point in the future. Dwellings built using modern methods of construction may have a higher overheating risk due to the low levels of thermal mass associated with most of these methods. The Nottingham HOUSE, a prefabricated timber modular building designed to zero-carbon and Passivhaus standards, was examined in terms of overheating occurrence. The ability of a high-density fibreboard and phase change materials to provide additional levels of thermal mass was examined with the results suggesting that these can help regulate internal temperatures with the benefit of being easy to integrate.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Effects of thermocouples physical size on the performance of the TEG-TEH system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The effects of thermocouples physical size on the performance of a thermoelectric heat pump (TEH) driven by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) device are investigated in this article. The physical size refers to the length and the cross-sectional area of the thermocouples. The performance analysis is multiobjective, including stable electrical current, heating load, coefficient of performance, maximum heating load and maximum heating temperature difference. A characteristic parameter, i.e. area–length ratio, is defined to describe the thermocouples physical size. The influences of the parameter are analyzed by detailed numerical examples. A practical example is proposed to show how to select appropriate thermoelectric modules (TEMs) to construct a high-performance TEG–TEH system satisfying different requirements. The results show that an improvement in its performance is possible by optimizing internal physical size of thermocouples. The conclusion obtained could be used for the selection of TEMs and the design of the TEG–TEH system.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Effect of the working liquid to the capillary pumped loop performance (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical analysis of the capillary pumped loop (CPL) performance using different working liquids. CPL is a passive heat transfer device, using no mechanical pump to circulate the working liquid, usually composed of a liquid tank, an evaporator, a condenser, a liquid and a vapor line. Heat load is applied on the external surface of the evaporator, partially transferred to the wick inside. Because of this heat load capillary forces are developed inside the porous structure, due to meniscus formation between liquid and vapor surface of the liquid, causing a pressure oscillation capable to pump the flow out of the evaporator. In this paper CPL performance is evaluated using different working liquids, such as water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134. These have different thermophysical properties such as latent heat, viscosity and density, causing different behavior when used as working liquid. Water was found more stable for higher temperature differences, due to higher latent heat of vaporization, while ammonia could take advantage of its viscosity for small temperature differences.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Design and optimization of a thermoacoustic heat engine using reinforcement learning (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-26
    Description: The thermoacoustic heat engine (TAHE) is a type of prime mover that converts thermal power to acoustic power. It is composed of two heat exchangers (the devices heat source and sink), some kind of porous medium where the conversion of power takes place and a tube that houses the acoustic wave produced. Its simple design and the fact that it is one of a few prime movers that do not require moving parts make such a device an attractive alternative for many practical applications. The acoustic power produced by the TAHE can be used to generate electricity, drive a heat pump or a refrigeration system. Although the geometry of the TAHE is simple, the behavior of the engine is complex with 30+ design parameters that affect the performance of the device; therefore, designing such a device remains a significant challenge. In this work, a radical design methodology using reinforcement learning (RL) is employed for the design and optimization of a TAHE for the first time. Reinforcement learning is a machine learning technique that allows optimization by specifying ‘good’ and ‘bad’ behavior using a simple reward scheme r . Although its framework is simple, it has proved to be a very powerful tool in solving a wide range of complex decision-making/optimization problems. The RL technique employed by the agent in this work is known as Q-learning. Preliminary results have shown the potential of the RL technique to solve this type of complex design problem, as the RL agent was able to figure out the correct configuration of components that would create positive acoustic power output. The learning agent was able to create a design that yielded an acoustic power output of 643.31 W with a thermal efficiency of 3.29%. It is eventually hoped that with increased understanding of the design problem, in terms of the RL framework, it will be possible to ultimately create an autonomous RL agent for the design and optimization of complex TAHEs with minimal predefined conditions/restrictions.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Catalytic CO2 conversion via solar-driven fluidized bed reactors (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: Converting CO 2 and steam (H 2 O) into synthesis gas is a new route to recycle them to fuels. Conversions are performed via a two-step conversion method in which catalysts are heated up and cooled down repeatedly with CO and H 2 as the products. To make the method economic, solar energy is employed to drive conversion systems. A solar-driven system with fluidized bed reactors is proposed for CO 2 conversion in this paper, and numerical models are built to study its performance and find out the optimum working condition. The investigation proves that system is a competent candidate to power the two-step conversion of CO 2 for the carbon recycle and the syngas production.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Approach of a solar building integrated with multiple novel solar technologies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: A novel solar building is constructed in Hefei, China. The solar energy can supply the building with solar power, solar space heating, solar-cooling and solar-hot water by corresponding novel solar technologies and components. Preliminary simulation by TRNSYS showed that the solar building could reduce 〉30% of the energy consumption compared with the same scale of the office building in Hefei during the heating season. In an experiment performed on 20 February 2013, the max temperatures of both the north room and south room reached 21°C and the average temperatures were 17°C, only using the solar air heating system.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Assessment of climate-based daylight performance in tropical office buildings: a case study (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: The utilization of daylight can significantly affect building performance, energy efficiency, productivity, as well as occupants' comfort and satisfaction in buildings. This paper aims to assess daylight performance for tropical office buildings in a parametric approach. Thus, four passive design categories are investigated, namely interior surface reflectance, glazing visual transmittance, light shelves and shading control. The approach is exemplified using the case study of two selected offices in Singapore. This study contributed to the assessment of the daylight performance and prediction of the consequences of retrofitting alternatives toward fostering the utilization of daylight in existing buildings in the tropics.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Efficiency of household energy utilization in rural China (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: This paper calculates energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of household energy utilization in rural China. Provincial energy efficiencies and exergy efficiencies for space heating sector, cooking sector and hot water sector are calculated and analyzed. Result shows that national energy efficiencies in space heating, cooking and hot water sector are 27.43, 15.32 and 13.11%, respectively. Exergy efficiencies are 1.63, 4.42 and 1.16%, respectively. Energy efficiencies in Xinjiang, Tianjin, Beijing and Shanxi are higher than other provinces because of the wide utilization of coal. In eastern China like Shanghai, Jiangssu, Fujian, the proportion of biomass is quite large which results in a low efficiency. Furthermore, exergy efficiencies in southern China are much higher than those of northern China because of the climate differences.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Performance and defrosting effect study on the air-to-water heat pump with heat storage device (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-15
    Description: The heat storage device is proposed to avoid the frequent on–off state under partial load, large variation of the supply and return water temperature and long defrosting time of air-to-water heat pump with plate heat exchanger for heating. The heat storage device is composed of a water tank, the inner double-pipe heat exchanger, appendages and the electric heater. The energy storage can reduce on–off times of the compressor. The energy storage and the electric heater can make up the shortage of heating during defrosting. Performance test shows that on–off times for the heat storage device unit compressor under partial load is about four times per hour compared six times per hour for the plate heat exchange unit. Defrosting time is reduced by 78 s by heat storage device unit and 84 s by heat storage device with electric heater unit. More steady running parameters, inlet heating water temperature of heat storage device or heat storage device with electric heater unit is about 35°C, while that of plate heat exchanger reduces to 30.73°C. Therefore, the designed heat storage device can improve the unit performance and is suitable for the new projects with air-to-water heat pumps.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Multisource heat pump system from design to operation: the case study of a new school building (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-09
    Description: Heat pump features can take advantage of better sources than air, for instance the ground heat, solar heat and heat recovery. A multisource system aims to enhance the performances of the heat pump, leading to a significant amount of primary energy being saved. The present work shows data monitoring and analysis for a real working application in northern Italy, for 12 months. The energy balance indicates that the integration of different sources not only increases the thermal performance of the system as a whole but also optimizes the use of each source.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A preliminary testing of a flat panel ground heat exchanger (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-09
    Description: An experimental setup is devised to investigate the behaviour of a novel type of a horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHE). The prototype is named ‘flat panel’ and is coupled with a hydraulic closed loop in which warm water is circulating to express the cooling mode from a reversible-cycle heat pump. Several thermal sensors are employed in the experimental field to monitor the ground temperature distribution and the fluid. The behaviour was tested during the summer of 2011, in the continuous and discontinuous operating mode. The HGHE behaviour was monitored in dry and wet conditions; the latter were induced with a dedicated irrigation system. The heat power for the unit exchanging surface dropped down from 140 to 40 W per metre of trench, moving from the start-up to the last period, late in the summer. The minimum was achieved in very hot conditions after long time in the continuous operating mode. When the working mode was switched to discontinuous, the power increased quickly over 50 W/m. Finally, the soil temperature was significantly altered up to 3 m far from the exchanger, and without over-heating conditions at the soil surface. The flat panel was able to involve a large soil volume, and this behaviour in turn enables high-energy performance, at least in the cooling mode.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Dynamic thermal modelling of horizontal ground-source heat pumps (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-09
    Description: A computer program has been developed for numerical simulation of the dynamic thermal performance of horizontally coupled heat exchangers for ground-source heat pumps, taking account of dynamic variations of climatic, load and soil conditions. The program was used to investigate the effects of operating and start times, installation depth and soil freezing on the heat exchanger performance. It is shown that the rate of heat extraction decreases with increasing operating time. Operating a heat pump with an earlier start date in autumn would give rise to a higher amount of cumulative heat extraction. Also, a heat exchanger installed at a shallower depth can provide a larger heat extraction rate at the early stage of heating operation. In addition, soil freezing enhances heat extraction.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Characterization of heat transport processes in geothermal systems (2013)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-09
    Description: Experimental field tests as well as laboratory tests have been conducted. In addition to field tests, a geothermal laboratory device has been developed. With the help of this device, the heat transport processes in different geological and hydrogeological conditions can be simulated. The different types of heat transport mechanisms in geothermal systems can be characterized clearly. Furthermore, it is possible to determine the increase of the effective thermal conductivity of a line source with rising groundwater flow velocities. With the geothermal data gathered, common numerical programs are verified and optimized. Therefore, all measured data are reconsidered by numerical back analysis.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Experimental analysis of an unconventional desiccant-based air-conditioning system: the influence of cooling air flow and chiller on the energy and environmental performance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Nowadays, the increasing demand of summer cooling is typically covered by electric chillers, often determining electric peak loads and black-outs. Thus, a wide interest is spreading in small scale natural gas-fired cogenerators driving desiccant-based air-conditioning systems, which represent interesting alternatives to conventional systems based on vapor compression cooling only. In this article, experimental tests performed on an air handling unit (AHU) equipped with a desiccant wheel (DW), coupled to a small scale cogenerator and an electric chiller are described. A new layout of the desiccant-based AHU is investigated, considering a third flow (the cooling air), besides the process air flow and the regeneration one. A cross-flow heat exchanger between process air and cooling air is used; the cooling air, cooled by an adiabatic humidifier, is aimed to precool the process air exiting the DW. The relevant influence of the heat exchanger and of the humidifier, as well as that of the chiller performance, on global primary energy requirements, water consumption and CO 2 equivalent emissions of the system is experimentally evaluated.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Building integration of solar renewable energy systems towards zero or nearly zero energy buildings (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: With buildings accounting for 40% of primary energy requirements in EU and the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), developing effective energy alternatives for buildings is imperative. The increasing role for renewables implies that solar thermal systems (STSs) and photovoltaics (PVs) will have a main role as they contribute directly to the heating and cooling of buildings and the provision of electricity and domestic hot water. Meeting building electrical and thermal loads will be primarily achieved through an extensive use of renewables, following standard building energy saving measures, such as good insulation or advanced glazing systems. These systems are typically mounted on building roofs with no attempt to incorporate them into the building envelope creating aesthetic challenges, space availability issues and envelope integrity problems. This paper aims to give a survey of possible solutions of PV and STS integration on the building roofs and façades. The advantages of integration are quantified and suggestions are given to address the possible problems created.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A sustainable transport solution for a Slovenia town (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Authorities in Slovenia and other EU member states are confronted with problems of city transportation. Fossil-fuel-based transport poses two chief problems—local and global pollution, and dwindling supplies and ever-increasing costs. An elegant solution is to gradually replace the present automobile fleet with electric vehicles (EVs). This article explores the economics and practical viability of the provision of solar electricity for the charging of EVs by installation of economical available Photovoltaic modules. A steep decline in the module, inverter and installation costs is reported herein. Present estimates indicate that for the prevailing solar climate of Celje—a medium-sized Slovenian town—the cost would be only 2 euros and 11 cents per kWh of generated solar electricity.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Analysis of factors affecting CO2 emissions by civil buildings in China's urban areas (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Civil buildings in urban areas are one of the main sources of CO 2 emissions. Many factors in civil buildings cause CO 2 emissions to increase in China's urban areas. Factors that have influenced CO 2 emissions from civil buildings in Chinese cities between 1997 and 2007 are studied using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method. The following factors influence the increase of CO 2 emissions: urban population, per capita floor space, building structure, building energy intensity and carbon emission coefficients. The results show that, between 1997 and 2007, increase in CO 2 emissions by civil buildings in China's urban areas was largely driven by the increasing urban population and per capita floor space, which have contributed 56 and 87%, respectively, and present a trend of significant increase. The structural proportion change of areas of residential buildings and public buildings caused less of an impact of CO 2 emissions. The reduction in the intensity of energy consumption of buildings is the major factor that could deter the increase in the rate of CO 2 emissions, contributing –45%. However, this deterrence is slowing down. While maintaining the speed of urbanization of China, the key measures to suppress the increase in civil building CO 2 emissions in urban areas are to reduce the intensity of building energy consumption and to control the per capita floor space.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Skills development for retrofitting a historic listed building in Scotland (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: With the current aim for a low carbon economy in Scotland, it becomes imperative to ensure that there are adequate workforce skills available to support meeting this aspiration. As such, the Scottish Government has developed a low carbon skills agenda that emphasizes rapidly developing and delivering specialist skills that are needed to enable the adoption of new technologies. Developing and delivering specialist skills are arguably not possible without having an understanding of what these skills are. This paper thus reports on the successful trial of an innovative Canadian insulation technology in a historic listed building in Aberdeenshire with a particular emphasis on providing insights into workforce skills needs. The trial was funded by the Scottish Government and the European Regional Development Fund. An ‘insulation job’ worksheet is developed as a result of the project, which can aid effective project management of insulation jobs in the future. It is evident that the current skills in the industry could be made adaptable to the skills needs for insulating historic listed buildings. Multi-skilling [in particular for small–medium size enterprise (SMEs)] may become inevitable if the size of the project is small as it was the case with the project presented in this paper. Providing learning support for local SMEs, who are still building-up their capability in insulation technologies, is thus essential. Indeed knowledge sharing and dissemination of case studies for successful retrofitting (e.g. insulation) of buildings, in particular historic ones, can inform future development of ‘Low Carbon Skills’ policy and action.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Reverse flow in natural convection heat pipe solar water heater (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: System performance of a natural convection (thermosyphon) solar water heater depends on design and setup of collector and storage tank as well as environmental factors such as solar intensity, ambient temperature and wind conditions. The relative height separating the tank and collector mainly influences the magnitude of the thermosyphon flow rates, including both forward and reverse flow at night. In this experimental investigation, an array of evacuated tube heat pipe solar collectors was connected to an insulated hot water storage tank. The effect of the separation height between tank and collectors was investigated and reported. Thermosyphon water flow rates were measured using a dye-injection procedure in both forward and reverse flow directions. The results showed that reverse flow always occurred in the evenings and was about 5–11 times less than forward flow. The overnight mean water temperature drop was independent of the height separating the collectors and storage tank and ranged between 2 and 10°C. The temperature drop was greater when the night was cooler.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Feasibility and optimization of aerogel glazing system for building energy efficiency in different climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Aerogel glazing system has become a promising energy-efficient window glass owing to its extremely low thermal conductivity and high visual transmittance. Two newly developed aerogel glazing systems (viz. #4 and #5) and three common glazing systems (viz. clear glass #1 and insulating glass #2 and #3) are investigated on the component heating and cooling load of a model building to evaluate their feasibility in various climates in China by using eQuest code. The building energy efficiency of 20, 11 and 9% could be obtained in Harbin, Beijing and Shanghai, respectively, as clear glass #1 were replaced with aerogel glazing system #5. The results demonstrated that the aerogel glazing system was extremely feasible in Severe Cold Region and significantly feasible in Cold and Hot-summer Cold-winter Regions. Effects of heat transfer coefficient ( U ) and shading coefficient (SC) of the glazing system on building energy loads were evaluated to further optimize glazing systems. The results demonstrated that the total heating load in colder climate reduced by 73% as the U of glass was decreased from 5.5 to 0.5 W/(m 2 K). The total cooling load in warmer climate reduced by 16% as the SC was increased from 0.916 to 0.423. The findings could be of great potential in the selection and optimization of the glazing system in different climate zones aiming at building energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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