ALBERT

Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Remote Sensing 10 (2018): 792, doi:10.3390/rs10050792.

Description: This study uses an airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey, historical aerial photography and historical climate data to describe the character and dynamics of the Nogahabara Sand Dunes, a sub-Arctic dune field in interior Alaska’s discontinuous permafrost zone. The Nogahabara Sand Dunes consist of a 43-km2 area of active transverse and barchanoid dunes within a 3200-km2 area of vegetated dune and sand sheet deposits. The average dune height in the active portion of the dune field is 5.8 m, with a maximum dune height of 28 m. Dune spacing is variable with average crest-to-crest distances for select transects ranging from 66–132 m. Between 1952 and 2015, dunes migrated at an average rate of 0.52 m a−1. Dune movement was greatest between 1952 and 1978 (0.68 m a−1) and least between 1978 and 2015 (0.43 m a−1). Dunes migrated predominantly to the southeast; however, along the dune field margin, net migration was towards the edge of the dune field regardless of heading. Better constraining the processes controlling dune field dynamics at the Nogahabara dunes would provide information that can be used to model possible reactivation of more northerly dune fields and sand sheets in response to climate change, shifting fire regimes and permafrost thaw.

Description: Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Science and Land Remote Sensing programs, the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service and the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.

Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.

Description: Visual is a visualization system used to access and analyze high-volume multi-sensor data collected from remotely operated underwater vehicles. Since 1991, scientists have used Visual for scientific visualization and analysis of underwater surveys ranging from real-time survey monitoring, to geological mapping and interpretation of hydrothermal vent sites, to a forensic study of a shipwreck. This report describes Visual's capabilities and gives examples of typical applications for Visual including sonar visualization, real-time monitoring, and multi-sensor data access and analysis. This report also includes a User's Manual and Reference Guide for the Visual system.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-9627160.

Description: In order to analyze the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite data from South Africa, a software package has been written. Methodology and algorithms are described which create geometrically corrected registered satellite images over the Agulhas Retroflexion region. Also discussed are programs to overlay latitude and longitude lines, ship tracks, and ancillary data. A method of masking the land and compositing images for cloud removal is also described.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Numbers N00014-82-C-0019, NR 083-004, N00014-85-C-001, NR 083-004, and N00014-87-K-0007, NR 083-004.

Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2018): 723, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040723.

Description: There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields

Description: DESCRIPTION_HFR; The WHOI HF radar system, as operated during the field periods, consisted of 6 land-based sites spaced between the islands of Nantucket, MA and Block Island, RI. A series of four multi-antenna HFRs built by the University of Hawaii [described by Kirincich et al. 2019] were deployed in the region and augmented by two existing high resolution SeaSonde HFRs previous deployed with funding from NOAA-IOOS. Using a grid of 8 separate receive antennas and recently developed analysis methods, the UH systems maximize both the temporal and azimuthal resolution of surface currents over a wide area, producing fully independent, 30-min averages of high-resolution--2 km everywhere-- low error surface currents over a 150 km x 80 km stretch of the NES. Rms differences of the system against in situ observations were 5-7 cm/s. DESCRIPTION_INSITU_MOORING; The HFR observations were paired with detailed, in situ observations of hydrography, currents, and winds during three separate study periods, spanning July to December of 2018 and 2019, and October to December of 2020. For the two 6-month periods in both 2018 and 2019, trio of surface moorings and one subsurface mooring were deployed in the center of the eastern HFR coverage area. The central surface mooring, stationed along the 40-m isobath, hosted a Vaisala WXT520 weather station and water column hydrography using 8 temperature-conductivity (CT) sensors (SBE37 Microcats). A nearby subsurface mooring supported upward- and downward-looking ADCPs to collect high resolution velocity profiles of the top 8 m of the water column and coarser resolution velocity profiles of the lower 30 m of the water column. The two additional flanking surface moorings, each with 7 CT sensors, were located 10 km away in both the across- and along-shelf (2018 only) directions, allowing estimates of the depth-dependent lateral hydrographic gradients. While all mooring data was returned during 2018, the western flanking mooring was irretrievably lost during the 2019 season, limiting the fixed hydrographic observations that year. During an additional three-month period in fall 2020, a single mooring pair, similar to the central surface and sub-surface moorings described above, was deployed further west along the 40-m isobath. DESCRIPTION_INSITU_MOBILE; Two WHOI-owned, Liquid Robotics SV2 Wave Glider autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) were deployed for 3-month periods during both 2018 and 2019 to collect along-track observations of winds and surface hydrography. Outfitted with AirMar 2-axis sonic anemometers at 1 m above sea level and SeaBird CTDs at water depths of 0.3 and 6.5 m, the ASVs followed a butterfly-shaped regular survey pattern centered on the central mooring site, which allowed repeated, detailed sampling of horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity within the surface layer at multiple scales around the mooring locations. With transit speeds of 0.5-1 m/s, the ASV is 3-5 times faster than a Slocum-type glider, allowing O(10 km) features to be sampled on synoptic timescales (2-4 hours). Combined, the ASV surveys sampled each transect line approximately once per day. Acquisition Description: SENSOR_INFORMATION_HFR; The two eastern systems were deployed on the islands of Nantucket (NWTP, 41.2deg N 70.1degW) in June 2017 and Martha's Vineyard (LPWR, 41.3degN 70.7degW) in April 2018, while the two western systems, at Westport, MA (HBSR, 41.5degN 71.1degW) and Narragansett, RI (CPVN, 41.5degN 71.4degW), were deployed and operational in June and July 2019 respectively. Thus, the eastern systems were in operation for all years, 2018-2020, but the western systems were only available during 2019 and 2020. All systems were operated using range-resolutions of 2 km and run in a novel `hybrid' configuration that combines qualities of phased-array and direction-finding radars to increase the azimuthal resolution of the HFRs to be less than or equal to the 2-km range resolution. Augmenting these hybrid radar systems, data from two existing high resolution, 25-MHz SeaSonde radars deployed within the study area with funding from NOAA-IOOS and owned by WHOI and the University of Rhode Island, respectively, were also used. With ranges of 40 km and range resolutions of 1 km, these systems each approximate the azimuthal resolution of the UH systems over a smaller area. Using recently developed methods Kirincich et al (2019) and Kirincich et al (2012), the full HF radar array maximizes azimuthal--and therefore spatial--resolution, producing 30-min independent averages of surface currents at 2-km resolution within a 10,000 km$^2$ region of the NES. The effective measurement depth of the WHOI HF radars is 0.5 m below the ocean surface. Received Doppler spectra from each were processed using the advanced methods of Kirincich et al. (2012, JOAT) or Kirincich et al (2019) into radial velocity estimates every 30 min based on a 30 min averaging window. Radial velocity estimates were quality controlled before inclusion into the vector velocity estimates using standard time-series QC techniques. SENSOR_INFORMATION_INSITU_MOORING; The detailed deployment information for each station and year are::: In July-November 2018 and July-November 2019: The center surface mooring was deployed at 41.0669degN 70.4828degW in 40 m of water and sampled surface vector winds, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity using a Vaisala WXT520 located at 2 m above mean sea level at 10 min ensemble averages, of 1 Hz data. The Center surface mooring also had 8 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20,30, and 35-m at 2 min increments. The center subsurface mooring was deployed at 41.0669degN 70.4828degW and contained a sub-surface float at 8-m below sea level in 40 m of water. The float held an upward looking Nortek Signature 1000 AD2CP that collected 2048 pings @4Hz every 20 min at 0.25 m bin depths. The west surface mooring was deployed at 41.1185degN 70.5812degW in 40 m of water and had 7 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20, and 30-m at 2 min increments. The south surface mooring was deployed at 40.9881degN 70.5455degW in 50 m of water and had 7 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10,15,20, and 30-m at 2 min increments. In October-December 2020: A similar surface and subsurface mooring pair were deployed to the west of the 2018-2019 mooring locations. The surface mooring was located at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW in 40 m of water and sampled surface vector winds, air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity using a Vaisala WXT520 located at 2 m above mean sea level at 10 min ensemble averages, of 1 Hz data. The 2020 surface mooring also had 5 temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) that sampled the oceanic water column at fixed depths below the surface of 0.6,4,6.5,10, and 20-m at 2 min increments. Finally the 2020 subsurface mooring was deployed at 41.0706degN 70.8177degW and contained a sub-surface float at 8-m below sea level in 40 m of water. The float held an upward looking Nortek Signature 1000 AD2CP that collected 2048 pings @4Hz every 20 min at 0.25 m bin depths. SENSOR_INFORMATION_INSITU_MOBILE; The Mobile Liquid Robotics SV2 Wave Glider autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) deployed in July to September of both 2018 and 2019 to collected along-track observations of winds and surface hydrography. Only the surface hydrography was used here, collected via SeaBird temperature-conductivity sensors (SBE37s) at water depths of 0.3 and 6.5 m as 10 min averages.

Description: This data was collected by Kirincich as part of the Submesoscale Dynamics Over The Shelf Study, with field observations in 2018 and 2019, as well as the HFR_winds project with field work in 2020. The analysis products presented were used to examine the space and time scales of eddy kinetic energy over the wide, shallow, NES continental shelf using a novel implementation of HFR to achieve spatial and temporal resolutions sufficient to capture the horizontal scales of velocity variability. The data consists of estimates of the near-surface horizontal (East and North) ocean currents made via High Frequency (HF) radar-based remote sensing of the Ocean backscatter spectrum as well as in situ moored hydrographic, velocity, and surface winds, and mobile surface hydrographic observations collected via autonomous vehicles. Data were collected within three separate measurement periods: July to December 2018, July to December 2019, and October to December 2020.

Description: U.S. National Science Foundation to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. OCE-#1736930, OCE-#1923927

Description: SDPS is a menu driven interactive program designed to facilitate the display and output of image and line-based data sets common to telemetry, modeling and remote sensing. This program can be used to display up to four separate raster images and overlay line-based data such as coastlines, ship tracks and velocity vectors. The program uses multiple windows to communicate information with the user. At any given time, the program may have up to four image display windows as well as auxiliary windows containing information about each image displayed. SDPS is not a commercial program. It does not contain complete type checking or error diagnostics which may allow the program to crash. Known anomalies will be mentioned in the appropriate section as notes or cautions.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Number N00014-86-K-0751; and by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration under contract No. 957652.

Description: Ninety plots of digitized temperature boundaries from infared satellite images of the Gulf Stream along with corresponding image snapshots were compiled to determine stream width propagation speed. The satellite images are from the years 1982, 1983, and 1985 and are often of consecutive days. In this report, these images and digitized plots are presented.

Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-87-K-0007, and by the National Science Foundation under grant Numbers OCE 87-00601 and OCE 85-10828.

Description: Researchers and engineers, from academia, government, and industry, met and discussed the feasibility of using state-of-the-art laboratory technology for in-situ chemical measurements in the deep ocean, in and around active submarine hydrothermal systems. The concept of an autonomous benthic explorer (SENTRY) was presented to illustrate some of the constraints which must be kept in mind when adapting laboratory analytical tools to the deep ocean. A concensus was reached that some existing technologies either are being, or can be, adapted for in-situ measurement, in the near future, at reasonable cost . For many analytical techniques, minimal basic research will be required , and laboratory and in-situ testing represent the bulk of the work to be performed. A selection of analytical techniques appear particularly ready to undergo testing and transformations for in-situ measurements, including: electroplating, vol tame try, potentiometric glass electrodes, and fiber optic technologies. Other techniques, such as in-situ Mass Spectrometry, do not appear to meet the criterias of technological readiness for in-situ deployment . Some technologies already being utilized or under development for use in the deep ocean include, for example: CO2, O2, H2, H2S, CH4 sensors, voltametry for the determination of sulfur chemical speciation, fiber optic sensors for pH determination, and automated chemical microlaboratories for a wide variety of applications. These techniques, however, require further research for long-term deployment and their ability to perform at high temperature, as encountered around submarine active hydrothermal systems.

Description: Support was provided by the Mellon Joint Initiative Award to "The WHOI Friends of Vents" and from the NOAA, National Sea Grant Program to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Sea Grant Program through grant Number NA86AA-D-SG090.

Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Remote Sensing 6 (2014): 4660-4686, doi:10.3390/rs6064660.

Description: Vegetation phenology plays an important role in regulating processes of terrestrial ecosystems. Dynamic ecosystem models (DEMs) require representation of phenology to simulate the exchange of matter and energy between the land and atmosphere. Location-specific parameterization with phenological observations can potentially improve the performance of phenological models embedded in DEMs. As ground-based phenological observations are limited, phenology derived from remote sensing can be used as an alternative to parameterize phenological models. It is important to evaluate to what extent remotely sensed phenological metrics are capturing the phenology observed on the ground. We evaluated six methods based on two vegetation indices (VIs) (i.e., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Enhanced Vegetation Index) for retrieving the phenology of temperate forest in the Agro-IBIS model. First, we compared the remotely sensed phenological metrics with observations at Harvard Forest and found that most of the methods have large biases regardless of the VI used. Only two methods for the leaf onset and one method for the leaf offset showed a moderate performance. When remotely sensed phenological metrics were used to parameterize phenological models, the bias is maintained, and errors propagate to predictions of gross primary productivity and net ecosystem production. Our results show that Agro-IBIS has different sensitivities to leaf onset and offset in terms of carbon assimilation, suggesting it might be better to examine the respective impact of leaf onset and offset rather than the overall impact of the growing season length.