ALBERT

Description: This study was under taken at Karoun Lake Dam No.4. (Southwest of Iran). Water samples were collected from March 2012 to February 2013 in three selected silts. Environmental parameters and chlorophyll a concentration were measured, as well as identification and abundance of Phytoplankton communities were studied. According to this study, 30 species of Phytoplankton were identified at four seasons. Most abundance was related to the phyla Bcillariphyta (17 species), Chlorophyta (6 species), Crysophyra (4 species), Dinophyta (2 species) and Cyanophyta (1 species) respectively. The results showed, the maximum rate of chlorophyll a concentration was measured in the warm with minimum level measured in the cold months. The rate of chlorophyll a concentration showed an oligotrophic condition in the lake of karoon 4 dam. positive significant correlation were seen between the parameters of COD,NO3,temperature, pH, turbidity, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance (P〈0.01). The chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton community had a significant negative correlation with transparency (-P 〈 0.01). According to this research, 4 phyla of zooplankton was identified, include Rotifera, Protozoa, Cladocera and Copepoda. Overal 43 species were identified at four seasons. Most abundance was related to the phyla Rotifera (27 species), Copepoda (7 species), Cladocera (5 species) and Protozoa (4 species) respectively. The chlorophyll a concentration, amount of phosphate and zooplankton indicator spesies, showed an oligotrophic condition in the lake of karoon 4 dam. A positive significant correlation was seen between all groups of zooplanktons abundance and temperature, as well as chlorophyll a concentration. (P〈0.01) , whereas, there was negative correlation whith no significant between DO and zooplankton communities (P〉0.05).

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. Kamali, M. Soltani Counsellors: M. Shamsaei

Description: The purpose for which this study was intended wasto compare nutritive value among the farmed Vannamei, sea Green Tiger and Banana shrimps native to the PersianGulf.To provide the samples of farmed shrimps at the end of the farming season (Oct. 23rd through Nov. 22nd of 2011), we chosen one farm of the Holleh Shrimp Farming, from which 100 shrimps were randomly selected. From among these 100 shrimps, 3 to 5 ones were taken to conduct an analysis upon. Further, to obtain the Banana and Green Tiger shrimps sampling was done at the fishing season (July 23rd through Aug. 22rd of 2011) at Halileh Fishing Wharf located in Bushehr Fishing Harbor and also Bandar Abbas Wharf.The samples obtained were immediately kept in the ice powder. After some biometric tasks done upon them, they were at the shortest possible time transferred to a laboratory where they went through various experiments to determine their content of raw protein, fat, ash, moisture, various fatty acids and their types, cholesterol, vitamins A and E, and such mineral elements as iron and calcium. All the experimentswere carried out three times to establish confidence in the results to be obtained.Findings of the comparison showed the content of raw protein, fat, moisture, and ash of, respectively, 23.233%, 600%, 73.077% and 2.500% for the Vannamei samples, of 22.717%, 427%, 74.133% and 1.826% for our Banana shrimps and of 17.377%, 430%, 79.866% and 1.313% for the Green Tiger samples. A total of 24 fatty acids for the Vannamei shrimps and 27 for the Banana and Green Tiger were detected. SFA of the Banana shrimps was 368.45 mg/100g (51.76%), while those of the Vannamei and Green Tiger samples were observed, respectively, 363.54 mg/100g (37.26%) and 296.06 mg/100g (49.12%).A similar measurement for MUFA content of the three types of our samples revealed 243.85mg/100g (24.9%) for the Vannamei, 203.177 mg/100g (33.76%) for the Green Tiger and 179.033 mg/100g (25.14%) for the Banana shrimps. The content of PUFA unsaturated fatty acids in the Vannamei,131Green Tiger and Banana samples were, respectively, 370.660 mg/100g (37.84%), 101.573 mg/100g (16.9%) and 163.733 mg/100g (23.1%). Further, the comparison found a omega-3-fatty-acids total of 151.747 mg/100g(15.51%) for the Vannamei, 57.123 mg/100g (9.54%) for the Green Tiger and 130.460 mg/100g (18.46%) for the Banana species under study.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Abbas Matinfar, A. Kamali Counsellors: Mehdi Soltani

Description: As the most of the fish resources are known and exploited, protecting their generation is of the greatest importance. Aquaculture is one of the efficient procedures in protecting and reviving fish resources and knowing about the reproductive cycle and gonads development has an important role in approaching this aim.Liza abu belongs to the family Mugilidae that according to its resistance to the environmental condition and its fast growth , can be introduced as a fish with economical value. As there is no scientific data on the reproductive biology of this species , study on the reproductive biology and gonad development is considered as the aim of this research .For this purpose , 360 samples of this species were investigated during the period from February 2007 to January 2008 in Khozestan Province . After studing morphological and histological characteristics of gonad specimen , they were prepared through histological method. Samples were prepared through usual histological method and studied under light microscope.According to the results, the maturity stages of male and female Liza abu were separated to six different successive stages. In ovaries , these stages were as follow : In stage І, the oocytes were small , this stage was observed from July to October . In stage ІІ, considerable growth was observed in the oocytes . This stage was observed from October to January . In stage III, due to vitellogenesis, the maximum growth was observed and three layers of theca, granullosa and follicle cells were visible. This stage was observed during January and February . In stage IV, migration of germinal vesicle was observed and due to hydration of the oocytes , their diameter was increased. The ovaries were yellowish and in maximum size and ovules could be easily observed with naked-eye . This stage was observed in February and March . In stage V, spawning occured. This stage was observed in April . In stage VI, ovaries consisted of immature and atretic oocytes and also empty follicles. This stage was observed in May and June.In testes , these stages were as follow : In stage I , the testes were small in size and contained the spermatogonia which were the only cellular components.This stage was observed in August and September . In stage II (maturing virgin ) , the spermatogonia and the primary spermatocytes were visible. This stage was observed in October . In stage III (developing), intensive spermatogenesis was occured and the primary and the secondary spermatocytes were the most visible cells during this stage .This stage was observed from November to January. In stage IV(developed), cells of all stages of spermatogenesis could be seen but the secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were in large number. This stage was observed from January to March. In stage V , the testes were filled with sperms. This stage was observed in March and April .In stage VI, residual spermatozoa and the spermatogonia were visible in the testes. This stage was observed from May to August.According to cyclic changes in GSI, sexual maturation in breeding begins in January and spawning occurs in April. The ova diameter ranged from 30.75 μ in stage I to 472.19 μ in stage IV. In this study , the sex ratio was 1:2.7, and male and female percentage were 27.02% and 72.98% respectively. This means that females predominate males. In this study absolute fecundity was calculated and changing between 30805.44 to 431247.3 was observed and absolute fecundity was calculated 111275.3 in average.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Shahla Jamili Counsellors: Isa Sharifpour. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: The Moosa Creek extends from its opening into the Persian Gulf, with some sub narrow creeksleading to it. Zangi creek is one of the main branches of Moosa creek. The creek containsnumerous sources of organic pollution, including sewage outlet flows and boat waste. Afterestablishing the Petrochemical special Economic Zone (PETZONE) in 1997 near to the ZangiCreek, the pipelines, streets and railway made it distinct from eastern and western parts of thiscreek. Industrial activities have released sludge and effluents in this creek along these years. Asurvey of the Zangi creek was performed, assessing water properties, organic pollution, and thepopulation density, distribution and diversity of macrobenthic fauna through bi-monthlysampling from July 2006 to September 2007.Samples were collected from water near the bottom and sediment at 7 stations include 2 stationsinside the distinct Zangi creek and 4 stations along a transect with 1 km distances between themin eastern free part and one reference station located at the Persian Gulf entrance to the Moosacreek. The environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, COD,turbidity, EC and heavy metals include Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni as well as percentage silt-clay and totalorganic matter of the sediment were measured. The faunal population density and theirdistribution are discussed in relation to the environmental changes.Results showed spatial heterogeneity in faunal distribution of the Zangi creek. Nine groups ofmacrofauna were identified out of distinct zangi creek. Polychaets formed the dominant group(48%) followed by bivalves (13%), gastropods (10%), Decapods (2%), Tanaids (5%), and allother groups (22%). The distinct creek was heavily polluted without any macrofaunacommunities probably as a consequence of the high pH, COD, low salinity and heavy metalscontamination specially Cd and Pb. The other stations near to the disposal site were found withmacrofauna communities commonly tolerant to organic pollution, At 3 km east of the disposalsite, macrofauna is comparable to the surrounded creek, whereas macrofauna still indicateenvironmental degradation. Farther a way, faunal density decreases and equilibrium taxagradually replace opportunistic species, while the other stations were far from polluted areacontained lower pollution and relatively healthy macrofauna.The mean biomass of macrobenthic fauna were estimated for the whole studied area. The resultsare considered in Minimum density and biomass in surrounded creek and maximum density andbiomass in 3 km of surrounded area. Biodiversity Indices were low in surrounded creek. TheShanon-weaver information index was used to describe the spatially variations in diversity.Macrofauna density, shanon and simpson index were significantly variable between surroundedand free parts of Zangi creek (p〈0.05). The numerical abundance of macrobenthose varied from221. m-2 in polluted area to 4346 m-2 in free part of Zangi creek. The Shanon-weaver informationindex varied from 0.4 in distinct area to 2.9 in reference station.The physico- chemical changes between distinct and free creeks showed significant variationssuch as pH, salinity and EC. Salinity and EC were significantly positive correlate to macrofaunadensity, whereas pH and TOM percentage indicated significantly negative correlation to density.Heavy metals concentrations in sediments were higher than water samples. Concentration patternof heavy metals in sediments and water samples were Ni〉Pb〉Cd〉Hg. Salinity and pHwere significantly correlated to metals in sediments (p〈0.01).No significant correlation were found between Macrofauna density and heavy metals (p〈0.05).

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Alireza Nikoyan Counsellors: A. Keyvan, T. Valinasab

Description: Fish sauce is a popular fermented product used in south Asian countries which is made from different small fishes in this research work it was attempted to produce fish sauce from kilka of the Caspian sea, the fish sauce was made from three models of kilka ,such as whole kilka , cooked whole kilka and dressed kilka , each of these models treated it four different fashions of fermentation such as:1- Traditional method, 2- Enzymatic method 3- Microbial method, 4- Mixture of enzyme and microb The results of this investigation showed that time of fermentation for the traditional method was six month, enzymatic method one month, microbial method 3 month and the mixture of enzyme and microb 1 month. The rate of fermentation was least for dressed Kilka, microbial and biochemical changes of Kilka fish sauce were evaluated, total bacterial count was 2.1-6.15 log cfu/ml total volatile nitrogen (TVN) in samples recorded was 250 mg /100g, the amount of protein varied between 10-13 percent, the name of commercial enzymes added was Protamex and Flavourzyme, the bacteria added was L act ob acillus and Pediococous, fish sauce containers fish and 20% salt, temperature of keeping for fermentation was 37 degree c for 6 month.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: S. Moini Counsellors: A. keyvan, Gh. Vosoughi

Description: The present study with headline investigation on reproduction in two species of Crab Eriphia sebana and Ocypode saratan was carried out in the intertidal zone of Chabahar in thirteen month from December 2004 to December 2005. Checked samplings have been taken, 45 number Crab monthly from any four stations by manual or use trap. During this study the following subjects were measured: Temperature range and salinity, Measurable coast granule, Determination of sex ratio, Relations carapace width with carapace length, Carapace width with total body weight, Gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, condition factor, gastrosomatic index, investigation content in stomach, LM50, Growth parameters, plenty distribution length and width and gonad weight and total body weight. Studied on measurable coast granule were expressed that Ocypode saratan in Desalination station, were nest in soils equable sand and this quantity were confirmed in Pozm station. Sex ratio were assign in desalination area and Pozm M: F 0/44:0/56 and in Tiss and Chabahar M: F 0/45:0/55. Carapace length and carapace width (cm) and body weight (g) Furthest were designated in Ocypode saratan within carapace width sequential: female: 5/42-6/15-105/13 and male: 5/53-6/25-108/91 and in Eriphia sebana within Tiss area sequential: female: 5/12-5/94-110/21 and male 5/14-60/01-114/37. Have been linear relationship between carapace length and carapace width and equaled CW = a CL + b. Weight growth in two species were be modal and equaled BW= aCLb and increased Crab weight by built up carapace width. Maximum gonad weight in Ocypode saratan within desalination area in female have been outcome 3/39 and in male 0/84g and in Eriphia sebana extreme within Tiss during may in female were be 4/18 and in male 1/1g. Stomach content in Eriphia sebana were involved a black until half-purplish liquid and yellowish in Ocypode saratan. Stomach contents identifiable were being in four groups: Molluscoid, Crustacean, Plankton and Fish. Carapace width during the first year of maturation have been LM50:3/77 in Desalination area and LM50:3/92 in Pozm for Ocypode saratan and LM50:4/26 in Tiss and LM50:4/62 in Chabahar. Ability spawning in Eriphia sebana within Tiss has been CW=4/17cm and in Ocypode saratan within Desalination area CW=4/23cm. Maximun value of Loo for Eriphia sebana was equal 59/67 and growth factor K=0/68 within Tiss and Loo =61/64 , K=0/65 for Ocypode saratan within Desalination area. Maximun GSI and GI have been within Desalination area and Tiss and minimum within Pozm and Chabahar. The maturity stages of two species were classifed into six stages. Review on GSI, CF have been showed that relation with temperature and salinity and definer in two species have been spawned in two period that Maximun in spring premier than autumn.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Vossoughi, GH.; counsellors: Fatemi, S.M.R.

Description: In this research, 9 species of local and introduced fishes of the Zayandehroud River in Esfahan province (in the Sarmatian region belonging to the large paleoarctic fauna) in 6 seasons (winter 2003, spring, summer, autumn and winter 2004 and summer 2005) were parasitologically studied. The local fishes included alburnoides bipunctatus, Alburnus maculatus, Aphanius vladykovi, Capoeta aculeata & Capoeta damascina & the introduced fishes included Aristichthys nobilis, Carassius auratus, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio. Upon being hunted, the fishes were transferred alive to Esfahan Aquatics Breeding Center and physiologically studied after the determination of their species and genus by identification keys Berg (30), Coad (31), Saadati (51), Abdoli (20) and Holchic (38). 32 species of parasites were totally identified as follows: 6 Protozoan species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, 5 Trichodina species, 2 Myxobolus species including Myxobolus cristatus & Myxobolus saidovi, 16 monogenea species including Dactylogyrus alatus. D. anchorutus, D. baueri, D. chalcalburni, D. chramuli, D. extensus, D. gracilis, D. lamellatus, D. lenkorani and D. pukher, 4 Dactylogyrus spp. 2 Gyrodactylus species, 1 species of Digenea, Diplostomum spthaceum, 4 species of Cestoda including Bothriocephallus gowkongensis, khawia armeniaca, Ligulaintestinalis. Caryophyllaeus sp. 1 Acanthocephala: Acanthocephalo rhynchoides cholodkowsky, 2 species of the crustaceans including the mature & copepodian stages of Lernaea cyprinacea & 1 sp of the genus Lamproglena. Out of all the 166 pcs of the fishes hunted in this research, 127 fishes (76.5%) were infected, and 39 fishes (23.50%) were not infected. In the fishes studied, having 14 of 32 species of the parasites identified, Capoeta aculeata displayed the most variety of infection, and having only 1 sp of the parasites. Aristichthys nobilis displayed the least variety of infection. The new findings of the research will follow: Myxobolus saidovi sp is reported for the 1st time from Iran's fresh water fishes, Alburnus maculatus and Capoeta aculeata are new hosts for M. saidovi and M. cristatus, respectively. Regarding monogenea Capoeta damascina & C. aculeata were reported as the new hosts for parasite D. pukher. The presence of D. pukher the infection of Capoeta aculeata with D. chramuli, D. lenkorani and D. gracilis in the Zayandehroud river were the 1st report. Regarding the Cestodea, Bothriocephalus gowkongensis was reported to be hosted by Aphanius Vladykovi for the 1St time in Iran.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Jalali Jafari, Behyar; counsellors: Sohrabi haghdost, Iraj, Masoumian, Mahmud

Description: This study investigated the pathological changes of heart and bulbus artrius of rainbow trout breeders in several group of ages and density. The aim of study was to consider the process and the intensity of the heart and bulbus arteriosus damages in accordance to gender, age and stocking density of trout in three fish culture center (Zarghezel, Niyak in Haraz Region,Mazandaran and Espiran in Tabriz city environs). In field research, the all records the feed and feeding type, rate of mortality, stocking density of spawners and per spawners fishes, water chemical and physical specification was screened. Stocking density was considered as the most important stressor. 10 fish specimens from 7 weight groups (less than 90g, 90 to 300g, 300 to 500 g, 500 to 1000g, 1 to 3 kg, 3 to 5 kg, over 5 kg), totally 210 specimens were sampled and heart and bulbus arteriosus were taken. Samples were fixed in 10 % formalin and transferred to pathology laboratory of veterinary faculty of Tabriz Azad University. Histopathological slides and H&E staining were prepared from these samples. In total, 47 male and 73 female samples showed cardiovascular injury (29 cases in extensive system, 41 cases in semi intensive system, 50 cases in intensive system). The most important was damages, edema and hyperemia in spongy layer of atrium and ventricle muscles, but degeneration the muscle fibers, moderate edema , minor vascular damage. Hemorrhage as the effect of severs vascular damage, thrombus, sever inflammation, sever degeneration in muscle fiber, necrosis and fibrose were further pathological changed. The results of this study showed that the severity of damage increased by increasing the age (weight) of fishes. This situation was seen in all three culturing system (extensive system, semi intensive system, recirculation system). Histopathological changes is obviously seen in samples over 500g, therefore the damages were found to be important (P〈0.05). Pathological effects and its severity in recirculation system was significantly high (P〈0.05). Comparison with two other culturing system, histopathological changed in heart and bulbus arterius between male and female was significantly different.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Behyar, Jalali; Darush, Mohajeri; Counsellors: Iraj, Sohrabi Haghdost

Description: Lake Ovan with about 9 hectares is regarded a semi-shallow lake with an average depth 5.2 meter. It is situated in Ghazvin Province, with a 1910 m high in mountainous regime. A monthly sampling was done at 3 stations studying the physicochemical and biological parameters in water and sediment at the Lake for a year. The temperature annual was measured 12.3°C and other parameters are pH as 8.8, oxygen 10, with total mean phosphate and nitrate as 0.14 & 0.8 mg/lit respectively. The chl.a mean was also measured 1.94 mg/lit. The ratio of N to P was calculated as 1:59, indicating a limiting factor for growth. Considering the trophic statues of the lake taking into account as above parameters, it is a mesotrophic lake with medium trophy. Altogether, 53 phytoplankton species were identified mostly diatoms, green algae and cyanobacteria. Although, 14 zooplankton species were identified with daphnia dominating the group. Macrobenthoses were also surveyed and 11 families were identified comprising mainly by Annelids, Gastropod, Bivalves and Insect Larvae. Other organisms were 2 dominate water plant including Phragmites australis covering at the edge of the lake and potamogeton sp in the inner parts, and also 2 fish species, common carp and Pike Perch. The diversity Shannon—Wiener index was calculated for main taxa groups with all figures lower than 3. Regarding the fish potential production of the lake based on Bramic & Lemke and morphoedophic index, it was calculated to be 20.4 kg/ha fish and a total of about 150 kg for the entire lake.

Description: Masters

Description: Advisors: Rezvan, Mosavi Nadoshan; Counsellors: Gholamhosein, Vosughi

Description: Hilsa shad, Tenuolosa ilisha, belongs to Clupeidae family and Alsinae subfamily isan euryhaline pelagic and anadromous species living in marine and freshwaterwaters.Regarding to study the biological characteristics of this species, this study wascarried out in the Northern Persian Gulf within Bushehr province waters duringyears 2006-7.A total of 344 specimens were collected and transported to the laboratory forfurther different biological measurements consist of: reproduction (GSI, fecundity,maturity stages), feeding (stomach contents, food preference ...), aging; 58morphometric and ٧ meristic measurements.The results indicate that minimum, maximum and mean body weight are 203, 953 and 481.35±147.64 g, respectively and this values for total length are 26.5, 45.1 and 35.99±3.98 cm. For food regimes, the most abundant phytoplankton foodsbelong to Bacillariophyta (83.74٪) and zooplanktons of Arthropoda (51٪). Themean RLG was measured about 1.53±0.22 and the mean feeding intensity wasabout 51.79±38.13. Also, the aging of studied fishes showed that they have 2 to 4 years and most of the samples had 2+ years.The reproduction studies showed that Indian shad is a batch spawner species. The average gonadosomatic index (GSI) is 1.64±1.382 and the main spawning season was determined for April-May.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. Keyvan, M.Soltani Counsellors: T.Valinasab, Gh.Vosoughi

Description: Phytoplankton productivity is the common and important factor being considered indetermining the overall status of a given body of water. This is because they are found atthe base of an energy or food chain, being the basic source of primary food in a givenaquatic system. Hence, information on their contribution is essential in indicating howmuch biomass energy will be available to all other living resources in the system. Thoughthe primary productivity of shallow lakes is characterized by mixed populations ofphytoplankton and submersed aquatic vegetation in the open water. Lake Choghakhor, is ashallow lake, located in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyari Province. This lake is the mostimportant ecosystem in the region especially for waterfowl populations, has a recreationalvalue and supports tourism and fisheries. During last decade Choghakhor has beeninfluenced by some man-made impacts such as water level fluctuation, agriculturaldischarge and fish (Cyprinids) introduction causing a serious problem in its trophic states.So water quality for physical, chemical and biological was monitored in five samplingstations, from April 2003 to March 2004. As biological parameters we studiedphytoplankton, epiphytic algae, and zooplankton and macrobenthose community structure.Chlorophyll a content for phytoplankton and epiphytes was measured to estimateproduction of these groups (biomass over time).Also we determined biomasses of submersed macrophytes and macrobenthose and primaryproduction of phytoplankton (dark and light bottles technique) to estimate fish production.The results of this study showed Lake Choghakhor did not undergo stable thermal andoxygen stratification, and the lake water was mixed throughout the study (the lake mixingregime is polymictic). Now submerged plants especially Myriophyllum spicatum has coveredalmost the entire lake and dense macrophyte beds (Polygonom amphibium), located on theeast southern end of the lake appear to act as a sink for these nutrients. Lake Choghakhorappeared to be in a macrophyte dominated clear water state with low TP (annual mean:24± 15μg.l-1) and chlorophyll a (annual mean: 3±1.28μg.l-1) concentrations and very highSecchi depth. The grazing pressure of dominant pelagic filtering zooplankton Daphnialongespina did not seem to be significant in determining the low phytoplankton cropexpressed as chlorophyll a. We expect that sequestering of nutrients by submerged plantsand associated epiphytes are the dominant stabilizing mechanisms suppressing thephytoplankton crop of Lake Choghakhor.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mohammad Reza Fatemi Counsellors: Abbas Esmaili Sari, Gholamhossein Vosughi

Description: The first aim of this research was to identify fatty acids, amino acids composition of Thunnustonggol roe and their changes during cold storage (-18'C). The second aim was to determinethe changes of moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the roe during one year cold storage(-18'C). 60 samples of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) ovaries were randomly collected formBandar-e-Abbas landings. The samples were frozen at-30'C and kept in cold store at -18'Cfor one year. According to a time table, the samples were examined for identification offatty acids, amino acids, moisture, protein, fat, ash, peroxide and T.V.N. and their changeswere evaluated during this time. The results showed that 26 fatty acids were identified. Theunsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 62.33 and 37.6%,respectively, in fresh roe. So that, DHA (C22:6) and oleic acid (C18:1) had high amounts(24.79 and 21.88%) among the UFA and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most content(22.75%) among the SFA. The PUFA/SFA was 0.91. Also, 17 amino acids were identifiedthat essential amino acids (EAA) and nonessential amino acids (NE) were 10478 and 7562mg/100g, respectively, and E/NE was 1.38. Among the EAA and NE, lysine (2110mg/100g)and aspartic acid (1924 mg/100g) were the most contents. Also, results showed that moisture,ash, protein and fat contents were 72.74, 1.8, 19.88 and 4.53%, respectively, in fresh roe. Theeffects of freezing and cold storage on the roes showed that UFA and SFA contents havereached to 49.83 and 48.07%, respectively, at the end of cold storage. It indicated that thesecompounds change to each other during frozen storage. Also, n-3 and n-6 series of fattyacids were 32.75 and 1.61% in fresh roe. But their contents decreased to 22.96 and 1.25% atthe end of period. Among the fatty acids, 22:6 and C16:0 had the most changes. The changesof fatty acids were significantly at 95% level except for C15:1, C18:3(n-3) and C20:4(n-6).All of the amino acids decreased in frozen storage and their changes were significantly(P〈0.05). EAA was 7818 mg/100g and E/NE was 1.27 at the end of storage period. Amongthe amino acids, leucine and lysine had the most changes. Moisture, ash, protein and fatcontents were 70.13, 1.82, 19.4 and 6.51%, respectively, at the end of storage period. Theperoxide value and T.V.N. increased during storage. So that, their contents have reached to5.86 mg/kg and 26.37 mg/100 g, respectively, at the end of frozen storage. The best shelf lifeof Thunnus tonggol roe was 6 or 7 months, because of lipid oxidation and increasing ofperoxide.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: S. Moeini Counsellors: A. Keyvan, M. Yousefian

Description: Green tiger prawn, Penaeus sentisulcatus is one of the commercial species of Persian Gulf, which is distributed from north to Strait of I Iormoze. Concerning its role in fisheries economic, various research projects on stock assessment, biology and aquaculture has been conducted. This research is targeted the identification of various populations of green tiger prawn in northern waters of Persian Gulf. The area has been divided to five regions from north to south named; Bahrakan, Boushehr, Tangestan, Motaaf and Strait of Hormoz. In each region, numbers of sampling stations trawled, and live shrimp species carried in containers equipped with air pump, to coastal laboratories in Boushehr and Bandar Abbass Fisheries Research Centers. Biometeric, morphometeric and merestic measures for 45 factars done, and peices of muscles, eye and ovary tissues dissected, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Protein extraction, and polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis by SDS-PAGE technique for tissues samples conducted. Data of 45 morphometeric and merestic characteristics analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), and clustering analysis methods. The results of analysis showed that, the populations of Bahrakan and Mota.af regions are differentiated, while population of Boushehr and Tangestan regions were mixed, and named as a single population. The analysis of electrophoretic data also confirmed this result, and showed a distinct population in Strait of Hormoz. Therefore, this research illustrated four distinct populations for P. semisulcatus in northern area of Persian Gulf, named Bahrakan (north of Boushehr), Boushehr and Tangesta.n (adjacent), Motaaf and it's south, and Strait of Hormoz. Study of morphometeric characteristics of carapace factors, genital organs, antenna and life cycle of samples of different regions resulting identification of a subspecies, which is named Penaeus seinisuleatus persicus.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Amin Keyvan Counsellros: GH. Vosoughi, S. Rezvani. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: The pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia Pharaonis) is the most abundant species in the persian gulf and oman sea. The stock patterns of this species was studied conserning biological, morphological and electrophoretical aspects. In addition to measuring the biological patterns; 21 quantitative and qualitative factors were measured or counted. There tissues namely muscle, eye and liver were also used for further polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis (SDS-Page method). The densitograms of protein bands of each tissue were prepared by Gel-Scanner and also the amount of bands' areas were estimated. The results of LSD test showed that tentacle length (TL), Tentacle club length (TCL) and TCL were indicative factors which they showed significant difference between male TL and female specimen of Bushehr and Balouchestan regions. Regarding to length and weight frequencies data the results indicated that males are always bigger than females and also, the cuttlefishes of the gulf of oman are bigger than persian gulf's samples. There were found a significant sample correlation (95%) between different quantitative parameters and the most correlation (0.963) was found to be between TL and TCL; whereas the less correlation (0.384) was observed between GL and LA3. However the gill length factor illustrated the less correlation with the other factors. The results of Cluster analysis for both sexes showed that the cuttlefishes of both studied regions belongs to seperate stocks. The electrophoretic experiments of proteins showed that the protein bands of the sample tissue of muscle and eye from both sampling areas revealed significant differences; whereas the tissue of liver wasn't recognized as an indicative tissue for population studies. Taking into consideration the findings of the present study including: (1) difference in spawning season, (2) results of dendrograms, (3) observed Significant differences in one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for morphometric measurements, (4) differences in body length and weight, (5) ecological variations of the persian gulf and oman sea, (6) as well as the results of electrophoresis of proteins have indicatend that: "The Pharaoh cuttlefishes of Bushehr and Balouchestan waters belong to two seperate stocks. Also, it is believed that each region has propably two different populations and more studies are needed to approve this result.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. Keyvan Counsellors: SH. Oryan, H. Emadi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: To determine the best time for egg stripping after ovulation and over-ripened oocyte in the Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius), the eggs were retained in theparental abdominal cavity for 40 days post-ovulation (DPO) at 7±0.6°C. Eggs were stripped every 10-day interval in 4 treatment and were fertilized with a pool of semen obtained from 8 males. Also, the physiology and biochemistry of the eggs and ovarian fluids were studied. Results showed that the level of eyed eggs and hatched alevins declined with over-ripening time: that is, the expected amounts (90.65 ± 6.28% for eyeing and 86.33 ± 6.82% for hatching) in newly ovulated eggs (0–10 DPO) decreased to 0.67 ± 1.34% and 0.49 ± 0.98%, respectively, in over-ripened eggs (30–40 DPO). However, larval abnormalities remained constant for 30-days after ovulation. During the course of oocyte over-ripening, the pH of the ovarian fluid significantly decreased and the concentration of glucose, protein, calcium, iron, and aspartate aminotransferase activity significantly increased. Moreover, the concentration of protein, triglycerides, and aspartate aminotransferase activity in the eggs also changed. In the newly ovulated egg, the yolk consisted of homogenous tissue and its perivitelline space diameter had no considerable differences. With over-ripening, the yolk became heterogeneous, while chorion diameter and micropyle did not change. The perivitelline space diameter varied among different areas. The present study demonstrated that the best time to take Caspian brown trout eggs after ovulation at 7± 0.6°C was up to 10 DPO. Among the studied parameters of the egg and ovarian fluid, egg quality was related to both ovarian fluid parameters (e.g., pH, protein, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, iron) and egg parameters (e.g., cholesterol, triglycerides, iron, aspartate aminotransferase). Thus, these parameters can be used as a egg quality markers in this species.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. Matinfar, M. Soltani Counsellors: B. Abtahi, I. Pousti

Description: Fish protein concentrate (FPC) is a healthy, sustainable and high nutritiveproduct which sanitized produced from fishes in which, protein and othernutrients are more concentrated than in fresh fishes.The aim of this research is to study on the sustainability of FPC producedfrom Kilka (Clupeonella engrauliformis , C. grimmi and C. cultriventris)in two Vaccum Packaging and Modified Atmosphere Packaging atdifferent environmental factors during six months.In our study the analysis of FPC protein showed 91.2%, lipid: 0.5%, ash:3.6%, moisture: 2.3%, Total Volatile Nitrogen: 10 ml/100gr andperoxide: 5meq/kg. Amino acids and fatty acids were also determined.Bacteria and Fungi were lower than 1000 colony. Samples are kept indifferent condition of temperature (5, 20 and 35 degree centigrade),humidity (25, 40 and 90 percent) and light and dark environment in sixmonth.Lipid rate in FPC after 6 months in VP and MAP (60% C02, 30 % N2 and10% O2), packages was decreased but was not significant (P〉0.05). It wasalso detected that increase temperature lead to more decrease in lipidcontent. Protein rate of FPC was decreased from 91.2% to 73.6% duringsix months at 35°C in VP Package and from 91.2% to 69.4% in MAPpackage. These changes were significant (P〈0.05). TVN and PV rate inFPC after 6 months in VP and MAP packages was increased but wassignificant (P〈0.05). Amino acids and fatty acids were also determined.But more changes in MAP packages was detected.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Abbas Ali Motalebi Counsellors: Wadud Rzvylar, Aliasghar Khanipoor. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: Genetic diversity of Saccostrea cucullata in the northern coast lines of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman were determined using DNA extraction and RAPD - PCR. A total of 300 samples were collected from 6 station along the coastline. Two out of six primers showed positive results namely GCG - ATC - CCC - A (Primer 1) and GTC - CAC - ACG - C (Primer 5) which were in accordance with morphometric analysis. The number of bands in the two above - mentioned primers in Khor - Tang and Chabahar station (Province of Sistan and Balouchestan) was significantly different from the number of produced bands in Dayer and Bushehr station (Province of Bushehr) as well as Gheshm and Bandar - Lengeh station (Province of Hormozgan). The cluster analisys was used to confirm the above variations. The results showed that the oyster population can be divided into two separate clusters. The first cluster included Bushehr Dayer Gheshm and Bandar - Lengeh species. The second cluster included Khor - Tang and Chabahar species. The analysis also showed that the first cluster can be divided into two Sub — cluster. Bushehr and Dayer belong to one Sub - cluster whereas Gheshm and Bandar - Lengeh form the other Sub — cluster. The formation of different vluster can be related to Physico - Chemical properties of water and climatic variations in different habitats along the Persion Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Key words: Molecular genetics, Population, RAND, PCR' Saccostrea cucullata

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: GH. Vousughi, S. Rezaei Counsellors: A. Keyvan, M. Fatemi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: In Iranian Coastline water of Persian Gulf we researched about flat fishes and revision their Scientitic names, Investigated diversity species (Pleuronectiformes) around three provinces such as khouzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgen. The aim focuse on introducting major family and Species Identification for this Purpose 1311 Specimens collected. Then 36 investigation Parameters includes 18 Morphometric, 11 meristic, 7 distribution has been measured in Excel. The descriptive statistic in spss software would be able us to graph dendrograms by Clustering methods, then Design a standerd table and comparised all the datas with it six major family has been found in Iranian Coasline which named: Soleidae, Bothidae Paralichtidae, Cynoglossidae, Psettodidae, Citharidae. Some of the scientific species names such as Pseudorombus arsius, P. annulatus, P. elevatus, P.malayanus, P. triocellatus from Bothidae family Join it to Paralichtidae family and Eurylossa orientalis change It's name from Soleidae family to Brachirus onentalis. Cynoglossus, bilineatus, C.Puncticepts, C.durbaensis, Clachneri, one of the most Important Point that viewed in our samples, founding a new species (C.Sp) Which we couldn't identify it with all the known keys, then sent it to international Scientific references for this porpose. (Family Cynoglossidae); Pseudorombus annulatus, P. elevatus P.arsius, P.malayanus, paralichtodes algoensis, Poecilopstei Javanicus (Family paralichthidae) Arnoglossus aspilos,A.arabicits, Engyprosopon grandisquama, L.pectoralis, Pseudorombus navalensis, Psettina brevirictis (family Bothidae); Psettodes erumei (Family Psettodidae); Citharoides macrolepis (Family Citharidae) in khouzestan Brachirus orientalis, Parachirus marmoratus, solea elongata, Zebrias synapturides (Family Soleidae) Cynoglossus bilineatus, C.puncticeps, C.arel, C.kopsii, C. Capenis (Family cynoglossida); Pseudorombus arsius, P. elevatus, P. malayanus, Poecilopstei javanicus (Family Paralichthidae); Laeops guentheri, Arnoglossus aspilos, Engyprosopon grandisquama (Family Bothidae); Psettodes erumei (Family psettodidae) in Bushehr. Brachirus orientalis, Parachirus marmoratus (Family Soleidae); Cynoglossus arel, C.bilineatus, C.Puncticeps, C. lachheri (Family cynoglossidae); Pseudorombus arisus, P. elevatus, P. malayanus, Poecilopestie j avanicus (Family parlichthidae); Arnoylossus aspilos, A. arabicus, Laeopes guentheri (Family Bothidae); Psettodes erumei (Family Psettodidae); Citharoides macrolepis (Family Citharidae) In Hormozgan. Khozestan has the maximus diversity speices (26 species) and the minimum is Hormozgan (15 Speices). 13 species of five family has never reported inpersian Gulf but we identify them in our studies for the first time. We abserved 29 Species of six family in our studies, comparision between are resualts with other researches shows that this use is the most compelet study in Iranian coastline water of Persian Gulf.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A.Keyvan Counsellors: GH.Vossoughi M.R. Ahmadi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: At the fishing season, in 2000, samples of species persian sturgeon (A. persicus), Severjuga (A. stellatus) and Mullet (L. aurata), were caught from the southern coasts of Caspian Sea and were freezes and preserved in the cold storage for one year They have also become biometery. The tissue's fillet were identified in order to determined the Fatty Acids. This was done during one year, frequently, fresh, two weeks after freezing and then monthly, respectively. So, after the extraction of lipids from the tissues and methylation, was injected to the gas-liquid Chromatography. After calibration, identified Fatty Acids were compared with standards according to their Retention Times. Peroxid value, lipid content and humidity were controlled. The unsaturated Fatty acids had The most amount, and a plenty of Polyunsaturated Fatty acids (PUFA) were observed, so that linoleic (C18:2), a-linolenic (C18:3), Arashidonic (C20:4), EPA (C20:5) and DHA (C22:6) Fatty acids had high amounts. The w-3, PUFA were more in comparison with w-6. The effects of freezing and cold storing on the fish fatty acids , were evaluated by the statistical tests , like SPSS, Tukey, Homogenous and Anova, and showed that in some species, a group of Fatty acids, specially PUFA, had some variation. The peroxide value that indicates the lipid deterioration, increased during toring. So, the best term if preserving in the cold storage, were determined and their Nutrition value and Medical applications due to their consumption were investigated.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Sohrab Moeini Counsellors: Amin Keyvan, Mehdi Yousefian

Description: This research was conducted to identify Cuttlefish population (Sepia pharaonis) in The Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea using PCR-RFLP. Specimens were collected from )0 different stations. Bottom trawling method was used for sampling from different zones of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, and finally specimens from S. Pharaonis were collected at each station . DNA was extracted by phenol—Coloroform method. One pair primer was designed based on 1As rRNA gene nucleotide sequences. The results obtained from 1 As rRNA gene RFLP, which was reproduced by PCR technique, were analyzed and utilized for study of diversity of the Cuttlefish population. PCR product with o pair base in length achieved for all specimens, which was subjected to enzymatic digestion by A restriction action enzymes: Alu I-Taq I-Mnl I-Rsa I-Hind III-Dra I-vu II and Hae II DNA bands patterns in all specimens digested by those enzymen showed similarity with no any polymorphism. From this result, it can be concluded that there is not any possibility to isolate different populations in the studied Cuttlefish species under exploitation of rRNA gene.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Gh. Vosoughi, S. Rezvani gilkolahi Counsellors: A. Keyvan, B. Kazemi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: The present study with headline investigation on reproduction in two species of crab Eriphia sebana and Ocypode saratan was carried out in the intertidal zone of Chabahar in thirteen month from December 2004 to December 2005. Checked samplings have been taken, 45 number Crab monthly from any four stations by manual or use trap. During this study the following subjects were measured: temperature range and salinity, measurable coast granule, determination of sex ratio, relations carapace width with carapace length, Carapace width with total body weight, Gonad weight, gonadosomatic index, condition factor, gastrosomatic index, investigation content in stomach, LM50, growth parameters, plenty distribution length and width and gonad weight and total body weight. Studied on measurable coast granule were expressed that Ocypode saratan in Desalination station, were nest in soils equable sand and this quantity were confirmed in Pozm station. Sex ratio were assign in desalination area and Pozm M: F 0/44:0/56 and in Tiss and Chabahar M:F 0/45:0/55. Carapace length and carapace width (cm) and body weight (g) Furthest were designated in Ocypode saratan within carapace width sequential: In female: 5/42-6/15-105/13 and in male: 5/53-6/25-108/91 and in Eriphia sebana within Tiss area sequential: in female: 5/12-5/94-110/21 and in male 5/14-60/01-114/37. Have been linear relationship between carapace length and carapace width and equaled CW=aCL+b. Weight growth in two species were be modal and equaled BW=aCLb And increased crab weight by built up carapace width. Maximum gonad weight in Ocypode saratan within Desalination area in female have been outcome 3/39 and in male 0/84g and in Eriphia sebana extreme within Tiss during may in female were be 4/18 and in male 1/1g. Stomach content in Eriphia sebana were involved a black until half-purplish liquid and yellowish in Ocypode saratan. Stomach contents identifiable were being in four groups: Molluscoid, Crustacean, Plankton and Fish. Carapace width during the first year of maturation have been LM50:3/77 in Desalination area and LM50:3/92 in Pozm for Ocypode saratan and LM50:4/26 in Tiss and LM50:4/62 in Chabahar. Ability spawning in Eriphia sebana within Tiss has been CW=4/17cm and in Ocypode saratan within Desalination area CW=4/23cm. Maximun value of Loo for Eriphia sebana was equal 59/67 and growth factor K=0/68 within Tiss and Loo =61/64, K=0/65 for Ocypode saratan within Desalination area. Maximun GSI and GI have been within Desalination area and Tiss and minimum within Pozm and Chabahar. The maturity stages of two species were classifed into six stages. Review on GSI, CF have been showed that relation with temperature and salinity and definer in two species have been spawned in two period that Maximun in spring premier than autumn.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: GH.Vossoughi Counsellors: S.M.R.Fatemi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: Bream (Abramis brava orientalis) is one of Cyprindae the Caspian Sea and its basin which has a special ecological, biological and economical role. Stock of this fish in the Caspian Sea has reduced during several years for different reason the over fishing, different industrial, agriculture, urban pollution and destroy of the spawning habitat. So that fishery company decided to recover the stock of this fish by the way of artificial reproduction of a Bream couple hunted from south coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran) and setting the fingerling to the rivers and inflow wetlands of the Caspian Sea.This activity has due to 20 tons Bream annual fishing in the Iranian South coast of the Caspian Sea (Gilan province coast and Anzali wetland), The artificial reproduction has decreased Bream population diversity of Caspian sea and Anzali wetland.So it has been declined to improve Braem population diversity by the entrance of Azerbijan republic Bream and encounter to the Caspian sea Bream. Meanwhile there is Bream in the Aras Dam Lake which had been forgotten by the Fishery Company of Iran .For this reason specifications morphometric, meristic and inter species Molecular Genetic have been surveyed in Anzali wetland,Southern coast of Caspian Sea ,Aras Darn Lake and Azerbijan republic during 2003-2005. According to the research on specifications of Morphometric and Meristic of Anzali wetland(120 species),Southern coast of Caspian Sea(90 species), Aras Dam Lake(110 species) and Azerbijan Republic(125 species)has Morphometric and Meristic differences. So that average weight and total length of Anzali wetland Bream respectively was 167 g and 23/76 cm, 102 g and 27/62 cm in Caspian Sea , 461 g and 3 5/38 cm in Aras Darn Lake and 3 4189 g and 15/21 cm in Azerbijan republic (We forced to use 1 year Bream of artificial reproduction in Iran). Also variation coefficient average Morphometric, Morphometric specification Ration and meristic in Anzali wetland Bream was 17/45, 21/56 and 4/63, in Caspian Sea bream 22/58, 15/27 and 3124, in Aras Dam lake Lake 17145. 1.5/27 and 3/57 and Azerbaijan republic Bream 22/29, 19/66 and 4/22. Also Bream of these four regions in general status had Morphometric significant differences based on One Way ANOVA Analysis. Meanwhile Anzali wetland Bream with Caspian Sea Bream from 41 Morphometric surveyed factors in 33 factors, with Aras Darn Lake Bream in 41 factors, with Azerbkjan republic Bream in 41 factors,Caspian Sea Bream with Aras Darn Lake Bream in 36 factors,with Azerbijan republic B ream in 40 factors and A ras Dam L ake Bream with Azerbijan republic Bream in 38 factors had significant statistical differences. These four regions Bream had differences according to the Morphomertric specification ration based on One Way ANOVA Analysis. Also Anzali wetland Bream was surveyed with Caspian Sea Bream from 37 factors i n 27 factors, Anzali wetland Bream with Aras Dam 1ake in 37 factors Anzali wetland Bream with Azerbijan republic Bream in 32 factors,Caspian sea bream with Arsa Dam Lake Bream in 26 factors, Caspian Sea Bream with Azerbijan republic Bream in 29 factors and Aras Dam Lake Bream with Azerbijan republic Bream in 34 factor had significant statistical differences. Based on Meristic factor of four regions bream in 16 surveyed factors in 10 factors had meaningful differences according to the One Way ANOVA Analysis. While Anzali wetland Bream was surveyed with Caspian Sea Bream from in 3 factors,Anzali wetland Bream with Aras Dam lake in 8 factors,Anzali wetland Bream with Azerbijan republic B ream in 6 factors,Caspian Sea bream with Arsa Dam Lake Bream in 6 factors,Caspian sea Bream with Azerbijan republic Bream in 3 factors and Aras Dam Lake Bream with Azerijan republic Bream in 8 factor had significant statistical differences.Meanwihle based on Factor Analysis and Discriminant Breams had differences. Also according to the resrarchs Anzali wetland Bream in 0+ age group till 5+ (6 age groups),Caspian Sea bream in 1+ - 5+(5 age groups),Aras Darn Lake Bream in 1+ - 7+ (7 age groups) and Azerbijan republic Bream for Morphometric and Meristic studies in 1+age group and for molecular Genetic reaserch were in 8+and 9+ age groups. According to the research 4 ecosystems Bream in status of same age, Aras lake Bream were bigger according to weight and length.Also in this research genetic diversity between four population was researched by PCR-RFLP technic on a piece of mitochondrion genome with the length of 3500bp contain of tRNA-leu,tRNA-glu,ND5/6,Cytb. Between 17 used enzyme. 4 enzyme, Dral, Bc11, Haefll and Banff showed diversity in totally 6 composite haplotype was detected. Maximum nucleotide diversity by the value% 0/58 in Azerbijan republic Bream by all haplotype. Aras darn Lake Bream had 2 haplotype and nucleotide diversity of %0/35.Anzali wetland and Caspian Sea Bream had no diversity. Statistical analysis by the usage of Monte Carlo with 1000 repeat showed significant differences between Azerbaijan Bream and other Bream(P〈0/0001) but there was no significant difference between 3 regions Bream(P〉0/5).

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Amin Keyvan Counsellors: Gh. Vosoghi, Mohammad Pourkazemi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: Schizothorax zarudnvi, is an endemic fish of east country waters. (Triple lagoons of Hamoon and relevant water resources) that in the world it is reported in this resource specially. This fish named Hamoon mahi is one of the most economically valuable species in this region. Because of the recent years droughts, Hamoon logoon has been drive since 2000. Also, semi-wells (a semi natural resource) were affected drastically by recent drought years and their volume reduced to nearly one third of their real volume and resulted in changing at growth and reproduction physiology process in Schizothorax zanidnyi, brood stocks. Beginning of this project was done from October 2003. It's field studies begun (brood catching) since November 2001 by two methods including entangling gairs and at semi wells of Sistan that (Beach seine) had maximum rate of preparing qualified brood stocks. Broods transferred to Cyprinidea reproduction work shop of Zahak and after taking primary measures they stored in to the edaphic pools. Increasing the success safety factor (coefficient) for artificial reproduction of Sthizothorax zarudnyi , identifying the appropriate tune for Hormonal acceptance (physiological preparation of broods) is needed , so this important work was done regularly by histological studies and GSI measurements since November. Highest GSI rates of females (%80.51) and highest IV stage abundance of sexual maturity (%l 00) were observed an march. On the base of this date, Hormone therapy was done on broods on march. The used hormones are as follows Hypophysis. extraction, GnRHa and Anti Dopamin at the dozes of 3-6 ml, 20-30kg and 10-15 ml per kg body weight respectively and 2-3 times from 11-12-80 they were injected. Injected broods kept in to two circumstances, flow-through (rounded pool) and stagnant systems. In stagnant system 14 and 19 individuals of female and male (Schizothorax zauiulnri) broods, respectively injected in 11th, 15111, 19th, and 24th of march 1380. Non of the injected broods in 11 and 15 and 19th march (in stagnant Condition) answered to Hormone therapy. After final injection broods had general less activity and a few of them died. Mean temperature of brood pond waters (daily) which were injected. Fluctuated between 10-25-13. 63°c but injected broods on 24th march had different characteristics. They had pale color and had few fecundity. In this stage of injection they hadn't any successful vulation. After injection, Mean daily water temperature was 15, 88-17, 54°c. In Flowing system, 13-16 individual of males and females respectively were injected on 15th, 19th, 22th and 23th march. None of injected producers on 15th and 19th march with mean daily water temperature of 10, 25-12°c were prepared for spawning but injected producers on 22nd an 23th march with mean daily water temperature of 13.5-1 rc responded about 75-100 percent. (Schizothorax zarudnyi) brood stocks were prepared for spawning after 353-428 hours/day from final injection. Diameter of obtained eggs (before fertilization) was between 1.9-2.3 min and of fertilized eggs was 3.8mm. Fertilized eggs of (Schizothorax zarudnyi) were hatched after 6-7 days with mean water temperature of 17.08°c. Mean length of on one day larvae was 9.47 mm. Larvae was 9.47 mm. Larvae adsorbed the whole yolk sac after , 5-6 days at 17- 1°c and were prepared for releasing in to edaphic pools. Because of the lack of necessary and complementary facilities in the region , they had to release them in to veniros and growing them for 8 days. At the end of 18th day , 35000 larvae (at first) released into an edaphic pond with a volume of 150m2. After growing them for one moth , mean length and weight of new hatched larvae was 29.41 mm and 1.12►r , respectively. With respect to results of this investigation , artificial reproduction of (Schizothorax zarudnyi) Can be possible at 14-17°C and flowing water with Hormonal treatment. It -s breeding has increased development than other cultural specious in the region. Due to high economical value of this specious in Sistan and ti-s specialization east waters of Iran and having high resistance and proper growth There is a need of it's development and reproduction and culture in fish culture fanns (edaphic ponds• two-purpose pools) at the region and country.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Gh. Vosughi, H. Emadi Consellors: M.R. Fatemi, A. Matinfar

Description: This study was conducted to assay the effects of different levels of dietary vitamins C and E on growth indices and survival and resistance against thermal stress of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in pond culture of Marzan abad from December 2011 to February 2011. Seven diets were supplemented. 300 fish with the average weight of 17 g were introduced to ponds for 60 days. The results showed that the highest and the lowest weight gain were in fish fed with diet containing 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E and 0 mg/kg vitamin C and E(control) , respectively. The highest and the lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured in control and diet 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E. There is a significant difference in their treatments (P〈0.05). Also, the lowest and highest amount of Weight Gain (WG) were observed in (E) treatment with 165.04% and 117.5% in control, the highest and lowest Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Condition Factor (CF) was found in control and treatment 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E, respectively(P〈0.05). In conclusion vitamin C and E have an important role in enhancement of growth performance and feed efficiency of rainbow trout.The highest red blood cells were found in combined treatments and which the vitamin C was added.The highest RBC were found in E treatment(1.1×104 /mm3) and the lowest one in control (P˂0.05). Counting white blood cells also confirmed highest quantity in combined treatments with (69.83×104/mm3) and the lowest one (28.83×104 /mm3) in control. In conclusion these vitamins have a significant role in blood characteristics. Meantime, the resistance against termal stress was measured at the end of 60 days by facing fishes into 5 centigrade warmer water so consentration of Cortisol and Glucose measured for this reason.The lowest cortisol amount was measured in E treatment with 188.74 ng/ml and the highest was found in control(P〈0.05). There was a significant difference in blood glucose consentration of fishes in F treatment with (78.66 mg/dl) and control with 136 mg/dl as a highest one(P〈0.05).

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors:A. Matinfar, M. Shamsaei Consulting advisor: M. Soltani

Description: Biodegradable protein-based film was developed by incorporating cinnamon essential oil(CEO) into whey protein concentrate (WPC) at level of 0.8% and 1.5% v/v. Then physicaland mechanical properties of the films were evaluated. Adding CEO to the WPC matrixdecreased the water vapour permeability of the films and water solubility. Films containingCEO showed significant antibacterial activity both gram-positive and gram-negative strainsand exhibited significant inhibitory effect on the studied fungi. In continue, the effect ofwhey coating and whey coating incorporated with 1.5% CEO on quality and shelf life ofHuso huso fillet during refregrated (4±1°C) storage period were also investigated. The controland treated fish samples were analyzed for microbiological (total viable count, psychrophiliccounts), chemical (PV, TBA, FFA, pH, TVB-N), and sensory characteristics in 4-dayintervals up of microbial, chmical and sensoy analyses indicated lower levels of PV, TBA,FFA, pH, TVB-N in coasted sampels and specially, those with CEO while were kept inrefrigerator. Based on results, whey protein edible coating contain 1.5% cinnamon essentialoil could enhance preserving ability Huso huso during storage cold.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: M. Rezaei Counsellors: M. Soltioni, A. kamali

Description: The ever-increasing population of the world and the growing need for animal protein has doubled the modern man’s demand for food. Additionally, the improvement in the general public health, and the worsening of environmental/ecological pollution have prompted today’s world to look for ways to procure healthy food. And one such attempt is the use of natural preservatives to decrease the bacterial load in foodstuffs, in other words, to increase their durability.This study evaluates the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Bioss (EO 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405%) and Nisin (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 μg/ml) and storage time (9 days) on the growth of Lactococcus garvieae Ir-170A(856bp) alone, and their combination in a food model system (fillets of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Additionally, the growth of a sample of this bacteria in laboratory conditions was studied.The results of this study showed that different concentrations of Nisin had a significant impact (p〈0.05) on Lactococcus garvieae.With the value of t in 0.75 μg/ml, the effectiveness rose to 65.77%; the biggest effect on Lactococcus garvieae. And the effect at 4 0C exceeded 80C.The study has also demonstrated that all concentrations of Zataria multiflora Bioss were effective against Lactococcus garvieae. However, with the value of t at 0.405%, the effectiveness was 71.91%. This value had the biggest effect on Lactococcus garvieae. At 4 0C, the effect surpassed the one at 80C.The synergistic effects of the EO and Nisin showed that with the value of t at 0.405% EO and 0.75 μg/ml Nisin was 14.62% had the greatest effect on Lactococcus garvieae.In this study, multi-factorial effects for different concentrations of Zataria multiflora Bioss (EO 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.0025%), three different concentrations of122Nisin (0, 0.25,0.75 μg/ml) and two different levels of PH (5.5 , 7) at two incubation temperatures (15,37) on logp% of Lactococcus garvieae during 43 days in BHI broth were evaluated. Most of the effects on Lactococcus garvieae occurred in PH 5.5 and at a temperature of 150C.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mehdi Soltani, A. Akhondzadeh Basti. counsellor: A. Kamali

Description: The main aim of this research was to identify fatty acids composition of Caspian sea of White fish Rutilus frisi kutum tissue and their changes during one year cold storage (-18Ċ).The secondary aim was to determine the changes of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and to investigate the effects of storage time on peroxide, TBAi, FFA, and extractability of myofibrillar proteins of the fish tissue during one year cold storage (-18 Ċ). 10 samples of (Rutilus frisi kutum) were randomly collected from Anzali landings. The samples were frozen at -30 Ċ and kept in cold storage at -18Ċ for one year. According to time table, the samples were examined. The results showed that 27 fatty acids were identified. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 74/09 and 21/63 %, respectively, in fresh tissue. So that DHA (C22:6) oleic acid (C18:1c) had high amounts (15/07 ,20/57 ) among the UFA and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most (13/09 %) among the SFA. The effects of freezing and cold storage on fish tissue showed that UFA and SFA contents have reached to 58/79 and 22/17 %, respectively, at the end of cold storage. It indicated that these compound change to each other during frozen storage. Also ω-3 and ω-6 series of fatty acids was 24/22 and 15/56% in fresh tissue, but their contents decreased to 8/68 and 5/11% at the end of period. Among the fatty acids C22:6, C18:1c and C16:0 had the most changes. The changes of fatty acids were significantly at 95% level expected for C18:0. Results showed that moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 75/9±0/03, 1/28±0/012, 21/8±0/2, and 4/1±0/01 % respectively, in fresh tissue. The moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 72/3±0/04, 1/83±0/05, 1/91±0/01 and 19/9±0/01 % respectively, at the end of storage period. Lipid damage was measured on the basis of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and Thiobarbituric acid index (TBA-i). PV, TBARS and FFA concentration of frozen Caspian Sea white fish stored at -18 Ċ the temporal variation of these three variables were statistically significant (p〈0.001). Results of White fish myofibrillar proteins showed aggregation of bound reduced for stored at 12 months. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that, the intensity of the myosin heavy chain and actin bound was reduced with increasing storage time. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that myosin heavy chain was much more susceptible to hydrolysis than actin.Key words: Rutilus frisi kutum, frozen storage, ω-3, ω-6, protein myofibrillar

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Sohrab Moeini, Nasser Ghaemi Counsellors: A.K. Haghdost

Description: In this study microbiological , chemical quality and fatty acid composition ofgrass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets treated by dipping in sodiumacetate (%1 and %3), nisin (% 0.1 and % 0.2) and combination of sodiumacetate and nisin was evaluated during 16 days of refrigerated of 4°CAntilisterial effect of nisin was enhanced with the increased concentration ofsodium acetate. At day 12 post storage, Listeria monocytogenese count washigher in the control group than the recommended value, however in sodiumacetate and nisin treated samples, the count was lower (5.17-5.91 log cfu/g).With increasing the concentrations of sodium acetate, mesophilic counts werelower. Regarding nisin, better results was obtained by applying %0.1 nisin.Greater inhibition of mesophile bacteria was observed when combinationtreatment was used. The number of lactobacillus was lower when higherconcentrations of sodium acetate and nisin were used.Total Volatile Nitrogen values at the end of the experiment were lower in thesamples treated with both nisin and sodium acetate and the better results wereobtained in combination treatments. Peroxide (PV) at the end of the experimentwas 1.9 meq/kg in control, and the lowest values were observed for thetreatments 3(%0 sodium acetate +% 0.2 nisin) and 9(%3 sodium acetate +% 0.2nisin) between 1.08 and 1.62 meq/kg without significant difference.Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) levels at the end of experiment have been shown tobe 0.46 mg malonaldehyde per kg in the control. On the other hand treatments 9had the TBA values of 0.19 mg malonaldehyde per kg which was significantlylower than that of control.Polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by increasing the sodium acetate dosesand instead saturated fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio decreased. The ratio ofUFA/SFA and also C22:6/C16:0 increased when a higher concentration ofsodium acetate has been used. The best result obtained by using 3% of sodiumacetate but no such relation with nisin was observed.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mehdi Soltani, Abolghasem Kamali Counsellors: Mohammad Reza Ghomi, Seyed Ebrahim Hoseini

Description: Effects of different thawing method i.e. in a refrigerator, in water, at air ambient temperature and in a microwave oven on proximate, chemical (PV, TBA, FFA, TVB-N, SSP, FA), biochemical (pH, WHC,ThL), microbial (total viable, psychrotrophic, coliform, Shewanella and yeast-mould count) and sensory analysis were carried out on frozen whole Caspian sea Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) and Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) carcasses. The values of ash, protein, SSP, WHC, PUFA, PUFA/SFA. EPA+DHA/C16:0, pH, and microbial count of thawed samples decreased significantly while fat, PV, TBA, FFA, TVB-N, SFA and MUFA increased compared to the fresh fish (unfrozen) as control samples. Also, sensory evaluation all of thawed samples showed a significant (p〈0.05) quality loss compared to the fresh fish as control samples. The lowest chemical and biochemical values as well as microbial growth were determined in water thawed samples. Therefore, based on this study thawing in water is most suitable for frozen whole rainbow trout.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Masoud Rezaei, Mehdi Soltani Counsellors: Mohammad Haghighi, Reza Pourgholam

Description: This present work study on water quality and benthic Macro invertebrate in Gorganrood, river. The research was carried out at 6 sampling site and the abundance and diversity of benthos were monitored along the length of river between 2007_2008_14 families were recorded in phyla, namely Annelidae, Mollusca,....The greatest number of species was at 1 st station and the least number was at 6th station. The upper section supported more diverse community then the lower section.A low macro invertebrate abundance was observed during spring as a result of heavy rainfall and flood, and generally in all lowest section because of high valve of nitrogen and other nutrients.Water physiochemical parameters such as Phosphate, Nitrate,TPS and others were measured and water quality were studied through different indices such as saprobic system, Helsinhoff (FBI), BMWP and the results were compared and evaluated by physical chemical and parameters. The result indicated that the water quality in the up stream and the middle were good to fair, but the down stream qualities were pour at all sites.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Behruz Dehzad Counsellors: Amin Keyvan, GH. Vosoughi. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: Spined loach, Cobitis taenia, is a predominant fish in the river systems of the southernCaspian Sea basin. Although there is evidence of the geographical divergence of this taxon,but no information is available on morphological differences within the species populations.This study was designed to evaluate some biological factors including; morphometric andmeristic characters, length-weight, age-growth, condition factor, diet, reproduction, variationand differentiation, in the Babolrud, Talar and Siahrud Rivers in south of the Caspian Seabasin. Age, sex ratio, fecundity, ova diameter and gonadosomatic index were estimated. Also,regression analyses was tested the relation between fecundity and fish length, weight, gonadweight, and also age. Totally 858 fish of which 721 were matures, were collected from theserivers by electrofishing. 37 morphometric characters, 9 meristic characters and 78 trussnetwork system characters were estimated. Resulats of DFA analysis based on data ofmorphometric and meristic showd that these populations are highly (94.5%) varios from eachother. In discriminate function analysis, the proportion of individuals correctly classified intotheir original groups was 61%, 65.4% and 86.5% for upstream and downstream, respectively.Clustering based on Euclidean distances among groups of centroids using an UPGMA andalso principal component analysis’ results for morphometric data indicated that thesepopulations from these three rivers were clearly distinct from each other. Regressionequations between length and weight in these three populations were significantly differentfrom Folton factor (b=3), that showed the fish has a negative Alometric growth process.Condition factor was estimated between 0.8912 to 1.2736 and 0.8131 to 1.4489 for males andfemales, respectively. Sex ratio (female: male) in these populations was 1.2816:1. Thedifference between the number of females and males was significant and females were morethan males. The female and male specimens reach maturity by Tl more than 40 and 30 mmand at the age of 2+ and 1+, respectively. The mean of ova diameter was 0.5824±0.2882. Thespawning took place from May to late July, at the water temperature from 18.7 to 24.0°C. TheGSI values average at the beginning of the reproduction period was about 9%, with rangedfrom 2 to 26% in ripe mature females. The absolute and relative fecundity were 2109±792and 579±208 respectively. The absolute fecundity was significantly related to body weightand gonads weight. Based on the pattern of gonado-somatic index, it was concluded that thisfish has prolong active reproductive period, which is a type of adaptation by short-lived smallfishes to environmental conditions. The macroscopic and histological results showed that thefemale and male have 5 and 4 stages in their maturation process, respectively. The RLG indexwas about 0.4732, which showed the fish is a carnivorous species. Significant difference wasobserved between fishes with different length and diet. The main foods of the fish wereTrichoptera, Chironomidae larvae and Ephemeroptera which were their prefered food as well,however it was estimated that the food selection and diet are affected by environmentalconditions.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Abolghasem Kamali, Mehdi Soltani. Counsellors: Hossein Ali Khoshbavar Rostami, Ali Bunny

Description: Bioassays were carried out to consider the relative effect of barley and rice straw extracts on the growth of 12 problematic freshwater algae. The laboratory resultsdemonstrated that growth of Microcystis aeruginosa; Aphanizomenon flos–aquae, Anabaena flos–aquae, Synura petersenii, and Dinobryon sertularia were all inhibited,whereas Oscillatoria tenuis, Asterionella formosa, Spirogyra sp., and Hydrodictyon reticulatum grown were stimulated by the barley straw extract. No significant effect was also found on the growth of Chlorella kessleri, Scenedesmus subspicatus, and Navicula pelliculosa.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Yousef Filizadeh Consellors: Mehdi Soltani, Mohammad Hussein Fotokian

Description: Spirulina is a filamentous cyanobacteria with many applications in food and drug industries,as a food in human, aquaculture, vet and poultry industries… . Semi and mass culture ofSpirulina carries out in different countries. This study was carried out in five phases in order to produce this microalga in Iran. The first phase, Spirulina pure stock was imported fromIndonesia. After identification of species, it was cultured in laboratory until we took 20 litersof biomass. The semi-mass culture was carried out in green house. Cell concentration and size of Spirulina were recorded during culture daily and their growth rates were calculated. After two weeks, when the size of Spirulina was suitable, biomass of Spirulina was harvestedthen accumulated Spirulina weighted and dried in 24 hours in laboratory. In order to microbiological study, the samples of Spirulina (dry and fresh) were cultured on blood agar medium and coliforms were counted. The chemical composition of produced Spirulina was measured by standard methods. Fatty acid and amino acid profiles were acquired by GC andHPLC instruments, respectively. The amount of chlorophyll in Spirulina was determined by spectroscopy method. Also astaxanthin pigment as an important carotenoid was measured by HPLC in Spirulina and Penaeus semisulcatus larvae fed on Spirulina. At final phase of thisproject, larva fed on produced Spirulina (biomass and dry powder) was compared to Z plus,microencapsulated Spirulina (M.C.F) and Chaetoceros algae as control. This experiment was carried from zoa to early post larvae stage then survival and growth rate of larvae were recorded. The growth rate of larvae was evaluated with ANOVA test and survival rate oftreatments was assessed by Log Rank (Mantel –Cox) test. Also during larvae stage, two parameters of water such as nitrate and nitrite were measured in zoa, mysis and post larvae stages.The results of this study were shown that colifom counts were 1.85×106 and 92.3×105coliform per ml in fresh and dry spirulina, respectively. Protein percent of dry spirulina was 50.93 % (dry weight) and the amount of astaxanthin in spirulina and larvae fed on spirulinawere 0.21 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The most survival rate of larvae were observed in zoa III (88.8%) with Z plus supplement treatment, in mysis III (76.5%) combination of Z plus and dry spirulina in comparative between treatments. Larvae growth (4.5mm) of control inearly post larvae was the best.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Abbas Matinfar. Counsellors: Mehdi Soltani, Mohammad Rabani

Description: Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that profitably affect the host byselectively stimulating the growth and /or activation of one or a limited numberof bacteria in the intestine that can enhance host health status. Immunoster (IS)and Immunowall (IW) are prebiotics and immunostimulants derived from theouter cell wall of brewers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These substancescontain MOS and �-glucans.After a four-week acclimatization period to rearing conditions and basal diet,450 farmed great sturgeon juveniles weighing 95.58 ± 9.38 g were randomlydistributed into 15 fiberglass tanks (2 × 2 × 0.53 m) in five treatments (Control,IS 1%, IW 1%, IS 3%, and IW 3%) in three replicates (completely randomizeddesign) and kept at a density of 30 fish per tank for a period of 8 weeks at watertemperature 20.55 ± 5.11ºC, dissolved oxygen 6.73 ± 0.35 mg L-1 and pH 7.92 ±0.09. IS and IW were added at two levels of 1% and 3% to the basal diet in placeof cellulose, except the control. At the beginning, in the middle and at the end ofthe trial, carcass analysis was done to determine the moisture, protein, fat, ash,and total carbohydrate. Also, blood samples were collected to measurehematological, biochemical and immune indices.At the end of the trial, final weight, final length, body weight increase (BWI),specific growth rate (SGR), average daily growth (ADG), protein efficiencyratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and condition factor (CF) in fish fedon IS and IW in both levels 1% and 3% showed some differences. Thesedifferences were significant in IS 3% and IW 1% and 3% compared with thecontrol (P〈0.05). HSI showed no significant difference (P〉0.05) and survivalrate was 100% in all treatments.Crude protein of carcass in fish fed on IS and IW at 1% and 3% showed anincrease in comparison with the control. There was significant differencebetween IS 3% and the control in crude protein of carcass (P〈0.05).Fish fed on IS and IW at 1% and 3% showed various results in hematologicaland biochemical factors. It was observed significant difference in MCV betweenIW 1% and IS 3% compared with the control (P〈0.05).Although there was an increase in values of hematocrit, hemoglobin (except IS1%), WBC (except IW 3%), MCH, neutrophil, total protein, albumin (except IS3%), K+, and lysozyme in fish fed on IS and IW compared with the control, itwas no significant (P〉0.05). The maximum count of WBC and the highest valueof Ca2+ were seen in IW 1%. The maximum count of lymphocyte, the highestvalues of total protein, albumin and IgM were recorded in IW 3%. IS 1% hadthe maximum count of neutrophil and the highest concentration of lysozyme.Based on obtained results, it can be declared that IS and IW at two levels of 1%and 3% can enhance growth performance and feed efficiency and also improvesome hematological, biochemical, and immune indices in farmed great sturgeonjuveniles.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mehdi Soltani, Mahmoud Bahmani. Counsellors: Abbas Ali Zamini

Description: The biological characteristics and population dynamisms of Sphyraena putnamae, were studied in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea restricted to Hormuzgan province waters within 13 months period, from November 2006 up to November 2007. Biometrical and anatomical measurements were carried out, and biological surveys were conducted on 486 specimens. On the other hand, the growth and mortality parameters were estimated by using 3096 samples. These samples were collected from 3 landings, namely Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh and Bandar Jask. The measurements of the minimum and maximum Fork lengths and weights were 11.7 to 8.03 cm and 135.0 to 4140.0 g, respectively. The results indicated that this species, having the Relative Length of Gut, RLG=0.34±0.002, is strongly carnivorous (often fish-eater), proven by the fact that more than 98% of its stomach contents were fish pieces. Examining the changes in the index of stomach emptiness by the percentage of CV = 0.47% indicates that this fish is Moderate feeder. The level of feeding increased in March, before spawning and decreased in June and September, simultaneously with the spawning season. There are 2 peaks of reproduction or spawning seasons during the months of April-May and September, of which the prior is assumed as the main spawning. The sex ratio (M:F) was calculated 0.5:1.0(X2 =2.11), which did not show a significant difference with expected level of 1:1 (P〉0.05). The average absolute and relative reproduction rates of Sphyraena putnamae is respectively as follows:1866827.1±255448.9 and 1097.7±94.3. The highest and the lowest diameter of matured egg are from 200 to 750 μ, and its average diameter is 402.10 ± 0.190 μ. A parameter for Saw-tooth barracuda length measurement, Lm50, based on the Fork-length, was calculated as 54.01 cm. In other words, as far as the fisheries management is concerned, the fish whose lengths are less than 54.01 cm should not be caught. The calculated level of (R2) (correlations of total length & weight), indicated strong correlations between length and weight of this fish, and the obtained formula included W =0.007100 FL 2.9295 and reinforced this assumption. The “K” Index for this fish in 3 above mentioned landings (Jask, Bandar-Abbas and Bandar-Length) were 1.24, 0.37 and 0.46 per year, respectively and the FL index for the same landings were estimated as 129, 110 and 134 cm, respectively. The growth coefficient (MONRO) for the above mentioned regions were calculated as 3.601, 3.647 and 3.917, respectively; and in the surveyed regions there were no significant differences in populations. The Total mortality coefficient (Z) was calculated 0.76, 1.12 and 1.07 per year, the Natural mortality coefficient was 0.46, 0.63 and 0.70, and the Fishing mortality coefficient (rate) (F) was found to be 0.30, 0.49 and 0.37 per year. The value of the exploitation rate (E) is equal to 0.39 per year, indicating that this species is an under-exploited resource, and there is no excessive fishing pressure on the fish supply of this species in the afore-said regions. The highest level of exploitation was found for ‘Bandar Abbas’ fishing region and the lowest level of exploitation is in ‘Bandar Lengeh’ waters.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: T. Valinassab, Shahla Jamili Counsellors: A. Matinfar

Description: There is an increasing demand in developing newer and safer methods in preserving food products.Among which herbal additives seem to attract evermore attention recently.the major advantage of herbal additives is due to their favorable aroma besides their antimicrobial effects and less expensive than chemical additives. Zataria multiflora Boiss is a native Iranian herb which is used vastly as a food preserver essential oils and also medical usage.Metabolites of harmless bacteria, such as Nisin are also known to be safe preservatives that have antimicrobial activity.However to establish the usefulness of natural antimicrobial preservatives, they must be evaluated alone and in combination with other preservation factors to determine whether there are synergistic effects in rigid media .In this study were evaluated the effects of different concentrations of Zataria multiflora (EO 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.045, 0.135, 0.405 ,0.810 %) and Nisin(0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.75 μg/ml) and Storage time (up to 21 days) on growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 in a food model system(light salted fish of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).The results on growth of S. aureus were evaluated using SPSS 15.0 statistical software (SPSS 15.0 for windows, SPSS Inc.) and analyzed the logarithm of total count of the bacteria by Tukey Test. Results were considered statistically significant when P≤0.05.The growth of Staphylococcus aureus was affected significantly(P〈0.05) by EO and Nisin and also combinations of EO and Nisin.Samples treated with 0.135, 0.405 and 0.810% of thyme essential oil showed a significant decrease on the growth of the bacteria compared with an treated samples(P〈0.05). No significant difference was seen on the growth of S.aureus in samples treated with lower concentrations of Z.multiflora(below 0.045%) and untreated group(P〉0.05).The most inhibitory effects were seen in samples treated with 0.405% and 0.810% of thyme essential oil until 9 and 12 days after storage,respectively.Also there was significant inhibtory effect(P〈0.05) in different concentration of nisin on the organism compared with an treated samples.The synergism effects of the Eo and nisin on the growth rate of the bacteria was significant (P〈0.05) compared with untreated samples and samples treated with the Eo or nisin, only. Synergismic effects was observed at concentration of 0.405 and 0.810% of Z. multiflora essential oil with 0.25 μg/ml Nisin, respectively until 15 days after storage.As expected it is preferred to apply the least possible amounts of additives in food preserving that not only are effective and safe but are economically justifiable.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Mehdi Soltani counsellors: Abbas Matinfar

Description: Distribution of polychaetes worms Nereidae in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass indicated that distribution rate of worms from the west to east for the reason status ofseabed type, habitat and feeding substrate used to worms increased. Also investigation description that last-mentioned worms are belong to Nereididae family,Perinereis genus and species of Perinereis nuntia. By viewpoint seabed soil types experiments implement indicated Nereididae worms have higher survival with sandy clay loam soil texture. Statistical analysis showed positive relation coefficient correlation of Pearson between substrate type to frequency of worms and too substrate type with soil organic matter value (P〈0.05). By viewpoint feeding also experiments with different feed treatment indicated that Nereid worms is Omnivore but in natural condition more utilized algae substrate special Entermorpha and survival rate had the worms last-mentioned in dietary treatments on this algae 93/3% different significant with other treatments (P〈0.05).In this project pond-reared white Indian shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) were usedin four maturation and spawning trials lasting 60 days. one group of shrimps was fed a formulated pelleted special of broodstock diet only, a second group was fed squid meat diet; a third group of shrimps with mollusca (Solen vagina) meat diet and fourth group was fed polychaete worms Nereidae family, collected in intertidal zone of Bandar Abbass. Four types of dietary treatments (M1, M4) were given to separate batches that were run in three duplicate. Results of experiments demonstrate that more grew rate and maturation and spawning rate and we found that shrimps fed with polychaete worms have the best condition and then shrimps fed with solen. This isdemonstrate furthermore environmental circumstance, endocrine hormone, types of feed important of maturation and spawning of shrimps and in polychaete worms usedHUFA help to maturation ovarian in shrimp.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Gh. Vousoghi Counsellors: A. Matinfar

Description: This study describes the molecular identification of sixteen fish speciespresent in processed products imported into Iran for human consumption.DNA barcoding using direct sequencing of about 650 bp of themitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene revealed incorrectlabeling (31.25%). Substitution of fish species constitutes serious economicfraud, and our results increase concern regarding the trading of processedfish products in Iran from both health and conservation points of view.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Hamid Farahmand Counsellors: Mehdi Soltani, Farokh Darvish

Description: The present study aimed production of a new product with various texture and sensoryproperties in chase of the impetus for increasing human consumption considering suitableresources of Kilka fish in Caspian Sea. Following deheading, gutting, and brining, commonKilka were battered in two different formulations, i.e. simple batter and tempura batter, viaautomated predusting machinery and then, they were fried through flash frying for 30 secondsat 170°C in sunflower oil after they were breaded with bread crumbs flour. The products weresubjected to continuous freezing at -40°C and were kept at -18°C in cold storage for fourmonths once they were packed. Chemical composition (protein, fat, moisture, and ash), fattyacid profiles (29 fatty acids), chemical indices of spoilage (peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid,free fatty acids, and volatile nitrogen), and microbial properties (total bacteria count andcoliform count) were compared in fresh and breaded Kilka at various times before frying (rawbreaded Kilka), after frying (zero-phase), and in various months of frozen storage (phases 1,2, 3, and 4). Organoleptic properties of breaded Kilka (i.e. odor, taste, texture, crispiness,cohesiveness of batter) and general acceptability in the phases 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 were evaluated.The results obtained from chemical composition and fatty acid profiles in common Kilkadenoted that MUFA, PUFA, and SFA were estimated to be 36.96, 32.85, and 29.12 g / 100glipid, respectively. Levels of ù-3 and ù-6 were 7.6 and 1.12 g / 100 gr lipid, respectively.Docosahexaonoic acid (20.79%) was the highest fatty acid in PUFA group. ù-3/ù-6 andPUFA/SFA ratios were 7.6 and 1.12, respectively. The high rates of the indices and highpercentage of ù-3 fatty acid in common Kilka showed that the fish can be considered asinvaluable nutritional and fishery resources and commonsensical consumption of the speciesmay reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Frying breaded Kilka affected overall fat andmoisture contents so that moisture content in fried breaded Kilka decreased significantlycompared to raw breaded Kilka, while it was absolutely reverse for fat content. Overall fatcontent in tempura batter treatment was significantly lower than that of simple battertreatment (P≤0.05). Presence of hydrocolloids, namely proteins, starch, gum, and otherpolysaccharides, in tempura batter may prohibit moisture evaporation and placement with oilduring frying process in addition to boosting water holding capacity through confining watermolecules. During frying process, fatty acids composition of breaded Kilka with variousbatters changed so that rates of some fatty acids such as Palmitic acid (C16:0), Stearic acid(C18:0), Oleic acid (C18:1 ù-9cis), and linoleic acid (C18:3 ù-3) increased considerablyfollowing frying; however, ù-3/ù-6, PUFA/SFA, and EPA+DHA/C16:0 ratios (Polyan index)decreased significantly after frying. ù-3/ù-6, PUFA/SFA, and EPA+DHA/C16:0 ratios intempura batter treatment were higher than those of simple batter treatment which is anindicator of higher nutritional value of breaded Kilka with tempura batter. Significantelevations were found in peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and free fatty acids in fried breaded Kilka samples compared to raw samples which points to fat oxidation during cooking process.Overall microorganism count and coliform count decreased following heating process. Bothbreaded Kilka samples were of high sanitation quality at zero-phase according to ICMSFStandard. The results acquired from organoleptic evaluation declared that odor, cohesiveness,and general acceptability indices, among others, had significant differences between thetreatments (P≤0.05). In all evaluated properties, breaded Kilka with tempura batter indifferent phases gained higher scores than breaded Kilka with simple batter. During coldstorage of various treatments of breaded Kilka, total lipid content, PUFA, MUFA, ù-3, ù-3/ù-6, PUFA/SFA, Polyen index decreased significantly. The mentioned reductions inaddition to significant elevation of spoilage indices, namely peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, andfree fatty acids, during frozen storage, indicate to oxidation and enzymatic mechanismactivity during frozen storage of breaded Kilka. Considering sensory evaluation at the end ofthe fourth month and TVB-N contents exceeded eligible rate in the fourth month, shelf life ofthe products during frozen storage was set to be three months at -18°C. The results obtainedfrom statistical tests indicate to better quality of breaded Kilka processed with tempura battercompared to simple batter in terms of organoleptic evaluation, spoilage indices, and highquality of fat in various sampling phases.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Ali Asghar Khanipour, Mehdi Soltani Counsellors: Abbasali Motallebi, Abolghasem Kamali

Description: Effects of post-ovulatory and post-stripping retention time and temperature on egg viabilityrates were studied in kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). Eggs were retained inside (in vivo storage)or outside the ovarian cavity with ovarian fluid (in vitro storage) at various temperatures. Twoexperiments were performed: 1) Partial volumes of eggs were stripped and fertilized at 24-hour intervals for 96 hours post-ovulation (HPO) (at 11 °C) and at 12-hour intervals for 72HPO (at 14 °C), and 2) stored eggs were fertilized after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours post-stripping(HPS) at temperatures of 4, 10, 12, and 26 °C. In the first experiment, the highest eyeing andhatching rates (76% and 60% at 11 °C; 81% and 71% at 14 °C) and the lowest eyed-eggmortalities (20% at 11 °C; 12% at 14 °C) occurred in the eggs fertilized immediately (0–24HPO at 11 °C and 0–12 HPO at 14 °C) after ovulation. Egg viability, as shown by successfuleyeing and hatching rates, was completely lost by 72–96 HPO at 11 °C, and 60–72 HPO at 14°C. In the second experiment, the maximum eyeing (87%) and hatching (75%) rates of eggstook place at 0 HPS followed by 8 HPS (〉 80% and 〉 70%, respectively) at 4 °C. As storagetemperature increased, egg viability decreased: 80%, 70%, and 50% viable at 8 HPS at 4, 10,and 12 °C, respectively. The eggs stored at 26 °C lost their viability almost completely after 4HPS. Eyed-egg mortality increased from 13% at 0 HPS to 48.2% at 4 HPS at 26°C. Theseresults demonstrate that egg stripping should take place within 168 °C-hours after ovulationand that complete loss of viability of the eggs occurs by 672°C-hours after ovulation. The invivo storage method is more effective compared to in vitro storage. Also successful in vitrostorage of eggs can be used atleast within 8 hours at temperatures ranging from 4 to 12ºC.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Bagher Majazi Amiri, Mehdi Soltani Counsellors: Rajab Mohammad Nazari, Abolghasem Kamali

Description: Cobia is a native fish species in Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf and Sea of Omanand has a good internal and foreign market. This fish is a fast growing species and for thisreason Iranian Fisheries is considering to go for it culture practices. To go for any utilizationsuch as fishing from wild stocks or culture activities, needs a better understanding of itspeculiarities and genetic characteristics of its natural resources. Therefore, this project wasdiscribed and conducted.In this investigation, cuts 2 or 3 cm of fin tissue of  specimen of Cobia obtainedfrom Sistan and Bluchestan, Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan water provinces, werecollected. DNA was extracted by Phenol-chlorophorm method and produced PCR product inlength of 1060 and 1450 base pair of two mitochondrial genes COI and NADH2.Using 13 cutting enzymes (4 enzymes were subscriber for both of genes), 205 basepair (from 2510 base pair, equal with %3.8 from gene regains) were directly investigated. Butbinding patterns of enzymatic digestion of PCR products of both COI and ND genes fromelectrophoresis were monomorph in all samples and no polymorphism was observed. Thismay be attributed to the unsuitable choice of COI and ND2 genes for showing of intra specificdivergence. But in general non-existence of genetic diversity or noticeable decrease of thatamong individuals has been reported in regions were fish migration exist and they can freelymove between two regions. Therefore, non-observation of polymorphism in the study areamight be the case and indicates represents the area.On the other hand, some scientists believe that the distributions of populations indifferent regions are greatly affected by environmental and physical and ecological factors.Althoug Cobia is a migratory fish, but with regard to the fact that the environmentalconditions are different (specially temperature and salinity) between east and west of PersianGulf and Oman sea, there is a possibility that different genetic groups of this species exist inthe regions. Of course It is clear that using more samples and enzymes from other geneticallyregions could produce better results.Since none of the two investigated genes didn’t show genetic divergence orpolymorphism amongst the individuals of one region or between different regions, therefore,statistic analysis for estimating of haplotype diversity or nucleotide diversity and drawing ofrelationship tree among individuals using available softwares was not possible.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisor: Bahram Kazemi Damane Counsellors: Mehdi Soltani Seyed Mohammad Reza Fatemi

Description: The acute toxicity and effects of diazinon on some haematological parameters ofkutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901) weighing 613.33 g±157.06 g werestudied under static water quality conditions at 15°C ± 2ºC in winter and spring2009. The effective physical and chemical parameters of water were pH= 7-8.2,dh= 300mg/L (caco3), DO= 7 ppm and T= 15°C±2ºC. The first test was primarilyto determine the effects of acute toxicity (LC5096 h) of the agricultural toxicantdiazinon (emulsion 60%) on kutum male brood stocks. For this purpose, 4treatments were used to test toxicity; each treatment was repeated in 3 tanks with 9fish per treatment and with 180 litres water capacity. After obtaining the finalresults, the information was analysed statistically with Probit version 1.5 (USEPA,1985), and we determined the LC10, LC50 and LC90 values at 24 hours, 48 hours,72 hours and 96 hours; the maximum allowable concentration value (LC5096 hdivided by 10) (TRC, 1984); and the degree of toxicity. The second stage of testingconsists of four treatments: LC0= 0 as experimental treatment, treatment A with aconcentration of LC1= 0.107 mg/L, treatment B with concentration of LC5= 0.157mg/L, treatment C with concentration of MAC value= 0.04 mg/L. Male broodstocks of kutum were treated with these concentrations for 45 days. Experimentswere carried out under static conditions based on the standard TRC, 1984 methodover 45 days. Our results show that long-term exposure to diazinon causes adecrease in the erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (PCV),mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), meancorpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leucocyte count (WBC),lymphocyte, testosterone, iron (Fe), sodium (Na), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),and cholinesterase (CHeS). In addition, diazinon also causes an increase inprolymphocyte, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, alkalinephosphatase (ALP) and adrenaline (P〈0.05). There are no significant effects onmonocyte, eosinophil, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), glucose (BS), urea (BUN),uric acid (U.A), triglyceride (TG), calcium (Ca), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP),cortisol, noradrenaline and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in kutum malebrood stocks (P〉0.05). Pathology results showed toxin diazinon no effect onaverage weight and fish body length, the average weight of heart, brain, spleen,liver, kidney and liver index but caueses decrease of gonad weigth and gonadindex and also, cause complications of tissue necrosis, vascular congestion,inflammation in the liver, a sharp reduction in the number of glomeruli, necrosis,vascular congestion and haemorage in the kidney, capsule thickening and fibrosis,atrophy, vascular congestion, macrophages release increased, increasing sedimentHemosiderine and thickening of artery walls in the spleen, atrophy, fibrosis andnecrosis in testis , vascular congestion, increased distance between themyocardium and fibrous string in heart and neuronal loss, vascular congestion andedema in the brain of kutum male brood stocks.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mehdi Soltani, A. Kamali. Counsellors: Issa Sharif Poor

Description: The Great lizardfish is one of the commercial demersal fishes in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In this study the food preference index (FPI), Fullness index (FI) and stomach contents of Saurida tumbil were evaluated to assess the quantity and kind of food which this species consumes in the study area. The samples were collected monthly from commercial bottom trawl fisheries in main fishing grounds of eastern Strait of Hormuz. A total of 346 specimens were collected during years 2009-2010 of which 269 specimens were female and 77 specimens were male. The minimum and maximum total length were 161 and 590 mm, respectively with the highest frequency in length group of 350-370mm. Results showed that 20.9% of stomachs were full, 18.9% were semi-full and 60.2% were empty. The main stomach contents (FPI=80.2%) were fishes and minor stomach contents (FPI=25.7%) were crustacean (Specially crab and shrimp) and cephalopods were found as random food. The minimum and maximum FIs were 2.5 and 42.5 in December and September respectively; and the overall CV was 60.2. The results indicate that this fish is a relatively frugal species which consumes fishes as main food and there is no difference in feeding of male and female.

Description: PhD

Description: advisors: T. Valinasab, A.Kamali Counsellors: Farhad Keymaram, Mehdi Shamsaie

Description: Lar lake, with the international UTM specification of 39S 579680 3976567& 39S 589930 3976184 is Situated in Lar national Park with an aerial distance of 55 Km ofTehran along Haraz road.The present research is carried out as part of a comprehensives Plan for assessment ofbioresearches of Lar lake & the rivers flowing into it. This research includes examination ofthere benthic Samplings performed in Lar lake and each of the related rivers includingDelichaee, Ab-e-sefid , Alarm & Lar (Kamardasht).Tubifex and Chironomus genus werefound to have the highest frequencies of occurrence in the lake with %77.117 & %21.823respectively followed by Chironomidae and Simulidae from the Diptera order whichaccounted for %72.328 and %13.812 occurrences in four rivers examined in the Study. Thebenthic biomass at various examined Sites and the average wet weight of the benthic biomassin station No one in the lake Was 17.397g and the figure for the examined site in Alarm was20.242 g which were the highest level among Other examination stations the index for theabundance of species in Alarm river was greater than the rest of the examined rivers with12.57. A sum of 354 Pieces of brown trouts was caught in the course of sampling which wereclosely investigated in terms of their digestive tract Content. It was identified that Daphniidaeand Chironomus constituted the bulk of eaten items from the lake with %17.985 and %63.973respectively. Meanwhile, Chironomidae and Simuladae were the most frequently eantenbenthos by the fish with %81.47 and %7.93 respectively.The index for the relative length ofgut was recorded at 0.49± 0.08 which is well indicative of the carnivorous diet of the fish.Theindex for the feeding intensity amounted to 138  83 showing that the one year old fish wereof more feeding intensity.The coefficient of condition (K) was estimated at 1.02  0.142 forall the caught fish. The average wet weight of the benthos was 10.348 g per square meterwhich if extended to 700ha surface area of the lake, the total macrobenthic production in thelake would amount to 72730Kg of wet weight or 6510 Kg of dry weight. Since the SecondaryProduction of macrobenthos have always been double that of their biomass, it is reasonable toassume that the Secondary Production of macrobenthos amount to 145640 Kg by their wetweight and Since the energy transfer in the food chain of the lake from benthos to fish is 10percent, the fish production Capacity Coming from benthic resources of the lake (Lar) would be 14.5 MT, half of which (7000-8000MT) could annually be harvested. Further more, the actual fish Production Capacity might exceed the projected level Since Daphnia, Rotifers and Ostracoda which belong to Zooplanktons, play a part in the natural diet of trout. Meanwhile, rivers Play a major role in fish nutrition and the annual fish production in Delichaee river is about 4481.8Kg while the figures for Ab-e-sefid, Alerm and Lar rivers are 2370.7 4848.7 and 2586.2 Kg respectively, that further increase fish Production in the area and every year half of these resources can be exploitable from the river & the lake.Nevertheless, due to ecological & biological importance of rivers and the probability of environmental Pollution, devastation of natural fish habitats & their nursery grounds, Sport fishing is not recommended at all.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Ghobad Azari Takami Counsellors: Abbas Essmaeili Sari, Alireza Nikouyan

Description: This study was carried out for recognized ichthyophon and investigation of feeding and effects of water temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity on the population dynamic of Barbus grypus in the Dalaki and Helle river. In the study period, 2949 Barbus grypus was cached. The most of total length frequency was 200 to 300 mm and 2 to 3 years old. The oldest fish was8 years old with 756 mm total length. Fecundity was 950 upto 57400 oocyt per fish. Station no. 6 and 7 showed more temperature, fecundity and GSI than other stations. Females adulated before then males. Multiple stepwise regression of fecundity and RE (reproduction effort) showed significant correlation. Fishes of the upper parts of stream was more L than down stream stations. Condition factor of males was more than female, and for down stream stations was better than the other stations. Barbus grypus is omnivorous. Ichthyophon of Dalaki river include 4 family and 9 species that Capoeta capoeta intermadia was more than others species, but in the Helle river was 5 family and 9 species, that Liza abu zarudni was more than others.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: GH. Vosoughi Counsellors: Amin Keyvan, A. Abdoli

Description: The genetic structure of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) populations was studied using microsatellite technique. A total of 207 specimens of adult pikeperch were collected from Aras dam (57 specimens), Anzali wetland (50 specimens), Talesh (50 specimens) and Chaboksar (50 specimens) coasts. Also a total of 158 specimens of adult perch were collected from Anzali (Abkenar (50 specimens)and Hendekhale(48 specimens)) and Amirkolaye(60 specimens) wetlands. About 2 g of each specimen's dorsal fin was removed, stored in 96% ethyl alcohol and transferred to the genetic laboratory of the International Sturgeon Research Institute. Genomic DNA was extracted using ammonium-acetate method. The quality and quantity of DNA was assessed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the target DNA using 15 pairs of microsatellite primers. PCR products were electrophoresed on poly acryl amide gels (6%) that were stained that were stained using silver nitrate. DNA bands were analyzed with BioCapt software. Allele count and frequency, genetic diversity, expected and observed heterozygosity , allele number and the effective allele number, genetic similarity and genetic distance, Fst, Rst, Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium based on X2 and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) at 10% confidence level was calculated using the Gene Alex software. Dendogram for genetic distances and identities were calculated using TFPGA program for any level of hierarchy.The results for P. fluviatilis showed that from 15 pair of primers that were examined 6 polymorphic and 7 monomorphic loci were produced, while 2 loci didn't produce any DNA bands. Mean allele number was 4.1±1.1 and mean observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.56±0.12 and 0.58±0.14 respectively. It was also seen that specimens from all regions were not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium in some of loci (P〈0.001). Highest Fst (0.095) with Nm=2.37 was observed between Hendekhale and Amirkolaye and the lowest Fst (0.004) with Nm=59.31 was observed between Abkenar and Hendekhale. According to AMOVA Significant difference (P〈0.05) was observed between recorded Rst in the studied regions in Anzali and Amirkolaye lagoons. In another words there are two distinct populations of this species in Anzali and Amirkolaye lagoons. The highest genetic distance (0.181) and lowest genetic resemblance (0.834) were observed between specimens from Hendekhale and Amirkolaye and the lowest genetic distance (0.099) and highest genetic176resemblance (0.981) were observed between specimens from Abkenar and Hendekhale. Based on the genetic dendogram tree derived by applying UPGMA algorithm, specimens from Anzali and Amirkolaye wetlands have the same ancestor. On the other hand there is no noticeable genetic distance between the specimens of these two regions.Also the results for S. lucioperca showed that from 15 pair of primers that were examined 6 polymorphic and 7 monomorphic loci were produced, while 2 loci didn't produce any DNA bands. Mean allele number was 3.0±0.6 and mean observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.52±0.21 and 0.50±0.14 respectively. It was also seen that specimens from all regions were not in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium in some of loci (P〈0.001). Highest Fst (0.093) with Nm=2.43 was observed between Aras dam and Anzali wetland and the lowest Fst (0.022) with Nm=11.27 was observed between Talesh and Chaboksar coasts. Significant differences (P〈0.05) were observed between recorded Rst in the studied regions exept for Talesh and Chaboksar Coasts. In another words there are three distinct populations of this species in Caspian sea, Anzali wetland and Aras dam. Highest genetic distance (0.110) and lowest genetic resemblance (0.896) were observed between specimens from Aras dam and Anzali wetland and the lowest genetic distance (0.034) and highest genetic resemblance (0.966) were observed between specimens from Talesh and Chaboksar coasts. Based on the genetic dendogram tree derived by applying UPGMA algorithm, specimens from Talesh and Chaboksar coasts have the lowest genetic distance. On the other hand the main population of this species belongs to Anzali wetland.Phylogenetic relationship of these two species was inferred using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencing. For this purpose 2 specimens of P. fluviatilis from Anzali wetland, 2 specimens of S. lucioperca from Aras dam and 2 specimens of S. lucioperca from Anzali wetland were sequenced and submitted in Gene Bank. These sequences were aligned with Clustal W. The phylogenic relationships were assessed with Mega 4. The results of evolutionary history studies of these species using Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Parsimony methods showed that the evolutionary origin of pikeperch in Aras Dam and Anzali wetland is common. On the other hand these two species had common ancestor in about 4 million years ago. Also different sequences of any region specimens are supposed as different haplotypes.177As a conclusion the results of this study showed that microsatellite and mtDNA sequencing methods respectively are effective in genetic structure and phylogenic studies of P. fluviatilis and S. lucioperca.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Mohammad Pourkazemi, Mehdi Soltani Counsellors: Sohrab Rezvani Gilkalai. The full text document is in Farsi only so it has not been possible for AC Editors to check the metadata input.

Description: The purpose of this study, Evaluation the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus vulgaris extracts on the stability of poly unsaturated fatty acids in frozen Silver carp minced. Treatments include:Treatment 1 - Control: frozen meat packaged in conventionalTreatment 2: Frozen Silver carp minced+Thyme 300 mg/kg in normal packagingTreatment 3: Frozen Silver carp minced+Rosemary 200 mg/kg in normal packagingTreatment 4: Frozen Silver carp minced+Rosemary compound (100 mg/kg) and Thyme(100 mg/kg) in normal packagingAfter rapid freezing of samples in the spiral freezer by individual quick freezing method, tomaintain the cold temperature (-18) °C were transferred. Sampling and measurements to determine the fatty acid profile of the zero phase beginning in the first month and then every ten days, and 15 days in the second month of the third month after the monthly test.Identifying, defining and measuring the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography was performed. In this study, levels of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in threeexperimental and one control were identified as follows:A: saturated fatty acids: Meristic C14: 0/Palmitic C16: 0/Hepta decaenoic C17: 0/Stearic C18: 0/Arashidic C20: 0/B:Mono unsaturated fatty acids: palmitoleic C16: 1-W7/Oleic C18: 1-W9/Gadoleic C20:1-W9C:Poly unsaturated fatty acids: Linoleic C18: 2-W6/α-Linolenic C18: 3-W3D:High unsaturated fatty acids: Arachidonic C20: 4-W6 Eicosapentaenoic acid C20: 5-EPA/W3 Docosahexaenoic C22: 6-DHA/W3Results of this study was to determine, Thyme and rosemary extracts containing silver carpminced stored in freezing conditions, Stability of different types of fatty acids, monounsaturatedfatty acids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are. So that none of the fatty acids measured were not significant 100% increase or decrease,While changes in the fatty acid oxidation during storage time is minimized. The resultsobtained from the fatty acid profiles and indicators of their and statistical tests show that treatment with rosemary extract More stable during storage (-18) ° C In comparison with the control and other treatments are shown; And at relatively low compared to othertreatments and control samples oleic acid and linoleic acid, palmitic more.According to studies,in Silver carp minced that containing rosemary extract, end of the storage period of six months. Were usable, so even rosemary extract the shelf-lifeexamples to increase more than six months.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. A. Motalebi Moghanjvqy, Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini Counsellors: Ali Asghar Khanipour, Mehdi Soltani

Description: For study the genetic diversity of Caspian brown trout population in five rivers in the southern part of Caspian Sea in Iran 182 number generators in the fall and winter of 1390 were collected in Chalus, Sardab Rud, Cheshmeh Kileh, Kargan Rud and Astara rivers. Then about 3-5 g of soft and fresh tissue from the bottom fin fish removed and were fixed in ethanol 96°.Genomic DNA was extracted by using ammonium acetate, then quantity and quality of the extracted DNA were determined by using spectrophotometry and horizontal electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. The polymerase chain reaction was performed by using 16 SSR primers and sequencing primers (D-Loop) and the quality of PCR products amplified by SSR method were performed by using horizontal electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel. Alleles and their sizes were determined by using vertical electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gel and silver nitrate staining method. Gel images were recorded by gel documentarian, the bands were scored by using Photo- Capt software and statistical analysis was performed by using Gene Alex and Pop Gene software. Also the PCR sequencing products after quality assessment by usinghorizontal electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel were purified and sent to South Korea Bioneer Corporation for sequencing. Sequencing was performed by chain termination method and the statistical analysis was performed by using Bio- Edit, Mega, Arlequin and DNA SP software.The SSR method, 5 pairs of primers produced polymorphic bands and the average real and effective number of alleles were calculated 5.60±1.83 and 3.87±1.46 in the Cheshmeh Kileh river and 7.60±1.75 and 5.48±1.32 in the Karganrud river and the mean observed and expected heterozygosity were calculated 0.44 ±0.15 and 0.52 ±0.16 in the Cheshmeh Kileh river and 0.50 ±0.11 and 0.70±0.13 in the Karganrud river. Analysis of Molecular Varianceresults showed that significant differences in genetic diversity between and within populations and between and within individuals in the studied rivers (P〈0.01). The sequencing method identified 35 different haplotype, the highest number of polymorphic position (251) and haplotype (14) were observed in the Chalus river. The highest mean observed number of alleles (2.24±0.48) was calculated in the Sardabrud river, the highest mean observedheterozygosity (1.00±0.03) was calculated in the Chalus river and the highest mean nucleotide diversity (0.13±0.07) was observed in the Sardabrud river and mean haplotype diversity was obtained (1) in three studied rivers. The overall results show that there are no same populationof this fish in the studied rivers and Karganrud and Chalus rivers in the SSR and sequencing methods had the highest levels of genetic diversity.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors:S. Rezvani Gilkolaei, A. Kamali Counsellors:M. Soltani

Description: Platycephalus indicus is a large benthic fish that inhabits temperate and tropical coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific and found on sand or mud bottom in vary shallow area of estuary and near shore to depth of 25m. This species is dominant species of platycephalidae family, in Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces and mainly is captured by bottom trawl, gillnet and moshta in Hormozgan.This study was designed to evaluate population variation and differentiation of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1785))in the Iranian waters of Persian Gulf using the morphometric and meristic characters and by AFLP marker. . A total 180 fish specimens were collected by gill net from six station(khor mosa, bahrekan, shif, motaf, charak and bandar abbas) that was 30 individual related to every station in Iranian shores of Persian Gulf . 28 morphometric factors and 11meristic specialties were measured and morphometric factors was standardized with Beacham formula. Univariate analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) revealed significant differences with varying degrees between the means for 21 standardized morphometric measurements and 6 meristic counts that showed high significant differences between the six stations sampling. Discriminate function analysis (DFA) or the overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was for morphometric and meristic characters was 47.9% and 53.9% respectively. The data were subjected to a principle component analysis (PCA) which grouped in eight and four factors for morphometric and meristic charactersrespectively..Genetic diversity of six populations of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 118 reproducible bands amplified with ten AFLP primer combinations were obtained from 42 fishes that were collected from six different locations in the northern of Persian Gulf. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.06%. Average of Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.200±0.008, and Average of Shannon’s index was 0.300±0.011. The results of AMOVA analysis indicated that 66% of the genetic variation contained within populations and 34% occurred among populations and gene flow was 0.6454.The estimated level of population differentiation asmeasured by average Fst value across all loci was 0.327.Plotting discriminant functions 1 and 2 and UPGMA dendrograms based on Euclidian distance and genetic distance also showed at least five separate populations of bartail flathead in the northern Persian Gulf.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: A. Kamali, Seyed Javad Hosseini Counsellor: Mehdi Soltani

Description: The rule of light on the timing of maturation and spawning in tropical andsubtropical regions is not clear well, because the reproductive cycle in thesesystems is lunar synchronized. In this study, thus, the effects of different lightregimes were investigated on maturational progress of whitespotted rabbitfish,Siganus sutor, the commercial species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Duringprespawning season, 50 adult fish were randomly divided into ten 300-l tanks(n=5). The fish in control tank received indoor light condition and the fish ineach other tanks were exposed to nine different combinations of photoperiod(8L: 16D, 12L: 12D, 16L: 8D) and light intensity (1000, 2000, 3000 lux). After60 days, GSI and HSI values, serum levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T),17-α hydroxyprogestrone (OHP), calcium (Ca2+) and gonad histology wereevaluated for females and males.In females the GSI mean values of exposed fish increased in comparison withcontrol except for fish were kept under 8L, 2000 lux (tank 8). These differenceswere significant only for fishes in tank 7 (8L, 3000 lux). In the cases of HSI, theresults were converse, so that, the most of thanks showed significant decreasingthan fishes reared under indoor condition. Morphology and histology study ofOvaries showed three developmental phases including 3, 4 and chiefly 5 thatwere parallel with GSI values. Fortheremore the serum levels of E2 was recordedbetween 0.54-15.8 ng/ml in different fish and their mean values were lower thancontrol in all treatmants (P〉 0.05).In males, the similar results were obtained. The GSI and HSI mean values inexperimental regimes compared with control were upper and lower,respectively, except for fishes were reared in tank 1 (16L, 3000 lux). Testeshistology of fishes were reared under different regimes showed signs of stage 5,since no blood vessels observed and thick milt exuded on slight pressure. Themean values of testosterone consentration in fishes were kept in tanks 1 and 6(12L, 1000 lux) were higher and in other ones were lower than control group. Itis also noted that the OHP and Ca2+ had diverse results including increasing anddecreasing mean values than control. So, these factors contrary to E2 and T werenot suitable to evaluation of maturity in both sexes.On the basis of ovarian structure in stage 5, oocyte development pattern in thisspecies was group synchronous. So, increased mean of GSI versus decreasedvalues of HSI, E2 and perhaps Ca2+ were the signs of improved maturation. Butin males, reduced levels of T and similarity of testes morphology in all samplescaused that GSI mean value was the only indicator for differentiating amongtreatments.These findings suggest that alternations were used in light regimes have been thereason of improved maturity in all treatments except fishes reared in tank 8. The١٠٧rule of light intensity on induction of maturity was cleared by comparisionbetween fishes in tanks 4, 5, 6 and control group. Because day length was thesame whereas fishes in tanks 4, 5 and 6 were exposed to increased light intensitycompared with control. This fact verified by results was obtained from fishes intanks 9 and especially 7, since photoperiod in this group was lower than control.So, higher intensity was considered as the reason of alternations. Contrastingwith indoor condition, Induced maturity was also cleared for fishes were kept intanks 1, 2 and 3, where both of light duration and intensity were increased. But,the rule of photoperiod was individually demonstrated when obtained resultswere compared with similar light intensities in other treatments. In conclusion,with comparison among different light regimes it is declared that siganids werekept under light condition of tank 2 including 16h light duration combined with2000 lux intensity showed the best signs of sexual maturation in both sexes.On the basis of this study, setting up the spring light condition duringprespawning season induces maturation in withspotted rabbitfish. Thisimprovement not only by influence of photoperiod or light intensity, separately,but obtained through interaction between them. Thus, determination of thresholdand resistance to light be recommended before exposure, although using properregime during suitable time are necessary to achieve purposes considerably.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors:A. Matinfar, A. Kamali Counsellors: H. Hosseinzadeh Sahhafi

Description: This study was carried out to seasonal determination of some morphological characteristics, Seasonal fecundity, Seasonal fluctuations of vertebrate-type steroids and seasonal analysis of gonadal histology in both female and male sexes of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823) in the area of Aras dam Lake. Crayfish werecollected respectively in June, August, November (2011) and January (2012). The average length and weight of male crayfish was higher than that of females. %GSI of femalesfluctuated within an extended range (between 0.6 and 13.5% from June to January). Bothof synchronous and asynchronous ovaries were seen in August sampled ovaries; howeverasynchronous form was higher than another. The annual reproductive cycle of male A.leptodactylus was surveyed by study on the seasonal changes of the external appearance ofthe testes and vasa deferentia, fluctuations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI%) and thehistological analysis of the male reproductive system. Based on the histologicaldifferentiation of testis, spermatogenisis devided to 5 separated stages. The findingssuggested asynchronous testis in the species A.leptodactylus. The presence of primaryspermatophore layer may help keeping spermatozoa alive while the secondaryspermatophore layer may produces spermatophore or synthesize of acellular materialwhich forms spermatophre. Pleopodal fecundity was 37.3%lower than ovarian fecundityobserved. The significantly higher number of eggs attached to 3rd and 4th pairs of pleopods.The egg number and gonadosomatic index increased with female size while egg weight andegg diameter didn’t increase with female size. Hemolymph levels of 17β-estradiol andprogesterone followed a similar fluctuation pattern with % GSI in females, whiletestosterone didn’t follow the mentioned pattern. The testis of November sampled crayfishpresented significantly higher gonadosomatic (%GSI) index (P 〈 0.05).The most observedgonadosomaticindices were 13.5%(forfemales) and 1.21% (for males, in autumn. Althoghthe lowest GSI was (0.50%) formales in spring and (0.26%0 for spent females in January.Testosterone which followed a similar pattern with %GSI in males increased remarkablyin November. 17β-estradiol increased strictly in January. The strictly enhancement of thethree estroid hormones in January in both male and female sexes could bedue totheirstimulating role in in spermatophre and egg lying in the mating season (In January). Mostof the ovaries followed the asynchoronous growth pattern. Also the testes presentedasynchoronous growth pattern in autumn.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Abbas Matinfar, Mehdi Soltani Counsellors: Abolghasem Kamali, Yousefali Asadpour-Ousalou

Description: Nisin is a widely used naturally occurring antimicrobial effective against many pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. It has been proposed thatreduced efficacy of nisin in foods can be improved by technologies such as encapsulation to protect it from interferences by food matrix components. Theaim of this study was using of spray dried encapsulated nisin with zein in concentration of (0.15 and 0.25 g/kg) and sodium citrate (1.5 and 2.5%) and treatments with both of them to extent the shelf life of filleted trouts packagedby Modified Atmosphere Packaging (45% CO2, 50% N2 ,5% O2) and stored at 4±1 °C for 20 days. Furthermore, to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of encapsulated nisin and soudium citrate the trouts fillets was inoculated withStaphylococcus aureus as an index pathogenic bacteria. Assessment of chemical spoilage indexes such as (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basenitrogen and pH) , microbial parameters (Total Plate Count, Psychrotrophic count, Lactic acid bacteria count), Staphylococcus aureus cont in treatments which were inoculated with 5 logcfu/g of this bacteria and sensory evaluation of fillets including (smell, color, texture and total acceptability) was carried out indays of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20. The results revealed that treatment with both exposure of nisin and sodium citrate showed significantly lower chemicalspoilage indexes in comparison with controls (vaccum packed and MAP)(P〈0.05). Furthermore, (nisin 0.25 g/kg sodium citrate 2.5%) treatment whichwas exposed to the maximal level used of both materials was significantly thelowest treatment with (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basenitrogen and pH) of 9.95 (meq O2/kg) , 1.55 (mgMA/kg), 29.65 (mgN/100g) and 6.65 , respectively and according to the maximal recommended level of this indices , shelf life of fillets in this treatment was esstimated 20 days.The control(vaccum packed) treatment was significantly the highest treatment with (Proxide value, Thiobarbituric acid, total volatile base nitrogen and pH) of 15.17 (meq O2/kg), 3.03 (mgMA/kg), 38.4 (mgN/100g) and 6.95 , respectively and according to the maximal recommended level of this indices , shelf life of filletsin this treatment was estimated 11 days. Also, in microbial point of view (nisin0.25 g/kg- sodium citrate 2.5%) treatment was the lowest treatment with TotalPlate Count, Psychrotrophic count, Lactic acid bacteria count andStaphylococcus aureus count of 6.7, 6.83, 5.25 and 6.04 logcfu/g respectively,and conrol (vaccum packed) treatment was the highest treatment with 9.15, 9.41, 7.7 and 9.01 logcfu/g respectively. According to the lower results of chemicaland microbial indices and higher sensory evaluated scores assessed in this research for encapsulated nisin in comparison with free nisin , it was concludedthat encapsulation of nisin with zein capsules may improve the efficiency of nisin. The measuremented values of Mass yield, Total solids content of capsules, Encapsulation efficiency, In vitro release kinetics in 200 hour for encapsulated nisin in this study was 49.89, 62, 98.31 and 69% respectively and Encapsulated particle size was lower than 674.21 μm for 90% of particles. As a consequence, nisin , in particular encapsulated nisin, and sodium citrate alone or together with and Modified Atmosphere packaging might be considered as effective tools in preventing the quality degradation of the fillets, resulting in an extension of their shelf life.

Description: PhD

Description: Advisors: Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini, Aboulghassem Kamali Counsellorrs: Abbasali Motallebi, Resa Pourgholam