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  • Articles  (5,887)
  • Oxford University Press  (3,219)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (2,668)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (5,887)
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  • 1
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    The Wicked Problem of Diffuse Nutrient Pollution from Agriculture (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: Diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture has been the concern of policymakers for several decades, and yet it remains a persistent environmental issue. The current approach to mitigating the problem is predominantly via command and control regulation within the Nitrates Directive and the Water Framework Directive. This article will set out how diffuse pollution can be considered a wicked policy problem which acts as an explanation of how it has eluded the current regulatory regime. It will further establish that the traditional planning process overlooked the complexity of the problem. Finally, it will illustrate the ineffectiveness of the current regulatory framework to mitigate the problem. This will be exemplified through the legal framework of Northern Ireland.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Samuel Smith and Judicial Review of Policy Interpretation: A Middle Way in the Law and Policy Divide (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-09
    Description: This analysis explores new developments in judicial review of planning policy interpretation. It shows how the nature of policy, often contextual and judgment-dependent, has led the UK Supreme Court to rethink the standard of review applicable to this issue. By considering the recent decision in Samuel Smith as part of a trilogy of cases—including Tesco Stores and Hopkins Homes—this analysis reveals a change in judicial attitudes, away from the expansive judicial supervision upheld in Tesco Stores. Furthermore, this study reflects on how this change is related to two wider ideas. The first is the Court’s understanding of the law and policy divide in the planning field, whilst the second is to do with a pragmatic stance regarding the purpose of the planning system and the institutional role of the courts in it. Finally, this analysis shows how the new approach emphasises the distinctive character of policy in the planning context.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Calculations of effectiveness factors and the criteria of mass transfer effect for high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Natural gas is an extremely important bridge fuel to a low-carbon energy economy for improving local air quality. Coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) is an effective way to convert the high-carbon energy (coal) into the low-carbon energy with rich hydrogen (natural gas). For the modern coal to SNG industry, the high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst plays an important role, and the advanced evaluation process should necessitate the elimination of mass transfer effect. Some simple but effective model catalysts, such as slab and sphere, can be very helpful in defining the reaction conditions, and thus facilitating the evaluation process for real HTM catalysts. In this work, slab and sphere model catalysts were adopted to derive mass transfer and reaction-coupled equations, the numerical methods were used to solve the coupled equations for the concentration profiles in catalysts, and the effectiveness factors were accordingly calculated. By taking advantage of the Thiele module and the Weisz–Prater module , the criteria for the elimination of mass transfer effect in the HTM catalyst evaluation process were successfully defined. This work also complements the Weisz–Prater criterion by incorporating ‘negative reaction orders’.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    A novel low-carbon space conditioning system incorporating phase-change materials and earth-air heat exchangers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The energy expended for conditioning buildings around the world is worryingly large and increasing every year. Currently, almost half of houses around the world use some type of energy-expensive conventional air-conditioning system. These systems are high emitters of gases such as carbon dioxide and so high contributors to climate change. Consequently, alternatives must be considered. Earth–air heat exchangers (EAHEs) and phase-change materials (PCMs) may be options; they have, however, limitations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid space-conditioning system combining EAHEs with PCMs, which uses surfaces as sources of heating or cooling to provide better temperature distribution across a space and comfort enhancement with low energy use. The idea is to use an EAHE to provide cool air to discharge the PCM, consequently helping to overcome most of the limitations of both strategies. Two of a series of experiments undertaken to test the proposed system are reported in this article. The EAHE + PCM system compared with a reference room could decrease temperature swings by up to 47%. The system was proved to work although further work is required to make it commercially viable.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    3D analysis of the incident diffuse irradiance on the building's surfaces in an urban environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The design of a future building with very high-energy efficiency demands from the architect to study the available solar resources in this urban environment. The purpose of the presented methodology is to study the variations in all components of the incident solar radiation daily, monthly and seasonally for all building facades. This is realized in the computer program 3D–SOLARIA. In the focus of the paper is the estimation of the background component of the incident diffuse solar irradiation on a building facade under orthogonally obstructed sky, using anisotropic sky view factors.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part I (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The assessment of building envelope sustainability using existing building performance assessment methods is still a challenge and yet to be fully addressed. This is due to the single-dimensional nature and lack of integration of sustainable performance values. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in the building envelope requires considering many factors including life cycle considerations. As such, in an effort to develop an integrated approach that combines relevant sustainable development factors and life cycles, an integrated performance model (IPM) was developed. The IPM is an essential tool developed to aid the sustainable design of the residential building envelope that can reduce carbon emission and whole residential building energy consumption and ensure sustainable performance of the building envelope.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Towards the generation of distributed electric power: self-consumption with net balance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The results and considerations on one self-consumption photovoltaic installation with net balance in Granada (South of Spain) are presented and discussed in this paper. The use of the building (one faculty) makes it optimal for this kind of consumption. Finally, the potential benefits and problems of self-consumption with net balance are presented.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure drop of AL2O3/water nanofluid in helically coiled tubes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Passive convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by improving the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid, changing flow geometry or both. This work presents a numerical study to investigate the combined effect of using helical coils and nanofluids on the heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in turbulent flow regime. The developed computational fluid dynamics models were validated against published experimental data and empirical correlations. Results have shown that combining the effects of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles and tube coiling could enhance the heat transfer coefficient by up to 60% compared with that of pure water in straight tube at the same Reynolds number. Also, results showed that the pressure drop in helical coils using Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for volume fraction of 3% was six times that of water in straight tubes (80% of the pressure drop increase is due to nanoparticles addition), while the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop penalty factor was found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Control strategies for indoor environment quality and energy efficiency--a review (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The demand for better indoor environment has led to a wide use of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, this demanding cannot be sustained without a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems. Employing advanced HVAC control is one of the strategies to maintain high-quality indoor thermal comfort with low energy consumption. This paper reviews the development of control technologies for HVAC systems. It summarizes the problems in existing reviews and gives a future perspective on HVAC control systems for occupant comfort and energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science publication information (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 11
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    NSTX-U Advances in Real-Time C++11 on Linux (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Programming languages like C and Ada combined with proprietary embedded operating systems have dominated the real-time application space for decades. The new C++11 standard includes native, language-level support for concurrency, a required feature for any nontrivial event-oriented real-time software. Threads, Locks, and Atomics now exist to provide the necessary tools to build the structures that make up the foundation of a complex real-time system. The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is breaking new ground with the language as applied to the needs of fusion devices. A new Digital Coil Protection System (DCPS) will serve as the main protection mechanism for the magnetic coils, and it is written entirely in C++11 running on Concurrent Computer Corporation’s real-time operating system, RedHawk Linux. It runs over 600 algorithms in a 5 kHz control loop that determine whether or not to shut down operations before physical damage occurs. To accomplish this, NSTX-U engineers developed software tools that do not currently exist elsewhere, including real-time atomic synchronization, real-time containers, and a real-time logging framework. Together with a recent (and carefully configured) version of the GCC compiler, these tools enable data acquisition, processing, and output using a conventional operating system to meet a hard real-time deadline (that is, missing one periodic is a failure) of 200 microseconds.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 12
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    Quantification of the Conditioning Phase in Cooled Pixelated TlBr Detectors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Thallium-bromide (TlBr) is currently under investigation as an alternative room-temperature semiconductor gamma-ray spectrometer due to its favorable material properties (large bandgap, high atomic numbers, and high density). Previous work has shown that 5 mm thick pixelated TlBr detectors can achieve sub-1% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV for single-pixel events. These results are limited to $ - 20{^ circ }{rm C}$ operation where detector performance is stable. During the first one to five days of applied bias at $ - 20{^ circ }{rm C}$ , many TlBr detectors undergo a conditioning phase, where the energy resolution improves and the depth-dependent electron drift velocity stabilizes. In this work, the spectroscopic performance, drift velocity, and freed electron concentrations of multiple 5 mm thick pixelated TlBr detectors are monitored throughout the conditioning phase. Additionally, conditioning is performed twice on the same detector at different times to show that improvement mechanisms relax when the detector is stored without bias. We conclude that the improved spectroscopy results from internal electric field stabilization and uniformity caused by fewer trapped electrons.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 13
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    Characterization of Silicon Photomultipliers for nEXO (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are attractive candidates for light detectors for next generation liquid xenon double-beta decay experiments, like nEXO (next Enriched Xenon Observatory). In this paper we discuss the requirements that the SiPMs must satisfy in order to be suitable for nEXO and similar experiments, describe the two test setups operated by the nEXO collaboration, and present the results of characterization of SiPMs from several vendors. In particular, we find that the photon detection efficiency at the peak of xenon scintillation light emission (175-178 nm) approaches the nEXO requirements for tested FBK and Hamamatsu devices. Additionally, the nEXO collaboration performed radio-assay of several grams of bare FBK devices using neutron activation analysis, indicating levels of $^{40}{rm K}$ , $^{232}{rm Th}$ , and $^{238}{rm U}$ of the order of $ 〈 0.15$ , ( $ 6.9cdot 10^{ - 4} - 1.3 cdot 10^{ - 2}$ ), and $ 〈 0.11 ~hbox{mBq}/hbox{kg}$ , respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 14
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    Estimation of Minimum DNBR Using Cascaded Fuzzy Neural Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: It is very important for plant operators to be informed of the departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) to prevent the fuel cladding from melting and a boiling crisis in a nuclear reactor. The reactor core monitoring and protection systems require a minimum DNBR value to monitor reactor coolant conditions. In this study, in order to estimate the minimum DNBR value, a cascaded fuzzy neural network (CFNN) method was used. The CFNN model can be used to estimate the minimum DNBR value through the process of adding fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) repeatedly. The proposed DNBR estimation algorithm was verified by applying the nuclear and thermal data acquired from many numerical simulations of the optimized power reactor 1000 (OPR1000). The CFNN model was compared to previously developed models and was found to be superior to them. Therefore, this model can be used to effectively monitor and predict the minimum DNBR in the reactor core.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 15
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science information for authors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 16
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    Tracer gas technique for measurement of air infiltration and natural ventilation: case studies and new devices for measurement of mechanical air ventilation in ducts (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In buildings without mechanical ventilation, the fresh air needed by the occupants is supplied only by air infiltration or natural ventilation. Its quantification by analytical methods is difficult, and so experimental methods such as the tracer gas technique are very useful. In this work, several case studies are presented, where one may see the potential of this technique to detect small differences in building air tightness, due to different envelope elements, namely the type of window frames and location of blinds' boxes. The applicability of this technique to other spaces rather than buildings can also be analyzed. When dealing with mechanical ventilation, it is difficult to measure the duct air flow rate precisely, because of the minimum duct length necessary to obtain a good mixing of the tracer gas with the air, when conventional probes are used. Research was carried out with the development of new probes to overcome this situation, and results are also shown. With accurate measurements of air flow rates, it is possible to reduce CO 2 emissions due to air heating or cooling in buildings.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 17
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    Readdressing working fluid selection with a view to designing a variable geometry ejector (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: A number of factors influence the performance of an ejector, e.g. working fluid, geometry and operating conditions. In the present work, six low-environmental-impact working fluids were evaluated for their use in an ejector cooling system running on low-temperature thermal energy. The numerical analysis was based on a model applying the 1D constant-pressure mixing theory. Ejector performance was assessed for the temperatures of the generator, evaporator and condenser in the range of 80–120°C, 5–15°C and 25–40°C, respectively. The results indicated that owing to its high coefficient of performance and moderate operating pressures throughout the entire ejector cycle, isobutane is a good choice for a refrigerant. The area ratio required for running the ejector in critical mode, under changing operating conditions, varied in a significant range regardless of the selected refrigerant. This clearly indicates the importance of a variable geometry ejector design to strengthen the position of ejector cooling systems among other refrigeration technologies.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    The European Union and its energy security challenges (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Energy security remains a vital issue for the European Union (EU), even more so in the wake of the events that unfolded in early 2014 in Ukraine. The EU’s already fragile position in the international energy arena in terms of security of supply appears to be more uncertain than ever after its umpteenth fallout with its historic energy supplier, Russia. This situation is untenable and calls for swift and decisive action to adequately tackle the issue once and for all. The article looks at the creation of a single EU energy market through integration of energy networks in the EU. It then examines various ways to diversify the EU’s energy supply, whether through increasing the import of liquefied natural gas, through its relations with the Eurasian Union, the promotion of renewable energy or the construction of alternative pipelines and energy routes. The article then offers an analysis of the latest developments of the Energy Charter Conference. The article concludes that from energy transit, to technology transfer, to investment protection, energy and trade present interplays across various fields. Improvements can be made to the EU trading system to ensure greater energy security and more efficient energy markets.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 19
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    The legal and contractual framework pertaining to the exploration and production of shale gas in Egypt (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Despite the Egyptian authorities’ great hopes for the fledging shale gas industry in Egypt, it appears that it could be difficult for Egypt to realize these lofty ambitions, at least in the near future. The Egyptian shale gas industry faces technical challenges as well as a critical lack of detailed regulations regarding the exploration for and the production of shale gas. There is also a lack of guidance over the manner in which foreign investments can be made in the industry.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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  • 20
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    Constructal optimization of a disc-shaped body with cooling channels for specified power pumping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The thermal performance of a disc-shaped heat generation body with cooling channels is investigated by using constructal theory based on previous model of heat convection on a disc and previous analytical method of heat conduction on a disc. By taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective, the optimal aspect ratio of the elemental sector in the radial-pattern disc is obtained for the specified power pumping of the elemental sector; the optimal width ratio of the first-order and elemental cooling channels and the optimal dimensionless radius of the elemental sector are obtained for the specified power pumping of the disc. There exists a critical radius of the disc to determine whether the radial-pattern design and branched-pattern design should be adopted. These conclusions are different from those obtained by Wechsatol et al. 's model, and the essential reason for these differences is that the power pumping is specified in this article, but not the specified flow rate number in Wechsatol et al. 's model. Finally, the assumption about the heat capacity of the coolant and the thermal conductivity of the disc is validated. An analytical method is introduced in this article, which can provide another thought for the constructal optimization of disc with heat convection. The optimal constructs of the discs are obtained for the specified power pumping, which provides some different guidelines for the design of disc with heat convection.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Theoretical investigation of hot box solar cookers having conventional and finned absorber plates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In this paper, solar box cookers with ordinary and finned absorber plates are theoretically investigated in terms of thermodynamic performance parameters. For a typical summer and winter day, temperatures of solar cooker components such as glass cover, internal air, absorber plate, cooking vessel and the liquid are determined theoretically versus time. The analysis is carried out for conventional and finned absorber plates, and accuracy of the results is verified by a previously published experimental work. Energy and exergy efficiencies of box-type solar cookers are plotted versus time for various cases. The methodology presented in this paper enables to make a preliminary evaluation of ordinary and modified solar box cookers with respect to changes in main environmental parameters such as temperature and illumination intensity. Some recommendations are also made to enhance the power outputs of the aforementioned solar cookers.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Design of a celestial vault image capture device for its application in the solar radiation field (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The sun is the more plentiful source of natural power that we have in the Earth. However, the amount of radiation reaching the Earth's surface depends on astronomical and climatic factors. One of the factors exerting a greater influence is cloudiness. For that reason, it is important to quantify its influence on solar radiation. According to that, in this work, a prototype to capture images of the celestial vault is designed and implemented to be able to measure parameters related to the cloud properties and, later, to determine their influence on solar radiation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
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    Investigation of concentrating and nonconcentrating evacuated tube solar water heaters using 2D particle imaging velocimetry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Under transient climatic conditions, solar water heaters using heat pipes are more effective at capturing incident solar radiation than other equivalent sized solar water heaters. The cost must be reduced to improve uptake of such systems. To investigate two methods were considered by this study: thermosyphon fluid flow and reflective concentrators. A physical reconfigurable laboratory model of the manifold and associated condensers of a heat-pipe-evacuated tube system were fabricated; fluid circulation was via thermosyphonic action, particle imaging velocimetry derived velocity maps and the use of concentrators was simulated. When condenser spacing was doubled, the Nusselt number increased by 43%, the velocity by 55% but the heat transfer efficiency of the model manifold decreased by 9%. Potential annual energy savings of 10 207 GWh could be realized if such systems could be successfully fabricated.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    The impact of surface characteristics on ambient temperature at urban micro scale: comparative field study in two climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: This paper presents the results of two field studies to examine the differences in ambient temperatures in a micro-scale environment (at distances of 50–200 m between measuring points) in two different climates during typical summer weather conditions at two similar sites in terms of construction and activities. The analysis considered the land use around the measuring locations split into three categories (built, green and open) as well as climatic conditions and studied the effect of these on ambient temperature at each measuring location. It was found that, similarly to macro-scale studies at the urban level, measuring locations with a higher green cover have a lower ambient temperature compared with measuring locations with a higher built and/or open land cover. The results provide measured evidence in two different climates that small green areas distributed within the urban environment can provide a reduction in the ambient temperature thus contributing to the mitigation of urban heat island.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    Computational study of a 2D capillary pump evaporator (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Capillary pump loop (CPL) is a two-phase heat transfer device considered as a useful solution for thermal control applications in spacecrafts, satellites and electronic components. The purpose of this paper is to study various aspects of the working state of the CPL evaporator. A two-dimensional computational model was developed in order to analyze the flow and the phase transformation inside a cylindrical evaporator. At the present analysis, different cases were studied by changing liquid saturation temperature, inclination angle of the evaporator and the length of the porous heated wick. Water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134 were used as working liquids for numerical experiments. Results present the evaporator capability to vaporize each working liquid and find out its possibility of dry-out causing failure. This information is useful in choosing the best working liquid for an evaporator, enabling bigger amounts of heat to be transferred.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Failure of natural ventilation strategy in a sustainable house in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In recent years, the concept of green building is becoming popular in China. Architects and engineers have the opportunity to actually implement green building practices. This paper reveals the failure of a naturally ventilated LEED-certified townhouse development project in China mentioned in recent research. The house owners made great alterations for the purpose of decoration, which removed or minimized the effectiveness of natural ventilation elements in the original design. The research shows that the houses show ‘International Style’ because the natural ventilation design principles were not fully applied in the design and the localized natural ventilation strategies were not fully considered by means of computational simulation in the design stage. Also, the lack of communication between designers and the owners caused the removal of most natural ventilation elements of these houses during the occupancy period. The authors advocate three criteria to avoid failures of natural ventilation design: localized/ climate adaptive design, relationship among design elements and design intention awareness.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Design guideline for application of earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled with solar chimney as a natural heating system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In the present paper, design of solar chimney (SC) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) to meet the thermal need of flat buildings are studied regarding adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Investigation on the effects of geometric features shows that the design of SC with the air gap and outlet sizes of 0.2 m and also EAHE with the diameter and length of 0.5 and 25.0 m reveals better performance. Thermal comfort analysis shows that the SC is capable to power the underground heating system during few hours of the sunny days even at the ambient temperature as low as 0°C and the heating demand of 1000 W without needing the auxiliary devices. In addition, the required numbers of SCs and the underground air channels are strongly influenced by environmental outdoor conditions and heating demand of building and are approximately calculated by: $$\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ and }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ 2 }\times (\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 })+\hbox{ 1, }$$ respectively.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Adaptive facade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative façade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building façade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive façade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building façade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Provides a listing of the editors, board members, and current staff for this issue of the publication.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Analysis of a Wave Front Parallel WEC Prototype (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Nowadays, clean renewable energy extraction solutions are becoming a crucial practice in society. Many different sources are being developed including ocean energy and in specific, ocean waves. In deep water conditions, ocean waves can become very power dense, continuous, and forecastable. Wave height, velocity, and frequency are all variable wave characteristics making it challenging to capture wave power economically. The RTI F2 is a promising wave energy conversion device that is currently under research. Its method of power capture is a buoyant vessel oriented normal to oncoming waves. This paper discusses known control methods implemented on the RTI F2, the experimental setup used for control of the device, and wave tank testing done at the University of New Hampshire's Chase Laboratory. Experimental data was obtained across various wave conditions, plate angles, vessel weights, and control strategies. The results of these tests are presented in the subject matter.
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    Expanding Existing Solar Irradiance Monitoring Network Using Entropy (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Many existing solar irradiance monitoring networks were built particularly for resource assessment purposes; they are often spatially sparse. In order for the networks to handle other increasingly important tasks, such as irradiance forecasting for grid integration, their spatial sparsity must be addressed by adding in new monitoring stations. Optimally expanding these networks using historical information thus becomes an important research topic for engineers. Variability of solar irradiance in space and time can be quantified using statistics such as entropy and covariance. The deployment of the additional monitoring stations should, therefore, utilize these statistics to reduce the variability. More specifically, we aim at maximizing the entropy of the network. A practical difficulty in statistical modeling of solar irradiance is that the data are not ideal. Properties such as stationarity and isotropy are not observed in irradiance random field. We, therefore, focus on hypothesis testing and transformation of the irradiance data, so that the design procedure is statistically justified. We propose the redesign framework in a solar engineering context, using data from 24 irradiance monitoring stations on a tropical island. In the case study, we demonstrate how to find three optimal stations from a pool of 100 potential future monitoring sites.
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    Multistep Wind Power Forecast Using Mean Trend Detector and Mathematical Morphology-Based Local Predictor (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: This paper proposes a novel forecasting model based on a mean trend detector (MTD) and a mathematical morphology-based local predictor (MMLP) to undertake short-term forecast of wind power generation. In the proposed MTD/MMLP model, the nonstationary time series describing wind power generation is first decomposed by the MTD, which employs some new notions and conventional morphological operators. The decomposition yields two componentsthe mean trend, which reveals the tendency of the time series, and the stochastic component, which depicts the fluctuations caused by high frequency of the variability. Subsequently, the $p$ -step forecast is conducted for these two components separately. The mean trend is forecasted on the basis of the least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) model, while the $p$ -step forecast for the stochastic component is carried out by the MMLP, which involves performing morphological operations employing a novel structuring element (SE) in the phase space. Finally, the forecast of wind power generation is achieved by combining the separate forecasts of two components. In order to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the MTD/MMLP model, simulation studies are carried out using the data obtained from three widely used databases sampled in different periods. The results demonstrate that the MTD/MMLP model provides a more accurate and stable forecast compared to the traditional methods.
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    Incorporating PV Inverter Control Schemes for Planning Active Distribution Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: The distribution network planning under active network management (ANM) schemes is becoming of interest due to substantial benefits in facilitating the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. This paper presents various potential ANM schemes based on the photovoltaic inverter control (PVIC) considering enhanced utilization of the inverter reactive power capability. Depending on the active power generation of PV arrays, inverter size and desired reactive power settings, several PVIC schemes are proposed. The PVIC schemes are incorporated in the optimal power flow (OPF) and formulated as a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. In this study, the PVIC schemes are applied to maximize the total wind-distributed generation (DG) penetration on a typical U.K. distribution system. Various case studies are presented and compared to evaluate the performance. The results show that the proposed schemes can significantly increase the wind penetration levels by 45.4% and up to 92.3%.
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    Modeling and Health Monitoring of DC Side of Photovoltaic Array (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In this paper, a health monitoring method for photovoltaic (PV) systems based on probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed that detects and classifies short- and open-circuit faults in real time. To implement and validate the proposed method in computer programs, a new approach for modeling PV systems is proposed that only requires information from manufacturers datasheet reported under normal-operating cell temperature (NOCT) conditions and standard-operating test conditions (STCs). The proposed model precisely represents characteristics of PV systems at different temperatures, as the temperature dependency of parameters such as ideality factor, series resistance, and thermal voltage is considered in the proposed model. Although this model can be applied to a variety of applications, it is specifically used to test and validate the performance of the proposed fault detection and classification method.
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    Fast Unscented Transformation-Based Transient Stability Margin Estimation Incorporating Uncertainty of Wind Generation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Intermittent generation from wind farms leads to fluctuating power system operating conditions pushing the stability margin to its limits. The traditional way of determining the worst case generation dispatch for a system with several semi-scheduled wind generators yields a conservative solution. This paper proposes a fast estimation of the transient stability margin (TSM) incorporating the uncertainty of wind generation. First, the Kalman filter (KF) is used to provide linear estimation of system angle and then unscented transformation (UT) is used to estimate the distribution of the TSM. The proposed method is compared with the traditional Monte Carlo (MC) method and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified using Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) and IEEE 14 generator Australian dynamic system. This method will aid grid operators to perform fast online calculations to estimate TSM distribution of a power system with high levels of intermittent wind generation.
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    Probabilistic-Based Available Transfer Capability Assessment Considering Existing and Future Wind Generation Resources (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: This paper presents a probabilistic-based approach for available transfer capability (ATC) assessment. A composite algorithm is developed to generate ensembles of future wind generation scenarios for the existing and planned wind sites using both measured and model-produced wind data. Then, the ensembles of wind and load are used to calculate their respective probability density functions (pdfs), which are subsequently used to calculate the probabilistic-based ATC for a selected transmission corridor. The method has been tested and validated using historical and operational data provided by the Idaho Power Co. The results show that the method can effectively quantify the uncertainties in the ATC assessment introduced by variable generation resources and load variations. As a result, the grid planners will inform the likelihood for the transmission corridor to exceed its transfer capacity in any targeted future years as well as the duration of such events.
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    Optimized Placement of Wind Turbines in Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farm Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: With the increasing size of wind farms, the impact of the wake effect on wind farm energy yields become more and more evident. The arrangement of locations of the wind turbines (WTs) will influence the capital investment and contribute to the wake losses, which incur the reduction of energy production. As a consequence, the optimized placement of the WTs may be done by considering the wake effect as well as the components cost within the wind farm. In this paper, a mathematical model which includes the variation of both wind direction and wake deficit is proposed. The problem is formulated by using levelized production cost (LPC) as the objective function. The optimization procedure is performed by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the purpose of maximizing the energy yields while minimizing the total investment. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective to find the optimized layout, which minimizes the LPC. The optimization procedure is applicable for optimized placement of WTs within wind farms and extendible for different wind conditions and capacity of wind farms.
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    A Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Approach With Adjustment of Numerical Weather Prediction Input by Data Mining (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: This paper proposes a novel short-term wind power forecasting approach by mining the bad data of numerical weather prediction (NWP). Today's short-term wind power forecast (WPF) highly depends on the NWP, which contributes the most in the WPF error. This paper first introduces a bad data analyzer to fully study the relationship between the WPF error with several new extracted features from the raw NWP. Second, a hierarchical structure is proposed, which is composed of a K -means clustering-based bad data detection module and a neural network (NN)-based forecasting module. In the NN module, the WPF is fully adjusted based on the output of the bad data analyzer. Simulations are performed comparing with two other different methods. It proves that the proposed approach can improve the short-term wind power forecasting by effectively identifying and adjusting the errors from NWP.
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    Reduced-Order Small-Signal Model of Microgrid Systems (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: The objective of this study was to develop a reduced-order small-signal model of a microgrid system capable of operating in both the grid-tied and the islanded conditions. The nonlinear equations of the proposed system were derived in the $dq$ reference frame and then linearized around stable operating points to construct a small-signal model. The high-order state matrix was then reduced using the singular perturbation technique. The dynamic equations were divided into two groups based on the small-signal model parameters $varepsilon$ . The slow states, which dominated the systems dynamics, were preserved, whereas the fast states were eliminated. Step responses of the model were compared to the experimental results from a hardware test to assess their accuracy and similarity to the full-order system. The proposed reduced-order model was applied to a modified IEEE-37 bus grid-tied microgrid system to evaluate systems dynamic response in grid-tied mode, islanded mode, and transition from grid-tied to islanded mode.
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    Multiobjective Optimization Dispatch for Microgrids With a High Penetration of Renewable Generation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Many benefits can be achieved through the implementation of a Microgrid controller, such as minimized cost, reduction in peak power, power smoothing, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and increased reliability of service. However, most Microgrid controllers found in the literature and in the industry optimize a single objective, which either exacerbates or does not solve the problems with integrating a high penetration of renewable energy. This paper presents a methodology of formulating a multiobjective optimization (MOO) so that each objective is quantified through valuation functions that can be specific to every Microgrid. The proposed approach attains a Pareto-optimal solution by directly comparing the quantified valuation functions and solving as if it were a single-objective optimization (SOO) problem. Three cases of controllers are presented and compared: 1)a base case system with no controller; 2)an SOO that optimizes the cost of energy; and 3)an MOO that optimizes five identified benefits. Results show that the proposed controller can mitigate the negative impacts of volatile generation to levels below that of the system load.
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    Stochastic Distribution System Operation Considering Voltage Regulation Risks in the Presence of PV Generation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Variable over voltage, excessive tap counts, and voltage regulator (VR) runaway condition are major operational challenges in distribution network while accommodating generation from photovoltaics (PVs). The conventional approach to achieve voltage control based on offline simulation for voltage set point calculation does not consider forecast errors. In this work, a stochastic optimal voltage control strategy is proposed while considering load and irradiance forecast errors. Stochastic operational risks such as overvoltage and VR runaway are defined through a chance constrained optimization (CCO) problem. This classical formulation to mitigate runaway is further improved by introducing a stochastic index called the Tap Tail Expectation . Operational objectives such as power losses and excessive tap count minimization are considered in the formulation. A sampling approach is proposed to solve the CCO. Along with other voltage control devices, the PV inverter voltage support features are coordinated. The simulation study is performed using a realistic distribution system model and practically measured irradiance to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The proposed approach is a useful operational procedure for distribution system operators. The approach can minimize feeder power losses, avoid voltage violations, and alleviate VR runaway.
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    Modeling of Grid-Connected DFIG-Based Wind Turbines for DC-Link Voltage Stability Analysis (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: The electromagnetic stability issues of the grid-connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) system are usually overlooked. This paper presents a reduced order small-signal model that can be used to analyze the stability of DFIGs dc-link voltage control system, especially under weak ac grid conditions. This model neglects DFIG flux and fast current control dynamics. However, the effects of operating points, grid strengths and control loops interactions on system dynamic performance are taken into account. An eigenvalue comparison shows the proposed model holds dominant oscillation mode featured by the detailed model and is suitable for stability analysis of dc-link voltage control system of DFIG. Influence coefficients reflecting control loops interactions are also presented. Application studies of the proposed model show it is suitable for illustrating the effect of grid strength on dynamic performance of the DFIGs dc-link voltage control system. Meanwhile, phase-locked loop (PLL) and rotor-side converter (RSC) active power control (APC)/reactive power controls (RPC) effect on system stability are also explored.
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    A Versatile Probability Model of Photovoltaic Generation Using Pair Copula Construction (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Photovoltaic (PV) generation is increasingly popular in power systems. The nonlinear dependence associated with a large number of distributed PV sources adds the complexity to construct an accurate probability model and negatively affects confidence levels and reliability, thereby resulting in a more challenging operation of the systems. Most probability models have many restrictions when constructing multiple PV sources with complex dependence. This paper proposes a versatile probability model of PV generation on the basis of pair copula construction. In order to tackle the computational burden required to construct pair copula in high-dimensional cases, a systematic simplification technique is utilized that can significantly reduce the computational effort while preserving satisfactory precision. The proposed method can simplify the modeling procedure and provide a flexible and optimal probability model for the PV generation with complex dependence. The proposed model is tested using a set of historical data from colocated PV sites. It is then applied to the probabilistic load flow (PLF) study of the IEEE 118-bus system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed model.
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    Predictive Deep Boltzmann Machine for Multiperiod Wind Speed Forecasting (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: It is important to forecast the wind speed for managing operations in wind power plants. However, wind speed prediction is extremely complex and difficult due to the volatility and deviation of the wind. As existing forecasting methods directly model the raw wind speed data, it is difficult for them to provide higher inference accuracy. Differently, this paper presents a sophisticated deep-learning technique for short-term and long-term wind speed forecast, i.e., the predictive deep Boltzmann machine (PDBM) and corresponding learning algorithm. The proposed deep model forecasts wind speed by analyzing the higher level features abstracted from lower level features of the wind speed data. These automatically learnt features are very informative and appropriate for the prediction. The proposed PDBM is a deep stochastic model that can represent the wind speed very well, and is inspired by two aspects. 1)The stochastic model is suitable to capture the probabilistic characteristics of wind speed. 2)Recent developments in neural networks with deep architectures show that deep generative models have competitive capability to approximate nonlinear and nonsmooth functions. The evaluation of the proposed PDBM model is depicted by both hour-ahead and day-ahead prediction experiments based on real wind speed datasets. The prediction accuracy of the PDBM model outperforms existing methods by more than 10%.
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    A New Sensorless Hybrid MPPT Algorithm Based on Fractional Short-Circuit Current Measurement and P&O MPPT (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: This paper presents a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed method improves the working of the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) method in changing environmental conditions by using the fractional short-circuit current (FSCC) method. It takes the initial operating point of a PV system by using the short-circuit current method and later shifts to the conventional P&O technique. The advantage of having this two-stage algorithm is rapid tracking under changing environmental conditions. In addition, this scheme offers low-power oscillations around MPP and, therefore, more power harvesting compared with the common P&O method. The proposed MPPT decides intelligently about the moment of measuring short-circuit current and is, therefore, an irradiance sensorless scheme. The proposed method is validated with computer software simulation followed by a dSPACE DS1104-based experimental setup. A buck-boost dc-dc converter is used for simulation and experimental confirmation. Furthermore, the reliability of the proposed method is also calculated. The results show that the proposed MPPT technique works satisfactorily under given environmental scenarios.
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    Real-Time HIL Implementation of Sliding Mode Control for Standalone System Based on PV Array Without Using Dumpload (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In this paper, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of solar photovoltaic (PV) array feeding autonomous load, without dump load, is investigated. Two control algorithms based on the sliding mode approach are designed to guarantee a fast and finite-time convergence without adjustment of the system parameters. The dc-dc boost converter and the current controlled-voltage source converter (CC-VSC) are controlled to maximize the power from the PV, to protect the battery energy storage system (BESS) from overcharging, and to regulate the voltage and frequency at the point of common coupling (PCC). An accurate stability analysis of the system is presented and discussed in this work. The effectiveness and the robustness of the developed controllers are validated by simulation and experimental results during the load perturbation and varying climate conditions.
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    Sizing Energy Storage to Mitigate Wind Power Forecast Error Impacts by Signal Processing Techniques (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: This paper proposes to use discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods to schedule grid-scale energy storage systems to mitigate wind power forecast error impacts while considering energy storage properties. This is accomplished by decomposing the wind forecast error signal to different time-varying periodic components to schedule sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and conventional generators. The advantage of signal processing techniques is that the resultant decomposed components are appropriate for cycling of each energy storage technology. It is also beneficial for conventional generators, which are more efficient to operate close to rated capacity. The tradeoff between installing more energy storage units and decreasing the wind spillage, back-up energy, and the standard deviation of residual forecast error signal is analyzed. The NaS battery life cycle analysis and CAES contribution on increasing NaS battery lifetime are studied. The impact of considering the frequency bias constant to allow small frequency deviations is also investigated. To showcase the applicability of the proposed approach, a simulation case study based on a real-world 5-min interval wind data from Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) in 2013 is presented.
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    Identification of Unavoidable Branch Limit Violations Due to Wind Forecast Errors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: One role of grid operators is to identify potential problems before they occur and, if necessary, take preemptive actions. As wind generation becomes increasingly widespread, there is the potential for credible, simultaneous fluctuations of output at different locations to result in limit violations. Existing analysis methods that consider forecast errors either inadequately model the control responses available to system operators (e.g., using participation factors) or ignore network constraints, which limits their utility in identifying situations that would require operator action. An alternative method of handling forecast errors, utilizing bilevel programming, is proposed here to identify situations that may result in branch overloads. What distinguishes this method from prior approaches is that it only identifies overloads that can occur despite optimal operator reaction to forecast errors--i.e., when the overload is unavoidable, given current control capabilities. Studies conducted on 37- and 118-bus test systems demonstrate both the utility and feasibility of using this method for online operations.
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    DC Switch Driven Active Power Output Control of Photovoltaic Inverters for the Provision of Frequency Regulation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In this paper, a control strategy for the participation of photovoltaic (PV) systems in frequency regulation is suggested. A number of strings from every inverter of a PV system are kept as reserve by disconnecting them through dc-relays. Hence, as the control algorithm monitors the grid frequency, it reconnects or disconnects strings, according to the occurring frequency deviations (negative and positive, respectively). Contrary to previous approaches, the suggested methodology here avoids the use of storage devices, which implies additional investment costs, and/or the manipulation of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of the inverter, which represents higher control complexity and special considerations depending on each algorithm. Simulation results from frequency phenomena and solar irradiation changes on a two-bus system in MATLAB Simulink are presented to show the favorable behavior and effective performance of the proposed control strategy. The design concept is also experimentally tested under various operating conditions and on different devices; the results also confirm the feasibility and simplicity of the method.
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    Contingency Assessment and Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Grids Including Wind Power and Energy Storage (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In case of abnormal conditions, distribution systems should be reconfigured to overcome the impacts of outages such as overloads of network components and increased power losses. For this purpose, energy storage systems (ESS) and renewable energy sources (RES) can be applied to improve operating conditions. An optimal contingency assessment model using two-stage stochastic linear programming including wind power generation and a generic ESS is presented. The optimization model is applied to find the best radial topology by determining the best switching sequence to solve contingencies. The proposed model is applied to a 69-node distribution system and the results of all possible contingencies in the network are examined considering three different case studies with several scenarios. In addition, a reconfiguration analysis including all the contingencies is presented for the case studies.
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    Emulation of an OWC Ocean Energy Plant With PMSG and Irregular Wave Model (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: Ocean energy is a promising resource for renewable electricity generation that presents many advantages, such as being more predictable than wind energy, but also some disadvantages such as large and slow amplitude variations in the generated power. This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop prototype that allows the study of the electric power profile generated by a wave power plant based on the oscillating water column (OWC) principle. In particular, it facilitates the development of new solutions to improve the intermittent profile of the power fed into the grid or the test of the OWC behavior when facing a voltage dip. Also, to obtain a more realistic model behavior, statistical models of real waves have been implemented.
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    Wind Power Dispatch Margin for Flexible Energy and Reserve Scheduling With Increased Wind Generation (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: With the significant penetration of wind generation, the variability and uncertainty of wind energy poses new challenges to power system operations. In particular, more rapid reserve is required, which may result in the scarcity of balancing services. With the increasing penetration of renewable generation, it is envisaged that renewable resources will be required to partake in the system balancing tasks. In this paper, a combined flexible dispatch and reserve scheduling policy is proposed by determining a flexible wind dispatch margin. In order to provide a flexible dispatch margin, wind generators underschedule in the hour-ahead energy market, so as to hold some expected output for reserves. Additional wind energy is then available for mitigating forecast errors and other system uncertainties. This paper presents a framework to find the optimal policy to incorporate the flexible wind dispatch margin into the hour-ahead market. A finite-state Markov chain wind power forecast model, based on spatio-temporal analysis, is utilized. The presented framework is used to find the appropriate level of wind dispatch margin. The proposed approach is tested and the wind generation data are used to analyze the effectiveness of the presented model in coping with forecast errors and achieving a more secure system operation.
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    Operating Modes and Control Strategy for Megawatt-Scale Hydro-Viscous Transmission-Based Continuously Variable Speed Wind Turbines (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: A megawatt (MW)-scale hydro-viscous transmission-based continuously variable speed wind turbine is proposed to guarantee a smooth transition among different operating regions and hence to improve power efficiency and quality. This turbine is achieved by highly integrating a hydro-viscous element into the turbine drive-train to mitigate the upstream wind-loading fluctuations. This element allows the turbine speed to be directly regulated by continuously changing the oil film thickness in this element. Three important operating modes of this turbine system are proposed. The control-oriented drive-train model is also established and validated based on experimental data. A cooperative control strategy over the full operating range is then proposed based on such modes. A series of comparative cosimulations are carried out to evaluate the stability and effectiveness of the proposed turbine system in speed and power regulations. This proposed system holds several advantages such as large power capacity, high efficiency, downsized power converters, and low cost. Such advantages make this turbine system particularly attractive and promising for medium-to-large-scale wind power applications.
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    Wind Power Forecasting Using Neural Network Ensembles With Feature Selection (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Description: In this paper, a novel ensemble method consisting of neural networks, wavelet transform, feature selection, and partial least-squares regression (PLSR) is proposed for the generation forecasting of a wind farm. Based on the conditional mutual information, a feature selection technique is developed to choose a compact set of input features for the forecasting model. In order to overcome the nonstationarity of wind power series and improve the forecasting accuracy, a new wavelet-based ensemble scheme is integrated into the model. The individual forecasters are featured with different mixtures of the mother wavelet and the number of decomposition levels. The individual outputs are combined to form the ensemble forecast output using the PLSR method. To confirm the effectiveness, the proposed method is examined on real-world datasets and compared with other forecasting methods.
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    Mexico's very first bid round (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Assessing the investability of thermal coal over the next 20 years (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: The demand for thermal coal has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, driven by an emerging markets-led commodities super cycle, which has recently come to an end. Today, thermal coal generates over 40 per cent of global electricity and is available in large quantities in countries such as China, India and the USA. Thermal coal is also the primary contributor to CO 2 emissions, a substantial driver of climate change. This has resulted in material tension for ‘sustainable and responsible’ institutional investors and strategic challenges for certain state-owned companies. Deciding upon the electricity generation technology in which to invest poses a significant dilemma. Thermal coal is abundant and by far the cheapest when externalities are not internalized. Electric renewables currently suffer from intermittency, viable storage solutions and are not very scalable. While cleaner than thermal coal, natural gas is abundant yet often needs to be imported and is more expensive than thermal coal. Although safe, scalable and clean from an emissions perspective, ‘new’ nuclear energy suffers from perception problems. The mixed method inductive methodology was used to determine the extent to which thermal coal remains investable over the next 20 years and has led to two divergent yet plausible scenarios impacting thermal coal investability. In assessing the investability of thermal coal across four chief stakeholders and geographies, a multifaceted interpretation of the term ‘investability’ is developed, which recognizes disparate financial and non-financial investment drivers. The research shows that thermal coal remains investable by a variety of stakeholders, particularly in the Transformative scenario, but their reasons for investing differ materially both by geography and the type of stakeholder. Finally, the key drivers for both scenarios are identified that can be monitored and used as an early warning system to inform investment decisions.
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    Production and offtake rights in joint operating agreements: lessons from Pohokura{dagger} (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: In March of 2015 New Zealand’s Court of Appeal brought to a conclusion a long running dispute between the joint venture partners in the Pohokura gas and condensate field located in Taranaki, New Zealand. Todd Pohokura v. Shell Exploration NZ Limited et ano deals with the rights to production and offtake arising under the Association of International Petroleum Negotiator’s (AIPN) 1995 Model Form joint operating agreement (JOA), the powers of the Operating Committee in regards thereto and the practical implications of entering into a field development without documenting all the necessary gas sale and transportation arrangements in advance. The factual matrix provides an opportunity to review the principles of common law relevant to production and offtake, including the development of those principles from early English common law into U.S. domestic law, and how those principles have been reflected in model form JOAs on both sides of the Atlantic, including the AIPN forms and ultimately the Pohokura JOA. The analysis confirms the New Zealand courts’ rulings upholding the power of the Operating Committee to determine production rates under the AIPN Model form. However, it concludes that gas offtake arrangements that amend or add to the rights and obligations of the parties under the JOA must be agreed unanimously and are not within the jurisdiction of the Operating Committee to determine.
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    2015 Student Writing Competition Editorial Note (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
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    Prospects for shale development outside the USA: evaluating nations' regulatory and fiscal regimes for unconventional hydrocarbons (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Pursuant to a generous Association of International Petroleum Negotiator (AIPN) 2014 Summer Research Award, this article identifies, evaluates and compares the legal and fiscal rules, regulations and incentives necessary for countries with significant shale petroleum and natural gas formations to attempt to replicate the boom that is ongoing in the USA. As others have pointed out, 1 several legal, tax, and operational barriers can impair duplication of the US shale revolution in similarly endowed nations. This article identifies key factors responsible for the surge in US shale production, distill the fundamental forces from the US experience that are applicable to any jurisdiction, and evaluate and compare how several countries fare in this vein. The report also identifies avenues for reform and innovative policies that could be applied in other jurisdictions.
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    Rafael Leal Arcas, Andrew Filis and Ehab S. Abu Gosh (eds), International Energy Governance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
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    Horizontal-well production allocation in the international context: a reasonable formula for allocation derived from Texas law (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Texas law has only recently codified in precedential decisions a reasonable formula for production allocations for horizontal, including fracked, wells. The ancient regime of the Rule of Capture does not generally apply, because of the nature of the geologic deposits and the new technology. This reasonable formula is applicable in the international arena for cross-border deposits and production blocks. Other national law and international treaties provide scant guidance in these matters and governments, national oil companies and international oil companies should review this formula to aid in negotiations for fair and equitable allocations that should preclude unnecessary disputes and litigation.
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    Jean-Michel Glachant, Michelle Hallack and Miguel Vazquez, Building Competitive Gas Markets in the EU: Regulation, Supply and Demand (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
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    Allocation of Decision-Making Power under the Habitats Directive (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The provisions in the Habitats Directive relating to protection of sites establish a triumvirate of decision-makers: administrative authority, scientific advisor and judiciary. This article examines the relationship between these decision-makers as developed in recent case law, both at a European Union (EU) and national level. It argues that reference to the goal of environmental protection obscures the allocation of power among these actors, and that to truly understand the resulting system, we must acknowledge the differing norms which motivate each of these actors. In particular, it argues that we must consider the judiciary as an actor within the decision-making process, and should examine the role of the principles of judicial review and EU law in shaping this. It highlights that there are currently conflicts within the process, and that the principles of judicial review cannot provide a successful mechanism to manage these conflicts without an explicit consideration of the values ‘hidden’ therein.
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    Favourable Conservation Status for Species: Examining the Habitats Directives Key Concept through a Case Study of the Swedish Wolf (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: One of the key issues in the current controversy over the hunting of wolves in Sweden is whether the wolf population has reached favourable conservation status (FCS). FCS is a legal concept, created and defined in law, but like many legal concepts within environmental law, can only be understood by reference to ecological concepts such as species viability. These ecological determinations in turn often require some sort of legal or policy judgment, such as how great an extinction risk is acceptable for a viable population. This article interrogates contested legal and ecological aspects of FCS and argues for how they might be applied to the Swedish wolf in potential litigation.
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    An Estoppel-Based Approach to Enforcing Corporate Environmental Responsibilities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Within the regulatory space that exists at the intersection of UK company law and environmental regulation, the business community has generated its own environmental governance initiatives to address growing anxiety about companies’ externalised risk. Yet, there is currently nothing in law to prevent companies from frequently acting inconsistently with these voluntary unilateral assurances, which has led to widespread concern that environmental values are treated as merely instrumental to the dominant idea of achieving economic benefits for the company. This article examines a specific case for the legal facilitation of binding obligations owed to the environment, which require a company to make good on its previous commitments about environmental responsibility. It seeks to demonstrate that this is possible through the common law doctrine of estoppel, which can be opened up to prevent a company from acting inconsistently with its previous statements or actions about the governance of environmental risk.
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    A Thundering Silence: Environmental Rights in the Dialogue between the EU Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The aim of the article is to shed light on the particular issue of absence of judicial dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) in the matter of environmental rights which represents a glaring exception to the generally cooperative disposition exhibited by the two courts in other domains linked to human rights protection. The article draws on this particular absence of judicial dialogue by examining the respective patterns of judicial reasoning employed by the CJEU and the ECtHR in cases before them that involve, or have a bearing on, environmental rights (substantive and procedural). Thus, the singular tendencies discernible in the ECtHR’s progressive jurisprudence in the field of environmental rights will be compared to CJEU’s jurisprudence relevant to environmental rights with the intention of detecting certain aspects in the CJEU’s approach which could further stand to be improved following the example of ECtHR’s activist environmental jurisprudence as a viable avenue for initiating the currently missing dialogue between the two courts in the matter of environmental rights.
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    Significant UK Environmental Law Cases 2015/16 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    International Environmental Law and the Global South. By SHAWKAT ALAM, SUMUDU ATAPATTU, CARMEN G GONZALEZ AND JONA RAZZAQUE (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Natures Best Hope? By CHARLES- HUBERT BORN, AN CLIQUET, HENDRIK SCHOUKENS, DELPHINE MISONNE AND GEERT VAN HOORICK (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    Law in Politics, Politics in Law. By DAVID FELDMAN (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    Provision for expert determination in the unitization of straddling petroleum accumulations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Oil and gas fields that straddle a domestic licence boundary or a delimited international border are often unitized so that they can be developed efficiently and effectively as a single entity. The unitization process is usually governed by a pre-unit agreement and a unitization and unit operating agreement. Provision for expert determination in these agreements should include a decision on the basis for tract participation, the determination of initial tract participation around the time of unitization, the formulation of key elements of prescribed technical procedures for any redetermination of tract participation, the redetermination of tract participation post-production, and the enlargement or reduction of the unit area and/or unit interval. The agreements must also define the key issues of how an appointed expert is to arrive at a decision. Expert determination is generally preferred to pendulum decision-making, an expert should carry out an integrated study with a single deliverable as opposed to one that is subdivided into discrete incremental steps, and the expert should table an initial decision for technical and procedural scrutiny by the parties before delivering a final binding decision. Experience has shown that adherence to these principles of prescription facilitates expert engagement during subsequent field life and thereby promotes Pareto-efficiency, fairness and equitability.
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    A New Environmental Protection Law, Many Old Problems? Challenges to Environmental Governance in China (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Through a three-year revision involving various stakeholders, China has enacted a new Environmental Protection Law ( EPL ). The new law seeks to harmonize economic and social development with environmental protection and for the first time establishes clear requirements for the construction of an ecological civilization. It toughens the penalties for environmental offences with specific articles and provisions for raising public awareness. It also places greater responsibility on local government and law enforcement for the protection of China’s environment. However, many of the problems identified in the old EPL and especially the obstacles to its implementation have not been fully addressed and resolved. Effective environmental governance entails not only environmental laws but also implementation mechanisms, accountability regimes, and institutional arrangements. Raising the status of the EPL and of the general environmental protection apparatus is only the first step to meeting China’s environmental challenges. More efforts in the area of enforcement and implementation will lead China to a cleaner future.
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    Attaining Subsidiarity-Based Multilevel Governance of Genetically Modified Cultivation? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) is highly harmonised, but with persisting conflicts over authority. The European Commission responded to internal and external pressures with a more flexible approach to coexistence, a proposed opt-out clause, and a promise to review the existing EU GM regime, providing an opportunity to consider and suggest paths of development. This article considers the post-authorisation policy-making powers of Member States and subnational regions, in light of subsidiarity-based multilevel governance. It considers the different approaches to risk-centred issues and more general policy choices. Overall, the developments occurring at the EU level are strengthening subsidiarity-based multilevel governance within the GM cultivation regime, but with significant opportunities to improve it further through focussing particularly on the complementary powers, coordination and the regional levels.
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    Renewables re-energized? The internationalization of green energy investment rules and disputes (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Renewable energy provides an answer to the most pressing socio-economic challenges governments face today, in particular the effects of climate change. Although efforts have been made throughout the world, it is necessary that investment in renewable energy is further increased if it is to have a marked impact on the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The lack of national investment is inevitably going to trigger the inflow of foreign investment which may be subject to performance requirements which are regulated by a number of economic treaties. The Article reviews all the norms currently applicable and stresses their differences to provide a typology of existing prohibition. The analysis is further refined by a comprehensive review of the case law (both decided by trade and investment tribunals) to identify the type of requirements which have been implemented on renewable energies. It also explains and anticipates the role of the most favoured national treatment in the context of bilateral treaties in a manner hitherto unexplored. In doing so, this Article provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance requirements in international treaties with a view to assessing their impact on the further development of renewable energies.
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    Brief update on the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: This brief contains an update of the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand. It is a critical appraisal of the ongoing reformation of the new Petroleum Act, which intends to adopt all three types of upstream contract, namely, concession, production sharing and service contracts, to govern the contractual relationship between Thailand and upstream investors.
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    Knock-for-knock clauses (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
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    An assessment of local-content policies in oil and gas producing countries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Local-content legislation and policies in oil and gas producing countries have become a key priority of host governments and industry players alike. Increasingly, more resource-rich developing countries are enacting local-content legislation as a means of maximizing the benefits to be gained from their petroleum industries. However, these laws and policies are being implemented with insufficient research into their efficacy, and as a result have often yielded mixed results. This article assesses the effect of local-content legislation and policies in the oil and gas industry presenting insights on the challenges faced by industry players with regard to their implementation. We trace the channels through which local-content legislation advances value creation by evaluating different implementation programmes, using clearly stated local-content targets to measure their efficacy. Nigeria, Ghana, Brazil and Norway are chosen as case study countries to highlight the diversity of local-content strategies for countries at different developmental stages. The motivation for this research is to provide host governments, investors and domestic suppliers with guidelines on how to successfully develop and implement local-content regulations and strategies. The experience of the case study countries above show that the success or otherwise of local-content legislation and policies remains a function of a country’s institutional setting and developmental paradigm. Based on the review of the case studies, we summarize that successful local-content legislation and policies should be anchored on the following principles: (i) local-content policies need to look beyond simple generation of economic rents to focus on the development of linkages; (ii) the tools developed to measure agreed local-content benchmarks must be clearly defined to the acceptance of all industry players; and (iii) entrenching local content depends on the availability of an industrial-supply base that can act as growth levers.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Technology and innovation in the Brazilian oil sector: ticket to the future or passage to the past? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: This article demonstrates how the oil regulatory framework enacted in Brazil in 2010 will have detrimental effects on technology and innovation. The shortcomings essentially derive from three of its aspects: (i) operational exclusivity; (ii) the governance structure of the operational committee; and (iii) local content policies which lack adequate focus and strategic planning. All these elements actually stem from an excessively intrusive regulatory approach, within a typical top-down model, disproportionately reliant on command and control procedures. The current regulations will lead to significant drawbacks in technology and innovation in Brazil that will inevitably affect Petrobras. Even worse, however, they will not guarantee the development of a dynamic and sustainable industry of suppliers. Instead of using Petrobras to propel its industry of providers towards higher technological standards, suppliers will be dragging the national oil company downwards at the expense of the whole sector. A less intrusive regulatory framework, based on reflexive and responsive regulations is more suitable in this context, since it induces agents to continuously interact in a favourable way for the intended outcomes, instead of imposing norms and rules on them that most probably lead to other undesirable consequences.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Gordon Barrows: The man who helped to educate the petroleum world (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    A Reactive Power Dispatch Strategy With Loss Minimization for a DFIG-Based Wind Farm (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: An optimal reactive power dispatch strategy is proposed to minimize the total electrical losses of a wind farm (WF), including not only losses in the transmission cables and wind turbine (WT) transformers, but also losses inside wind energy generation systems. The reactive power dispatch inside a WT uses optimal splitting strategy over the stator and the grid side converter (GSC), which aims to minimize the total loss of the wind energy generation system, including the generator, the converters, and the filters. Optimization problems are formulated based on established loss models and WT reactive power limits. A WF is carefully designed and used for case studies. Wake effect is considered when calculating the active power at each WT. The total losses of the WF are calculated by implementing the proposed strategy at different wind speeds and reactive power references. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 82
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    Multibody Modelling of Wave Energy Converters Using Pseudo-Spectral Methods With Application to a Three-Body Hinge-Barge Device (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Multibody wave energy converters are composed of several bodies interconnected by joints. Two different formulations are adopted to describe the dynamics of multibody systems: the differential and algebraic equations (DAEs) formulation, and the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) formulation. While the number of variables required for the description of the dynamics of a multibody system is greater in the DAE formulation than in the ODE formulation, the ODE formulation involves an extra computational effort in order to describe the dynamics of the system with a smaller number of variables. In this paper, pseudo-spectral (PS) methods are applied in order to solve the dynamics of multibody wave energy converters using both DAE and ODE formulations. Apart from providing a solution to the dynamics of multibody systems, pseudo-spectral methods provide an accurate and efficient formulation for the control of multibody wave energy converters. As an application example, this paper focuses on the dynamic modeling of a three-body hinge-barge device, where wave-tank tests are carried out in order to validate the DAE and ODE models against experimental data. Comparison of the ODE and DAE PS methods against a reference model based on the straightforward (Runge-Kutta) integration of the equations of motion shows that pseudo-spectral methods are computationally more stable and require less computational effort for short time steps.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 83
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    Optimal Distributed Generation and Reactive Power Allocation in Electrical Distribution Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Optimal and simultaneous siting and sizing of distributed generators and capacitor banks in distribution systems have attracted a lot of attention from distribution companies. The placement and capacity of these devices have direct effects on the system’s performance. This paper presents a model for the simultaneous allocation of capacitor banks and distributed generation, which takes into account the stochastic nature of distributed generation. To solve the model presented, we propose an efficient hybrid method based on Tabu search and genetic algorithms. The hybrid method is applied to a well-known system in literature.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Convex Optimization for DES Planning and Operation in Radial Distribution Systems With High Penetration of Photovoltaic Resources (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: In this paper, distributed energy storage (DES) devices, like batteries and ultra-capacitors, are used to alleviate detrimental impacts of high penetration photovoltaic (PV) resources on distribution systems. The impacts are studied at mainly two time resolutions—one minute and one hour. To determine accurately the size of the required DES for the purpose of mitigating the impacts of large-scale distributed PV, sizing procedures based on OpenDSS are proposed. After determining the total size of the required DES, optimization techniques can be used to choose the optimal locations for the DES along the feeder, which is a continuous optimization problem taking into account equality constraints of the AC power flow. The continuity of the problem and the radial network structure make it possible to apply a convex optimization technique called second order cone programming (SOCP) relaxation to obtain the globally optimal solution and avoid the problem of NP-hardness. The exactness of the introduced SOCP relaxation is sensitive to the chosen objective function and additional quadratic equalities. The necessary and sufficient condition of exactness for the SOCP relaxation of the DES optimal allocation and operation in radial distribution systems is studied. The proposed methods are applied to an actual feeder in the southwestern US with high penetration of PV using actual measured data. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approaches.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Electricity-Natural Gas Operation Planning With Hourly Demand Response for Deployment of Flexible Ramp (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper proposes an integrated stochastic day-ahead scheduling model to dispatch hourly generation and load resources and deploy flexible ramping for managing the variability of renewable energy system. A comprehensive framework for the natural gas transportation network is considered to address the dispatchability of a fleet of fuel-constrained natural gas-fired units. System uncertainties include the day-ahead load and renewable generation forecast errors. Illustrative examples demonstrate that the real-time natural gas delivery can directly impact the hourly dispatch, flexible ramp deployment, and power system operation cost. Meanwhile, the demand side participation can mitigate the dependency of electricity on natural gas by providing a viable option for flexible ramp when the natural gas system is constrained.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 86
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    Dynamic Droop–Based Inertial Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: If a large disturbance occurs in a power grid, two auxiliary loops for the inertial control of a wind turbine generator have been used: droop loop and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) loop. Because their gains are fixed, difficulties arise in determining them suitable for all grid and wind conditions. This paper proposes a dynamic droop-based inertial control scheme of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The scheme aims to improve the frequency nadir (FN) and ensure stable operation of a DFIG. To achieve the first goal, the scheme uses a droop loop, but it dynamically changes its gain based on the ROCOF to release a large amount of kinetic energy during the initial stage of a disturbance. To do this, a shaping function that relates the droop to the ROCOF is used. To achieve the second goal, different shaping functions, which depend on rotor speeds, are used to give a large contribution in high wind conditions and prevent over-deceleration in low wind conditions during inertial control. The performance of the proposed scheme was investigated under various wind conditions using an EMTP-RV simulator. The results indicate that the scheme improves the FN and ensures stable operation of a DFIG.
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    Hierarchical Co-Ordinated Wide Area and Local Controls of DFIG Wind Turbine and PSS for Robust Power Oscillation Damping (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: In this paper, the two-level hierarchical scheme, which consists of wide area centralized and local controls of the power oscillation damper (POD) installed with the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine and the power system stabilizer (PSS) has been proposed for robust power oscillation damping. In the wide area level, the centralized POD and PSS has received the input signals from synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs). The geometric measures of controllability and observability have been applied to select the suitable DFIG and synchronous generator (SG) for stabilizing the target oscillation modes, the proper input signals of the centralized POD and PSS, and the location of PMUs. In the local level, the suitable DFIG and SG have been equipped with POD and PSS, respectively. In the parameters optimization of POD and PSS, the practical issues such as damping performance, controller structure, communication latency, and robustness against system uncertainties have been considered. The controller efficiency and resiliency of the proposed controller have been evaluated in comparison with other controllers by eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear simulation for a wide range of operating conditions, line outage contingencies, severe faults, and communication failure.
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    Optimal Medium-Term Hydropower Scheduling Considering Energy and Reserve Capacity Markets (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper describes a method for optimal scheduling of hydropower systems for a profit maximizing, price-taking, and risk neutral producer selling energy, and capacity to separate and sequentially cleared markets. The method is based on a combination of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) and stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP), and treats inflow to reservoirs and prices for energy and capacity as stochastic variables. The proposed method is applied in a case study for a Norwegian watercourse, quantifying the expected changes in schedules, and water values when going from an energy-only market to a joint treatment of energy and reserve capacity markets.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 89
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    Identification of Wave Energy Device Models From Numerical Wave Tank Data—Part 1: Numerical Wave Tank Identification Tests (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: In this paper and its companion, the identification of mathematical models describing the behaviour of wave energy devices (WECs) in the ocean is investigated through the use of numerical wave tank (NWT) experiments. This paper deals with the identification tests used to produce the data for the model identification. NWTs, implemented using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), are shown as an effective platform to perform the identification tests. The design of the NWT experiments, to ensure the production of information-rich data for the model identification, is discussed. A case study is presented to illustrate the design and implementation of NWT experiments for the identification of WEC models.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 90
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    Maximum Power Point Tracking of Variable Speed Wind Turbines With Flexible Shaft (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Optimum torque (OT)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is widely used in high power turbines because of its simplicity. Several recent improvements claim better response speeds by augmenting the basic OT algorithm with a suitably scaled inertial torque. However, the underlying dynamic model for all these improved methods is premised on a rigid shaft, which ignores all torsional behavior. This lacuna is addressed in this paper, where a small-signal system description is developed considering a more accurate flexible shaft model. It is shown that the improvements have three possible forms, the third being proposed in this paper. Close-loop stability with each of these is analytically investigated using this accurate small-signal model. It is also proved that one of the reported approaches causes system instability while attempting even moderate improvement over the OT method. The problems in realization of the other two forms are highlighted and a realizable alternative proposed, which requires no additional sensor. Design of the proposed approach is presented in appropriate detail. It is analytically established that the proposed method ensures superior dynamic response. All analytical conclusions are validated by numerical simulations.
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    A Generation-Interval-Based Mechanism for Managing the Power Generation Uncertainties of Variable Generation (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Power generation uncertainty is an important characteristic of variable generation (VG) platforms, such as wind and solar power, which brings additional operational costs to the power systems. To manage this uncertainty, responsibilities should be properly allocated to encourage good behaviors of system participants, especially the VG producers. Currently, the imbalance-cost-based mechanism is most commonly used for uncertainty management. Based on this method, we consider a new mechanism in this paper for capturing the uncertainty, which may achieve a better mechanism performance. The basic idea is to allow producers to purchase generation intervals (GIs) for their potential production output. The analysis presented in this paper indicates that producers can be very responsive to this mechanism. With the proper pricing policies, producers can be encouraged to provide additional information on upcoming uncertainties to the system operators. Additionally, three strategies for pricing GIs are included in this paper. Case studies are used to demonstrate the application of the mechanism as well as its effectiveness.
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    Gossip Algorithms for Decentralized Congestion Management of Distribution Grids (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: The paper proposes a gossip algorithm-based architecture for managing power flows on radial distribution grids applying decentralized management of demand. Demand flexibility is associated with a cost-like utility function expressing the inconvenience caused by curtailment. Every node of the distribution grid participates in power flow management by sending locally measured and calculated values to its neighboring nodes following a peer-to-peer architecture. The proposed algorithm is based on the application of gossip algorithms to estimate locally critical physical quantities by reaching a global consensus. More specifically, the solution implements gossip algorithms to achieve consensus in aggregated demand and in minimum cost for curtailment of flexible loads/increase of controllable distributed generators.
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    Comparison of Airfoil Precomputational Analysis Methods for Optimization of Wind Turbine Blades (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: The objective of this research was to develop and compare various airfoil precomputational parameterization and analysis techniques for aerostructural optimization of wind turbine blades. The airfoils along the blade were added as optimization design variables through precomputational parameterization methods using thickness-to-chord ratios and blended airfoil family factors. The airfoils’ aerodynamic performance was analyzed with three methods of increasing fidelity: a panel method (XFOIL), Navier–Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics (RANS CFD), and wind tunnel data. The optimizations minimized mass over annual energy production ( $m/AEP$ ) and thereby approximated the minimization of cost of energy. The results were compared to the NREL 5-MW reference turbine and a conventional optimization where the airfoils were fixed. Results showed an average $m/AEP$ reduction of 1.7% over conventional optimization methods. The primary benefit in adding the airfoil shape was through an increase in annual energy production (1.6%) with a similar decrease in turbine mass (1.8%). Using the precomputational airfoil parameterization methods provided significant reductions in the cost of energy with relatively minor additional computational cost.
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    Co-Ordinated Multiloop Switching Control of DFIG for Resilience Enhancement of Wind Power Penetrated Power Systems (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper proposes a co-ordinated four-loop switching controller (SC) for the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to improve the transient stability of wind power penetrated power systems. A short-term resilience index is introduced, and it reflects the dynamics of both system frequency and load bus voltage. A four-loop SC is driven by the four outputs of a DFIG, namely, the rotor speed deviation, the reactive power output of stator winding, the reactive power transferred through grid-side converter, and the DC-link voltage, respectively. Referring to a state-dependent switching strategy, the four-loop SC switches between a logic-based bang–bang constant funnel controller (LBCFC) and a vector control theory-based conventional controller (CC) in each control loop. The LBCFC is robust to system nonlinearities, uncertainties, and external disturbances. The control signal of the LBCFC is bang–bang with the upper and lower limits of control variables. Simulation studies are undertaken in a modified IEEE 16-generator 68-bus power system, in which four DFIG-based wind farms are penetrated to provide 9.94% power supply. The performance of the four-loop SC is evaluated in aspects of the integral control of the DFIG and the resilience enhancement of the multimachine power system, respectively.
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    Co-Ordinated Control Strategy for Hybrid Wind Farms With PMSG and FSIG Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Condition (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper investigates a control strategy for a wind farm with the direct-driven permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSG)-based wind turbines and the fixed speed induction generators (FSIG)-based wind turbines under unbalanced grid voltage condition. By controlling the PMSG-based wind farm to inject negative-sequence current for decreasing voltage unbalance factor (VUF) at point of common coupling (PCC), the double grid frequency oscillations in electromagnetic torque, active, and reactive power output from the FSIG-based wind farm can be suppressed. In this paper, the maximum amplitude of the negative-sequence current provided by the PMSG-based wind farm under different average active power output and different VUF conditions is deduced, and the impacts of its phase angle on the VUF mitigation control effect are further studied. The improved control strategy of injecting negative-sequence current from the PMSG-based wind farm by the modified negative-sequence voltage and current double closed-loop control system is then developed. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are validated by the experimental results.
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    Identification of Wave Energy Device Models From Numerical Wave Tank Data—Part 2: Data-Based Model Determination (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: In this paper and its companion, the identification of mathematical models describing the behaviour of wave energy devices (WECs) in the ocean is investigated through the use of numerical wave tank experiments. When the wave amplitude and the WEC displacement are not negligible with respect to the WEC dimensions, nonlinear hydrodynamic effects may appear, and the accuracy of linear hydrodynamic models is reduced, leading to the necessity of introducing some nonlinearities in the model structure. This paper proposes, for WEC modelling, the use of discrete-time nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) models, as an alternative to continuous-time models. Techniques of model identification are also explained and applied to a case study.
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  • 97
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    Normal-Based Model for True Power Curves of Wind Turbines (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Wind turbine power curves do not consider specific weather conditions, wind shear, turbulence effects of the location where the turbine is going to be installed, or its age. A true power curve is obtained by analyzing data from an installed wind turbine over a year. Here, a model for a true power curve is proposed, considering a normal distribution for each range of wind speed data. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo-based simulation technique is proposed to reproduce data following the normal-based model. The main use of the model is to simulate data to complete lacking real data or to perform long-term assessments. The model was checked with data from two wind turbines at the Sotavento experimental wind farm in the northwest of Spain.
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  • 98
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    Resonant Versus Conventional Controllers in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plants Under Unbalanced Grid Voltages (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper discusses the control of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power plant (GCPPP) operating under unbalanced grid voltages. The positive and negative sequences of the grid currents need to be controlled to regulate the power injected into the grid during unbalanced grid voltages. This paper shows that the use of conventional proportional-integral-based controllers compromises stability and dynamic performance of the inverter. The reason is the delays introduced by the filters needed to extract the sequences of the transformed grid currents. Because of such delays, there is a strong restriction on choosing the parameters for the current and voltage controllers, which forces the GCPPP to perform slowly. This can be improved by using resonant controllers instead, which avoid the need for filtering the transformed grid currents. Additionally, a new overcurrent protection is proposed for the GCPPP when it is providing grid voltage support during voltage sags. Simulation and experimental results are presented to evaluate and compare the performance of the GCPPP when operating with the different controllers.
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  • 99
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    Probabilistic Transient Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow for Power Systems With Multiple Correlated Uncertain Wind Generations (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: This paper proposes a novel probabilistic transient stability constrained optimal power flow (P-TSCOPF) model to simultaneously consider uncertainties and transient stability for power system preventive control. While detailed wind generator model with rotor flux magnitude and angle control strategy is used to describe the dynamic behaviors of wind generators, uncertain factors with correlations, such as probabilistic load injections, stochastic fault clearing time, and multiple correlated wind generations, are also included to form a representative P-TSCOPF model. A new GSO-PE approach, consisting of an improved group search optimization (GSO) and $2m + 1$ point estimated (PE) method with Cholesky decomposition, is then designed to effectively solve this challenging P-TSCOPF problem. The proposed P-TSCOPF model and GSO-PE solution approach have been thoroughly tested on a modified New England 39-bus system with correlated uncertain wind generations. Comparative results with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have confirmed the validity of the P-TSCOPF model and demonstrated the effectiveness of GSO-PE method.
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  • 100
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    Frequency Regulation by Distributed Secondary Loads on Islanded Wind-Powered Microgrids (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-21
    Description: Frequency regulation is critical to the successful operation of remote wind–diesel electrical grids. When the grid is in ‘wind–diesel’ mode, frequency regulation is (classically) the sole duty of the diesel electric generator (DEG). An alternative approach is proposed whereby responsibility for frequency regulation is shared by the DEG and a network of autonomous distributed secondary loads (DSLs) consisting of electric thermal storage (ETS) devices. This allows surplus wind to be distributed to residential consumers (as space heat) without the need for a centralized communication network. Numerical modeling of system dynamics with active DSLs is conducted using a SIMULINK wind–diesel hybrid test bed model. The effects of controller gain, installed capacity, switching time and unit coordination timing on frequency and voltage regulation is explored. It is shown that the DSLs can improve frequency regulation in wind–diesel mode while providing storable thermal energy to distributed consumers.
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