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  • 1
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    Texas Game and Fish Commission Marine Laboratory | Rockport, TX
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14201 | 9596 | 2020-08-31 20:32:13 | 14201 | Galveston Bay Information Collection
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: Galveston Bay, Matagorda Bay, San Antonio Bay, Aransas Bay and South Bay areas were sampled at a total of nineteen stations to determine the population characteristics and fluctuations of oysters on the Texas coast. Population samples taken at monthly intervals from these stations showed heavy spat setting occurred in June 1962 and continued in moderation through December 1962. Survival of spat and seed class oysters ranged from moderate in Galveston Bay to excellent in the lower coastal bays. No extensive natural moralities were noted in any of the bay areas and the number of market-sized oysters increased in nearly all the bays. Dermocystidium marinum incidence maintained a high level, but no moralities were associated with the fungus. Oyster populations in Aransas Bay have recovered from the 1959 die-off and are once again approaching an overcrowded conditions for lack of harvesting. Artificial reefs, built in Aransas and Matagorda Bays, have been extremely successful and have attained the characteristics of natural oyster reefs.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; oysters ; marine molluscs ; population dynamics ; oyster reefs ; artificial reefs ; growth ; mortality
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  • 2
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    Texas Game and Fish Commission Marine Laboratory | Rockport, TX
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14202 | 9596 | 2020-08-31 20:32:23 | 14202 | Galveston Bay Information Collection
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: A moderate set of spat was observed throughout the bay in June and July. A light spat set also occurred in September and October on reefs in the middle and lower bay areas. The fall set was not found in upper Trinity Bay. The majority of the oysters were less than three years of age although remnant population of oysters over five years old were occasionally found. Some oysters reached legal size at two and one-half years of age but most of the market sized oysters were over three years old. The incidence of the fungus organism, Dermocystidium marinum, increased in late summer and early fall. As a result, moralities among the older oysters were expected to increase. However, no unusual moralities were noted by the end of the sample period. The 1961-62 oyster harvest was generally confined to Todd's Dump and Hanna's Reef. Oysters were good in quality but not exceptional. During the 1962-63 season oyster boats spread out and worked several reefs which had been unproductive in past years. Both the quality and quantity of oysters were better than in previous years.
    Keywords: Biology ; Fisheries ; oysters ; marine molluscs ; life history ; growth ; population dynamics ; oyster fisheries
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  • 3
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    Texas Game and Fish Commission Marine Laboratory | Rockport, TX
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14204 | 9596 | 2020-08-31 20:32:49 | 14204 | Galveston Bay Information Collection
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: Trawls, seines, and trammel nets were used to sample the Galveston Bay crab populations. The data collected were used in determining the seasonal abundance of the crabs as compared to previous years' sampling. Blue crab populations in 1962 appeared to be larger than in 1961. The female population lagged behind the male in abundance in all months in 1962 except April, October, and December. The movement of adult crabs appeared to be governed by their search for food, reproductive cycle, and seasonal temperatures. Juveniles remained in the bay all seasons, moving toward the primary bay as they grew. Growth rate of the juvenile crabs was 0.4mm per day.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Oceanography ; blue crab ; marine crustaceans ; population dynamics ; abundance ; growth ; life history
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
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  • 5
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 7
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aleyrodidae ; greenhouse whitefly ; nitrogen ; host selection ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller cv 'Tres Cantos', were supplied with high (308 ppm), medium (140 ppm) and low (84 ppm) nitrogen doses in order to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on feeding and oviposition site selection by greenhouse whitefly adults, T. vaporariorum (Westwood). The nitrogen and water content was higher in plants supplied with 308 N ppm than in plants with medium or low nitrogen doses and no differences were found in soluble sugar content. The leaves of the upper plant stratum (leaves 1–5) had the greatest nitrogen and water content, independent of the nitrogen dose applied. The plants were exposed to T. vaporariorum adults into a greenhouse under two current (late autumn-winter and spring-early summer) situations of the tomato crop in the Mediterranean area. The distribution of whitefly adults on the plants was affected by the nitrogen dose in both experimental conditions, the number of adults was higher on the plants supplied with high nitrogen dose. Within plants, adult distribution was affected by leaf position, the upper plant stratum being preferred for feeding. Whitefly females selected for oviposition and laid more eggs on plants and leaves of plants with higher nitrogen and water contents. We conclude that whitefly host selection for feeding and ovipositing are related to differences in nitrogen and water content of the host plant.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: fecundity ; host plant quality ; Pistia stratiotes ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; nitrogen ; trichomes ; oviposition ; biological control of weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We determined the influence of larval host quality of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) on the fecundity and egg distribution of the biological control agent Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Different nutritional levels were produced by growing plants with relatively low and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Female and male pupal biomass were significantly greater when the larvae were fed leaves from the high fertilizer plants. Although the fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence total fecundity, there was an indirect effect as adults from larger pupae were more fecund. Regardless of treatment, ovipositing females formed a depression in the leaf surface by removing trichomes into which they deposited the egg masses. Most of the egg masses were laid on the lower leaf surface, on leaf positions 5–8 (counting from the young inner to the outer leaves) and during days 1–2 post-eclosion. Most of the eggs were laid in masses but about 12% were solitary. Females fed the low fertilizer treatment laid a greater proportion (mean ± s.e.) of their eggs as solitary eggs (17.3 ± 3.4% of total eggs) than did females fed the high fertilizer treatment (8.3 ± 2.3% of total eggs). The increased percentage of solitary eggs laid by the females from the low quality larval diet may be an adaptive response to decrease competition among the progeny.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bemisia argentifolii ; Encarsia formosa ; poinsettia ; parasitoids ; nitrogen ; tri-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract More wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non-fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no-choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate-treated plants. Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant-mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
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  • 15
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
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  • 17
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. juncea ; consumption rate ; glucosinolates ; growth rate ; indolyl ; isothiocyanate ; Mamestra configurata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae were fed excisedBrassica juncea (commercial brown mustard) orB. rapa cv. Tobin (Canola) foliage of three plant growth stages-rosette (stage 2), stem elongation (stage 3) and flowering (stage 4). Relative consumption rates (RCRi) were not significantly different between the plant species. Within theB. juncea treatments, there were no significant growth stage differences in RCRi. However, withinB. rapa, RCRi increased with advancing plant growth stage. Larvae fedB. juncea foliage had significantly reduced relative growth rates (RGRi) compared to larvae fedB. rapa foliage. Within theB. juncea treatments, RGRi decreased with advancing plant growth stage. There were no significant growth stage differences in RGRi in theB. rapa treatments. RGRi was inversely proportional to the levels of isothiocyanate-releasing glucosinolates in theB. juncea treatments. RCRi was inversely proportional to the levels of indolyl glucosinolates in theB. rapa treatments. Levels of total phenols and catechols inB. juncea did not show any trend which could be related to growth stage effects in the insect nutritional indices. InB. rapa, levels of phenols and catechols in stage 3 and 4 foliage were lower than that of stage 2 foliage. Analyses of total nitrogen in field-grown plants showed reductions in percent nitrogen from rosette to flowering stage foliage. The response ofM. configurata to different growth stages of its host plants are discussed in relation to changing levels of allelochemicals and nitrogen.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
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    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: EPG ; stylectomy ; phloem amino acids ; nitrogen ; aphid-plant interaction
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    Notes: Abstract Effects of nitrogen deficiency in hydroponically grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the development and reproduction of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated. Plant growth was significantly reduced in seedlings grown without nitrogen. Aphid intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was also significantly lower on these plants compared with that on plants grown with 8 mol m−3 nitrogen. Phloem sap was collected from seedling stems by aphid stylectomy and amino acids quantified by HPLC. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of non-essential amino acids as a group, but not of essential amino acids. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) indicated that aphids reached the phloem more quickly and fed for longer on plants grown with nitrogen. This is the first reported study in which this combination of techniques has been used to understand the interactions of an aphid and plant under different environmental conditions.
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  • 21
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Samea multiplicalis ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; Pistia stratiotes ; waterlettuce ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; compensatory feeding ; nitrogen ; biological control of weeds
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenèe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5–10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
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  • 23
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nutrition ; utilization ; efficiency ; growth ; metabolism ; energy ; respirometry ; Pieris
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Conventional gravimetry and a combination of gravimetry and respirometry were compared for their precision in measuring respiration and metabolic efficiency of growth of final stadiumPieris brassicae L. (Pieridae, Lepidoptera) caterpillars. This was done both for caterpillars feeding on an artificial diet and for caterpillars feeding on excised leaf material of a host plant,Brassica oleracea L. Gravimetry produced significantly greater variation in the total amount of matter respired and the metabolic efficiency than indirect calorimetry for caterpillars feeding on plant material, while the two methods gave similar results for the caterpillars reared on a meridic artificial diet. Respirometry (indirect calorimetry) revealed that caterpillars feeding on the artificial diet were growing with a higher metabolic efficiency than caterpillars feeding on the host plant. This difference was not revealed by conventional gravimetry. It is argued that metabolic efficiencies as derived from gravimetric budget calculations are subject to a number of random errors that distort precise determination of metabolic efficiencies in studies involving plant food.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; bruchidae ; anesthesia ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; cold ; oviposition and mating
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of anesthetizing with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or low temperature on the reproductive behavior and fecundity of Callosobruchus subinnotatus was investigated. Males and females anesthetized with N2 as virgins had shorter recovery time, copulated earlier, and had shorter mating time than those subjected to CO2 or low temperature. Exposure of males and females to 2.0±0.5 °C for 10 min had the most profound effect on the recovery periods, copulation time, and duration of mating. Adults anesthetized with CO2 and low temperature laid fewer eggs than those anesthetized with N2. Females were more affected than males by the treatments, except when males were chilled for 10 min, and this prolonged the time for commencement of mating. The mode of anesthesia could affect egg production because vitellogenesis and choriogenesis take place in the imago stage of bruchids.
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  • 25
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azadirachtin ; Manduca sexta ; growth ; feeding efficiency ; nitrogen utilisation ; proteinase ; trypsin ; allelochemicals ; antifeedant ; herbivory
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well-known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme-secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
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  • 26
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
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  • 27
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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  • 28
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
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  • 29
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nitrogen ; maize ; lepidopterous stem and cob borers ; Sesamia calamistis ; Eldana saccharina ; Mussidia nigrivenella ; Cryptophlebia leucotreta ; dead hearts ; stem tunneling ; yields
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) on growth of maize and development of lepidopterous pests was investigatdd in a field trial. Nitrogen had a positive effect on both plant growth variables (plant height, stem diameter and yield), and development and survival ofSesamia calamistis andEldana saccharina, and thereby increased the incidence of dead hearts and stem tunneling. However, the percent yield loss due to artificial infestation decreased with increasing N application rate from 20% to 11% in the in the 0kg/ha and 120kg/ha treatment, respectively. Using a multiple regression analysis, plant height, plant diameter and stem tunneling were found to be the most important variables explaining the variability in maize yield.
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  • 30
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysomelidae ; herbivory ; Asteraceae ; life history ; nitrogen ; plant quality ; season
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytophagous insects which feed on the leaves of herbaceous host plants have to adapt their life histories to the fact that protein nitrogen is usually highest in growing tissues in spring. We monitored field populations of larvae and adults of three chrysomelid species (Galeruca tanaceti (L.) (main host Achillea millefolium (L.) Yarrow), Cassida rubiginosa (Mueller) (main host Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and Oreina luctuosa (Suffrian) (host Centaurea scabiosa (L.)) together with the amount of protein nitrogen of their food resources and host plant biomass. As expected, the development of host quality, measured as concentration of protein nitrogen, and host plant biomass showed inverse trends during the season. The euryphagous G. tanaceti attacks Achillea early and profits from high nitrogen concentrations in the leaves. Occasional overexploitations of local populations of Achillea are compensated by the capacity to move to other host species. In C. rubiginosa, a species with a host range restricted to the Cardueae, the main larval feeding activity is postponed to a period when the nitrogen content of the host leaves had dropped to 50% of its initial value, but when host plant biomass had increased by 30%. In the monophagous O. luctuosa the larval development is synchronized with a still later phase of host phenology, at which the nitrogen content is below 50% but plant biomass has reached its maximum. There seem to be selection factors, which oppose the use of high quality food in spring and which force the latter two species to postpone their larval development to a later time in the year. This could be caused by numerous factors like, for example, mean daytime temperature. Later in the season the larvae have to cope with the low quality of their host plants. They have, however, the advantage of large quantities of food available. A laboratory study with adults and mature larvae of O. luctuosa shows that this species can overcome low levels of protein nitrogen either by selecting younger leaves with higher nitrogen concentrations or by increasing the daily food consumption rate (RCR) on leaves with a low level of nitrogen and by a prolongation of the feeding period. In this way the larvae compensate the effect of lower daily growth rates (RGR) and a lower food conversion index (ECI) on poor food quality: Regardless of the level of protein nitrogen there was no statistically significant difference in total gain of weight during the third-instar feeding period and in the weight at the end of the third larval stage. The three investigated chrysomelids show that there exists a broad spectrum of adaptations to overcome the dilemma of variable food quality.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: acetylene ion ; complex ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; argon
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexes formed by the positive acetylene ion with the hydrogen molecule, the nitrogen molecule, and the argon atom are investigated with ab initio calculations using the 6-311G** and the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis sets. MP2/6-311G** energies and optimum geometries are obtained, as well as single-point MP3, MP4, and QCISD(T) energies with the MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries. Single-point calculations are performed with the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis set at MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Supersaturation ; nitrogen ; cosolvent ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of ammonium nitrite in water creates a supersaturated solution of nitrogen. The same process occurs in water-organic solvent mixtures. Acetone, dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) are the cosolvents used in this study. The limits of supersaturation of nitrogen (C SL /mol L−1) were determined in all of these solvent mixtures by releasing the dissolved gas sonicationally and measuring the volume of released gas. C SL was generally increased in the presence of cosolvents. The effectiveness sequence of organic solvents was found to be as DMF〈DMSO〈Dioxanet≅Acetone. Transportation period of small bubbles formed during sonication is changed by compositions of solvent mixtures. These periods may depend on the viscosity of the solution. Effects of the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were also studied. It was concluded that there may be a relation between the strength of the watercosolvent H-bonds and C SL and all of the measured quantities of this study were generally affected by micelle formation.
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  • 33
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    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Salting coefficient ; scaled-particle theory ; gas solubilities ; seawater ; helium ; neon ; argon ; oxygen ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental values of the salting coefficients for He, Ne, Ar, O2, and N2 in seawater are compared with values calculated from scaled-particle theory. The agreement is reasonably good; the average difference between calculated and observed values at 25°C is 0.007. Scaled-particle theory predicts correctly thatk s should decrease as the temperature increases and that this effect should be most pronounced at low temperatures. However, the predicted magnitude ofdK s/dt is only about half of that observed.
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  • 34
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    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: open-air foraging ; caste ; polyethism ; litter feeder ; nitrogen ; termite
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Southeast Asian nasute termite Longipeditermes longipes forages on the open ground on leaf litter. Its monomorphic workers carry back food balls in their mandibles while dimorphic soldiers defensively surround the marching columns and the foraging patches. When mechanically disturbed, workers hide under the litter, whereas antennating soldiers face as closely as possible the source of disturbance. Foragers prefer the lower, nitrogen-rich layer of the litter. Soldier behavior and column organization (returning workers in the center lanes, outgoing workers in the two flanking lanes) are similar to those in the related genera Hospitalitermes and Lacessititermes, which, however, tend to forage above ground.
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  • 35
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    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Solubility ; Henry's law coefficients ; Ostwald coefficients ; aqueous solutions ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in pure liquid water was measured in the pressure range 45 to 115 kPa and in the temperature range 5 to 50°C. These data are used to obtain Henry coefficients H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) at the vapor pressure P s,1 of water. The temperature dependence of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) is accounted for by both a Clarke-Glew (CG) type fitting equation, and a power series in T−1, as suggested by Benson and Krause (BK). The imprecision of our measurements is characterized by an average deviation of ±0.038% from a four-term CG equation, and by an average deviation of ±0.042% from a three-term BK equation. From the temperature variation of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) partial molar quantities referring to the solution process, such as enthalpies and heat capacities of solution, are obtained. They are given in tabular form, together with H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) and derived Ostwald coefficients L∞, at rounded temperatures. Finally, experimental results are compared with values calculated via scaled particle theory.
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    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
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  • 37
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    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
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  • 38
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    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; Rh(111) ; thermal desorption ; Arrhenius parameters ; lateral interactions ; NO decomposition
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Associative desorption of N atoms from the Rh(111) surface is simulated in the framework of the lattice-gas model. The Arrhenius parameters and nearest-neighbour lateral interaction employed to describe the measured thermal desorption spectra are as follows:v=1013 s−1,E d=40 kcal/mol, and ε1=1.7 kcal/mol. The results obtained are used to clarify the role of nitrogen desorption in the NO + CO reaction on Rh(111) atT=400–700 K andP NO≈P CO≈0.01 atm.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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  • 40
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 41
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 9 (1987), S. 219-237 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 34A34 ; 34D99 ; 90A16 ; Nonlinear differential equations ; stability ; growth ; economic dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the implications of persistent growth upon the stability properties of dynamic models. Besides the traditional concept of asymptotic stability, new stability criteria-strong/weak absolute, strong/weak relative, strong/weak logarithmic stability-are introduced, and global stability conditions for satisfying these criteria are stated for general first-order autonomous differential equations. The conflict between rapidity of growth and the degree of stability is demonstrated. Economic applications of the stability theorems are illustrated within the growth models of Harrod and Solow.
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  • 42
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    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
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  • 43
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
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  • 44
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: adsorption ; adsorption isotherms ; dinitrogen ; FTIR spectroscopy ; geminal species ; NaY ; nitrogen ; zeolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption of N2 on NaY zeolites at 85 K and equilibrium pressures higher than 1 kPa results in the formation of geminal dinitrogen complexes characterized by an IR band at 2333.5 cm−1 (2255.4 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). With decreasing equilibrium pressure the complexes tend to loose one N2 ligand, thus forming linear species characterized by an IR band at 2336.8 cm−1 (2258.7 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). All species disappear completely after evacuation. Co-adsorption of N2 and CO revealed that the dinitrogen complexes are formed on Na+ cations. The changes in the concentrations of the linear and geminal N2 species with the changes in the equilibrium pressure are excellently described by equations of adsorption isotherms proposed earlier for mono- and di-carbonyls.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 50
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    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: platinum ; rhodium ; alloy ; surface composition ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two kinds of adsorbed N atoms exist on a Pt0.25Rh0.75(100) surface. One desorbs at 490 K and the other desorbs at 650 K. The former reacts with H2 at 400 K, but the latter does not. It is supposed that the adsorption of these two N atoms is responsible of the surface composition, ratio of Pt and Rh.
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  • 52
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 53
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dry matter budget ; nitrogen ; protein ; nutritional ecology ; growth efficiencies ; Datana ministra ; Tilia americana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypothèse suivant laquelle la croissance des larves d'insectes est limitée par l'insuffisance des protéines disponibles dans les feuilles d'arbres a été examinée par l'alimentation des chenilles de Datana ministra Drury sur feuilles développées de Tilia americana L. enduites d'une mixture de protéines d'oeuf et de lait. Des chenilles de second stade, prélevées dans des colonies naturelles, ont été séparées en un lot témoin élevé en masse sur feuilles coupées et un lot expérimental élevé sur feuiles coupées mais enduites de protéines. Le bilan en matière sèche, le taux de croissance, la relation entre ce taux de croissance et la quantité de matière ingérée, le poids des prénymphes ont été déterminés sur 10 chenilles de dernier stade dans chaque lot. Les chenilles ayant consommé un supplément de protéine ont présenté un plus faible taux d'ingestion et un plus faible rendement de croissance, mais une meilleure efficacité apparente d'ingestion et un meilleur taux apparent d'assimilation que les témoins. Le complément protéique n'a pas eu d'effet sur le taux de croissance des chenilles de 5ème stade bien que l'alimentation avec addition de protéines ait provoqué la nymphose à un poids larvaire plus faible. L'addition de protéines avait provoqué une chargé métabolique pour les chenilles, peut-être en provoquant une demande d'excrétion d'azote excessive ou en créant un déséquilibre osmotique, ce qui aurait provoqué une réduction du taux de croissance et du poids des chenilles malgré un taux d'assimilation supérieur. Ces résultats ne confirment pas l'hypothèse que les insectes des arbres sont carencés en protéines.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited was tested by feeding larvae of Datana ministra mature leaves of Tilia americana that were coated with a mixture of protein. Larvae fed the protein supplement had a lower ingestion rate and net growth efficienty but higher apparent digestion efficiency and apparent assimilation rate than control larvae. Protein supplement had no effect on the rate of growth of 5th instar larvae although larvae fed added protein pupated at a lower weight than control larvae. The added protein placed a metabolic load on the larvae, perhaps by excessive nitrogen excretion demands and osmotic imbalance. The results do not support the hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; bark beetle ; Scolytidae ; intra-specific larval competition ; growth ; simulation model ; breeding pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Konkurrenz zwischen Larven des Borkenkäfers Ips typographus L. in Rundhölzern von Picea abies Karsten wurde im Laboratorium studiert. Um die Annahme zu testen, dass die Mortalität bei Borkenkäferlarven hauptsächlich von Futterkonkurrenz stammt, wurden die Parameter dieses Vorgangs geschätzt, die Zahl der Überlebenden vorausgesagt und verglichen mit der tatsächlichen Zahl Überlebender in jedem Rundholz. Die erforderlichen Voraussagen wurden mit dem Simulationsmodell von De Jong & Saarenmaa (1985) gemacht. In diesem Modell wird angenommen, dass die Larven Futter aufnehmen, in dem sie sich in der zweidimensionalen Rindenschicht bewegen und dass sie sterben oder sich vorzeitig in untergewichtige Käfer verwandeln, wenn sie in ein Gebiet gelangen, dessen Futter erschöpft ist. Es wurde geschlossen, dass der wichtigste Aspekt der Larvenbewegung im Hinblick aufs Überleben das gegenseitige Ausweichen ist. Die Muster der Larvengänge, wie sie aus einem Muttergang aufgrund gegenseitigen Ausweichens entstehen, wurden berechnet; sie stimmten sehr gut überein mit den beobachteten Mustern. Das Wachstum und das Überleben wurden in separaten Versuchen untersucht. Es wurde gezeigt, dass vorzeitiger Entwicklungsabschluss als Folge von Nahrungsknappheit eintritt. Das Überleben hängt davon ab, ob die Larve genug Futter zum Verpuppen erhalten hat. Dass die Larve eine bestimmte Grösse erreicht (Wachstum), war proportional zur Bewegung über eine bestimmte Distanz in der Rindenschicht. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen nahm das potentielle Trockengewicht der Puppen um 0,08 mg zu mit jedem mm Larvengang. Die minimale zur Verpuppung erforderliche Futtermenge war 20 mm Ganglänge, was proportional zu 1,6 mg Puppentrockengewicht ist. Aus diesen Resultaten wird geschlossen, dass Futterkonkurrenz die hauptsächliche Mortalitätsursache unter Larven von I. typographus in Rundhölzern im Laboratorium ist. Zudem wurde das Simulationsmodell erfolgreich überprüft; deshalb scheint es, dass Futterkonkurrenz entsprechend der vorigen Hypothese erfolgt. Die Annahme scheint vertretbar, dass dieser letzte Schluss auch für I. typographus unter natürlicheren Bedingungen zutrifft.
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to provide parameters for a simulation model for Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). This model illustrates larval competition and predicts brood survival in bolts. Brood survival depended upon larvae attaining a weight of at least 1.6 mg dry weight. The pattern of larval foraging in a bolt is hypothesized to be regulated by mutual avoidance among larvae. An analytical solution is presented for the construction of the pattern of larval paths originating from a single maternal gallery.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Syrphidae ; Metasyrphus corollae ; cereal aphid ; Sitobion avenae ; quantification ; field populations ; biomass ; voracity ; growth ; development ; kill rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de mortalité de S. avenae provoqué par les larves de M. corollae a été mesuré au laboratoire pour évaluer l'impact de ce prédateur sur les populations de ce puceron dans la nature. L'évolution du poids des larves et de la biomasse de pucerons tués a été suivie tous les jours dans des conditions de température et humidité constantes. Un taux moyen de mortalité a été déterminé pour chaque stade larvaire du prédateur, il a servi à déduire les niveaux de mortalité quotidienne dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of kill of cereal aphids by larvae of Metasyrphus corollae (F.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was measured in the laboratory with the aim of assessing the impact of this predator on field populations of cereal aphids. Daily measurements were taken of changes in both the larval weight and the biomass of aphids killed by M. corollae in conditions of constant temperature and humidity. A mean relative kill rate was defined and calculated for each larval instar of the predator from which estimates of field daily rates of kill can be made.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; maturity ; nitrogen
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  • 59
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host quality ; nitrogen ; survival ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plant virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle une contamination par un virs végétal peut accroître la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes, nous avons examiné les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaïque du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmenté avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine étaient toutes deux plus élevées dans les plantes contaminées par le virus. La survie a augmenté linéairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dépendre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut être attribuée au moins en partie à la teneur en azote plus élevée. Nos résultats correspondent à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes peut être augmentée par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
    Notes: Abstract Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species.
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  • 60
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 29 (1981), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteronychus arator ; Scarabaeidae ; larvae ; consumption ; utilization ; growth ; feeding ; roots ; Paspalum dilatatum ; Lolium perenne ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Futteraufnahme, die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum von Drittstadiumlarven von H. arator beim Fressen von Wurzeln von Paspalum dilatatum, Raygras (Lolium perenne) und Weissklee (Trifolium repens) wurden gravimetrisch gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Futterverzehrindex auf Gräsern war 0.65 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.18 auf Weissklee. Die relative Wachstumsrate auf Paspalum und Raygras was 0.158 und 0.124 mg/mg Larve/Woche verglichen mit 0.043 auf Weissklee, was den geringen Verzehr an Weisskleewurzel widerspiegelt. Die Verwertung der gefressenen Wurzel war 22%, 18% und 24% für Paspalum, Ryagras und Weissklee. Das Fehlen gesicherter Unterschiede in der Futterverwertung der drei Pflanzenarten deutet darauf hin, dass die geringe Wachstumsrate auf Weissklee bloss durch geringe Futteraufnahme verursacht ist. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in Weisskleewurzel Frasinhibitoren für H. arator vorhanden sind. Die erhaltenen Schätzungen für Futteraufnahme durch Scarabaeiden sind die besten Daten für wurzelfressende Arten und liefern eine Basis, um den Einfluss der Weidepflanzen auf H. arator Populationen zu verstehen.
    Notes: Abstract The consumotion, utilization and growth of third-instar larvae of black beetle, Heteronychus arator (F.) feeding on roots of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were studied. Consumption was greater on the grasses than on white clover when assessed by gravimetric methods. Larvae had a higher growth rate on the grasses. Utilization of the roots of the three species was similar indicating that poor growth on white clover is the result of low consumption probably induced by the presence of feeding deterrents in the roots.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
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  • 63
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass C ; Water-soluble organic carbon ; Light fraction organic carbon ; Fertilizer ; nitrogen ; 13C nuclear magnetic resonance ; Infrared spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples taken from four experimental sites that had been cropped to continuous corn for 3–11 years in Ontario and Quebec were analyzed to evaluate changes in quantity and quality of labile soil organic carbon under different nitrogen (N) fertility and tillage treatments. Addition of fertilizer N above soil test recommendations tended to decrease amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The quality of the WSOC was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry and the results indicated that carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatics and proteins were the major components of all extracts. Similar types of C were present in all of the soils, but an influence of management was evident. The quantity of soil MBC was positively related to the quantities of WSOC, carbohydrate C, and organic C, and negatively related to quantities of long-chain aliphatic C in the soil. The quantity of WSOC was positively related to the quantities of protein C, carbohydrate C, and negatively related to the quantity of carboxylic C. The quantity of soil MBC was not only related to quantities of soil WSOC but also to the quality of soil WSOC.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Urea ; Coated fertilizers ; Ammonium ; nitrogen ; Nitrate nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Understanding the fate of different forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to soils is an important step in enhancing N use efficiency and minimizing N losses. The growth and N uptake of two citrus rootstocks, Swingle citrumelo (SC), and Cleopatra mandarin (CM), seedlings were evaluated in a pot experiment using a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) without N application or with 400 mg N kg–1 applied as urea or controlled-release fertilizers (CRF; either as Meister, Osmocote, or Poly-S). Meister and Osmocote are polyolefin resin-coated urea with longevity of N release for 270 days (at 25°C). Poly-S is a polymer and sulfur-coated urea with release duration considerably shorter than that of either Meister or Osmocote. The concentrations of 2 M KCl extractable nitrate nitrogen (NO3 –-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in the soil sampled 180 days and 300 days after planting were greater in the soil with SC than with CM rootstock seedlings. In most cases, the extractable NH4 + and NO3 – concentrations were greater for the Osmocote treatment compared to the other N sources. For the SC rootstock seedlings, dry weight was greater with Meister or Poly-S compared with either Osmocote or urea. At the end of the experiment, ranking of the various N sources, with respect to total N uptake by the seedlings, was: Meister = Osmocote 〉 Poly-S 〉 Urea 〉 no N for CM rootstock, and Meister = Poly-S = Osmocote 〉 Urea 〉 no N for SC rootstock. The study demonstrated that for a given rate of N application the total N uptake by seedlings was greater for the CRF compared to urea treatment. This suggests that various N losses were lower from the CRF source as compared to those from soluble fertilizers.
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    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass ; Air-drying ; Extractable ; nitrogen ; Extractable phosphorus ; Tropical soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The microbial contribution to extractable N and P after the air-drying of eight Indian dry tropical Ultisols was quantified. Air-drying of the soils decreased microbial biomass C by 25–53% but increased extractable N and P by 14–34% and 24–121%, respectively. This increase in the extractable N and P was accounted for, to some extent, by microbial biomass killed due to air-drying. Microbial biomass contributes 17–36% and 19–82% to the extractable N and P, respectively, possibly due to air-drying of the soils. I conclude that due to contamination of microbial biomass with the available nutrients in air-dried soils, measurements of extractable nutrients should be made on field-moist soils.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: steel ; nitrogen ; microarea ; Auger spectrometry ; electron probe microanalysis ; standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: AES ; laser ; iron ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The laser induced modification of iron surfaces with atmospheric species was investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different laser systems were used for irradiating iron samples in a wide range of the laser processing parameters up to small foci and ultra short pulses. A nitriding of iron connected with an oxidation of the near surface region was observed in the wavelength range between 193 nm and 10.6 μm using large foci (∼0.1 cm2) and short pulses (10...1400ns). In case of small foci (∼7·10−6cm2) with ns-pulses (50 ns) an enrichment of the iron melt with nitrogen and an advanced oxidation of the surrounding area of the laser spot were detected. When using shorter pulses (200 fs, 40 ps) no indications for a nitriding were found.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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  • 72
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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  • 73
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    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; ammonium ; physiology ; medium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Candida albicans strain B 311-10 with and without starvation was cultivated in the minimal synthetic medium of Shepherd et al. [18], modified without biotin, aminoacids, low glucose concentration [20] and with decreasing amounts of (NH4)2SO4, to determine the optimal growth requirement for this strain. All the experiments were carried out under sterile conditions at 25 °C in a thermostat with initial O.D.s (675 nm) of 0.500 and 0.100. Cell growth was generally monitored everyday for six days with a spectrophotometer by determining the absorbance of the cultures at 675 nm. All the experiments were repeated three times and a statistical analysis of the data with a probability of 99% and 1% of error was performed to confirm the validity of the results. Best growth was obtained with starved cells at an initial O.D. of 0.100 and with a 0.1 g/L concentration of (NH4)2SO4. At this concentration, the growth of C. albicans B 311-10 was best between the first and the fourth day with the maximum at the third day. With (NH4)2SO4 concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 g/L, cell growth was the same.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Epidermophyton floccosum ; E. stockdaleae ; growth ; incubation temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of 17 strains of genus Epidermophyton (15 strains belonging to Epidermophyton floccosum, one to E. floccosum var. nigricans and one to E. stockdaleae) to grow at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C) was stated. The strains were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and regularly controled over a period of 14 days when the plates were incubated at 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C, and over a period of 70 days when the temperature was 4 °C. The optimal growth of E. floccosum was observed at 28 °C and 31 °C, and no signs of growth were recorded neither at 4 °C nor at 40 °C. The optimal development of E. stockdaleae was observed at 25 °C and 28 °C. This species grew from 4 °C to 31 °C.
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  • 76
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 119-137 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertiliser ; nitrogen ; regression ; response ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of yield of dry matter, plant-N content, and the distribution of mineral-N down the soil profile in 10 fertiliser-N experiments. In one of them detailed measurements were made throughout growth. Rate of N-uptake by the crop was unaffected by the amount of mineral-N in the upper 90 cm of soil when it was above about 30 kg N ha−1. The %N in plants that received ample N-fertiliser declined with increase in plant mass according to a previously derived equation. During senescence there was an apparent loss of N from the crop. N-nutrition in the different experiments had little effect on the partition of assimilate between grain and straw. At harvest grain and straw weights were well related by a linear model which had the same gradient but different intercepts for each experiment. Grain %N was about four times greater than straw %N. Regression analysis supported the view that high evaporative conditions or temperatures during the growing period induced earlier harvest dates, less grain relative to straw, and a higher %N in the plant when ample N-fertiliser was applied but not when N-fertiliser was withheld. Other analyses indicated that cereal roots were generally unable to extract mineral nitrogen from the soil when the concentration was less than about 0.18 kg N ha−1 cm−1, that at low levels of N-nutrition the recovery of available inorganic-N from soil by the grain and straw was about 80%, and that the average mineralisation rates from early spring to shortly after harvest date varied between 0.22 and 0.88 kg N ha−1 d−1 from site to site.
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  • 77
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 14 (1987), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil and crop residues management practices ; maize yield ; Plinthudult ; Cameroon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shortening of fallow period in several areas in tropical Africa has reduced soil fertility and exposed soils to erosion and run-off. Fertilizer application and crop conservation practices are needeed to sustain high crop yield and to conserve the natural resource base for upland crop production in the continent. Field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application and soil and crop residues management practices on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) planted on a Plinthudult soil at Bertoua, Eastern Cameroon. Maize yields increased significantly with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application. Under the rainfall pattern prevailing in the area, the amount of nitrogen required for maximum yield was higher in the second season. On the other hand, the amount of phosphorus required for maximum yield appeared to decrease with time. The burning of crop residues and weeds prior to planting together with no-till practive gave higher yield of maize than other soil and crop residues management practices.
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  • 78
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
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  • 79
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
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  • 80
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 82
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlled-release fertilizer ; gel ; iron ; manganese ; nitrogen ; polyacrylamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using diverse technological approaches, many types of delivery devices have been used to supply plant nutrients at a controlled rate in the soil. One new approach is the use of hydrophilic polymers as carriers of plant nutrients. These polymers may be generally classified as 1) natural polymers derived from polysaccharides, 2) semi-synthetic polymers (primarily cellulose derivatives), and 3) synthetic polymers. By controlling the reaction conditions when forming the polymers, various degrees of cross-linking, anionic charge, and cationic charge can be added, thereby changing their effectiveness as fertilizer carriers. When fertilizer-containing solutions are mixed with hydrophilic polymers to form a “gel” prior to application in the soil, the release of soluble nutrients can be substantially delayed compared with soluble fertilizer alone. The effectiveness of a specific controlled-release polymeric system is determined in part by its specific chemical and physical properties, its biodegradation rate, and the fertilizer source used. Addition of some polymers with nutrients has been shown to reduce N and K leaching from well-drained soils and to increase the plant recovery of added N, P, Fe, and Mn in some circumstances
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  • 83
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Winter wheat ; nitrogen ; uptake ; simulation ; model ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of the nitrogen behavior in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat was performed using the model ANIMO. As input for the model ANIMO simulations of the hydrological conditions in the soil crop ecosystem were executed with the model SWATRE. Compared with measured data the simulation of nitrogen uptake by the crop was satisfactory. The simulation of mineral nitrogen in the soil agreed reasonably well with measured data for one of the experiments used for the analysis. The agreement was less for experiments with additional fertilizer applications in May and June.
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  • 84
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; nitrogen ; mineral cycling ; growth and yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forest managers in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) use fertilization as a means to increase timber yields in managed stands. Information on the biological basis for nutrient amendments and stand growth responses to fertilization is required to effectively use fertilization as a silvicultural tool, and research programs in mineral cycling and forest nutrition have been underway in the region for about four decades. Most PNW Douglas-fir forest sites are nitrogen deficient. Mineral cycling research has shown high C/N ratios and low nitrification rates for soils in the region. Research and development projects in the Pacific Northwest have produced an information base that is used to select sites and stands for fertilization and to forecast growth after treatment. Much of the basis for operational fertilization programs in western Oregon and Washington comes from cooperative research programs; current activities for these programs are directed toward improving site-specific response information. Forest fertilization in the Pacific Northwest has become a silvicultural practice of major significance over the past two decades. Forest industry and government organizations managing forest lands in western Oregon and Washington apply nitrogen fertilizer to Douglas-fir stands over a range of soil and stand types (operational fertilization of other species is minor). About 50,000 to 55,000 ha are fertilized each year, and future programs will likely be of similar magnitude. Most current plans for management regimes including fertilization call for multiple applications.
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  • 85
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Animal manure ; eutrophication ; ground water ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; surface runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract With the rapid growth of the poultry industry in Oklahoma, U.S.A., more litter is applied to farm land. Thus, information is required on the impact of applications on regional soil and water resources. The effect of soil and poultry litter management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss in runoff and subsurface flow from four 16 m2 plots (Ruston fine sandy loam, 6 to 8% slope) was investigated under natural rainfall. Plots under Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) received 11 Mg litter ha−1, which amounts to contributions of approximately 410 kg N and 140 kg P ha−1 yr−1. In spring, litter was broadcast on 3 of the plots; the upper half of one and total area of the other two. One of the total-area broadcast plots was tilled to 6 cm, the other remained as no till. The fourth plot served as a control. Relative to the control, litter application increased mean concentrations of total N and total P in runoff during the 16-week study for no-till (15.4 and 5.8 mg L−1) and tilled treatments (16.7 and 6.1 mg L−1). However, values for the half-area application (5.6 and 2.0 mg L−1) were similar to the control (5.7 and 1.3 mg L−1). Interflow (subsurface lateral flow at 70 cm depth) P was not affected by litter application; however, nitrate-N concentrations increased from 0.6 (control) to 2.9 mg L−1 (no till). In all cases, 〈 2 % litter N and P was lost in runoff and interflow, maintaining acceptable water quality concentrations. Although litter increased grass yield (8518 kg ha−1) compared to the control (3501 kg ha−1), yields were not affected by litter management. An 8-fold increase in the plant available P content of surface soil indicates long-term litter management and application rates will be critical to the environmentally sound use of this nutrient resource.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; 15N humic substances ; acid hydrolysis ; analytical pyrolysis ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the N in surface soils occurs in organic forms. The organic N in soil plays a key role in plant nutrition and soil fertility through its effects on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Typically, about one-third of the fertilizer N applied to temperate-zone soils is immobilized and retained in organic forms at the end of the growing season. A significant portion of this newly immobilized N is no more available to microorganisms and plants than the native humus N. Stabilization processes, probably involving polymerization of amino compounds and polyphenols, result in incorporation of N into humic substances with a concurrent reduction in N availability. This paper presents an account of the forms and nature of organic N in soil, emphasizing possible formation pathways, chemical characterization of humic substances through conventional and solid-state techniques, and the fate and composition of newly immobilized N in soil.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; methods ; 15N ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question: is denitrification a major route of N loss from tropical agro-ecosystems? This question turns out to be very difficult to answer due to a severe shortage of data on this process for tropical agro-ecosystems other than rice. Given this lack of data, I approach this question by analyzing data on denitrification and nitrous oxide flux in tropical native forest and pasture soils and attempt to make some conclusions and pose some hypotheses about the significance of denitrification in tropical agricultural soils. I also briefly review methods for measuring denitrification. The data analysis suggests that denitrification in tropical forest soils is strongly influenced by the nature and amount of soil C and N turnover. Studies to examine differences in denitrification in different tropical agricultural systems should focus on the effects of system management on C and N turnover. The data analysis also suggests that, just as in temperate regions, denitrification may not be a significant route of N loss from most tropical agricultural systems. However, field studies are necessary to determine if this is actually the case.
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  • 88
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    Keywords: Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
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  • 89
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ensete ventricosum ; fertilizer response ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sulphur ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ensete (Ensete ventricosum W. Cheesm.) is a root crop which stores starch in the root and in the lower part of the stem. It is grown in the southwest of Ethiopia and due to its drought resistance, it is of outstanding importance for the supply of food to the local population. Until now virtually nothing is known about the response of Ensete to fertilizer application. Field trials carried out on three representative soils in Ethiopia showed that Ensete biomass yields were increased significantly on all three soils by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Potassium had only marginal effect on biomass growth but favourably influenced starch production. Sulfate application had no major impact on growth and starch yield. The yield response was well related to the level of available nutrients in the soil, as determined by electroultrafiltration (EUF). Leaf analysis provided preliminary evidence that optimum levels of N, P, and K may be 3.8%, 0.3%, and 4.8%, respectively.
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  • 90
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
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  • 91
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 37 (1994), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; plant species ; residual effects ; soil depletion ; winter hardiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten widely different plant species were compared for their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen levels in the autumn and their ability to improve the nitrogen nutrition of the succeeding crop. The species included monocots and dicots, crops that survived the winter (persistent) or were winter killed (non-persistent) as well as legumes and non legumes. Their ability to reduce soil mineral nitrogen content was dependent on both root depth and persistency of the crops in the autumn. For non-persistent catch crops most of the mineralization of plant nitrogen occurred during the winter, and for some of these so early as to allow leaching of some mineralized nitrogen. For persistent crops most of the mineralization occurred shortly after incorporation in the spring. The effect of the catch crops on nitrogen uptake by the succeeding barley crop varied from 13 to 66 kg N ha−1 and the differences between the crops could not be related to any single character, but to a combination of root depth, persistency, plant nitrate accumulation, and depletion of the soil mineral nitrogen pool in spring.
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  • 92
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 221-233 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recovery ; modelling ; nitrogen ; nutrient efficiency ; nutrient surplus ; phosphorus ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on nutrient losses from agricultural systems should try to relate these losses to farm characteristics. This was done for private farms in two districts in Poland. Using data from a farm survey, nutrient surpluses and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of outgoing and incoming nutrients) were calculated for nitrogen and phosphorus. Both nutrient surplus and NUE are relatively high. A model was developed to estimate surpluses and NUE from farm characteristics like location, farm size, fertilizer application level, animal density, grass production and sugar beet or potato area. The results of the model are satisfying for nutrient surplus (R2=0.9) and nitrogen NUE (R2=0.4). Estimation of phosphorus NUE was not satisfactory. High surpluses are associated with high fertilizer applications, high animal density and high grass production while an increasing share of sugar beets leads to lower surpluses. A high nitrogen NUE is associated with low fertilizer applications, low animal density and little grass production, and with a high sugar beet area share. Results suggest that, with exception of sugar beet, fertilizer recovery in Poland is very low. Sugar beet, however, combines high fertilizer applications with low surpluses and high NUE. The outcome of the model can be used in the design of environmental policies. The paper ends with some remarks on the type of measures that can be taken, and the effects these will have on private farms in Poland.
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  • 93
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 81-90 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulfur ; granule size ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; S oxidation ; sulfur fertilizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of granule size and nutrients in granulated compound fertilizers fortified with finely divided elemental sulfur (So) on the rate of So oxidation. In one experiment, So was banded together with or apart from triple superphosphate (TSP) while in two others, So was granulated with nutrient and inert carriers. A fourth experiment examined response to S in an So-fortified TSP from a range of granule sizes. Response and, in some cases, So recovery (using 35S labels) by test crops (maize, wheat, upland rice) was measured. In all experiments, P mixed with So increased plant growth and S recovery above treatments in which P and So were physically separated. There was however, no effect of distance of separation on S recovery. In one experiment, N as urea and N and P as diammonium phosphate (DAP) were also found to enhance response to So although to a lesser degree than P alone. These observations were attributed to a nutritional requirement of So-oxidizing microorganisms for P and N. Granulation of So with carriers also influenced oxidation rate, as inferred from the fertilizer S recovery. For a given So concentration, the effect was inversely proportional to the mean diameter of granules. It is shown that this relationship can be explained if one assumes that So particles in granules collapse into a fixed number of aggregates per granule irrespective of granule size when the soluble nutrient carrier dissolves and diffuses away from the point of application.
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  • 94
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop ; emission ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nitrous oxide ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis is based on published measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fertilized and unfertilized fields. Data was selected in order to evaluate the importance of factors that regulate N2O production, including soil conditions, type of crop, nitrogen (N) fertilizer type and soil and crop management. Reported N2O losses from anhydrous ammonia and organic N fertilizers or combinations of organic and synthetic N fertilizers are higher than those for other types of N fertilizer. However, the range of management and environmental conditions represented by the data set is inadequate for use in estimating emission factors for each fertilizer type. The data are appropriate for estimating the order of magnitude of emissions. The longer the period over which measurements are made, the higher the fertilizer-induced emission. Therefore, a simple equation to relate the total annual direct N2O−N emission (E) from fertilized fields to the N fertilizer applied (F), was based on the measurements covering periods of one year: E=1+1.25×F, with E and F in kg N ha-1 yr-1. This relationship is independent of the type of fertilizer. Although the above regression equation includes considerable uncertainty, it may be appropriate for global estimates.
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  • 95
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ailanthus excelsa ; biomass ; growth ; N and P fertilizers ; N content ; N uptake ; P content ; P update ; silvicultural efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a coarse sand soil having pH 8.8 and organic matter 0.06% in Indian arid region, to study the influence of N and P fertilizers on growth, biomass and nutrient content ofAilanthus excelsa, which is an important fodder species of arid and semi arid regions. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 9 and 18 g N tree−1 as Urea) and of phosphorus (0, 3 and 6 g P2O5 tree−1 as Single Superphosphate) in factorial combinations were taken in triplicate and the experiment was laid in Randomised Block Design. Application of 9 g N plant−1 improved tree height by 15 to 25%, collar circumference by 30 to 37% and crown diameter by 18 to 26% in the initial 3 years. Total biomass increase due to 9 g N plant−1 was 76% and 59%, respectively, after 1 and 2 years of planting. Application of 3 g P2O5 tree−1 increased tree height by 8 to 18% and collar circumference by 17 to 24% during initial three years, and total biomass by 70% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years of age. Combined application of 18 g N and 3 g P2O5 tree−1 (N18P3) was the best treatment which increased tree height by 49%, 85% and 35% and collar circumference by 56%, 10% and 11% at 1, 2, and 3 years of age, respectively. N18P3 treatment increased the total biomass by 181% at 1 year and 185% at 2 years of age. N and P applications improved considerably the branching of roots and root length and enhanced root biomass by 2 to 3 folds. N18P3 treatment increased the nitrogen uptake by 304% (4.02 g tree−1) at 1 year and 211% (42.56 g tree−1) at 2 years of age. The P uptake was maximum (290.4 mg tree−1) due to N18P3 treatment in 1 year old and 11.37 g tree−1 due to N9P6 treatment in 2 year old plantation.
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  • 96
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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  • 97
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; monitoring ; dairy farming ; simulation models ; risk assessment ; soil variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At the ‘De Marke’ experimental farm a dairy farm was set up with the aim of meeting environmental and economic goals. The farm management with respect to nitrogen emphasized reduction of fertilization and a cattle grazing system that should result in nitrate concentrations in the groundwater below the EC-directive level of 11.3 mg l-1 nitrate-N. At six sites in six different fields of ‘De Marke’, these concentrations were monitored for 4 years. A direct comparison with the chosen limit was possible for these sites, but an evaluation of the environmental achievements of the farming system at farm level was also required. This was achieved by using simulation models and additional information about soils and field management. Based on multiple soil profile descriptions, frequency distributions of model output were generated, allowing a risk assessment for the total farm. The probability of exceeding the chosen threshold value of 11.3 mg l-1 nitrate-N during the period of summer 1991- spring 1995 was 63% for the whole farm, with marked differences between years, crops and hydrological conditions.
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  • 98
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 50 (1998), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nutrient modelling ; leaching ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; schematization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In context of preparing the Fourth National Policy Document on Water Management in the Netherlands effects of different scenarios of fertilizer management on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching from rural areas into Dutch surface waters were analyzed. The manuscript offers insight into the model instrument that is used to simulate the different scenarios. Main parts of the modelinstrument are: a procedure to schematize the Netherlands in horizontal areal units, field scale mechanistic models for water and nutrient behaviour in the soil and an empirical model for fertilizer additions.
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  • 99
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: dairy farming ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; organic ; pig farming ; surplus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study is in two parts. In the first part, nitrogen (N) losses per unit of milk and meat in Danish conventional and organic pig and dairy farming were compared on the basis of farm data. In the second part, organic and conventional dairy farming were compared in detail, using modelling. N-surpluses at different livestock densities, fodder intensities, and soil types were simulated. Finally, simulated N-surpluses were used in national scenarios for conversion to organic dairy farming in Denmark. In Part one, pig farming was found to have a higher N-efficiency than dairy farming. Organic pig production had a lower N-efficiency and a higher N-surplus per kg meat than conventional pig production. The possibilities to reduce N-loss by conversion to organic pig production therefore appear to be poor. Organic dairy farming had a higher N-efficiency and a lower N-surplus per kg milk than conventional dairy farming. Conversion from conventional to organic dairy farming may therefore reduce N-losses. In Part two, a positive correlation between livestock density and N-surplus ha-1 was found for dairy farming. For all simulated livestock densities, fodder feeding intensities and soil types, organic systems showed a lower N-surplus per unit of milk produced than conventional systems. National scenarios for dairy farming showed that the present Danish milk production could be achieved with a 24% lower total N-surplus if converted from intensive conventional farming to extensive organic farming. At the same time, N-surplus ha-1 and N-surplus (t milk)-1 would be lowered by 50% and 25% respectively. Changing from intensive to extensive conventional dairy farming with a livestock density equal to that in the organic scenario resulted in a reduction in N-surplus ha-1 of 15%. It was concluded that a reduction in total N-loss from agriculture is possible by converting from conventional to organic dairy farming but at the cost of either lower production on the present dairy farm area, or the current production on a substantially larger area.
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  • 100
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: food production and consumption ; mitigation strategies ; nitrogen ; nitrogen emission ; nitrous oxide ; sustainability of human N cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During the past four decades the authors perceive that an increasing non-sustainability (Disintegration) within the agriculture , human nutrition, waste management complex has occurred both in Germany and the European Union. Compared to the basic needs of the population for nutritive energy, fat and protein, we estimate that the production and consumption of food and feed is more than 50% higher than necessary. Using nitrogen (N) input into German agriculture in 1991/92 as an example, we estimated that the N input of 191 kg ha-1 was 2 to 3 times too high. This high N input resulted in the net biomass production of 45 kg ha-1, a 25% efficiency. This inefficiency causes emissions of reactive N and other nutrient compounds into the hydrosphere and atmosphere that were 2 to 8 times too high. For example the contributions of agriculture to the total annual N2O–N emissions of Germany (during 1990–1992), Europe (1990) and of the world (1989) were 110, 691 Gg and 6.7 Tg or 52, 62 and 41%, respectively. The authors demonstrate that emissions of N and P from Germany and EU waste water management systems are also higher than necessary because nutrient recycling is not practiced extensively. Excessive food production and consumption has made the agriculture/human nutrition/waste and waste water complex, like the energy/transportation complex, a main cause of new transboundary environmental damage such as soil and water acidification, hypertrophication of near-natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and climate change. We propose that a sustainable food production/consumption system can be developed that is based both on need-oriented production and consumption with no net exports and on recovery, recycling and more efficient use of nutrients. Using N as an example, the authors show which short and long term action aims must be set and realized by the year 2015, to meet environmental, economical and social sustainability requisites. The suggested, assumed sustainable N balance for German agriculture is characterized by a critical annual input and surplus maximum of 80 and 45 kg N ha-1 respectively, which should almost double biomass production efficiency for N utilization. This estimate is based on reducing animal stocking rates to 0.5 gross weight unit ha-1 to attain no net mineralization or immobilization of N in the soil.
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