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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentrated electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 2 (1973), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: High temperature ; high pressure ; static dielectric constant ; infrared and Raman spectra ; critical point ; water ; aqueous solutions ; ammonia ; HDO ; Xe ; CO2 ; NH4Cl ; Ni(II) complexes ; Cu(II) complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey is given of recent experimental results obtained from high-temperature, high-pressure investigations with water, aqueous solutions, and ionic fluids. Data on the static dielectric constant of water to 550°C and 5 kbar are given and discussed with respect to their relation to water structure. Infrared and Raman spectra of HDO in pure water have been obtained to 400°C and 4 kbar, which give information on hydrogen bonding. Xe−H2O and CO2−H2O mixtures were investigated in the infrared. Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were investigated by absorption spectroscopy in aqueous solutions of high chloride content to 350°C and 2–6 kbar. The gas-liquid critical point of ammonium chloride was found at 880°C and 1635 bars. This fluid appears to be predominantly ionic even in the critical region. The possibility of converting pure polar fluids such as ammonia and water into concentrated ionic solutions by self-ionization at very high pressures is mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651979
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Promotion through gas phase induced surface segregation: methanol synthesis from CO, CO2 and H2 over Ni/Cu(100) (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 54 (1998), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: promotion ; methanol synthesis ; segregation ; Ni ; Cu(100) ; CO ; CO2 ; H2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the rate of methanol formation over Cu(100) and Ni/Cu(100) from various mixtures of CO, CO2 and H2. It is found that the presence of submonolayer quantities of Ni leads to a strong increase in the rate of methanol formation from mixtures containing all three components whereas Ni does not influence the rate from mixtures of CO2/H2 and CO/H2, respectively. The influence of the partial pressures of CO and CO2 on the rate indicates that the role of CO is strictly promoting. From temperature-programmed desorption spectra it follows that the surface concentration of Ni depends strongly on the partial pressure of CO. In this way the increase in reactivity is interpreted as a CO-induced structural promotion introduced by the stronger bonding of CO to Ni as compared to Cu. It is suggested that this type of promotional behavior will be of general importance in existent catalysts and perhaps even more relevant in the development of new or improved bimetallic catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019033517855
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration behaviors of Fe/Si‐2 and Fe–Mn/Si‐2 catalysts for C2H6 dehydrogenation with CO2 to C2H4 (1999)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 62 (1999), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: C2H6 ; CO2 ; Fe/Si‐2 catalyst ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catalytic performance of Fe/Si‐2 and Fe–Mn/Si‐2 catalysts for conversion of C2H6 with CO2 to C2H4 was examined in a continuous‐flow and fixed‐bed reactor. The results show that the Fe–Mn/Si‐2 catalyst exhibits much better reaction activity and selectivity to C2H4 than those of the Fe/Si‐2 catalyst. Furthermore, the coking–decoking behaviors of these catalysts were studied through TG. The catalytic performances of the catalysts after regeneration for conversion of C2H6 or dilute C2H6 in FCC off‐gas with CO2 to C2H4 were also examined. The results show that both activity and selectivity of the Fe–Mn/Si‐2 catalyst after regeneration reached the same level as those of the fresh catalyst, whereas it is difficult for the Fe/Si‐2 catalyst to refresh its reaction behavior after regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019015509871
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane by carbon dioxide over sulfate‐modified Cr2O3/SiO2 catalysts (1999)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 63 (1999), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ethane dehydrogenation ; ethylene ; CO2 ; Cr2O3 ; sulfated silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane into ethylene by carbon dioxide over unsupported Cr2O3, Cr2O3/SiO2 and a series of Cr2O3/SiO2 catalysts modified by sulfate was investigated. The results show that Cr2O3/SiO2 is an effective catalyst for dehydrogenation of ethane and CO2 in the feed promotes the catalytic activity. Sulfation of silica will influence the catalytic behavior of Cr2O3/SiO2 in dehydrogenation of ethane with carbon dioxide depending on the amount of sulfate. Cr2O3/6 wt% SO 4 2- –SiO2 catalysts exhibit an excellent performance for this reaction, giving an ethylene yield of 55% at 67% ethane conversion at 650°C. Characterizations indicate that addition of sulfate changes the bulk and surface properties of Cr2O3/SiO2, promoting the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ and favoring the catalytic conversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019084030344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    R&D activities in Japan on methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis surveys from Japan 2 (1998), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8803
    Keywords: methanol synthesis ; CO2 ; hydrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 can be a useful process for conversion and transportation of hydrogen energy derived from non-fossil energies. More than ten research groups in Japan have extensively investigated the methanol synthesis from both academic and practical points of view. Recent R&D activities in Japan for developing high performance catalysts, for elucidating the reaction mechanism and also for operating a bench scale plant have been reviewed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019082525994
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of lattice oxygen during CO2 reforming of methane over NiO/MgO solid solutions (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 51 (1998), S. 183-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: CH4 ; CO2 ; Ni ; MgO ; lattice oxygen ; transient response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The CO2 reforming of methane over reduced NiO/MgO solid solution catalysts was studied at 800°C by a novel transient method, which couples a broadened pulse of CH4/CO2 with a step change to the carrier gas and/or with a sharp isotopic pulse of either 18O4, CO18 2 or 13CO16 2. The response curves indicated that two kinds of oxygen were formed over the catalysts during reaction: adsorbed oxygen which reacts fast with C species and lattice oxygen which reacts more slowly with C species. One concludes that a redox cycle of lattice oxygen formation through the oxidation of Ni and its reaction with C species takes place on the catalyst surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019030311127
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow-microcalorimetry measurements of aerobic and anaerobic soil microbial activity (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Flow-microcalorimeter ; CO2 ; Cal/CO2 ratio ; N2O ; Aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Heat output can be used as an indicator of microbial activity and is usually measured in a microcalorimeter with closed ampoules. In long-term experiments particularly, interpretation of the data is hindered by the changing environment in the closed ampoules because of O2 consumption and CO2 enrichment. We used a combination of a flow-microcalorimeter and a gas chromatograph to measure the heat flux and CO2 and N2O production rates under controlled conditions. Simultaneous detection of the heat output and CO2 emission allowed calculation of the calorimetric: CO2 (Cal/CO2) ratio. A mean ratio of-435 kJ mol-1 CO2 was detected in six different soils amended with glucose and incubated under aerobic conditions. This ratio indicated that CO2 was the end-product of catabolism. In wet 10–12 mm soil aggregates of a gleyic vertisol amended with glucose, values of-285 kJ mol-1 CO2 under an aerobic and-141 kJ mol-1 CO2 under a N2 atmosphere was determined. These findings indicated that fermentative metabolism occurred. The Cal/CO2 ratio was not affected when enough NO inf3 sup- was available and denitrification processes (N2O production) were possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336160
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil and detrital carbon dynamics following forest cutting in the Southern Appalachians (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: CO2 ; Forest cutting ; Detrital carbon ; Soil ; Forest floor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil-system CO2 efflux and detrital C pools were measured in three hardwood watersheds in the Southern Appalachians, USA. On two of the watersheds (hereafter referred to as clearcuts), forests were cut via clearcut logging methods and allowed to naturally regenerate; logging residue was removed on one clearcut and was left in place on the other. The third watershed was an uncut reference watershed. There was no statistically significant difference in CO2 efflux between the two types of residue treatments on the clearcuts; however, CO2 effluxes from the clearcuts were 33% less than effluxes from the uncut watershed. Lower CO2 effluxes on the two clearcuts were associated with higher soil temperatures, smaller live-root masses, and larger forest-floor masses. No long-term (5–8 years) changes in soil C pools were apparent following forest cutting. Therefore, reductions in CO2 efflux on the clearcuts appear to be due both to fewer live roots and to slower rates of forest-floor decomposition. Cutting of these forests followed by regeneration does not appear to result in large net C transfers to the atmosphere, as has been generally assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709656
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas permeability in the polystyrene films uniaxially drawn under CO2 plasticizing (1997)
    Springer
    Materials research innovations 1 (1997), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-075X
    Keywords: Key words Gas permeability ; CO2 ; Plasticizer ; Polystyrene film ; Uniaxial orientation ; WAXD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  Gas permeability coefficients, Ps, of CO2, O2, and N2 have been measured in four kinds of polystyrene (PS) films: an unconditioned film with no orientation (1), a high pressure CO2-conditioned film with no orientation (2), an uniaxially hot-drawn film with some orientation (3), and a film uniaxially drawn under CO2 plasticizing with some orientation (4). Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) scans for each sample have also been made. High-pressure CO2-conditioning effect was confirmed from the result that P values for any permeation gas in sample 2 were larger than those in sample 1. Values of P for any gas in sample 3 were almost close to those in sample 1 and decreased slightly with Hermans orientation function, f. Gas permeability coefficients in sample 4 are larger than those in sample 3 over the whole range of f studied in this work and increased with f. These results were discussed from a viewpoint of inter-segmental distances for PS films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100190050018
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 from ice-core data and the deep-sea record of ontong Java plateau: the Milankovitch chron (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 466-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Quaternary ; CO2 ; Ontong Java plateau ; Deep-sea carbonate ; Milankovitch ; Oxygen isotope record
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We provide a reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 from deep-sea sediments, for the past 625000 years (Milankovitch chron). Our database consists of a Milankovitch template of sea-level variation in combination with a unique data set for the deep-sea record for Ontong Java plateau in the western equatorial Pacific. We redate the Vostok ice-core data of Barnola et al. (1987). To make the reconstructions we employ multiple regression between deep-sea data, on one hand, and ice-core CO2 data in Antarctica, on the other. The patterns of correlation suggest that the main factors controlling atmospheric CO2 can be described as a combination of sea-level state and sea-level change. For best results squared values of state and change are used. The square-of-sea-level rule agrees with the concept that shelf processes are important modulators of atmospheric CO2 (e.g., budgets of shelf organic carbon and shelf carbonate, nitrate reduction). The square-of-change rule implies that, on short timescales, any major disturbance of the system results in a temporary rise in atmospheric CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02369003
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