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  • wheat  (807)
  • evolution  (693)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Lage der Vogelsystematik (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462236
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal changes in the egglaying behaviour of the Hessian fly (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mayetiola destructor ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition ; host specificity ; wheat ; oats ; insect-plant interactions ; thresholds ; deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions de femelles préalablement accouplées de Mouches de Hesse ont été examinées en analysant le comportement de femelles isolées sur blé et sur avoine. Le répertoire comportemental de ces femelles comprenait: le vol, l'atterrissage sur feuille, la flexion du corps de sorte que l'extrémité de l'abdomen touchât la surface de la feuille, l'antennation, les mouvements de l'extrémité de l'abdomen sur la feuille à angle droit des nervures, le repos avec la tarière droite et encore dévaginée, le repos avec la tarière télescopée à l'intérieur du corps. Sur blé plus que sur avoine, les femelles après atterrissage ont présenté une fréquence plus élevée de passage de la flexion à l'antennation que de la flexion à l'abdomen droit. Durant les 5 premières minutes d'observation, les individus libérés dans des enceintes avec blé fléchirent et ‘antennèrent’ 2 à 3 fois plus que ceux libérés sur avoine. Les durées des différentes séquences différaient aussi: sur blé, pendant les 5 premières minutes, les femelles passèrent plus de 50% du temps à fléchir, tandis que sur avoine elles passèrent plus de 50% du temps en repos. Les femelles restèrent aussi plus longtemps sur les feuilles de blé et y pondirent 4 fois plus d'oeufs que sur avoine. Les femelles de M. destructor ont montré une plasticité du seuil d'acceptation. Pendant les premières heures de ponte, elles ont été très sélectives et refusèrent, ou ne pondirent que quelques oeufs sur avoine, mais acceptèrent volontiers le blé. La discrimination s'est poursuivie tant que les femelles ont eu accès au blé en même temps qu'à l'avoine. Cependant, quand les femelles ont été privées de blé pendant plusieures heures, l'acceptation de l'avoine a augmenté. Cet accroissement de l'acceptation a eu lieu à peu près au moment où les femelles sur blé pondaient leurs derniers oeufs.
    Notes: Abstract Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2–3 times more frequently than females released into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, females in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1–3 h vs. 3–7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369228
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are the oviposition traits of the South India strain of Callosobruchus maculatus maintained by natural selection? (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; competition ; development ; evolution ; fecundity ; growth rates ; host preferences ; life tables ; mortality ; natural selection ; net reproductive rate ; oviposition traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux partiel de reproduction nette (R inf0 sup* ) dépend de l'espèce de la plante sur laquelle les œufs sont pondus et du nombre de larves entrant dans la graine. La survie larvaire est réduite par 1/(le nombre de larves par graine) parce qu'une seule larve se développe dans une graine. La fécondité n'est pas modifiée par la compétition subie par les larves, la mortalité larvaire a l'effet le plus important sur R inf0 sup* . Les femelles éliminent ou réduisent la compétition larvaire en dispersant leurs œufs uniformément et font si peu d'erreurs avec une hyperdispersion que l'évolution d'un comportement plus précis n'accroîtrait R inf0 sup* que de 4% au maximum. Des femelles retournant à une distribution des œufs au hasard provoqueraient une réduction de R inf0 sup* de 25% au moins. Les légumineuses généralement cultivées dans l'Inde du Sud sont des hôtes acceptables quand elles sont présentées seules. Le choix des femelles entre 2 hôtes élève R inf0 sup* de 30% ou plus par rapport à une distribution au hasard. Les préférences les plus nettes concernent des combinaisons présentant la plus grande différence de R inf0 sup* . Les femelles qui hyperdispersent leurs œufs, choisissent leurs hôtes et évitent les pertes par compétition en empêchant que les œufs ne donnent plus de descendants que ne le ferait une ponte au hasard. Les particularités de la ponte sont variables et héritables. Les lignées se sélectionnent bien, en fonction de la dispersion de leurs œufs sur les graines, de la discrimination des plantes hôtes, et de la modulation de leur taux de ponte. La sélection naturelle maintient ces particularités du comportement d'une façon sédentaire.
    Notes: Abstract The deposition of eggs by this strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) departs from randomness in three ways; eggs are uniformly dispersed, oviposition rates drop when beans begin to carry 2 or more eggs, and there are sharp host preferences. Using random egg placement for the unspecialized condition, these traits are evaluated for their effect on a female's contributions of offspring to the next generation (R0, the net reproductive rate). The major increases in R0 result from females dispersing eggs so uniformly that larval competition is either reduced or eliminated. Females reduce their oviposition rate when the larva from an egg added to a bean is almost certain to die in competitive encounters. Host preferences and larval survival in a host are positively associated with the abundance of the host in South India. The three oviposition traits act together to give and R0 that is 25–50% than that of eggs placed at random. These traits are known to be variable and heritable, hence, the conditions necessary for natural selection are statisfied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343502
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impaired host odor perception in hybrids between the sibling species Rhagoletis pomonella and R. mendax (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: olfaction ; EAG ; sensory physiology ; antennal sensitivity ; interspecies hybrids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194749
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of a Y-linked gene in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum for defences in Barbarea vulgaris (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003622512914
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence and Maintenance of Sex among Diploid Organisms Aided by Assortative Mating (2000)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sex ; sexual selection ; mate selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; assortative mating ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using computer simulations I studied the simultaneous effect of variable environments, mutation rates, ploidy, number of loci subject to evolution and random and assortative mating on various reproductive systems. The simulations showed that mutants for sex and recombination are evolutionarily stable, displacing alleles for monosexuality in diploid populations mating assortatively under variable selection pressure. Assortative mating reduced excessive allelic variance induced by recombination and sex, especially among diploids. Results suggest a novel adaptive value for sex and recombination. They show that the adaptive value of diploidy and that of the segregation of sexes is different to that of sex and recombination. The results suggest that the emergence of sex had to be preceded by the emergence of diploid monosexual organisms and provide an explanation for the emergence and maintenance of sex among diploids and for the scarcity of sex among haploid organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002765101959
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respective Role of the Axialand Appendicular Systems in Relation to the Transition to Limblessness (1998)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 46 (1998), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: locomotion ; Squamata ; lizards ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In lower quadrupedal vertebrates locomotor efficiency seems to result from the associate movements of the axial and appendicular systems, which are totally independent in structure and embryological origin. The curvature of the trunk, produced by a standing wave, magnifies the propulsive action of the limbs. In intermediate forms, the association of an elongate trunk with limbs reduced in size brings about functional consequences which may be noticeably diverse according to the degree of trunk elongation and limb reduction. According to environmental constraints, animals search for better locomotor efficiency, which implies the maintenance or breakage of this association of both locomotor systems. In some cases, limb action on the ground is added to the axial wave action through a perfect mutual adjustment of rhythmic activity, until mechanical inefficiency of the limbs is reached by possible loss of contact with the ground. In other cases, the limbs dragged on the ground during the stance phase act against the axial action or, on the contrary, are inhibited by the axial system. A review of available data tries to contribute to an understanding of the respective roles of both systems in the transition to limblessness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001129920394
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemosensory basis of feeding and oviposition behaviour in herbivorous insects: a glance at the periphery (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant selection ; sensory physiology ; neural coding ; deterrents ; peripheral interactions ; receptor sites ; genetics of insects ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between chemosensory and behavioural responses to phytochemicals come from a number of studies on ovipositional and food selection behaviour of flies, butterflies, moths and beetles. Establishing input-output relationships has provided insight into the way in which the activity of chemoreceptors is translated into host-plant selection behaviour. This was achieved for both the qualitative contrast acceptance/rejection and for quantifiable preference hierarchies. By now it is clear that the subtlety of coding the complex phytochemical profiles offered by potential host plants relies on across-fibre patterns or ensemblefiring of taste neurons. Progress along these lines depends on unravelling processing pathways in the central nervous system, still a largely unexplored area in herbivorous insects. Increased interest can be noted for the mechanisms operating during the most peripheral events of chemoreception: the interaction of phytochemical and chemoreceptor, determining the specificity of recognition. Evidence for ‘peripheral integration’ has accumulated. Deterrent receptors have an especially puzzling nature. Although such cells respond to a wide array of structurally diverse secondary plant metabolites, their sensitivity profile differs between closely related species. To what extent membrane-bound receptor molecules are involved and what degree of specificity is conferred by these, is largely unknown. Sensitivity to a certain group or class of compounds is determined by single genes in several cases. This allows for a scenario in which single gene mutations affect stimulus-receptor interactions, which might concurrently affect host-plant selection behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194713
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect-plant relations: overview from the symposium (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 320-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: multitrophic interactions ; phylogeny ; evolution ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194783
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the effect of hydroxamic acids from wheat on five species of cereal aphids (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: wheat ; aphids ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA ; DIMBOA-glucoside ; EPG ; electrical penetration graph ; feeding deterrents ; antixenosis ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding behaviour of five species of cereal aphids in wheat seedlings differing in hydroxamic acid (Hx) levels, was monitored via electrical penetration graphs (EPG). Aphid species could be grouped as sensitive to the feeding deterrent effect of Hx in the seedlings (Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, andMetopolophium dirhodum) or insensitive to them (Rhopalosiphum maidis). However, when feeding behaviour was studied in artificial diets containing Hx, all species were equally sensitive to Hx. The behavour ofR. maidis was further compared with that ofR. padi through detailed EPG analysis. It was found that the insensitivity ofR. maidis to Hx in seedlings may be due to a feeding strategy avoiding contact with the compounds by decreasing the number of cellular punctures in live tissues other than sieve elements during its way to the phloem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383002
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypersensitive response of wheat to the Hessian fly (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: hypersensitivity ; Hessian fly ; plant resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hessian flyMayetiola destructor (Say) larvae are able to obtain food from their host plant without inflicting mechanical damage to the plant surface, apparently by secreting substances which elicit release of nutrients from plant cells surrounding the feeding site. Cells of fully susceptible plants retain their normal appearances, while in resistant plants extensive areas of cellular collapse occur. These responses indicate that hypersensitivity is the basis of wheat's resistance to the Hessian fly. The fly's feeding mechanism more closely resembles that of a pathogen than of a phytophagous insect; correspondingly, both the genetic relationship and resistance mechanism of the host plant to the parasite are of the sorts commonly associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381793
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: herbivores ; predators ; parasitoids ; mutualism ; induced defence ; behaviour ; ecology ; evolution ; sensory physiology ; plant fitness ; pathogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use plant volatiles when foraging for food. In response to herbivory, plants emit a blend that may be quantitatively and qualitatively different from the blend emitted when intact. This induced volatile blend alters the interactions of the plant with its environment. We review recent developments regarding the induction mechanism as well as the ecological consequences in a multitrophic and evolutionary context. It has been well established that carnivores (predators and parasitoids) are attracted by the volatiles induced by their herbivorous victims. This concerns an active plant response. In the case of attraction of predators, this is likely to result in a fitness benefit to the plant, because through consumption a predator removes the herbivores from the plant. However, the benefit to the plant is less clear when parasitoids are attracted, because parasitisation does usually not result in an instantaneous or in a complete termination of consumption by the herbivore. Recently, empirical evidence has been obtained that shows that the plant's response can increase plant fitness, in terms of seed production, due to a reduced consumption rate of parasitized herbivores. However, apart from a benefit from attracting carnivores, the induced volatiles can have a serious cost because there is an increasing number of studies that show that herbivores can be attracted. However, this does not necessarily result in settlement of the herbivores on the emitting plant. The presence of cues from herbivores and/or carnivores that indicate that the plant is a competitor- and/or enemy-dense space, may lead to an avoidance response. Thus, the benefit of emission of induced volatiles is likely to depend on the prevailing faunal composition. Whether plants can adjust their response and influence the emission of the induced volatiles, taking the prevalent environmental conditions into account, is an interesting question that needs to be addressed. The induced volatiles may also affect interactions of the emitting plant with its neighbours, e.g., through altered competitive ability or by the neighbour exploiting the emitted information. Major questions to be addressed in this research field comprise mechanistic aspects, such as the identification of the minimally effective blend of volatiles that explains the attraction of carnivores to herbivore-infested plants, and evolutionary aspects such as the fitness consequences of induced volatiles. The elucidation of mechanistic aspects is important for addressing ecological and evolutionary questions. For instance, an important tool to address ecological and evolutionary aspects would be to have plant pairs that differ in only a single trait. Such plants are likely to become available in the near future as a result of mechanistic studies on signal-transduction pathways and an increased interest in molecular genetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004111624780
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  • 13
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    Specialist deterrent chemoreceptors enable Pieris caterpillars to discriminate between chemically different deterrents (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chemoreception ; deterrents ; Pieris ; Brassicaceae ; cardenolides ; host-plant selection ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are specialist herbivores of cruciferous plants. They exploit glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites chemotaxonomically characteristic for this plant family, as token stimuli. In addition to particular glucosinolates, some genera of the Cruciferae contain cardenolides, steroidal allelochemicals that act as potent feeding and oviposition deterrents to several Pieris species. We investigated the sensory mechanisms by which these compounds are perceived in larvae. Pieris caterpillars and many other lepidopterous species are endowed with so-called generalist deterrent receptors, that respond to a broad spectrum of secondary plant substances. In Pieris caterpillars we found a second type of deterrent chemoreceptor in maxillary styloconic taste sensilla. This neuron is very sensitive to cardenolides (threshold 0.1–0.3 μM). The generalist deterrent receptor also responds to these substances but its threshold lies at 50–100× higher concentrations. In behavioural preference experiments Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars preferred cardenolide-treated cabbage leaf discs when confronted with a choice between them and a deterrent substance that does not occur in the Brassicaceae. The cardenolides acted as potent deterrents when offered against untreated cabbage leaf discs. This demonstrates that the balance of activity elicited in the two types of deterrent chemoreceptors determines the behavioural decision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003645222599
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  • 14
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    Feedback selection and the evolution of modifiers (1981)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 30 (1981), S. 79-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: evolution ; modifier theory ; dominance evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of modifier evolution was examined with regard to the idea that modifier evolution can be considered as a result of selection for adaptation speed in populations far from equilibrium. This kind of selection was called ‘feedback selection’ in order to emphasize the difference to theories which consider modifier evolution near the equilibrium. The basic principles of this kind of selection are derived for asexual populations and the problem of dominance is discussed in the light of this concept. In general the results support the view, that the genetic properties of a character are selected along with the character itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047674
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  • 15
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    Creativity in biology and in the human mind (Manifestation of Concepts) (1985)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 34 (1985), S. 3-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: anthropic principle ; creativity ; evolution ; insight ; manifestation ; mental creativity ; organismal creativity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418105
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  • 16
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    On the Adaptive Value of Some Mate Selection Strategies (1999)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002022126388
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    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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    Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177038
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    Within-plant distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat seedlings is affected by induced responses (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 227-230 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; wheat ; induced responses ; feeding site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003874225681
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    La répartition spatiale des différents stades de Coccinella septempunctata dans un champ de blé: variation au cours de la saison (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; wheat ; egg laying ; larva ; adult ; vertical distribution ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; blé ; ponte ; larve ; adulte ; répartition spatiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary At the beginning of spring, post-hibernating adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), larvae and nymphs are found on the lower part of wheat plants. In June, adults born in the field as well as their progeny are dispersed all over the plant and a significant proportion of them is found on the apical parts of plants. Most of the egg clutches are layed on soil lumps, stones and small wild plants which represent preferential sites. Variations in coccinellid distribution may be influenced by climatic conditions, especially the temperature, by the thermophilic nature of this species and by the repartition of the three main aphid species on the plants. These results are relevant for the selection of a sampling methods.
    Notes: Résumé Au début du printemps les adultes de Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) issus des sites d'hivernation, les larves et les nymphes qui en proviennent, fréquentent le sol et les parties basses du blé. En juin, les adultes nés dans le champ et leur descendance sont dispersés sur toute la hauteur des talles bien qu'une fraction non négligeable de leur population se rencontre à l'extrémité supérieure. La plupart des pontes sont déposées sous les mottes de terre, les pierres et les petites adventices qui constituent des sites privilégiés. Ces variations de la distribution de cette coccinelle peuvent être mises en relation avec le climat, en particulier la température, avec la thermophilie de cette espèce et avec la répartition sur les différentes parties des talles des 3 espèces de puceron qui se succèdent au cours de la saison. Ces observations sont importantes à considérer lors du choix ou de la mise au point d'une méthode d'échantillonnage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162854
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    Genetics of the ability of Phyllotreta nemorum larvae to survive in an atypical host plant, Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 37-44 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; genetics ; sex-linkage ; X- and Y-chromosome ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A polymorphism in host plant exploitation has been discovered in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) where one resistant population is able to use Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics (Brassicaceae) as a host plant while a susceptible population is not. Crosses (F1, F2, and backcrosses) between the two flea beetle populations were made, and survival of the progeny on B. v. ssp. arcuata was measured. The ability of P. nemorum larvae to survive in this plant species depended on the presence of major, dominant genes (R-genes). The two most abundant R-genes in the resistant flea beetle population were X- and Y-linked, respectively. The use of B. v. ssp. arcuata as a natural host plant by the resistant population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. The role of sex-linked genes in the evolution of host range is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002938912809
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    Variation in defences of the plant Barbarea vulgaris and in counteradaptations by the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; resistance ; host plant ; variation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several sorts of variation in the interaction between the insect, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae), and the plant, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), have been discovered: 1) genetic differences in the levels of defences in the plant, 2) genetic differences in the ability of insects to cope with the plant defences, 3) seasonal variation in levels of defences in the plant, and 4) differences between leaf types in levels of defences. Two plant accessions were suitable for larval development throughout the season while the remaining nine accessions were more or less unsuitable for larvae from the ‘susceptible’ T-population at least at certain times of the year. All accessions were suitable for the ‘resistant’ E-population throughout the year. There was a seasonal variation in levels of defences in some accessions which were unsuitable for the T-population during the summer period when beetles were present, but not during autumn and spring when the beetle were hibernating. Upper (younger) cauline leaves of these accessions had higher levels of defences than lower (older) cauline leaves. The resistant E-population used B. vulgaris as a natural host plant while the susceptible T-population did not. The use of B. vulgaris as a natural host plant by the E-population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. Variation in plant defences may have facilitated the switch in host plant use by the resistant flea beetle population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002990929647
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    Comparison of Diuraphis noxia resistance in wheat isolines and plant introduction lines (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant resistance ; antibiosis ; tolerance ; antixenosis ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is one of the most important aphid pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., worldwide. Among the various pest management options, plant resistance is an economical management tactic to control D. noxia in cereal crops such as wheat. Researchers have identified D. noxia resistant germplasm and it has been incorporated into wheat. This study compared D. noxia resistance between the ‘Betta’ wheat isolines Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, and Betta-Dn5 and their corresponding donor gene plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), and PI 294994 (Dn5). Although the Betta isolines and PI lines showed D. noxia resistance when compared with Betta wheat, the degree of resistance in the isolines to D. noxia was different from their corresponding PI donors. Aphid number, aphid fecundity, and biomass per aphid were not different between Betta-Dn1 and PI 137739 or Betta-Dn2 and PI 262660; however, the same parameters were significantly lower on PI 294994 compared with Betta-Dn5. This indicated that aphid resistance in PI 137739 and PI 262660 was probably governed by a single dominant gene, while the resistance in PI 294994 was controlled by more than one gene. Additionally, plant biomass reduction was aphid density dependent, which suggested that use of appropriate aphid infestation level is important when using plant biomass reduction as an indicator of resistance. Plant resistance categorization showed that there was no detectable difference in antixenosis among the seven lines evaluated. However, the higher aphid fecundity observed on PI 262660 compared with PI 137739 and PI 294994, in addition to no significant differences among the three PIs in plant biomass reduction, suggested PI 262660 was a tolerant line, while PI 137739 and PI 294994 were antibiotic lines. Plant tolerance could not be elucidated among the three Betta isolines using aphid fecundity and plant biomass reduction as indicators.
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    The making of a pest: recruitment of Meligethes aeneus onto oilseed Brassicas (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 141-149 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecology ; reproductive success ; fecundity ; intraspecific competition ; evolution ; pest outbreaks ; pest control ; chemical control ; economic threshold ; oilseed rape ; turnip rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the rapeseed pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus F. (Col., Nitidulidae) from areas with 0–16 years of history of intensive rapeseed growing were compared for key ecological characters. During the first 16 years of rapeseed cultivation the reproductive success of M. aeneus increased 200–300% over that of the beetles living on the natural host plants, cruciferous weeds. The increase was linear over time and statistically highly significant, and it did not appear to be related to food quality or to the size of the beetles. During the same period the tolerance to intraspecific competition decreased, possibly due to the relative absence of such competition on the new crop. Furthermore, the optimum population density for M. aeneus to maximize the size of its next generation on summer turnip rape was determined to be 0.5–1.0 beetles/plant, which is slightly below the economic threshold for chemical control (1 beetle/plant). Therefore the practical protection of the rapeseed yield also ensures the highest possible pest population size for the next year. These mechanisms may in part explain the particular noxiousness of the species as a pest all over Europe. In general these data show that after the introduction of a new crop plant into a region, significant changes during the recruitment process in a pestiferous insect may take place, contributing to the future pest status of the insect. It is suggested that such genetic and ecological changes in insects may be a more common mechanism than previously thought in initiating and sustaining pest outbreaks, and that conventional pest management methods may enhance that effect.
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    Influence of cereal leaf epicuticular wax on Diuraphis noxia probing behavior and nymphoposition (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leaf surface wax ; probing behavior ; nymphoposition ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; barley ; oat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cereal leaf surface wax on Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), the Russian wheat aphid, probing behavior and nymphoposition was evaluated. Ultrastructure of leaf epicuticular wax from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) c.v. ‘Arapahoe’ and ‘Halt’ was different from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) c.v. ‘Morex’, and oat (Avena sativa L.) c.v. ‘Border’. Both wheat cultivars had similar rod-shaped epicuticular wax, while barley and oat plants had flakes. The chemical composition comparison of gas chromatograms also indicated that the extract of the two wheat cultivars had similar pattern of peaks, while the barley and oat leaves had similar peaks. Cereal variety significantly affected aphid probing behavior (P 〈 0.05), but wax removal using ethyl ether swab did not (P 〈 0.05). Aphids initiated significantly more probes on Border oat leaves than on Morex barley irrespective of wax removal, although total probing duration per aphid was not significantly different among the four cereals examined. Accumulative salivation duration per aphid on oat leaves with wax was significantly longer than other cereal leaves with wax, while accumulative ingestion duration per aphid on Arapahoe wheat and Morex barley was significantly longer than on oat. Nymphoposition of D. noxia on cereal leaves maintained on the benzimidazole-agar medium showed that aphids produced a greater number of nymphs on Morex barley and less on Border oat leaves, although wax removal did not affect aphid nymphoposition. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes from the 4 cereal genotypes using ethyl ether swab indicated that the influence of wax on plant resistance to D. noxia probing and reproduction was limited. Morex barley was the most favorable, while Border oat was the least favorable cereal host of D. noxia.
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    Salivation into sieve elements in relation to plant chemistry: the case of the aphid Sitobion fragariae and the wheat, Triticum aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 111-114 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
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    Copulatory Courtship in Drosophila: Behavior and Songs of D. birchii and D. serrata (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 71-86 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: copulatory courtship ; behavioral interactions ; songs ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract D. birchii and D. serrata, two endemic Australian Drosophila species, have a copulatory courtship. The males of these species begin to court the female after mounting her and often go on with the courtship after the copulation is over. In the present paper we have described behavioral interactions between the male and the female and analyzed acoustic signals produced by the flies during courtship. Species differences were more pronounced in female than in male behavior. Variation within the species was obvious in the relative proportions of time the flies spent in different behaviors. Even though courtship took place nearly solely during copulation, some remains of precopulatory courtship were observed in both species. It is suggested that copulatory courtship exhibited by D. birchii and D. serrata flies is a derived rather than a primitive character.
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    Cockroach mating behaviors, sex pheromones, and abdominal glands (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.
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    Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bugLethocerus medius (Guerin) in the field (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 93-106 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.
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    The origin and evolution of social life in the Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 649-661 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sociality ; evolution ; Vespidae ; Stenogastrinae ; brood rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Stenogastrinae are a subfamily of the Vespidae. The main difference between these and other social wasps (Polistinae and Vespinae) is a jelly-like substance that the Stenogastrinae secrete from the Dufour 's gland and use in many functions of their biology. It is suggested that this substance greatly contributed to the evolution of social life in these wasps by making it possible to nourish the brood with liquid food and store it in the nest, thus favoring also the evolution of the behavioral mechanisms which facilitated interactions between adults. Social organization of the colonies may have been kept at a low level through a basic system of continuous temporary helper replacement, while the evolution of large colonies was restrained, as well as by the poor quality of construction material, low egg-laying capacity and limited production of abdominal substance, imperfect social regulatory mechanisms, and the absence of defensive mechanisms of the colonies against large predators.
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    Evolution of Ti–Sn-rutile-supported V2O5–WO3 catalyst during its use in nitric oxide reduction by ammonia (2000)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 11-12 (2000), S. 131-138 
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    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: rutile supported V2O5–WO3 catalyst ; evolution ; NO reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the relation between surface structure of crystalline vanadia-like active species on vanadia–tungsta catalyst and their activity in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia to nitrogen. The investigations were performed for Ti–Sn-rutile-supported isopropoxy-derived catalyst. The SCR activity and surface species structure were determined for the freshly prepared catalyst, for the catalyst previously used in NO reduction by ammonia (320 ppm NO, 335 ppm NH3 and 2.35 vol% O2) at 573 K as well as for the catalyst previously annealed at 573 K in helium stream containing 2.35 vol% O2. The crystalline islands, exposing main V2O5 surface, with some tungsten atoms substituted for V-ones, were found, with XPS and FT Raman spectroscopy, to be present at the surface of the freshly prepared catalyst. A profound evolution of the active species during the catalyst use at 573 K was observed. Dissociative water adsorption on V5+OW6+ sites is discussed as mainly responsible for the catalyst activity at 473 K and that on both V5+OW6+ and V4+OW6+ sites as determining the activity at 523 K.
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    Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 284-295 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Annual cycle ; Asclepias ; cardenolide ; Danaidae ; Danaus plexippus ; defense ; ecological chemistry ; evolution ; herbivory ; host plant ; life history ; migration ; milkweed ; monarch butterfly ; overwintering ; predation ; repellent allomone ; sequestration ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 μg/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.
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    Cardiac design in lower vertebrates: what can phylogeny reveal about ontogeny? (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 919-930 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Heart ; circulation ; blood ; lower vertebrate ; embryology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In very few instances can the cardiovascular systems of adult ‘lower’ vertebrates serve asdirect models for development in ‘higher’ vertebrates, primarily because numerous evolutionary specializations for preferential distribution of cardiac output between systemic tissues and gas exchange, organs occur in the highly derived circulation of most extant lower vertebrates. Yet, the extensive literature on the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology of aquatic and air breathing fishes, amphibians and reptiles offers important conceptual insights into both patterns and mechanisms of development in birds and mammals. The primary contribution of such studies to the student of developing bird and mammal circulations is the clear demonstration that surprisingly complex hemodynamic function can develop from supposedly ‘simple’ cardiovascular systems typified by incompletely divided heart chambers. Thus, the hemodynamics of embryonic bird and mammal circulations should be determined by measurement, rather than inferred from structure.
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    Ancient DNA: An introduction (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921719
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    DNA in wheat seeds from European archaeological sites (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
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    Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain (1996)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lycaenidae ; Formicidae ; symbiosis ; mutualism ; parasitism ; communication ; ecology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.
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    A novel mechanism for jumping in the indian antHarpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae) (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.
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    Systematics and evolution of holarctic Pierinae (Lepidoptera). An enzyme electrophoretic approach (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 24-29 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pieridae ; Lepidoptera ; systematics ; evolution ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enzyme electrophoretic data show a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity within the European group ofnapi s.l. whereas genetic differences exist at several loci between the European and the North American taxa ofnapi s.l. It is concluded that the European taxa did not differentiate to the species level and form a phylogenetically young group. The North American taxa included in this study are specifically distinct from Europeannapi and separated much earlier. Within these North American taxamarginalis, oleracea andvirginiensis did undergo speciation. The data show a splitting of the genusPieris into three species groups, each genetically differentiated to the same level. The splitting ofPieris into two genera, as suggested by earlier investigators, is not supported here.
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    The evolution of sex and the role of sex in evolution (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1231-1235 
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    Keywords: Sex ; recombination ; evolution ; parasites ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; sex-allocation ; sexual selection ; sex determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952065
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    Two theories of sex and variation (1985)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1235-1245 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex ; evolution ; the Tangled Bank ; the Red Queen ; recombination experiments ; genotype × environment interactions
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952066
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    Effects of 2-β-D-glucosyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one onSchizaphis graminum (rondani) (insecta, aphididae) feeding on artificial diets (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 514-516 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hydroxamic acid ; cereals ; maize ; wheat ; aphids ; greenbug
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    Notes: Summary 2-β-Glucosyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc), the main hydroxamic acid from maize and wheat, and its aglucone, decreased survival ofSchizaphis graminum reared on artificial diets. Both compounds were toxic for aphids and acted as feeding deterrents, at concentrations as low as 1 mM. The natural concentrations of glucosides of hydroxamic acids in wheat leaves reach up to 6 mmoles/kg fresh weight, thus falling within the range in which DIMBOA-Glc causes delecterious effects to diet-fed aphids.
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    Misuses of biology in the context of the paranormal (1988)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 297-303 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biology ; creation science ; creationism ; evolution ; hundredth monkey phenomenon ; paranormal ; pseudoscience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Public suspicion of science stems from science's challenging of perceptions and myths about reality, and a public fear of new technology. The result is a susceptibility to pseudoscience. In claiming that creation ‘science’ is as valid as evolution the creationists misquote scientists and seek to spread their own ‘scientific’ myths concerning a young age for the earth, an act of creation based on a particular literalist interpretation of the Christian Bible and a single worldwide flood. They use methods of debate and politics, rather than scientific research. A selection of their arguments is examined and the nature of the evidence for evolution is discussed. Problems with the creation ‘science’ model are noted. In the myth of the hundredth monkey phenomenon, original research is misquoted to denigrate scientific research and support sentimental ideas of paranormal events. The misuse of science is seen as damaging to society because it reduces the effective gathering and application of scientific information. However, pseudoscience provides a valuable guide to gaps in public scientific education.
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    Ontogenetic development and evolution of the worker caste in termites (1987)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 851-860 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Social insects ; Isoptera ; caste differentiation ; reproductive biology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hemimetabolous termites have a very different caste system from social Hymenoptera in which only true imagoes participate in all social tasks. In termites, the imagoes are restricted to reproduction. The termite solidiers have no equivalent in other social insects. They are unique both in their post-embryonic development and their exclusively defensive function. At maturity they keep their molting gland and therefore should be considered as stabilized, differentiated immatures. They appeared monophyletically, early in the evolution of termites. The definition of the worker caste and the current theories explaining its evolution are reexamined after a critical reappraisal of data on post-embryonic development. On the basis of ontogenic, morphologic and functional criteria, we define termite workers as individuals diverging early and irreversibly from the imaginal development, with a morphology typical of their caste but largely of larval appearance, and taking part in most of the social tasks. Such a truly eusocial worker caste is observed in all advanced phyla: Termitidae, Hodotermitidae, andSchedorhinotermes (Rhinotermitidae), but apparently also in one morphologically primitive termite,Mastotermes darwiniensis. This distribution can only be explained by postulating a polyphyletic origin of the worker caste in termites. In all other primitive termites, most of the work is done by temporary helpers (late larvae and nymphs). In these societies, pseudergates are redefined as individuals separating late from the imaginal line, functioning as workers, but not constituting the main working force in the natural society. The particularity of the caste system in termites results from two fundamental peculiarities of their post-embryonic development: -A certain dissociation of molt, growth, and differentiation. -A relative independence in the ontogeny of their different organs.
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    Sex pheromone communication in the lepidoptera: New research progress (1989)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 248-262 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; biosynthesis ; neurobiology ; sensory biology ; orientation behavior ; flight control ; anemotaxis ; genetics ; communication ; olfaction ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant progress has been made recently in research on lepidopterous sex pheromones. Advances in understanding the biochemical, neurobiological, and behavioral events that results in both successful and unsuccessful pheromone communication have allowed researchers to gain new insights into the genetic control and evolution of phermone systems.
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    Eucaryotic codes (1990)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1106-1117 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetic code ; eucaryotic cell ; evolution ; code ambiguity ; code universality ; convergence
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This article is a review of the rules used by eucaryotic cells to translate a nuclear messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain. The recent observation that these rules are not identical in two species of a same phylum indicates that they have changed during the course of evolution. Possible scenarios for such changes are presented.
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    Biology of halophilic bacteria, Part II (1993)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1027-1036 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Archaea (archaebacteria) ; extreme halophiles ; archaeol phospholipids ; archaeol glycolipids ; membrane function ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Archaebacteria (archaea) are comprised of three groups of prokaryotes: extreme halophiles, methanogens and thermoacidophiles (extreme thermophiles). Their membrane phospholipids and glycolipids are derived entirely from a saturated, isopranoid glycerol diether,sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol (‘archaeol’) and/or its dimer, dibiphytanyldiglyceroltetraether (‘caldarchaeol’). In extreme halophiles, the major phospholipid is the archaeol analogue of phosphatidylglycerolmethylphosphate (PGP-Me); the glycolipids are sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosyl archaeols with diverse carbohydrate structure characteristic of taxons on the generic level. Biosynthesis of these archaeol-derived polar lipids occurs in a multienzyme, membrane-bound system that is absolutely dependent on high salt concentration (4 M). The highly complex biosynthetic pathways involve intermediates containing glycerol ether-linked C20-isoprenyl groups which are reduced to phytanyl groups to give the final saturated polar lipids. In methanogens, polar lipids are derived both from archaeol and caldarchaeol, and thermoacidophiles contain essentially only caldarchaeol-derived polar lipids. The function of these membrane polar lipids in maintaining the stability, fluidity and ionic properties of the cell membrane of extreme halophiles, as well as the evolutionary implications of the archaeol and caldarchaeol-derived structures will be discussed.
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    Presence of a partial urea cycle in the leech,Poecilobdella granulosa (1992)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 729-731 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Urea cycle ; leech ; botryoidal tissue ; hirudineans ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and arginase, but not arginine synthetase (AS), were detected in the body wall and gut tissues of the leech. The activities of these enzymes were not altered by starvation. The high activity of arginase in body wall is probably due to the association of the latter with botryoidal tissue. Hirudineans, which evolved from oligochaete ancestors, appear to have lost the citrulline-arginine segment of the urea cycle due to their ammonotelic mode of nitrogen excretion.
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    Genetic aspects of the hsp70 multigene family in vertebrates (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 987-1001 
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    Keywords: Hsp70 ; evolution ; gene duplication ; gene homology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The family of genes encoding heat shock proteins of about 70 kDa (hsp70) in vertebrates is reviewed under genetic aspects. After a detailed description of the various hsp70 genes more general characteristics of the organization and evolution of the multigene family are discussed.
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    Chitin in the epidermal cuticle of a vertebrate (Paralipophrys trigloides, Blenniidae, Teleostei) (1993)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 317-319 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chitin ; cuticle ; evolution ; vertebrates ; bony fish ; Blenniidae ; Paralipophrys trigoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lectin binding, endo-chitinase binding and enzymatic degradation studies show that the epidermal cuticle of the bony fishParalipophrys trigloides (Blenniidae) is chitinous. This is the first evidence that a vertebrate species possesses a chitinous tissue. Recently aXenopus gene has been identified which has significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of yeast chitin synthase III, a chitin producing enzyme1,2. Taken together these two findings imply that chitin synthesis capability may be a basic vertebrate feature.
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    Genetic ecology: A new interdisciplinary science, fundamental for evolution, biodiversity and biosafety evaluations (1994)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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    Quantitative genetics of zooplankton life histories (1995)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 454-464 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Quantitative genetics ; life history ; evolution ; cladocera ; heritability ; Daphnia ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative genetic techniques are powerful tools for use in understanding the microevolutionary process. Because of their size, lifespan, and ease of culture, many zooplankton species are ideal for quantitative genetic approaches. As model systems, studies of zooplankton life histories are becoming increasingly used for examination of the central paradigms of evolutionary theory. Two of the fundamental empirical questions that zooplankton quantitative genetics studies can answer are: 1) How much genetic variance exists in natural populations for life history traits? 2) What is the empirical evidence for trade-offs that permeate life history theory based on optimality approaches? A review of existing data onDaphnia indicates substantial genetic variance for body size, clutch size, and age at first reproduction. Average broad-sense heritabilities for these three characters across 19 populations of 6 species are 0.31, 0.31, and 0.34, respectively. Although there is some discrepancy between the two pertinent studies that were designed to decompose the total genetic variance into its additive and non-additive components, a crude average seems to suggest that approximately 60% of the total genetic variance has an additive basis. The existing data are somewhat inconsistent with respect to presence/absence of trade-offs (negative genetic correlations) among life history traits. A composite of the existing data seems to argue against the existence of strong trade-offs between offspring size and offspring number, between present and future reproduction, and between developmental rate and fecundity. However, there is some evidence for a shift toward more negative (less positive) covariances in more stressful environments (e.g., low food). Zooplankton will prove to be very useful in future study in several important areas of research, including the genetics and physiology of aging, the importance of genotype-environment interaction for life history traits, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
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    The accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila: structural, reproductive, and evolutionary aspects (1996)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 503-510 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; accessory gland ; reproduction ; sexual behavior ; sperm displacement ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent results from biochemical and molecular genetic studies of the accessory gland proteins in maleDrosophila are reviewed. The most prominent feature is the species-specific variability. However, the analysis of the sex peptide inD. melanogaster shows that there is a strong homology in the molecular structure to the closely related sibling species, and that divergence increases with increasing phylogenetic distance. For this reason the sex peptide, after being transferred to the female genital tract during copulation, reduces receptivity and increases oviposition only in virgin females belonging to the same species group and subgroup. Even though studies were hitherto limited to a small number of the secretory components, it is evident that the accessory gland proteins play a key role in reproductive success of the fruit fly by changing female sexual behavior, supporting sperm transfer, storage and displacement. Thus, genes encoding the accessory gland proteins are apparently under strong evolutionary selection.
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    Host specificity in phytophagous insects: selection pressure from generalist predators (1988)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; monophagy ; polyphagy ; host range ; Vespidae ; caterpillars ; predation ; Mischocyttarus flavitarsus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The narrow host range of insect herbivores is noted, and some of the reasons why specificity has evolved are reviewed. Works indicating the need for new approaches are pointed out including the possibility that generalist predators provide a suitable pressure. Experiments to test the hypothesis that generalists are more vulnerable than specialists to predators are described. They involved a vespid wasp and over thirty species pairs of caterpillars, matched for size and density. Overall, generalists were taken more readily than specialists: some but not all reasons could be detected. The results are discussed in ecological and evolutionary terms.
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    Classification and evolution of EF-hand proteins (1998)
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    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 277-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: evolution ; classification ; EF-hand ; domain ; homology ; chimera ; congruence ; gene duplication ; gene fusion ; eukaryote ; dendrogram ; calmodulin ; troponin C ; light chain of myosin ; S100 ; parvalbumin ; calcineurin ; recoverin ; calpain ; sorcin ; diacylglycerol ; calbindin ; aequorin ; phospholipase C ; BM-40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-five distinct subfamilies of EF-hand proteins have been identified. They contain from two to eight EF-hands that are recognizable by amino acid sequence as being statistically similar to other EF-hand domains. All proteins within one subfamily are congruent to one another, i.e. the dendrogram computed from one of the EF-hand domains is similar, within statistical error, to the dendrogram computed from another(s) domain. Thirteen subfamilies - including Calmodulin, Troponin C, Essential light chain, Regulatory light chain - referred to collectively as CTER, are congruent with one another. They appear to have evolved from a single ur-domain by two cycles of gene duplication and fusion. The subfamilies of CTER subsequently evolved by gene duplications and speciations. The remaining 32 subfamilies do not show such general patterns of congruence; however, some - such as S100, intestinal calcium binding protein (calbindin 9kd), and trichohylin - do not form congruent clusters of subfamilies. Nearly all of the domains 1, 3, 5, and 7 are most similar to other ODD domains. Correspondingly the EVEN numbered domains of all 45 subfamilies most closely resemble EVEN domains of other subfamilies. Many sequence and chem-ical characteristics do not show systemic trends by subfamily or species of host organisms; such homoplasy is widespread. Eighteen of the subfamilies are heterochimeric; in addition to multiple EF-hands they contain domains of other evolutionary origins.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
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    Experience, Awareness and Consciousness:Suggestions for Definitions as Offered by an Evolutionary Approach (2000)
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    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 429-456 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: awareness ; reflexive awareness and consciousness ; evolution ; experience and pattern matching ; symbolic language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract An evolutionary point of view is proposed to make more appropriate distinctions between experience, awareness and consciousness. Experience can be defined as a characteristic linked closely to specific pattern matching, a characteristic already apparent at the molecular level at least. Awareness can be regarded as the special experience of one or more central, final modules in the animal neuronal brain. Awareness is what experience is to animals. Finally, consciousness could be defined as reflexive awareness. The ability for reflexive awareness is distinctly different from animal and human awareness and depends upon the availability of a separate frame of reference, as provided by symbolic language. As such, words have made reflexive awareness – a specific and infrequent form of awareness – possible. Conciousness might be defined as the experience evoked by considering, i.e. thinking about experiences themselves. If there is a hard problem of explaining consciousness, than this actually must be considered as the hard problem already met when trying to explain basic experience, since its nature remains elusive.
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    Dominance hierarchies and the evolution of human reasoning (1996)
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    Minds and machines 6 (1996), S. 463-480 
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    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Human reasoning ; evolution ; deontic reasoning ; transitive reasoning ; non-human primates ; neocortical ratio ; dominance hierarchy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Research from ethology and evolutionary biology indicates the following about the evolution of reasoning capacity. First, solving problems of social competition and cooperation have direct impact on survival rates and reproductive success. Second, the social structure that evolved from this pressure is the dominance hierarchy. Third, primates that live in large groups with complex dominance hierarchies also show greater neocortical development, and concomitantly greater cognitive capacity. These facts suggest that the necessity of reasoning effectively about dominance hierarchies left an indelible mark on primate reasoning architectures, including that of humans. In order to survive in a dominance hierarchy, an individual must be capable of (a) making rank discriminations, (b) recognizing what is forbidden and what is permitted based one's rank, and (c) deciding whether to engage in or refriin from activities that will allow one to move up in rank. The first problem is closely tied to the capacity for transitive reasoning, while the second and third are intimately related to the capacity for deontic reasoning. I argue that the human capacity for these types of reasoning have evolutionary roots that reach deeper into our ancestral past than the emergence of the hominid line, and the operation of these evolutionarily primitive reasoning systems can be seen in the development of human reasoning and domain-specific effects in adult reasoning.
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    Syntax as an Emergent Characteristic of the Evolution of Semantic Complexity (1999)
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    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 309-346 
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    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: language ; grammar ; syntax ; semantics ; evolution ; emergence ; brain size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly argued that the rules of language, as distinct from its semantic features, are the characteristics which most clearly distinguish language from the communication systems of other species. A number of linguists (e.g., Chomsky 1972, 1980; Pinker 1994) have suggested that the universal features of grammar (UG) are unique human adaptations showing no evolutionary continuities with any other species. However, recent summaries of the substantive features of UG are quite remarkable in the very general nature of the features proposed. While the syntax of any given language can be quite complex, the specific rules vary so much between languages that the truly universal (i.e. innate) aspects of grammar are not complex at all. In fact, these features most closely resemble a set of general descriptions of our richly complex semantic cognition, and not a list of specific rules. General principles of the evolutionary process suggest that syntax is more properly understood as an emergent characteristic of the explosion of semantic complexity that occurred during hominid evolution. It is argued that grammatical rules used in given languages are likely to be simply conventionalized, invented features of language, and not the result of an innate, grammar-specific module. The grammatical and syntactic regularities that are found across languages occur simply because all languages attempt to communicate the same sorts of semantic information.
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    Genetic variation in adaptation to foodplants among populations of the southern cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus: Evolution of oviposition preference (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 201-212 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Callosobruchus maculatus ; Bruchidae ; Coleoptera ; behavior ; evolution ; genetic variation ; insect-plant interactions ; oviposition preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux lignées deC. maculatus Fab., liées à 6 plantes-hôtes, ont été examinées quant à leurs préférences — sans choix—parmi les graines de 9 légumineuses. Ces préférences se sont révél'ees semblables à celles observées lors de choix binaires; 3 paramètres ont donné les mêmes résultats: nombre moyen d'oeufs pondus par l'ensemble des femelles, nombre moyen d'oeufs émis par l'ensemble de celles acceptant la plante, fréquence des femelles acceptant la plante. L'analyse en composantes principales des préférences pour les 9 plantes a révélé que la majorité des mesures se situe sur les 2 premiers axes, qui ont rendu compte de 89% de la variation. Les performances des lignées sur le premier axe suggèrent qu'il s'agit d'un critère général de préférence. La classification automatique des plantes a montré un aspect général semblable à celui des composantes principales. Par ces 2 méthodes, les plantes ne se sont pas classées nettement selon leurs affinités taxonomiques. Bien que la classification automatique n'ait pas mis en évidence une similarité de comportement chez les insectes liés au même hôte, ceci était apparemment le cas. Les lignées liées à des hôtes présentant de fortes — ou à l'opoosé — de faibles préférences, ont montré différents seuils d'acceptation pour les 9 substrats de ponte. A l'opposé, il n'y a aucune preuve d'altération évolutive de la hiérarchie de préférences. On en a déduit que ces insectes étaient motivés par un petit nombre de stimulus, tels que les allélochimiques et al texture de tégument, pour déceler l'adéquation des substrats potentiels. (La microscopie électronique a suggéré une corrélation entre la texture du tégument et la hiérarchie des préférences de ces populations). La confiance dans les stimulus recueillis contribue à limiter les stratégies évolutives disponibles pour la population. A partir de là, la sélection en faveur —ou contre — des plantes, à l'origine, faiblement préférées, peut conduire, dans la niche de ponte, à l'incorporation — ou à l'exclusion — d'un groupe d'espèces taxonomiquemment éloignées, mais phénétiquement semblables. La probabilité d'altérations importantes de la hiérarchie des préférences paraît extrémement faible.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of 22 strains ofCallosobruchus maculatus associated with six different leguminous hosts indicates extensive genetic differentiation for oviposition preference. Female behavior suggests the existence of two distinct host preference groups among the nine oviposition substrates tested. Strains associated with plants in these two groups show distinct preference profiles. Genetic differentiation of oviposition preference is due to evolutionary modification of the threshold of acceptance of host plants, not to alteration of the preference hierarchy. From principal components analysis of these results, it is likely that very few independent plant traits govern oviposition preference.
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    Basic rules of change (1990)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 21 (1990), S. 231-257 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: basic rules ; change ; discipline-neutral ; evolution ; analogy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A small step is made in the direction of defining some general basic rules which can serve as a framework for research in several fields of the social sciences. The method of working with analogies asks for a more accurate approach. Starting from the concept of evolution in the form of a basic rule another basic rule is formulated. This rule shows what are the most important factors in long term developments and what types of development one can expect.
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    Evolution: Teleology or chance? (1991)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 22 (1991), S. 133-141 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: evolution ; teleology ; chance ; purpose ; anthropomorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Revaluation of the problem of natural teleology seems an important precondition for elucidating our environmental crisis and for formulating an ‘ecological ethics’, because it calls for a recognition of an intrinsic value in nature and organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to show that the concept of natural teleology is not in contradiction with scientific theories, in particular not with the theory of evolution. In this paper I shall argue that there is a fundamental misunderstanding about the concepts of teleology and chance in modern thinking. This as a result of a radical transformation of the Aristotelian concept of teleology by Christian theologians during the Middle Ages. This confusion resulted in the rejection of teleology from evolution and in an exaggeration of the role of chance. However, not a solution for the problem of teleology is given here, but only an attempt to prove that neither the fossil-record, nor the role of chance in evolution can give adequate arguments for the negation of teleology in evolution. That is not to say that, therefore there exists teleology in evolution, but the problem of teleology in nature cannot, be solved by the scientific theory of evolution, but only be elucidated by philosophical analysis. At the end of the paper it is argued that teleology must be rather presupposed in evolution.
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    Life and teleology (1992)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 85-103 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: life ; teleology ; evolution ; reality ; representation ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A comprehensive definition of the phenomenon called “life” led to the addition of many dimensions to the natural sciences, and especially the conscious mental dimension. Historical attention is paid not only to those employing the natural philosophical paradigms, but also to evolutionary theories and to the Kantian teleological philosophy. The belief that science can solve the riddle of life is a category of purposal thinking. A revised version of critical teleology is essential for comprehension of life.
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    Arbitrariness in nature: synergetics and evolutionary laws of prohibition (2000)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 57-73 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: complex systems ; evolution ; nonlinearity ; pre-determination ; self-organization ; soft management ; structure-attractors ; synergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The philosophical consequences of synergetics, the interdisciplinary theory of evolution and self-organization of complex systems, are being drawn in the paper. The idea of discreteness of evolutionary paths is in the focus of attention. Although the future is open, and there are many alternative evolutionary paths for complex systems, not any arbitrary (either conceivable or desirable) evolutionary path is feasible in a given system. There are discrete spectra of possible evolutionary paths which are determined exclusively by inner properties of the corresponding systems. Synergetics allows us to reveal general laws of self-organization and, therefore, certain limits of arbitrariness of nature in choosing possible paths of evolution as well as in constructing of a complex evolutionary whole. A comparative analysis between the modern synergetic notions and a few ideas of the Western philosophy (F. Nietzsche, N. Hartmann, M. Heidegger) and of the Eastern teachings (Taoism, Buddhism) is made.
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    Dietary modulation of α-amylase activity in eight geographical strains of Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notes: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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    Evolution of insect-plant relationships — a devil's advocate approach (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 3-12 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; coevolution ; selection ; insect attack ; plant defense ; competition ; enemy free space ; chemoreception ; specialization ; plant recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment of the new genotype with the novel food preference.
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    Evolutionary genetics of the aphid Cryptomyzus, with a preliminary analysis of the inheritance of host plant preference, reproductive performance and host-alteration (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cryptomyzus ; aphid ; hybridization ; host plant preference ; reproductive performance ; host-alternation ; speciation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé C. galeopsidis Kaltenbach contient plusieurs formes qui ont différentes relations avec des plantes hôtes et des cycles distincts. Des croisements ont permis d'élucider la taxonomie de ces formes et d'étudier l'hérédité de préférences d'hôtes, des performances reproductives et de l'alternance d'hôtes. Une des formes apparaît comme une espèce distincte par suite de la valeur adaptative réduite des hybrides. Les autres formes avec alternance ou non des hôtes sont considérées comme conspécifiques et représentant deux stratégies vitales différentes. Les performances reproductives sont probablement polygéniques puisque les hybrides ont des performances intermédiaires. Les préférences d'hôtes des hybrides montrent certains degrés de dominance et semblent déterminées par quelques gènes seulement. L'alternance des hôtes est envisagée comme ayant une hérédité monofactorielle. Les conséquences sur la spéciation sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract The aphid species Cryptomyzus galeopsidis (Kaltenbach) includes several distinct forms which have different host plant relationships and life cycles. Cross breeding was used to elucidate the taxonomic status of these forms and to investigate the inheritance of host preference, reproductive performance and host-alternation. One of the forms appeared to be a distinct species because of the reduced fitness of the hybrids. Other host-alternating and non host-alternating forms are considered conspecific and represent two life cycle strategies. Reproductive performance is probably controlled polygenically, since hybrids show an intermediate performance. Host preference in hybrids showed some degree of dominance and seemed to be determined by only a few genes. Host-alternation is presumed to be inherited monofactorially. The implications for speciation are discussed.
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    Morality De-Kanted or the Biological Roots of Moral Behavior (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of value-based management 13 (2000), S. 297-308 
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    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: morality ; moral systems ; behavior ; evolution ; adaptation ; natural selection ; altruism ; reciprocal altruism ; fitness ; reciprocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The ethical and moral behavior of Homo sapiens is no longer the exclusive domain of religion and philosophy because we recognize that such behavior affects the reproductive success of individuals within the species. We are a social species and therefore our survival is influenced by our capacity for cooperation and our willingness to take risks for kin. Emotions, some of which are found in other species, help to mediate our altruistic behavior. The reproductive benefits of helping kin, especially offspring, are readily seen. Helping non-kin can be beneficial if individuals can differentiate between ‘reciprocators’ and ‘non-reciprocators’ and direct altruistic behavior toward reciprocators. Also, if third parties are favorably impressed by observing altruistic behavior, the rewards need not come from the recipient of the altruistic behavior.
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    The Evolution of a Scientific Concept (1999)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 37-58 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: protein ; experimentation ; conceptual variation and selection ; evolution ; Mulder ; Liebig ; Pflüger ; Nägeli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A philosophically comprehended account is given of the genesis and evolution of the concept of protein. Characteristic of this development were not shifts in theory in response to new experimental data, but shifts in the range of questions that the available experimental resources were fit to cope with effectively. Apart from explanatory success with regard to its own range of questions, various other selecting factors acted on a conceptual variant, some stemming from a competing set of research questions, others from an altogether different field of inquiry, and still others from the external environment. These results are best explained on, hence support, an evolutionary model of the progress of experimental investigation, whose outlines are briefly discussed.
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    Integrating neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology through a teleological conception of function (1996)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 6 (1996), S. 481-505 
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    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: Neuroscience ; evolutionary psychology ; interfield theory ; evolution ; teleology ; function ; functionalism ; brain mapping ; language processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The idea of integrating evolutionary biology and psychology has great promise, but one that will be compromised if psychological functions are conceived too abstractly and neuroscience is not allowed to play a contructive role. We argue that the proper integration of neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary biology requires a telelogical as opposed to a merely componential analysis of function. A teleological analysis is required in neuroscience itself; we point to traditional and curent research methods in neuroscience, which make critical use of distinctly teleological functional considerations in brain cartography. Only by invoking teleological criteria can researchers distinguish the fruitful ways of identifying brain components from the myriad of possible ways. One likely reason for reluctance to turn to neuroscience is fear of reduction, but we argue that, in the context of a teleological perspective on function, this concern is misplaced. Adducing such theoretical considerations as top-down and bottom-up constraints on neuroscientific and psychological models, as well as existing cases of productive, multidisciplinary cooperation, we argue that integration of neuroscience into psychology and evolutionary biology is likely to be mutually beneficial. We also show how it can be accommodated methodologically within the framework of an interfield theory.
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    Effects of feeding lysine-deficient diet on the metabolism of lipids in various tissues of rats (1983)
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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    A Modular Vector for Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Wheat (1999)
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    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
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    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
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    Colonization and evolution of lakes on the central Norwegian coast following deglaciation and land uplift 9500 to 7800 years B.P. (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: colonization ; evolution ; lakes ; Norway ; deglaciation ; land uplift ; invertebrates ; Chironomidae ; Porifera ; Bryozoa ; diatoms ; Charophyta ; tsunami
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Invertebrate colonization of lakes following the uplift of land from the sea was studied in four lakes, currently situated between 39 and 24 m a.s.l., on the central Norwegian coast. The lakes were isolated from the sea between 9500 and 7700 years B.P. Animal and algal remains picked from core samples showed that the first colonizers preserved as fossils were usually members of the Chironomidae, Daphnidae/Chydoridae, Acarina, Porifera (Ephydatia mülleri and Spongilla lacustris), Bryozoa (Cristatella mucedo and Plumatella spp.) and Charophyta (Chara sp.). Of the chironomids, the genus Chironomus was present in the oldest lacustrine layers of all four lakes, but other genera recorded at the marine/lacustrine boundary were Dicrotendipes, Procladius (?), Einfeldia, Microtendipes, and Glyptotendipes. Remains of the caddis fly family Limnephilidae were also present in the earliest lacustrine sediments in Kvennavatnet and Kvernavatnet. The oldest invertebrate fauna is typical for mesotrophic lakes. However, chironomids and mites have been present in this area from at least about 10 500 years B.P. A diverse chironomid community was established between 300 and 800 years after isolation from the sea at Kvernavatnet on the island of Hitra, while only between 80 and 120 years passed before a comparably diverse community developed at Kvennavatnet on the mainland coast. A similar development of the invertebrate fauna occurred in Kvennavatnet, Kvernavatnet and Storkuvatnet. However, Litjvatnet deviates greatly from the ‘normal’ pattern because a tsunami disturbed the bottom sediments and fauna. The tsunami, a gigantic sea wave, was caused by a submarine slide from the Norwegian continental slope. It reached Litjvatnet, today located 24 m a.s.l., but was not traced in Storkuvatnet at 30 m a.s.l. This event happened about 7200 years B.P.
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    Charophyta: their use in paleolimnology (1994)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 43-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Charophyta are common algae in limnic waters from many regions and are an interesting group from an evolutionary point-of-view, as they are believed to be related to the Chlorophyceae and land plants. Paleontological-botanical systematics are discussed, taking into consideration some new advances. Charophytes live in all types of inland waters and are sensitive to ecological change, and so they are very useful paleolimnological markers. Gaps concerning gyrogonite morphology in extant taxa and their responses to different environmental conditions must be described. This paper discusses data concerning ecological factors affecting the distribution of Argentinian Charophyta (principally distributed between 30°S and 40°S), gyrogonite morphology related to different ecological conditions, and the way that Charophyta can modify the environment.
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    Pleistocene Charophyta from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Rios, Argentina (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pleistocene charophytes from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Ríos, were analyzed.Chara contraria Br. ex Kütz.,C. contraria var.longilinea Cáceres,C. globularis Thuill. andTolypella intricata (Trent. ex Roth.) Leonh. var.apiculata (A. Br.) Wood were described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope. The assemblage indicates fresh alkaline to slightly saline waters, not very deep, in a lentic or sometimes lotic environment. Extant assemblages provide data for this paleoecological reconstruction.
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    A survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western Romania (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
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    Fungal volatiles associated with moldy grain in ventilated and non-ventilated bin-stored wheat (1988)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 101 (1988), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: odors ; volatiles ; microflora ; fungi ; wheat ; seasonality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-l-butanol, l-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984–85. Quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. All three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non-ventilated than in ventilated bins, particularly in those with wheat having 18.2% moisture content. The presence of these compounds usually coincided with infection of the seeds by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens DeBarry, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium crustosum Thom, P. oxalicum Currie and Thom, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, and P. citrinum Thom. High production of all three odor compounds in damp wheat stored in non-ventilated bins was associated with heavy fungal infection of the seeds and reduction in seed germinability. High initial moisture content of the harvested grain accelerated the production of all three fungal volatiles in non-ventilated bins.
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    Mycotoxin formation in HY-320 wheat during granary storage at 15 and 19% moisture content (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
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    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
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    First survey on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bulgarian wheat (1996)
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    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; mycotoxins ; occurrence ; trichothecenes ; wheat ; zearalenone ; deoxynivalenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 μg/kg (DON) and 17 μg/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 μg kg−1 and 120 μg kg−1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 μg kg−1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 μg/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.
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    The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of some Indian, USA and Australian rock phosphates (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 201-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: relative effectiveness ; apatites ; wheat ; initial and residual effectiveness ; bicarbonate extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of six apatite rock phosphates from India, one from the USA (North Carolina) and one from Australia (Queensland) were evaluated in a pot trial with wheat on a lateritic soil. All of the Indian rock phosphates were very poor sources of phosphorus. Values of initial effectiveness relative to monocalcium phosphate ranged from 〈 0.0001 to 0.02 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.008 for measurements based on yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. The residual effectiveness relative to freshly applied monocalcium phosphate was determined by growing a second crop on the fertilized soils. The effectiveness of the Indian rock phosphates remained very low ranging from 〈 0.0001 to 0.002 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.0004 for yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. Queensland and North Carolina rock phosphates were much superior to the Indian sources with initial effectiveness values in terms of yield of 0.08 and 0.37 and residual effectiveness values of 0.02 and 0.15 respectively. For each crop there was a single relationship between yield and phosphorus uptake (i.e. internal efficiency) for all phosphorus sources showing that variations in yield response were due solely to differences in phosphorus availability. Sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus values for fertilized soils sampled shortly after fertilization were not predictive of yield unless different calibration curves were used for the different phosphorus fertilizers.
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    Chemical assessment of the zinc status of some soils of the semi-arid region of India (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extractants ; critical levels ; semi-arid region soils ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 〉 EDTA-NH4OAc 〉 EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 〉 DTPA + CaCl2. The amounts (mg kg−1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl2, 0.60; EDTA — (NH4)2CO3, 0.80; EDTA-NH4OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm−1. The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.
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    Effect of time of application on the effectiveness of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide as sources of zinc for wheat (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: time of zinc application ; wheat ; zinc sulphate ; zinc oxide ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with wheat were conducted for two years on flood plain alluvial soils to study the effectiveness of soil application of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide at 0, 15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Yield and zinc uptake of wheat increased significantly with the application of zinc. Delaying the application of both zinc sulphate and zinc oxide up to 45 days of sowing did not adversly affect the zinc nutrition of wheat. However, delaying the application for 75 or 90 days after sowing eliminated the response. Zinc sulphate, when applied within 60 days of sowing performed better than zinc oxide. In a laboratory study, zinc sulphate maintained a higher level of zinc in the soil solution than zinc oxide at least over a 3-week period.
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    Interaction of ammonium and nitrate nutrition with potassium in wheat (1988)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium-nitrate-potassium interaction ; accumulation of reduced nitrogen ; wheat ; nitrification inhibitor ; grain ; stover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment with wheat in 3L pots filled with a sandy loam soil in a factorial design was conducted to determine the effect of potassium on nitrogen utilization. Nitrogen was applied in three NH4-N/NO3-N ratios, 0/100, 25/75 and 50/50, at three levels: 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00gN/pot, and potassium was applied at three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1.0gK/pot. The higher levels of nitrate nitrogen with or without potassium reduced dry matter yields drastically, while the same levels of a NH4-N/NO3-N mixture of 50/50 with applied potassium reduced yields only slightly. Highest grain yield and total yield were obtained with a 25/75 mixture of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen with added potassium. Potassium addition to soil increased the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly when the ratio of ammonium to nitrate was increased. The highest uptake of reduced nitrogen was at the highest level of the ammonium to nitrate nitrogen ratio (50/50) when potassium was applied. Tillering was enhanced by an increased ammonium ratio in the nitrogen mixture, and by potassium.
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    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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    Phosphorus fertilizer response in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum) in early growth (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 19 (1989), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; lupin ; chickpea ; wheat ; nodulation ; dry matter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the comparative growth and P uptake response following P fertilizer application in lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Chittick) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum cv. Tyson) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Sunstar). Measurements of dry matter, phosphorus uptake and nodule numbers were made at 50 and 100 days after sowing. At the 50 day harvest, the two legume crops produced less dry matter and accumulated less plant P than wheat but no such species interactions were present at the 100 day harvest. Chickpeas showed strong positive responses in nodule numbers with increasing rates of P fertilizer while such effects were less and more variable with lupins.
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    Phosphorus management of a rice-wheat cropping system (1989)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
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    Nitrogen loss from different tillage systems and the effect on cereal grain yield (1989)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; nitrogen leaching ; denitrification ; time of N application ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticale ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain yield, nitrogen (N) assimilation, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification and fertilizer N distribution were examined in three commercially grown cereal crops; two were sown into conventionally tilled fields, while the third was direct drilled into an untilled field. The crops were top dressed with urea at establishment, tillering or ear initiation. Crop yield and N assimilation were measured in 16 m by 2.5 m plots receiving 0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg N ha−1. A mass balance micrometeorological technique was used to measure NH3 volatilization, and other fertilizer N transformations and transfers were studied using15N labelled urea in microplots. On the conventionally tilled sites application of urea increased the grain yield of wheat from 3.9 to 5.5 t ha−1, when averaged over the five application rates, three application times and two sites. There were no site or application time effects. However, on the direct drilled site, time of application had a significant effect on grain yield. When urea was applied at establishment, grain yield was not significantly increased and the mean yield (2.81 t ha−1) was less than that obtained from treatments fertilized at tillering or ear initiation (4.09 and 4.0 t ha−1, respectively). Much of the variation in grain yield at the no-till site could be ascribed to differences in NH3 volatilization. At the no-till site, NH3 losses were equivalent to 24, 12 and 1% of the N applied at establishment, tillering and ear initiation, respectively. Negligible volatilization of NH3 occurred at the other sites. The surface soil at the no-till site had the highest urease activity and the soil was covered with alkaline ash resulting from stubble burning. Plant recovery of fertilizer N did not vary with application time on conventionally tilled sites (mean 62%). However, plant recovery of15N applied to the no-till site at establishment (35% of the applied N) was significantly less than that from plots where the application was delayed (45% at tillering and 55% at ear initiation, respectively). Leaching of N to below 300 mm depth was minimal (0 to 5% of the applied N). The calculated denitrification losses ranged from 1% to 14% of the applied N. The results show that the relative importance of NH3 volatilization, leaching and denitrification varied with site and fertilization time. The importance of the various N loss mechanisms needs to be taken into account when N fertilization strategies are being developed.
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    Assessing risk associated with N fertilizer recommendations in the absence of soil tests (1994)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen response ; on-farm research ; risk ; probability ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
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    The effect of level of application on the residual value of superphosphate on a sandy soil in south-western Australia (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048956
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    The current and residual value of superphosphate for lupins grown in rotation with oats and wheat on a deep sandy soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051283
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  • 90
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    Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051284
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  • 91
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    Relationship between electroultrafiltration (EUF) extractable nitrogen, grain yield, and optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for winter wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054392
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  • 92
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    Estimation of the contribution of biological N2 fixation to twoPhaseolus vulgaris genotypes using simulation of plant nitrogen uptake from15N-labelled soil (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; non-nod beans ; quantification of N2 fixation ; reference crops ; simulation technique ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique for the application of the15N isotope dilution technique for the quantification of plant associated biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) was tested and applied to quantify the BNF contribution to two genotypes ofPhaseolus vulgaris. The technique makes use of sequential measurements of the15N enrichment of soil mineral N, and the uptake of labelled N by the “N2-fixing” plant, to simulate its uptake of soil N (the “soil to plant simulation” technique). The test was made with two non-N2-fixing crops (non-nodulating beans and wheat) and two bean genotypes (PR 923450 and Puebla 152), at two levels of N fertilizer addition (10 and 40 kg N ha−1), to compare the actual N uptake with that simulated from the soil and crop15N data. The simulation of the soil N uptake by the non-nod bean crop using this “soil to plant simulation” technique underestimated by 20 to 30% the true N uptake, suggesting that the mineral N extracted from soil samples taken from the 0–15cm layer had a higher15N enrichment than that N sampled by the roots of this crop. In the case of the wheat crop the simulation resulted in a much greater underestimation of actual N uptake. In general the results using this technique suggested that BNF inputs to the bean cultivars was higher than would be expected from the nodulation and acetylene reduction data, except for the early PR beans in the 40 kg N ha−1 treatment. In this case the total N and simulated soil N accumulation were well matched suggesting no BNF inputs. An allied technique (the “plant to plant simulation technique”) was proposed where the15N enrichrnent of soil mineral N was simulated from the data for total N and labelled N accumulation taken from sequential harvests of either of the non-N2 -fixing control crops. This was then utilized in combination with the labelled N uptake data of the other crop to simulate its soil N uptake. However, the results using either technique indicated that the wheat and non-nod or nodulating beans exploited pools of N in the soil with completely different15N enrichments probably due to differences in exploitation of the soil N with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748587
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  • 93
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    Effect of climate on the recovery in crop and soil of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate ; fertilizer recovery ; 15N fertilizer ; precipitation-evaporation quotient ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data was assembled from experiments on the fate of15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat (Triticum spp.) grown in different parts of the world. These data were then ranked according to the annual precipitation-evaporation quotient for each experimental location calculated from the average long-term values of precipitation and potential evaporation. Percentage recovery of15N fertilizer in crop and soil varied with location in accordance with the precipitation-evaporation quotient. In humid environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the crop than in the soil, while in dry environments more15N fertilizer was recovered in the soil than in the crop. Irrespective of climatic differences between locations 20% (on average) of the15N fertilizer applied to wheat crops was unaccounted for at harvest. Most of the15N fertilizer remaining in the soil was found in the 0–30 cm layer. The most likely explanation of these differences is that wheat grown in dry environments has a greater root:shoot ratio than wheat grown in humid environments and, further, that the residue of dryland crops have higher C/N ratios. Both factors could contribute to the greater recovery of15N fertilizer in the soil in dry environments than in humid ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748591
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    Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420557
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  • 95
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    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 96
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    Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium relations in five major cereals reviewed in respect to fertilizer recommendations using simulation modelling (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millet ; sorghum ; rice ; maize ; wheat ; nutrient harvest index ; post-anthesis nutrient uptake ; recovery fraction ; simulation modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In land use plans, fertilizer recommendations are indispensable to avoid soil nutrient depletion or soil water pollution. Nutrient relations of five cereals have been evaluated on the basis of a literature review with the aim of arriving at such fertilizer recommendations at regional level. Nutrients considered were nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for millet, sorghum, maize, rice and wheat. The relevant nutrient relations are fertilizer nutrient application to nutrient uptake, and nutrient uptake to crop yield. In addition, post-anthesis nutrient uptake is considered. Subsequently, obtained results are used in simulation modelling exercises to calculate the time required to attain an equilibrium nutrient balance and to investigate the effect of erosion control and straw recycling. Although fertilizer requirements could be assessed for each of the five cereals, monitoring of nutrient supply from natural sources remains necessary. Moreover, research on fertilizer use should focus on improvement of fertilizer recoveries and multiperiod models for both N and P uptakes by crops to allow quantitative land use planning where the time scale is included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750691
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    The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on the yield of winter wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: foliar fertilizer ; nitrate ; potassium ; urea ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat crops were grown with ostensibly adequate supplies of all soil nutrients in 1990 and 1991 with the aim of testing if late foliar supplements of K and N, applied at key development stages, could improve grain yield and grain N content. Foliar sprays of KNO3 solution, supplying up to 40 kg K ha−1 in total, at flag leaf unfolded, inflorescence completed and the watery-ripe stage of grain filling, had no effect on yield, yield components or grain N. Urea, supplying 40 kg N ha−1 at flag leaf unfolded, had no effects on grain yield and grain N in 1990, but in 1991 grain N was increased by 0.14% whilst yield was reduced by up to 0.6 t ha−1. Urea scorched flag leaf tips in both years. In 1990, the spring was very dry and foliar supplements might have been expected to have had an effect, but on this highly fertile soil all crop K and N requirements were met from the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750928
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    Evaluation of soil extractants for Mn availability and response of wheat to applied Mn in soils of semi-arid zone of Punjab, India (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical levels of Mn ; soil extractants ; Mn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven chemical extractants were tested for their relative performance to predict the response of wheat to Mn application in coarse textured alkaline soils of semi-arid region. Five out of the seven extractants were found to be promising for the estimation of critical level of available Mn in these soils, as the amount of Mn extracted by these extractants was positively and significantly correlated with relative grain yield as well as Mn uptake. The critical deficiency level of soil available Mn with 0.005 M DTPA, 0.02% hydroquinone, 0.02 N sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1N H3PO4 and 0.05N HCl+0.025N H2SO4 was 3.1, 13.8, 23.5, 5.3 and 17.8 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The 1N ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2 were found to be unsuitable extractants for these soils. Further field trials at eight locations with varying levels of Mn deficiency showed successive increase in the grain yield of wheat with foliar Mn application, emphasizing the need for Mn fertilization when wheat is grown on Mn deficient soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009754724227
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    Simultaneous Records of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice-Based Cropping Systems under Rainfed Conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: automated closed chamber method ; wheat ; cowpea ; slow-release nitrogen fertilizer ; residue management ; denitrification ; methane sink ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems are characterized by alternate wetting and drying cycles as monsoonal rains come and go. The potential for accumulation and denitrification of NO3 − is high in these systems as is the production and emission of CH4 during the monsoon rice season. Simultaneous measurements of CH4 and N2O emissions using automated closed chamber methods have been reported in irrigated rice fields but not in rainfed rice systems. In this field study at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, simultaneous and continuous measurements of CH4 and N2O were made from the 1994 wet season to the 1996 dry season. During the rice-growing seasons, CH4 fluxes were observed, with the highest emissions being in organic residue-amended plots. Nitrous oxide fluxes, on the other hand, were generally nonexistent, except after fertilization events where low N2O fluxes were observed. Slow-release N fertilizer further reduced the already low N2O emissions compared with prilled urea in the first rice season. During the dry seasons, when the field was planted to the upland crops cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), positive CH4 fluxes were low and insignificant except after the imposition of a permanent flood where high CH4 fluxes appeared. Evidences of CH4 uptake were apparent in the first dry season, especially in cowpea plots, indicating that rainfed lowland rice soils can act as sink for CH4 during the upland crop cycle. Large N2O fluxes were observed shortly after rainfall events due to denitrification of accumulated NO3 −. Cumulative CH4 and N2O fluxes observed during this study in rainfed conditions were lower compared with previous studies on irrigated rice fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009842502608
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    Effect of P fertilizer on alleviating chloride toxicity in wheat (1985)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051011
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