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  • Boundary currents  (46)
  • Coastal flows  (33)
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  • Project “Protection of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem”
  • 1
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    Project “Protection of the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem” | Dakar, Sénégal
    Publication Date: 2021-01-30
    Description: La première réunion du Comité de Pilotage du projet CCLME qui s'est tenue à Dakar, au Sénégal, le 4 novembre 2010 s’était accordée sur l’établissement de six groupes de travail techniques afin d’aider le processus de développement d'une Analyse Diagnostique Transfrontalière (ADT) et l'élaboration d'un Plan d'Action Stratégique (PAS) pour le CCLME. La réunion a également adopté leurs termes de référence. En outre, il a été convenu que le projet CCLME et les pays participants contribueraient au soutien et au renforcement des deux groupes de travail du COPACE sur l'évaluation des stocks des ressources démersales et pélagiques. La première réunion du Groupe de Travail sur les changements climatiques s'est tenue à Saly, au Sénégal, du 11 au 13 mai 2011. Les membres du groupe de travail ont été nommés par les pays membres et les institutions partenaires du CCLME. L'objectif global de la réunion était pour le groupe de travail de se mettre d'accord sur les grandes lignes d'un document sur les impacts du changement climatique et les stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour le CCLME, d’ identifier des activités de projets potentiels pour traiter des questions de changement climatique identifiées, d'attribuer des responsabilités au sein du groupe et de s'entendre sur un plan de travail pour la période 2011-2012 en tenant compte de la date prévue pour l’adoption de l’ADT (novembre 2012). Mme Isabelle Niang, coordonnatrice régionale du projet « Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques et Côtiers en Afrique de l’Ouest (ACCC), a été élue Présidente du groupe de travail. Les représentants des pays participants et des partenaires du CCLME ont présenté les principales questions liées au changement climatique, les principales activités entreprises pour y répondre, les questions qui restent à traiter et les stratégies proposées pour minimiser les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur les ressources et les écosystèmes marins en fonction de l'avis de leur pays ou de leur organisation. Deux groupes de travail ont été formés afin d'identifier les questions prioritaires et leurs causes et de recommander des domaines d'intervention relatifs aux impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources marines vivantes et sur la biodiversité, les habitats et la qualité de l'eau dans la zone du CCLME. Les groupes de travail ont défini un certain nombre de domaines prioritaires d'intervention nécessitant des fonds supplémentaires. Il s’agit des besoins de systèmes d'observation améliorés; d’une analyse et de la modélisation des données existantes; de la cartographie de la vulnérabilité des zones prioritaires pour le CCLME; de l’examen et du renforcement des Plans d'Action Nationaux pour l’Adaptation (PANA) en ce qui concerne la pêche ; de la restauration de la mangrove/des sources d'énergie alternatives. La réunion a également convenu d'un projet de plan pour le document sur les impacts du changement climatique et les stratégies d'adaptation et d'atténuation pour le CCLME ainsi que d'un plan de travail 2011-2012 pour le groupe de travail, avec des responsabilités définies.
    Description: The First CCLME Project Steering Committee Meeting that was held in Dakar, Senegal, the 4th of November 2010, agreed on the establishment of six CCLME technical working groups to assist the development process of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and the elaboration of a Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the CCLME. The meeting also adopted their terms of references. In addition, it was agreed that the CCLME project and the participating countries would contribute to the maintenance and strengthening of two CECAF working groups on stock assessment of demersal and pelagic resources. The First Meeting of the Climate Change Working Group was held in Saly, Senegal from 11th to 13th of May 2011. The members of the working group had been nominated by the CCLME participating countries and partner institutions. The overall aim of the meeting was for the working group to agree on the outline of a document on climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies for the CCLME, to identify suitable potential project activities to address identified climate change issues, to assign responsibilities within the group and to agree on a work plan for the period 2011-2012 taking into consideration the expected date for the adoption of the TDA (November 2012). Ms Isabelle Niang, Regional coordinator of the project “Adaptation to Climate and Coastal Change in West Africa” (ACCC), was elected Chairperson of the working group. The CCLME participating countries and the partner representatives presented the main climate change issues, the main activities undertaken to address them, issues that remain to be addressed and suggested strategies to minimize negative effects of climate change on marine resources and ecosystems according to the view of their country or organization. Two groups were formed in order to identify priority issues and their causes and recommended domains of intervention regarding climate change impacts on marine living resources; and on biodiversity, habitat and water quality in the CCLME area. The working groups defined a number of priority areas of intervention in need of additional funds. These focused on the need for improved observation systems; further analysis and modelling of existing data; vulnerability mapping in priority areas for the CCLME; review and strengthening of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs) with regards to fisheries; and mangrove restoration / alternative energy sources. The meeting also agreed on a draft outline for the document on climate change impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies for the CCLME as well as a 2011-2012 work plan for the working group with responsibilities assigned.
    Description: Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial (FEM); co-financement despays participants et d’autres partenaires. Les partenaires actuels sont: l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD), la Commission Sous-Régionale des Pêches (CSRP), le projet EAF-Nansen, l’Administration Nationale des Océans et de l’Atmosphère (NOAA) des États-Unis d’Amérique, le Programme Régional de Conservation de la Zone Côtière et Marine en Afrique de l’Ouest (PRCM), l’Agence Suédoise de Coopération Internationale au Développement (SIDA) et WageningenInternational.
    Description: L’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) et le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE) sont les agences FEM pour la réalisation du projet CCLME. CCLME ou Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem
    Description: Published
    Description: changement climatique
    Description: frontière
    Description: ressource pélagique
    Description: ressource demersale
    Description: mangrove
    Description: dégradation
    Description: sédimentation
    Description: eau
    Keywords: Changement climatique ; Climatic changes ; Boundary currents ; Pelagic fisheries ; Demersal fisheries ; Water resources ; Salinity ; Sedimentation ; Reefs (coral) ; Habitat degradation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Not Known
    Format: 60pp.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 (2009): 1541-1550, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3999.1.
    Description: The response of a zonal channel to a uniform, switched-on but subsequently steady poleward outflow is presented. An eastward coastal current with a Kelvin wave’s cross-shore structure is found to be generated instantly upon initiation of the outflow. The current is essentially in geostrophic balance everywhere except for the vicinity of the outflow channel mouth, where the streamlines must cross planetary vorticity contours to feed the current. The adjustment of this region generates a plume that propagates westward at Rossby wave speeds. The cross-shore structure of the plume varies with longitude, and at any given longitude it evolves with time. The authors show that the plume evolution can be understood both conceptually and quantitatively as the westward propagation of the Kelvin current’s meridional spectrum, with each spectral element propagating at its own Rossby wave group velocity.
    Description: This work was completed at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution while T.S. Durland was supported by the Ocean and Climate Change Institute. M.A. Spall was supported by NSF Grant OCE-0423975, and J. Pedlosky by NSF Grant OCE-0451086. T.S. Durland acknowledges additional report preparation support from NASA Grant NNG05GN98G.
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Estuaries ; Currents ; Vorticity ; Plumes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 37 (2007): 394-407, doi:10.1175/jpo3018.1.
    Description: The ability of paleoceanographic tracers to constrain rates of transport is examined using an inverse method to combine idealized observations with a geostrophic model. Considered are the spatial distribution, accuracy, and types of tracers required to constrain changes in meridional transport within an idealized single-hemisphere basin. Measurements of density and radioactive tracers each act to constrain rates of transport. Conservative tracers, while not of themselves able to inform regarding rates of transport, improve constraints when coupled with density or radioactive observations. It is found that the tracer data would require an accuracy one order of magnitude better than is presently available for paleo-observations to conclusively rule out factor-of-2 changes in meridional transport, even when assumed available over the entire model domain. When data are available only at the margins and bottom of the model, radiocarbon is unable to constrain transport while density remains effective only when a reference velocity level is assumed. The difficulty in constraining the circulation in this idealized model indicates that placing firm bounds on past meridional transport rates will prove challenging.
    Description: The first author is supported by the NOAA Postdoctoral Program in Climate and Global Change and GG by the National Ocean Partnership Program (ECCO). Author OM acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Tracers ; Transport ; Paleoclimatology ; Ocean models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 41 (2011): 889–910, doi:10.1175/2010JPO4496.1.
    Description: This paper examines interaction between a barotropic point vortex and a steplike topography with a bay-shaped shelf. The interaction is governed by two mechanisms: propagation of topographic Rossby waves and advection by the forcing vortex. Topographic waves are supported by the potential vorticity (PV) jump across the topography and propagate along the step only in one direction, having higher PV on the right. Near one side boundary of the bay, which is in the wave propagation direction and has a narrow shelf, waves are blocked by the boundary, inducing strong out-of-bay transport in the form of detached crests. The wave–boundary interaction as well as out-of-bay transport is strengthened as the minimum shelf width is decreased. The two control mechanisms are related differently in anticyclone- and cyclone-induced interactions. In anticyclone-induced interactions, the PV front deformations are moved in opposite directions by the point vortex and topographic waves; a topographic cyclone forms out of the balance between the two opposing mechanisms and is advected by the forcing vortex into the deep ocean. In cyclone-induced interactions, the PV front deformations are moved in the same direction by the two mechanisms; a topographic cyclone forms out of the wave–boundary interaction but is confined to the coast. Therefore, anticyclonic vortices are more capable of driving water off the topography. The anticyclone-induced transport is enhanced for smaller vortex–step distance or smaller topography when the vortex advection is relatively strong compared to the wave propagation mechanism.
    Description: Y. Zhang acknowledges the support of theMIT-WHOI Joint Programin Physical Oceanography, NSF OCE-9901654 and OCE-0451086. J. Pedlosky acknowledges the support of NSF OCE- 9901654 and OCE-0451086.
    Keywords: Transport ; Eddies ; Barotropic flow ; Topographic effects ; Vortices ; Currents ; Potential vorticity ; Rossby waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 24 (2011): 4844–4858, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4130.1.
    Description: The factors that determine the heat transport and overturning circulation in marginal seas subject to wind forcing and heat loss to the atmosphere are explored using a combination of a high-resolution ocean circulation model and a simple conceptual model. The study is motivated by the exchange between the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, a region that is of central importance to the oceanic thermohaline circulation. It is shown that mesoscale eddies formed in the marginal sea play a major role in determining the mean meridional heat transport and meridional overturning circulation across the sill. The balance between the oceanic eddy heat flux and atmospheric cooling, as characterized by a nondimensional number, is shown to be the primary factor in determining the properties of the exchange. Results from a series of eddy-resolving primitive equation model calculations for the meridional heat transport, overturning circulation, density of convective waters, and density of exported waters compare well with predictions from the conceptual model over a wide range of parameter space. Scaling and model results indicate that wind effects are small and the mean exchange is primarily buoyancy forced. These results imply that one must accurately resolve or parameterize eddy fluxes in order to properly represent the mean exchange between the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas, and thus between the Nordic Seas and the atmosphere, in climate models.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE-0726339 and OCE-0850416.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Forcing ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Transport ; North Atlantic Ocean ; Seas/gulfs/bays
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28 (2011): 1539–1553, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00001.1.
    Description: Turbulent Reynolds stresses are now routinely estimated from acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements in estuaries and tidal channels using the variance method, yet biases due to surface gravity waves limit its use in the coastal ocean. Recent modifications to this method, including spatially filtering velocities to isolate the turbulence from wave velocities and fitting a cospectral model to the below-wave band cospectra, have been used to remove this bias. Individually, each modification performed well for the published test datasets, but a comparative analysis over the range of conditions in the coastal ocean has not yet been performed. This work uses ADCP velocity measurements from five previously published coastal ocean and estuarine datasets, which span a range of wave and current conditions as well as instrument configurations, to directly compare methods for estimating stresses in the presence of waves. The computed stresses from each were compared to bottom stress estimates from a quadratic drag law and, where available, estimates of wind stress. These comparisons, along with an analysis of the cospectra, indicated that spectral fitting performs well when the wave climate is wide-banded and/or multidirectional as well as when instrument noise is high. In contrast, spatial filtering performs better when waves are narrow-banded, low frequency, and when wave orbital velocities are strong relative to currents. However, as spatial filtering uses vertically separated velocity bins to remove the wave bias, spectral fitting is able to resolve stresses over a larger fraction of the water column.
    Description: J. Rosman acknowledges funding from the National Science Foundation (OCE-1061108).
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Momentum ; Ocean circulation ; Waves, oceanic ; In situ observations ; Instrumentation/sensors
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29 (2012): 1377–1390, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00160.1.
    Description: Estimates of surface currents over the continental shelf are now regularly made using high-frequency radar (HFR) systems along much of the U.S. coastline. The recently deployed HFR system at the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) is a unique addition to these systems, focusing on high spatial resolution over a relatively small coastal ocean domain with high accuracy. However, initial results from the system showed sizable errors and biased estimates of M2 tidal currents, prompting an examination of new methods to improve the quality of radar-based velocity data. The analysis described here utilizes the radial metric output of CODAR Ocean Systems’ version 7 release of the SeaSonde Radial Site Software Suite to examine both the characteristics of the received signal and the output of the direction-finding algorithm to provide data quality controls on the estimated radial currents that are independent of the estimated velocity. Additionally, the effect of weighting spatial averages of radials falling within the same range and azimuthal bin is examined to account for differences in signal quality. Applied to two month-long datasets from the MVCO high-resolution system, these new methods are found to improve the rms difference comparisons with in situ current measurements by up to 2 cm s−1, as well as reduce or eliminate observed biases of tidal ellipses estimated using standard methods.
    Description: 2013-03-01
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Currents ; Data processing ; Data quality control ; In situ atmospheric observations ; Remote sensing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 744–765, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-067.1.
    Description: This study investigates the coherence between ocean bottom pressure signals at the Rapid Climate Change programme (RAPID) West Atlantic Variability Experiment (WAVE) array on the western North Atlantic continental slope, including the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Line W. Highly coherent pressure signals propagate southwestward along the slope, at speeds in excess of 128 m s−1, consistent with expectations of barotropic Kelvin-like waves. Coherent signals are also evidenced in the smaller pressure differences relative to 1000-m depth, which are expected to be associated with depth-dependent basinwide meridional transport variations or an overturning circulation. These signals are coherent and almost in phase for all time scales from 3.6 years down to 3 months. Coherence is still seen at shorter time scales for which group delay estimates are consistent with a propagation speed of about 1 m s−1 over 990 km of continental slope but with large error bounds on the speed. This is roughly consistent with expectations for propagation of coastally trapped waves, though somewhat slower than expected. A comparison with both Eulerian currents and Lagrangian float measurements shows that the coherence is inconsistent with a propagation of signals by advection, except possibly on time scales longer than 6 months.
    Description: This work was funded by the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council. Sofia Olhede was supported by EPSRC Grant EP/I005250/1. Initial observations at StationW(2001–04) were made possible by a grant from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation and support from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Since 2004, the Line W program has been supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation with supplemental contribution from WHOIs Ocean and Climate Change Institute.
    Description: 2013-10-01
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Boundary currents ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Pressure ; Waves, oceanic ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 2234–2253, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-033.1.
    Description: Meridional velocity, mass, and heat transport in the equatorial oceans are difficult to estimate because of the nonapplicability of the geostrophic balance. For this purpose a steady-state model is utilized in the equatorial Indian Ocean using NCEP wind stress and temperature and salinity data from the World Ocean Atlas 2005 (WOA05) and Argo. The results show a Somali Current flowing to the south during the winter monsoon carrying −11.5 ± 1.3 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) and −12.3 ± 0.3 Sv from WOA05 and Argo, respectively. In the summer monsoon the Somali Current reverses to the north transporting 16.8 ± 1.2 Sv and 19.8 ± 0.6 Sv in the WOA05 and Argo results. Transitional periods are considered together and in consequence, there is not a clear Somali Current present in this period. Model results fit with in situ measurements made around the region, although Argo data results are quite more realistic than WOA05 data results.
    Description: This study has been partly funded by the MOC Project (CTM 2008- 06438) and the Spanish contribution to the Argo network (AC2009 ACI2009-0998), financed by the Spanish Government and Feder.
    Description: 2013-06-01
    Keywords: Indian Ocean ; Subtropics ; Currents ; Ocean circulation ; Transport ; Wind stress
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 48 (2018): 1555-1566, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0231.1.
    Description: A primary challenge in modeling flow over shallow coral reefs is accurately characterizing the bottom drag. Previous studies over continental shelves and sandy beaches suggest surface gravity waves should enhance the drag on the circulation over coral reefs. The influence of surface gravity waves on drag over four platform reefs in the Red Sea is examined using observations from 6-month deployments of current and pressure sensors burst sampling at 1Hz for 4–5min. Depth-average current fluctuations U0 within each burst are dominated by wave orbital velocities uw that account for 80%–90%of the burst variance and have a magnitude of order 10 cm s21, similar to the lower-frequency depth-average current Uavg. Previous studies have shown that the cross-reef bottom stress balances the pressure gradient over these reefs. A bottom stress estimate that neglects the waves (rCdaUavgjUavgj, where r is water density and Cda is a drag coefficient) balances the observed pressure gradient when uw is smaller than Uavg but underestimates the pressure gradient when uw is larger than Uavg (by a factor of 3–5 when uw 5 2Uavg), indicating the neglected waves enhance the bottom stress. In contrast, a bottom stress estimate that includes the waves [rCda(Uavg 1 U0)jUavg 1 U0j)] balances the observed pressure gradient independent of the relative size of uw and Uavg, indicating that this estimate accounts for the wave enhancement of the bottom stress. A parameterization proposed by Wright and Thompson provides a reasonable estimate of the total bottom stress (including the waves) given the burst-averaged current and the wave orbital velocity.
    Description: The Red Sea field program was supported by Awards USA 00002 and KSA 00011 made by KAUST. S. Lentz was supported for the analysis by NSF Award OCE-1558343.
    Description: 2019-01-13
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Currents ; Dynamics ; Gravity waves ; Turbulence
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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